牦牛甲状腺、甲状旁腺和肾上腺的组织结构观察
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摘要
本实验选用了青海省西宁市屠宰场10例成年牦牛,运用大体解剖和组织学方法对甲状腺、甲状旁腺和肾上腺的组织结构进行了研究。结果表明:
1.牦牛甲状腺位于喉头后方,在前两三个气管软骨环的两侧和腹侧面,由左、右两个侧叶和连接两侧叶的腺峡组成。每个侧叶约长6cm,宽4cm,重15g。新鲜时,侧叶呈紫红色,质地较硬,呈扁三角形。光镜下,牦牛甲状腺主要由不同大小的腺泡构成。小腺泡上皮细胞呈立方状或矮柱状,腺泡腔内含有较多的周边胶体空泡;大腺泡上皮细胞呈低立方状或扁平状,周边胶体空泡少。电镜下,小腺泡上皮细胞胞核大,呈圆形或卵圆形,胞质内富含线粒体、粗面内质网、高尔基复合体、溶酶体、胶质小滴和分泌颗粒等细胞器。大腺泡上皮细胞胞核小,呈扁椭圆形,胞质内细胞器不发达。因此,小腺泡上皮细胞具有较高的活性。在牦牛甲状腺中未发现腺泡旁细胞。
2.牦牛甲状旁腺是一些体积很小的腺体,似小米粒般大小。被覆结缔组织被膜,其实质主要由两种细胞构成:主细胞和嗜酸性细胞,主细胞又可分为暗主细胞和淡主细胞两类。主细胞数量多,体积小,胞质弱嗜酸性。嗜酸性细胞数量较少,体积大,呈多边形,分布于腺小叶之间的结缔组织内。
3.牦牛肾上腺有一对,位于左右肾脏的前内侧,左右各一,包于脂肪组织中。左侧肾上腺约长5cm,宽1.5cm;右侧肾上腺约长3.8cm,宽2.6cm。牦牛肾上腺的组织结构被分为被膜、皮质和髓质。皮质最厚,根据细胞排列和形态的不同,从外向内分为球状带、中间带、束状带和网状带。束状带是皮质中最厚的一层。髓质明显分为外带和中间带。髓质细胞排列成团索,髓质中央有一大的静脉,称中央静脉。
Ten adult yaks (Bos grunniens) were used to study the histological structure of thyroid、parathyroid and adrenal gland by anatomical andhistological methods. The results were as follows:
1. The thyroids of yak consists of two flattened triangular lobes connected by a distinct glandular isthmus across the ventral surface of the trachea at the level of the first or second ring. Each lobe measures approximately 6 cm in length, 4 cm in height and weights approximately 15 gm. Thyroid gland of yak was composed of follicles of different sizes. The small follicles were characterized by a simple cuboidal or low columnar epithelium and their colloid showed many peripheral colloid vacuoles. On the other hand, large follicles were lined by a low, simple, cuboidal or semi-squamous epithelium and their colloid filled the entire lumen without conspicuous peripheral vacuoles. Electron microscopy showed that the nucleus of cuboidal follicular cells were getting bigger and round or oviform, and their cytoplast included numerous mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosome, colloid drop and secretory granule. However, the nucleus of low, cuboidal follicular cells were getting smaller and elliptic, and they were scarce of organelles. In conclusion, the follicular cells of small follicles possessed higher activity. Parafollicular (C) cells were not seen in thyroid gland of the Yak either with light or electron microscopy.
2. The parathyroids of yak were small glands, Each parathyroid gland was containd within a connextive tissue capsule. The endocrine cells of the parathyroid of yak were arranged in cords. There are two types of cells: the chief cells and the oxyphil cells, and the chief cells divided into the dark chief cells and the light chief cells. The chief cells were small polygonal cells with a vesicular nucleus and a pale-staining, slightly acidophilic cytoplasm. The oxyphil cells constituted a small population. They were larger polygonal cells with a strongly acidophilic cytoplasm.
3. The adrenal glands were paired organs that lie near the superior poles of the kidneys, embedded in adipose tissue. The left adrenal gland was about 5cm long, 1.5cm wide; the right adrenal gland was 3.8cm long, 2.6cm wide. Adrenal gland of yak could be divided into three parts: the capsule, the cortex and the medulla. The layer of the cortex was the thickest one. It could be divided into four bands obviously: zona glomerulosa, zona intermedia, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis. Among them, zona fasciculate is the thickest one in proportion to a great part of the cortex. The medulla also could be divided two bands obviously: outer zone and inner zone. The medulla is in the center of adrenal gland, and cells form cell lines in this zone. There was a cental vein in the center of the medulla.
1.牦牛甲状腺位于喉头后方,在前两三个气管软骨环的两侧和腹侧面,由左、右两个侧叶和连接两侧叶的腺峡组成。每个侧叶约长6cm,宽4cm,重15g。新鲜时,侧叶呈紫红色,质地较硬,呈扁三角形。光镜下,牦牛甲状腺主要由不同大小的腺泡构成。小腺泡上皮细胞呈立方状或矮柱状,腺泡腔内含有较多的周边胶体空泡;大腺泡上皮细胞呈低立方状或扁平状,周边胶体空泡少。电镜下,小腺泡上皮细胞胞核大,呈圆形或卵圆形,胞质内富含线粒体、粗面内质网、高尔基复合体、溶酶体、胶质小滴和分泌颗粒等细胞器。大腺泡上皮细胞胞核小,呈扁椭圆形,胞质内细胞器不发达。因此,小腺泡上皮细胞具有较高的活性。在牦牛甲状腺中未发现腺泡旁细胞。
2.牦牛甲状旁腺是一些体积很小的腺体,似小米粒般大小。被覆结缔组织被膜,其实质主要由两种细胞构成:主细胞和嗜酸性细胞,主细胞又可分为暗主细胞和淡主细胞两类。主细胞数量多,体积小,胞质弱嗜酸性。嗜酸性细胞数量较少,体积大,呈多边形,分布于腺小叶之间的结缔组织内。
3.牦牛肾上腺有一对,位于左右肾脏的前内侧,左右各一,包于脂肪组织中。左侧肾上腺约长5cm,宽1.5cm;右侧肾上腺约长3.8cm,宽2.6cm。牦牛肾上腺的组织结构被分为被膜、皮质和髓质。皮质最厚,根据细胞排列和形态的不同,从外向内分为球状带、中间带、束状带和网状带。束状带是皮质中最厚的一层。髓质明显分为外带和中间带。髓质细胞排列成团索,髓质中央有一大的静脉,称中央静脉。
Ten adult yaks (Bos grunniens) were used to study the histological structure of thyroid、parathyroid and adrenal gland by anatomical andhistological methods. The results were as follows:
1. The thyroids of yak consists of two flattened triangular lobes connected by a distinct glandular isthmus across the ventral surface of the trachea at the level of the first or second ring. Each lobe measures approximately 6 cm in length, 4 cm in height and weights approximately 15 gm. Thyroid gland of yak was composed of follicles of different sizes. The small follicles were characterized by a simple cuboidal or low columnar epithelium and their colloid showed many peripheral colloid vacuoles. On the other hand, large follicles were lined by a low, simple, cuboidal or semi-squamous epithelium and their colloid filled the entire lumen without conspicuous peripheral vacuoles. Electron microscopy showed that the nucleus of cuboidal follicular cells were getting bigger and round or oviform, and their cytoplast included numerous mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosome, colloid drop and secretory granule. However, the nucleus of low, cuboidal follicular cells were getting smaller and elliptic, and they were scarce of organelles. In conclusion, the follicular cells of small follicles possessed higher activity. Parafollicular (C) cells were not seen in thyroid gland of the Yak either with light or electron microscopy.
2. The parathyroids of yak were small glands, Each parathyroid gland was containd within a connextive tissue capsule. The endocrine cells of the parathyroid of yak were arranged in cords. There are two types of cells: the chief cells and the oxyphil cells, and the chief cells divided into the dark chief cells and the light chief cells. The chief cells were small polygonal cells with a vesicular nucleus and a pale-staining, slightly acidophilic cytoplasm. The oxyphil cells constituted a small population. They were larger polygonal cells with a strongly acidophilic cytoplasm.
3. The adrenal glands were paired organs that lie near the superior poles of the kidneys, embedded in adipose tissue. The left adrenal gland was about 5cm long, 1.5cm wide; the right adrenal gland was 3.8cm long, 2.6cm wide. Adrenal gland of yak could be divided into three parts: the capsule, the cortex and the medulla. The layer of the cortex was the thickest one. It could be divided into four bands obviously: zona glomerulosa, zona intermedia, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis. Among them, zona fasciculate is the thickest one in proportion to a great part of the cortex. The medulla also could be divided two bands obviously: outer zone and inner zone. The medulla is in the center of adrenal gland, and cells form cell lines in this zone. There was a cental vein in the center of the medulla.
引文
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