中国近岸海域表层沉积硅藻的地理分布特征及其环境意义
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摘要
中国近海包括渤海、黄海、东海和南海，是西北太平洋的边缘海，自北向南呈弧状分布。其中，渤海和北黄海受大陆气候影响明显，南黄海和东海受外海暖流（黑潮及其分支）的影响较大，而南海地处亚热带和热带，具有热带深海的特征。硅藻的生物地理特征决定其无论是群落结构、组合特征和分布状态均与太平洋、印度洋等世界上其它海区有一定的区别。了解各海区硅藻的生态分布特征，分析硅藻生态与沉积的对应程度和误差范围，及其与生态环境和沉积条件的关系，探讨各海区沉积物中硅藻生态特征对指示环境的可靠性和特殊性，建立硅藻解释环境的判别指标，对深入研究中国近岸海洋地质资源环境、全球变化及其区域响应、圈层作用与事件地质等具有必要性和重要的科学意义。
对我国近岸海域新采集的145个表层沉积硅藻样品进行硅藻分析，并在此基础上结合908调查资料、前人成果和历史资料，进行了我国近岸海域表层沉积硅藻分类学研究，分析了我国近岸各海域表层沉积硅藻种属特征以及与前人研究成果的对比，探讨了表层沉积硅藻与环境因子的关系，并尝试建立了它们之间的转换函数。主要研究结果如下：
（1）研究区内共鉴定出表层沉积硅藻211种(包括变种和变型)，隶属43个属。其中，包括2个中国新纪录种：线性圆筛藻混杂变种Coscinodiscus lineatusvar.confusus Chen et Lan和流水双菱藻缢缩变种Surirella fluminensisvar.constricta Chen et Lan；
（2）与开阔大洋相接水体循环通畅的黄海近岸，硅藻特征在较大范围内相似，而渤海为内海，腹地内近岸受地域环境控制增强，造成各海湾近岸硅藻差异性较大。作为西太平洋边缘浅海的东海、台湾海峡和南海近岸，硅藻种群在较大范围内相似。而台湾海峡和南海处于热带与亚热带过渡地带，受外洋水团控制增强，造成各站位暖水种硅藻含量上升；
（3）渤海和东海近岸海域沉积硅藻绝对丰度有随水深增加而减小的趋势，黄海近岸海域沉积硅藻绝对丰度随水深分布规律与前两个海域相反，而台湾海峡和南海近岸海域沉积硅藻绝对丰度分布与水深的关系不明显；
（4）采样水深(h)和冬季海表温度(ST-wi)这两个环境变量对于硅藻的分布起着重要作用。在这两个环境因子中，制约中国近岸海域表层沉积硅藻的分布最重要的环境变量是采样水深(h)；
（5）尝试建立了中国近岸海域现代表层沉积硅藻属种-水深和温度转换函数，但还不能运用到近岸海域全新世的钻孔沉积物中，若想建立一个能适用于中国近岸海域的转换函数的话，还需将近岸海域现代表层沉积硅藻数据库逐步扩展成包括小型硅藻（20～200μm）和微型硅藻（2～20μm）的数据库。
Chinese inshore waters, is the edge of the northwestern Pacific, witharch distribution from north to south, including Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea,East China Sea and South China Sea. Bohai Sea and the north of Yellow Seawas significantly affected by the continental climate, while the southof Yellow Sea and East China Sea was obviously influenced by the warmcurrent in open sea (Kuroshio and its branches). South China Sea waslocated between subtropical and tropical, which has the deep-sea andtropical characteristics. The community structure, portfoliocharacteristics and distribution of state of the diatom in the study areawas different from the Pacific, Indian Ocean and other oceanic areas inthe world because of their bio-geographical characteristics. It had greatsignificance in the academic aspect that to know about the ecologicaldistribution characteristics of diatoms in each sea and to analysis thecorresponding degree and its error range between the ecology and thedeposition of diatoms was, as well as to analysis the relationship betweenthe ecological environment and their deposition conditions. Toinvestigate the reliability and particularity of sediment diatoms in eachsea for using the ecological characteristics to indicate environment andto establishment the discriminant index using diatoms to interpretenvironment was necessary, which would be helpful to the further studyon the inshore marine geological resources and environment, global changeand its regional response, and circle effect and geological events.
The diatoms in145surface sediment samples freshly obtained fromChinese inshore waters were analyzed. Moreover, based on908survey data,previous results and historical data, taxonomic studies were developed. The characteristics of surface sediment diatom genera and species werealso studied, which were compared with previous results, and so as toexplore relationship between surface sediment diatoms and environmentalfactors. Then try to establish a transfer function between them. The mainfindings were as follows:
(1)211surface sediment diatom species and their varieties belongedto43genera in the study area were identified. Two new record specieswere found in Chinese inshore waters, which were Coscinodiscus lineatusvar.confusus Chen et Lan and Surirella fluminensis var.constricta Chenet Lan.
(2) The distribution characteristics of diatoms are similar in a widerange in the Yellow Sea coastal waters, because it contacts closely withthe open ocean. While the Bohai Sea was an inland sea, its coastal waterswas impacted by geographical environments, resulting the distributioncharacteristics of diatoms a larger differences in inshore of every gulf.The inshore waters of the East China Sea, the Taiwan Strait and the SouthChina Sea are the edge of the western Pacific, and the diatom populationsare similar in a wide range. The Taiwan Strait and the South China Sealie in the transition zone between tropical and subtropical areas, whichare impacted by the open sea waters, resulting the content of warm-waterspecies rise in the various stations.
(3) The absolute abundance of sedimentary diatom decreases in thecoastal waters of the Bohai Sea and the East China Sea with the water depthincreasing. Contrast with the first two waters, the absolute abundanceof sedimentary diatom increases in coastal waters of the Yellow Sea withthe water depth increasing. While the relationship between the absoluteabundance of sedimentary diatom in coastal waters of the Taiwan Straitand the South China Sea and the water depth is not obvious.
(4) Water depth of sampling （h） and winter sea-surface temperature (WST) play an important role for the diatom distribution. Between theenvironmental factors, water depth of sampling is the most important,controlling the distribution of diatoms in the surface sediments fromChinese inshore waters.
(5) We have developed a transfer function between modern surfacesediment diatom species in Chinese inshore waters and temperature andwater depth. While they cannot be applied to the Holocene drillingsediments in coastal areas of China. In order to build a transfer functionwhich can be applied to the whole Chinese coastal waters, the modernsurface sediment diatom database in inshore areas should be expanded intoa database which contain minor diatoms and micro diatoms gradually.
对我国近岸海域新采集的145个表层沉积硅藻样品进行硅藻分析，并在此基础上结合908调查资料、前人成果和历史资料，进行了我国近岸海域表层沉积硅藻分类学研究，分析了我国近岸各海域表层沉积硅藻种属特征以及与前人研究成果的对比，探讨了表层沉积硅藻与环境因子的关系，并尝试建立了它们之间的转换函数。主要研究结果如下：
（1）研究区内共鉴定出表层沉积硅藻211种(包括变种和变型)，隶属43个属。其中，包括2个中国新纪录种：线性圆筛藻混杂变种Coscinodiscus lineatusvar.confusus Chen et Lan和流水双菱藻缢缩变种Surirella fluminensisvar.constricta Chen et Lan；
（2）与开阔大洋相接水体循环通畅的黄海近岸，硅藻特征在较大范围内相似，而渤海为内海，腹地内近岸受地域环境控制增强，造成各海湾近岸硅藻差异性较大。作为西太平洋边缘浅海的东海、台湾海峡和南海近岸，硅藻种群在较大范围内相似。而台湾海峡和南海处于热带与亚热带过渡地带，受外洋水团控制增强，造成各站位暖水种硅藻含量上升；
（3）渤海和东海近岸海域沉积硅藻绝对丰度有随水深增加而减小的趋势，黄海近岸海域沉积硅藻绝对丰度随水深分布规律与前两个海域相反，而台湾海峡和南海近岸海域沉积硅藻绝对丰度分布与水深的关系不明显；
（4）采样水深(h)和冬季海表温度(ST-wi)这两个环境变量对于硅藻的分布起着重要作用。在这两个环境因子中，制约中国近岸海域表层沉积硅藻的分布最重要的环境变量是采样水深(h)；
（5）尝试建立了中国近岸海域现代表层沉积硅藻属种-水深和温度转换函数，但还不能运用到近岸海域全新世的钻孔沉积物中，若想建立一个能适用于中国近岸海域的转换函数的话，还需将近岸海域现代表层沉积硅藻数据库逐步扩展成包括小型硅藻（20～200μm）和微型硅藻（2～20μm）的数据库。
Chinese inshore waters, is the edge of the northwestern Pacific, witharch distribution from north to south, including Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea,East China Sea and South China Sea. Bohai Sea and the north of Yellow Seawas significantly affected by the continental climate, while the southof Yellow Sea and East China Sea was obviously influenced by the warmcurrent in open sea (Kuroshio and its branches). South China Sea waslocated between subtropical and tropical, which has the deep-sea andtropical characteristics. The community structure, portfoliocharacteristics and distribution of state of the diatom in the study areawas different from the Pacific, Indian Ocean and other oceanic areas inthe world because of their bio-geographical characteristics. It had greatsignificance in the academic aspect that to know about the ecologicaldistribution characteristics of diatoms in each sea and to analysis thecorresponding degree and its error range between the ecology and thedeposition of diatoms was, as well as to analysis the relationship betweenthe ecological environment and their deposition conditions. Toinvestigate the reliability and particularity of sediment diatoms in eachsea for using the ecological characteristics to indicate environment andto establishment the discriminant index using diatoms to interpretenvironment was necessary, which would be helpful to the further studyon the inshore marine geological resources and environment, global changeand its regional response, and circle effect and geological events.
The diatoms in145surface sediment samples freshly obtained fromChinese inshore waters were analyzed. Moreover, based on908survey data,previous results and historical data, taxonomic studies were developed. The characteristics of surface sediment diatom genera and species werealso studied, which were compared with previous results, and so as toexplore relationship between surface sediment diatoms and environmentalfactors. Then try to establish a transfer function between them. The mainfindings were as follows:
(1)211surface sediment diatom species and their varieties belongedto43genera in the study area were identified. Two new record specieswere found in Chinese inshore waters, which were Coscinodiscus lineatusvar.confusus Chen et Lan and Surirella fluminensis var.constricta Chenet Lan.
(2) The distribution characteristics of diatoms are similar in a widerange in the Yellow Sea coastal waters, because it contacts closely withthe open ocean. While the Bohai Sea was an inland sea, its coastal waterswas impacted by geographical environments, resulting the distributioncharacteristics of diatoms a larger differences in inshore of every gulf.The inshore waters of the East China Sea, the Taiwan Strait and the SouthChina Sea are the edge of the western Pacific, and the diatom populationsare similar in a wide range. The Taiwan Strait and the South China Sealie in the transition zone between tropical and subtropical areas, whichare impacted by the open sea waters, resulting the content of warm-waterspecies rise in the various stations.
(3) The absolute abundance of sedimentary diatom decreases in thecoastal waters of the Bohai Sea and the East China Sea with the water depthincreasing. Contrast with the first two waters, the absolute abundanceof sedimentary diatom increases in coastal waters of the Yellow Sea withthe water depth increasing. While the relationship between the absoluteabundance of sedimentary diatom in coastal waters of the Taiwan Straitand the South China Sea and the water depth is not obvious.
(4) Water depth of sampling （h） and winter sea-surface temperature (WST) play an important role for the diatom distribution. Between theenvironmental factors, water depth of sampling is the most important,controlling the distribution of diatoms in the surface sediments fromChinese inshore waters.
(5) We have developed a transfer function between modern surfacesediment diatom species in Chinese inshore waters and temperature andwater depth. While they cannot be applied to the Holocene drillingsediments in coastal areas of China. In order to build a transfer functionwhich can be applied to the whole Chinese coastal waters, the modernsurface sediment diatom database in inshore areas should be expanded intoa database which contain minor diatoms and micro diatoms gradually.
引文
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