风力发电机塔架结构动力特性分析
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摘要
风电作为现今国家大力发展的一种清洁能源,其装备制造及基础结构建设是重要的一个方面。垂直轴风力机相对于水平轴风力机有其独特的优势和发展前景,但是学界和工程界对垂直轴风力机结构的研究相对较少。尤其是当今一些风电设备制造行业的发展迫切需要能从理论上解决垂直轴风力机结构的一些实际存在的结构强度问题、动力学问题等等。这些问题的解决能有效的促进垂直轴风力机产业化的开展。本课题主要采用有限元对垂直轴风力机结构进行合理的,通过结合风力机的实际运行中出现的技术问题,设定不同的工况,研究结构在不同工况条件下受力特性和破坏形式,同时通过对比分析来对垂直轴风力机的动力学特性进行深入的研究。
本文主要以风轮结构转动对载荷的影响为主线,分析了风轮结构在风荷载作用下,风轮结构的转动对风荷载的影响及受到影响的风荷载对风机整体结构的作用。此外,文章还对风轮结构在重力和离心力的联合作用下的受力特性进行了分析。最后,本文分析了垂直轴风机结构整体在极端情况下的破坏形式。通过本课题的研究,本文得出了如下方面的结论:1)风轮结构的转动对风荷载的影响较大,对风荷载产生较大的扰动,从而改变风荷载对结构的作用模式,对结构的受力和形变产生较大影响;2)风轮结构在重力和离心力的作用下,动频受转速的影响较大,此外风轮结构的应力和位移随着风轮转速的增加有增大的趋势;3)风轮结构在某叶片脱落的极端情况下,受到的风荷载会发生突变,应力和位移会在风荷载的作用下有所增大,风轮结构有发生整体脱落破坏的风险。
Wind power is a kind of clean energy, which is supported by the government. And wind-power structures and infrastructions are very important. Vertical Axis Wind turbine stuructures are different from Horizontal Axis Wind turbine structures because of special advantages and prospection, while many scholars and institutions spend less attention on this field. It is very urgent for many companies to solve problems such as structural strength problem and dynamic problems. When the mentioned problems are solved, it will be good for the Horizontal Axis Wind turbine industry. The program mainly made use of FEM to model Horizontal Axis Wind turbine structures reasonably, analyzing the mechanical characters and destruction forms under different conditions. The further research is brought out through comparisons among the results under different conditions.
The paper’s main point lies on the rotation of the wind wheel structures, analyzing the affection of the structural rotation on the wind loads and the effect of the changing wind loads on the whole structures under the steady winds. Besids, the mechenical characters of the wind wheel structures are analyzed under the combination of the gravity and the centerfugal force. Finally, the destruction forms under extrme conditions are also researched. Through the whole research, there are some meanningful conclusions: 1) the rotation of the wind wheel structures have a significant influence on the wind loads, because of which the steady wind loads will be changed to periodical loads, and affecting the dynamic response of the structures; 2) the mechenical characters and the modes of the wind wheel structures are deeply affected by the rotaiton of itself; 3) under the extreme conditions such as one of the blades is lost, excentricity will cause the destruction of the whole wind wheel structures.
本文主要以风轮结构转动对载荷的影响为主线,分析了风轮结构在风荷载作用下,风轮结构的转动对风荷载的影响及受到影响的风荷载对风机整体结构的作用。此外,文章还对风轮结构在重力和离心力的联合作用下的受力特性进行了分析。最后,本文分析了垂直轴风机结构整体在极端情况下的破坏形式。通过本课题的研究,本文得出了如下方面的结论:1)风轮结构的转动对风荷载的影响较大,对风荷载产生较大的扰动,从而改变风荷载对结构的作用模式,对结构的受力和形变产生较大影响;2)风轮结构在重力和离心力的作用下,动频受转速的影响较大,此外风轮结构的应力和位移随着风轮转速的增加有增大的趋势;3)风轮结构在某叶片脱落的极端情况下,受到的风荷载会发生突变,应力和位移会在风荷载的作用下有所增大,风轮结构有发生整体脱落破坏的风险。
Wind power is a kind of clean energy, which is supported by the government. And wind-power structures and infrastructions are very important. Vertical Axis Wind turbine stuructures are different from Horizontal Axis Wind turbine structures because of special advantages and prospection, while many scholars and institutions spend less attention on this field. It is very urgent for many companies to solve problems such as structural strength problem and dynamic problems. When the mentioned problems are solved, it will be good for the Horizontal Axis Wind turbine industry. The program mainly made use of FEM to model Horizontal Axis Wind turbine structures reasonably, analyzing the mechanical characters and destruction forms under different conditions. The further research is brought out through comparisons among the results under different conditions.
The paper’s main point lies on the rotation of the wind wheel structures, analyzing the affection of the structural rotation on the wind loads and the effect of the changing wind loads on the whole structures under the steady winds. Besids, the mechenical characters of the wind wheel structures are analyzed under the combination of the gravity and the centerfugal force. Finally, the destruction forms under extrme conditions are also researched. Through the whole research, there are some meanningful conclusions: 1) the rotation of the wind wheel structures have a significant influence on the wind loads, because of which the steady wind loads will be changed to periodical loads, and affecting the dynamic response of the structures; 2) the mechenical characters and the modes of the wind wheel structures are deeply affected by the rotaiton of itself; 3) under the extreme conditions such as one of the blades is lost, excentricity will cause the destruction of the whole wind wheel structures.
引文
[1]苏亮.达里厄型垂直轴风力发电机结构可靠性分析研究[D].浙江大学, 2010.
[2]田海姣.巨型垂直轴风力发电机组结构静动力特性研究[D].北京交通大学, 2007.
[3]王星光,柴国生.风能在中国古代农业中的利用[J].农业考古, 2007(4): 132-142.
[4]罗益锋.世界风能及其叶片材料发展概况与趋势[J].高科技纤维与应用, 2003(5):1-7.
[5]马晓爽,高日,陈慧.风力发电发展简史及各类型风力机比较概述[J].应用能源技术, 2007(9):24-27.
[6]斯建龙,涂刚,沈凤亚,余国城.大型风力发电机组塔架顶端的水平位移的计算[J].能源工程, 2009(2):28-31.
[7]许燕.大型风力机塔架的静动态分析[J].新技术新工艺, 2010(6):31-34.
[8]杨风利,吴静,代泽兵,杨靖波.格构式垂直轴风力发电机组结构力学特性分析[J].电力建设, 2008(11):67-70.
[9] Beckh M, Barthel R, Kutnyi. A.. Construction and Structural Behavior of Vladimir Suchov's Nigres Tower[J]. Structural Analysis of Historic Construction: Preserving Safety and Significance, 2008,Vols 1 and 2: 183-190.
[10]张庆华,顾明,黄鹏.格构式塔架风力特性试验研究[J].振动与冲击, 2009(2):1-4.
[11]邹良浩,梁枢果,熊铁华,赵林,葛耀君.格构式塔架顺风向风振响应[J]土木建筑与环境工程, 2009(3):42-47.
[12]贾玉琢,祝贺.基于湍流模型定制的风机塔架结构动力特性分析[J].中国电力, 2008, (11).
[13] Meshmesha, H. Sennah, K. Kennedy, JB. Simple Method for Static and Dynamic Analysis of Guyed Towers. Structural Engineering and Mechanics, Aug 20, 2006, 23 (6): 635-649.
[14]刘锡良,周颖.风荷载的几种模拟方法[J].工业建筑, 2005(5):81-84.
[15] Materazzi, AL; Venanzi, I. A Simplified Approach for the Wind Response Analysis of Cable-stayed Masts[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and IndustrialAerodynamics, OCT 2007, 95 (9-11): 1272-1288.
[16]孙作玉,王晖.高耸结构随机风荷载的数值模拟[J].广州大学学报(自然自然科学版), 2008(5):79-83.
[17]梁枢果,邹良浩,赵林,葛耀君.格构式塔架动力风荷载解析模型[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版), 2008(2):166-171.
[18] Gomathinayagam, S. Harikrishna, P. Abraham, A. Lakshmanan, N. Bi-modal Spectral Method for Evaluation of Along-wind Induced Fatigue Damage[J]. Wind and Structures, JUL 2006, 9 (4): 255-270.
[19]郭庆军,韩花丽.塔架风载荷的近似计算[J].能源与环境, 2009, (04).
[20]梁枢果,邹良浩,赵林,葛耀君.格构式塔架风三维动力荷载的风洞试验研究[J].空气动力学学报, 2007(3):311-318.
[21]张誉,贾彬,王汝恒.横风向与顺风向动态风荷载的风洞试验研究[J].四川建筑科学研究, 2009(4):63-65.
[22]袁健,杜强. CFD在风荷载计算中的应用[J].真空, 2010(03)
[23] Lee, PS; McClure, G. Elastoplastic Large Deformation Analysis of a Lattice Steel Tower Structure and Comparison with Full-scale Tests[J]. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, MAY 2007, 63 (5): 709-717.
[24] Banik, SS. Hong, HP. Kopp, GA. Assessment of Capacity Curves for Transmission Line Towers under Wind Loading[J]. Wind and Structures, JAN 2010, 13 (1): 1-20.
[25]董文明.高耸结构在脉动风荷载作用下的有限元分析[J].山西建筑, 2010 (03).
[26]孙毅,韦锋.有限元方法在高层建筑结构风荷载分析中的应用[J].科技资讯, 2010 (17).
[27] D.W.Lobitz, T.D.Ashiwill. Aero Elastic Effects in the Structural Dynamic Analysis of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines[J], Sandia National Laboratories.1986.7,7-9.
[28] Thamas Carrie, Donald.W.Lobitz, Finite Element Analysis and Modal Testing of a Rotating Wind Turbine[J]. Sandia National Laboratories, 1982.10.7-9.
[29]郑瑞杰,马人乐.变截面构架式风力发电塔架GA优化[J].土木建筑与环境工程, 2009(6):1-6.
[30]郭建伟.变桨矩垂直轴风力机初步开发与性能评价[D].华北电力大学(北京), 2008.
[31]梁小艳,刘海涛,芮晓明.变桨矩垂直轴风力机的研究及展望[J].中国电力教育, 2007(S3):338-340.
[32]梁小艳.变桨矩垂直轴风力机总体设计方案研究[D].华北电力大学(北京), 2008.
[33] Marano, GC. Morrone, E. Quaranta, G. Analysis of Randomly Vibrating Structures under Hybrid Uncertainty [J]. Engineering Structures, NOV 2009, 31 (11): 2677-2686.
[34] Chen, XZ. Kareem, A. Coupled Dynamic Analysis and Equivalent Static Wind Loads on Buildings with Three-Dimensional Modes[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering-ASCE, JUL 2005, 131 (7): 1071-1082.
[35] Kopp, GA. Galsworthy, JK. Oh, JH. Horizontal Wind Loads on Open-Frame, Low-Rise Buildings[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering-ASCE, JAN 2010, 136 (1): 98-105.
[36] Venanzi, I. Materazzi, AL. Multi-objective. Optimization of Wind-excited Structures [J]. Engineering Structures, JUN 2007, 29 (6): 983-990.
[37] Glanville, MJ; Kwok, KCS. Wind-induced Deflections of Freestanding Lattice Towers [J]. Engineering Structures, JAN 1997, 19 (1): 79-91.
[38] Thomas Carrie, Guy Cable Design and Damping for Vertical Axis Wind Turbines[M].1984.5,1-5.
[39]舒新玲,周岱.风速时程AR模型及其快速实现.空间结构, 2003(4): 27-32.
[2]田海姣.巨型垂直轴风力发电机组结构静动力特性研究[D].北京交通大学, 2007.
[3]王星光,柴国生.风能在中国古代农业中的利用[J].农业考古, 2007(4): 132-142.
[4]罗益锋.世界风能及其叶片材料发展概况与趋势[J].高科技纤维与应用, 2003(5):1-7.
[5]马晓爽,高日,陈慧.风力发电发展简史及各类型风力机比较概述[J].应用能源技术, 2007(9):24-27.
[6]斯建龙,涂刚,沈凤亚,余国城.大型风力发电机组塔架顶端的水平位移的计算[J].能源工程, 2009(2):28-31.
[7]许燕.大型风力机塔架的静动态分析[J].新技术新工艺, 2010(6):31-34.
[8]杨风利,吴静,代泽兵,杨靖波.格构式垂直轴风力发电机组结构力学特性分析[J].电力建设, 2008(11):67-70.
[9] Beckh M, Barthel R, Kutnyi. A.. Construction and Structural Behavior of Vladimir Suchov's Nigres Tower[J]. Structural Analysis of Historic Construction: Preserving Safety and Significance, 2008,Vols 1 and 2: 183-190.
[10]张庆华,顾明,黄鹏.格构式塔架风力特性试验研究[J].振动与冲击, 2009(2):1-4.
[11]邹良浩,梁枢果,熊铁华,赵林,葛耀君.格构式塔架顺风向风振响应[J]土木建筑与环境工程, 2009(3):42-47.
[12]贾玉琢,祝贺.基于湍流模型定制的风机塔架结构动力特性分析[J].中国电力, 2008, (11).
[13] Meshmesha, H. Sennah, K. Kennedy, JB. Simple Method for Static and Dynamic Analysis of Guyed Towers. Structural Engineering and Mechanics, Aug 20, 2006, 23 (6): 635-649.
[14]刘锡良,周颖.风荷载的几种模拟方法[J].工业建筑, 2005(5):81-84.
[15] Materazzi, AL; Venanzi, I. A Simplified Approach for the Wind Response Analysis of Cable-stayed Masts[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and IndustrialAerodynamics, OCT 2007, 95 (9-11): 1272-1288.
[16]孙作玉,王晖.高耸结构随机风荷载的数值模拟[J].广州大学学报(自然自然科学版), 2008(5):79-83.
[17]梁枢果,邹良浩,赵林,葛耀君.格构式塔架动力风荷载解析模型[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版), 2008(2):166-171.
[18] Gomathinayagam, S. Harikrishna, P. Abraham, A. Lakshmanan, N. Bi-modal Spectral Method for Evaluation of Along-wind Induced Fatigue Damage[J]. Wind and Structures, JUL 2006, 9 (4): 255-270.
[19]郭庆军,韩花丽.塔架风载荷的近似计算[J].能源与环境, 2009, (04).
[20]梁枢果,邹良浩,赵林,葛耀君.格构式塔架风三维动力荷载的风洞试验研究[J].空气动力学学报, 2007(3):311-318.
[21]张誉,贾彬,王汝恒.横风向与顺风向动态风荷载的风洞试验研究[J].四川建筑科学研究, 2009(4):63-65.
[22]袁健,杜强. CFD在风荷载计算中的应用[J].真空, 2010(03)
[23] Lee, PS; McClure, G. Elastoplastic Large Deformation Analysis of a Lattice Steel Tower Structure and Comparison with Full-scale Tests[J]. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, MAY 2007, 63 (5): 709-717.
[24] Banik, SS. Hong, HP. Kopp, GA. Assessment of Capacity Curves for Transmission Line Towers under Wind Loading[J]. Wind and Structures, JAN 2010, 13 (1): 1-20.
[25]董文明.高耸结构在脉动风荷载作用下的有限元分析[J].山西建筑, 2010 (03).
[26]孙毅,韦锋.有限元方法在高层建筑结构风荷载分析中的应用[J].科技资讯, 2010 (17).
[27] D.W.Lobitz, T.D.Ashiwill. Aero Elastic Effects in the Structural Dynamic Analysis of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines[J], Sandia National Laboratories.1986.7,7-9.
[28] Thamas Carrie, Donald.W.Lobitz, Finite Element Analysis and Modal Testing of a Rotating Wind Turbine[J]. Sandia National Laboratories, 1982.10.7-9.
[29]郑瑞杰,马人乐.变截面构架式风力发电塔架GA优化[J].土木建筑与环境工程, 2009(6):1-6.
[30]郭建伟.变桨矩垂直轴风力机初步开发与性能评价[D].华北电力大学(北京), 2008.
[31]梁小艳,刘海涛,芮晓明.变桨矩垂直轴风力机的研究及展望[J].中国电力教育, 2007(S3):338-340.
[32]梁小艳.变桨矩垂直轴风力机总体设计方案研究[D].华北电力大学(北京), 2008.
[33] Marano, GC. Morrone, E. Quaranta, G. Analysis of Randomly Vibrating Structures under Hybrid Uncertainty [J]. Engineering Structures, NOV 2009, 31 (11): 2677-2686.
[34] Chen, XZ. Kareem, A. Coupled Dynamic Analysis and Equivalent Static Wind Loads on Buildings with Three-Dimensional Modes[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering-ASCE, JUL 2005, 131 (7): 1071-1082.
[35] Kopp, GA. Galsworthy, JK. Oh, JH. Horizontal Wind Loads on Open-Frame, Low-Rise Buildings[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering-ASCE, JAN 2010, 136 (1): 98-105.
[36] Venanzi, I. Materazzi, AL. Multi-objective. Optimization of Wind-excited Structures [J]. Engineering Structures, JUN 2007, 29 (6): 983-990.
[37] Glanville, MJ; Kwok, KCS. Wind-induced Deflections of Freestanding Lattice Towers [J]. Engineering Structures, JAN 1997, 19 (1): 79-91.
[38] Thomas Carrie, Guy Cable Design and Damping for Vertical Axis Wind Turbines[M].1984.5,1-5.
[39]舒新玲,周岱.风速时程AR模型及其快速实现.空间结构, 2003(4): 27-32.