对八例自闭症谱系障碍儿童的箱庭治疗
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摘要
自闭症谱系障碍又称为儿童广泛性发育障碍,一般在三岁以前起病,是一组以语言交流障碍、社会交往障碍和行为异常为特征的发育障碍。
箱庭疗法是游戏疗法的一种形式。儿童在治疗者所创造的“自由与受保护”的空间内利用沙、水和玩具进行游戏,有利于儿童自由地表达情感、引发他们的想象和唤醒其自我治愈的潜能。
本个案研究通过对八名个案历时四个月、平均18次以上的箱庭治疗对下列问题进行了探讨。研究发现八名个案的箱庭治疗过程大致都经历了初始阶段、中间阶段和结束阶段;在这三个阶段个案的作品中,代表自闭症谱系障碍特征的混乱、分裂、破坏、空洞、隐藏、重复等指标在治疗初期所占比例较大;而在治疗后期转化、关系、动力性、对话、整合等代表良性发展的指标所占比例显著增加。通过对八名个案父母和教师访谈和问卷测查,治疗前后个案均发生了不同程度的转变,箱庭治疗促进了自闭症谱系障碍儿童的发展。本研究得出如下结论:
(1)由于自闭症谱系障碍儿童自身的特点,治疗关系的建立需要一个较长的过程,同时治疗者接纳、包容和无条件积极关注的态度可以促进治疗关系的发展。
(2)箱庭疗法能有效促进自闭症谱系障碍儿童的发展。八名个案在治疗后主动性语言增加、不良情绪得到宣泄,并在此过程中形成新的学习,从而促进其社会化的发展。
(3)沙是自闭症谱系障碍儿童的重要治疗因素。沙子可以满足自闭症谱系障碍儿童的触觉需要,引发其想象,唤醒潜在能量,并达到调整能量分配的目的。
Autism spectrum disorders is also called pervasive developmental disorder. The onset of autism occurs before the age of three, is characterized by language communication disorder, social interaction and behavior disorder.
Sandplay therapy is a form of Play therapy. Children are in " the free and protected space " which are created by psychotherapist. They play with sand, water and toys in games that encourage them to freely express emotions, stimulate the imagination and awaken their self-healing potential.
This case study includes eight children Sandplay therapy treatment process, to discuss following issues .The treatment continued for four months, average of 18 times or more. The study found eight cases of Sandplay Therapy process generally includes three stages: the initial stage, middle stage and end stage. In the three stages, the features on behalf of autism spectrum disorders were larger proportion in the treatment of early stage, for example confusion, division, destruction, empty, hide, repeat etc. During later stages, the participants underwent a transformation including relationships, power, dialogue, and integrate positive development that increased significantly. By interviews and questionnaire measurements from parents and teachers, eight participants occurred different degrees of changes before and after treatment. Sandplay therapy promotes the development of children with autism spectrum disorders. This study got the following conclusions:
(1) Autism spectrum disorders as children own characteristics, the establishment of therapeutic relationship requires a long process. While the psychotherapist is acceptable, inclusive and unconditional positive attention may facilitate the development of relationship.
(2) Sandplay therapy can effectively promoted the development of children with autism spectrum disorders. After treatment, the initiative language of eight cases increased, vented to bad feelings, and formed new learning, thus promoted their social development.
(3) Sand was an important therapeutic factor for children with autism spectrum disorders. The feelings of children with autism spectrum disorders was contented by playing sand. At the same time sand can trigger their imagination, awaken potential energy, and achieve the purpose of adjusting the energy distribution.
箱庭疗法是游戏疗法的一种形式。儿童在治疗者所创造的“自由与受保护”的空间内利用沙、水和玩具进行游戏,有利于儿童自由地表达情感、引发他们的想象和唤醒其自我治愈的潜能。
本个案研究通过对八名个案历时四个月、平均18次以上的箱庭治疗对下列问题进行了探讨。研究发现八名个案的箱庭治疗过程大致都经历了初始阶段、中间阶段和结束阶段;在这三个阶段个案的作品中,代表自闭症谱系障碍特征的混乱、分裂、破坏、空洞、隐藏、重复等指标在治疗初期所占比例较大;而在治疗后期转化、关系、动力性、对话、整合等代表良性发展的指标所占比例显著增加。通过对八名个案父母和教师访谈和问卷测查,治疗前后个案均发生了不同程度的转变,箱庭治疗促进了自闭症谱系障碍儿童的发展。本研究得出如下结论:
(1)由于自闭症谱系障碍儿童自身的特点,治疗关系的建立需要一个较长的过程,同时治疗者接纳、包容和无条件积极关注的态度可以促进治疗关系的发展。
(2)箱庭疗法能有效促进自闭症谱系障碍儿童的发展。八名个案在治疗后主动性语言增加、不良情绪得到宣泄,并在此过程中形成新的学习,从而促进其社会化的发展。
(3)沙是自闭症谱系障碍儿童的重要治疗因素。沙子可以满足自闭症谱系障碍儿童的触觉需要,引发其想象,唤醒潜在能量,并达到调整能量分配的目的。
Autism spectrum disorders is also called pervasive developmental disorder. The onset of autism occurs before the age of three, is characterized by language communication disorder, social interaction and behavior disorder.
Sandplay therapy is a form of Play therapy. Children are in " the free and protected space " which are created by psychotherapist. They play with sand, water and toys in games that encourage them to freely express emotions, stimulate the imagination and awaken their self-healing potential.
This case study includes eight children Sandplay therapy treatment process, to discuss following issues .The treatment continued for four months, average of 18 times or more. The study found eight cases of Sandplay Therapy process generally includes three stages: the initial stage, middle stage and end stage. In the three stages, the features on behalf of autism spectrum disorders were larger proportion in the treatment of early stage, for example confusion, division, destruction, empty, hide, repeat etc. During later stages, the participants underwent a transformation including relationships, power, dialogue, and integrate positive development that increased significantly. By interviews and questionnaire measurements from parents and teachers, eight participants occurred different degrees of changes before and after treatment. Sandplay therapy promotes the development of children with autism spectrum disorders. This study got the following conclusions:
(1) Autism spectrum disorders as children own characteristics, the establishment of therapeutic relationship requires a long process. While the psychotherapist is acceptable, inclusive and unconditional positive attention may facilitate the development of relationship.
(2) Sandplay therapy can effectively promoted the development of children with autism spectrum disorders. After treatment, the initiative language of eight cases increased, vented to bad feelings, and formed new learning, thus promoted their social development.
(3) Sand was an important therapeutic factor for children with autism spectrum disorders. The feelings of children with autism spectrum disorders was contented by playing sand. At the same time sand can trigger their imagination, awaken potential energy, and achieve the purpose of adjusting the energy distribution.
引文
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