食管癌的新辅助治疗
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摘要
近10年来,国内外有大量关于食管癌新辅助治疗的研究,大多数肯定了食管癌新辅助治疗的疗效,认为局部晚期食管癌进行新辅助治疗,能够使食管癌病人的肿瘤降期,提高食管癌患者的远期生存率。因此在国外食管癌的新辅助治疗广泛应用于临床,并已经成为西方国家治疗局部晚期食管癌的标准方案。未来食管癌新辅助治疗应加强食管癌分子生物学特性方面的研究,选择新型生物化疗药物制剂,提高对放化疗敏感性的分子水平预测,筛选出更合适的患者,进一步提高新辅助治疗的疗效。
In the past decade, we have seen an increasing number of reports on the long-term curative effect and safety of preoperative chemotherapy and radiotherapy (neoadjuvant CRT) in treating advanced esophageal carcinoma. Neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy will both downstage the tumor and improve survival, which led to the widespread adoption of the therapy. CRT with or without surgery is the most common treatment strategy for resectable esophageal cancer in Western countries. To improve the curative effect of CRT, future investigation must focus on the development of new biologic or chemotherapeutic agents, and the identification of biologic markers that might predict response to chemoradiotherapy.
In the past decade, we have seen an increasing number of reports on the long-term curative effect and safety of preoperative chemotherapy and radiotherapy (neoadjuvant CRT) in treating advanced esophageal carcinoma. Neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy will both downstage the tumor and improve survival, which led to the widespread adoption of the therapy. CRT with or without surgery is the most common treatment strategy for resectable esophageal cancer in Western countries. To improve the curative effect of CRT, future investigation must focus on the development of new biologic or chemotherapeutic agents, and the identification of biologic markers that might predict response to chemoradiotherapy.
引文
1 Takahashi S,Sato Y,Kondo M,et al.Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for advanced squamous cell carcinoma of thoracice sophagus [J].Gan To Kagaku Ryoho,2004,31(1):45～49
2 Morgan MA,Lewis WG,Crosby TD,et al.Prospective cohort comparison of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy versus chemothera-py in patients with oesophageal cancer[J].Br JSurg,2007,94(12):1509～1514
3安丰山,黄金球,谢映涛,等.食管癌新辅助放化疗的前瞻性临床研究.中华肿瘤杂志,2003,25:376～379
4 Crehange G, Lorchel F, Bosset JF. Place of neoadjuvant treatmentsin oesophageal cancers care[ J]. Bull Cancer, 2006, 93:1107～1113
5 Ku GY, Ilson DH. Esophageal cancer: adjuvant therapy[ J].Cancer J, 2007, 13: 162～167
6 Kato K, HamaguchiT, Yamada Y, et a.l Neoadjuvant therapy for esophageal cancer-indication and efficacy[J]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho, 2007, 34: 1543～1548
7 MorganMA, LewisWG, Crosby TD, et a.l Prospective cohort comparison of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy versus chemotherapy in patients with oesophageal cancer[J]. Br JSurg, 2007, 94:1509～1514
8 Urschel JD, Vasan H.A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that compared neoadjuvant chemoradiation and surgery to surgery alone for resectable esophageal cancer . Am J Surg. 2003 jun;185 (6):538～43
9 Vermund H, Pories WJ, Hillard J, et a.l Neoadjuvant chemoradiationtherapy in patientswith surgically treated esophagealcancer. Acta-Onco,l 2001, 40: 558～565
10 Mains MS, Stojadinovic A, Minsky B,et al. A phaseⅡtrial of preoperative combined - modality therapy for localize esophageal carcinoma: initial results. J Thorac CardiovasSurg, 2002, 124 (2): 270～277
11 Kubo N, Morimoto J, Tanaka H, et al.Concurrent chemoradiother-apy with nedaplatin and 5-fluorouracil for locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus、Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2009 Nov; 36 (12):1997～9
12任军,王善政,丛波,栾信庸;章晓梅.新辅助治疗在食管癌治疗中的作用.山东医科大学学报.2001年03期
13 Fiorica F,Di Bona D, Schepis F, et al.Preoperative chemoradiotherapy for oesophageal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Gut. 2004 Jul;53(7):925～30
14 Gebski V, Burmeister B, Smithers BM, et al.Survival benefits from neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy or chemo- therapy in oesophageal carcinoma: a meta-analysis.Australasian Gastro-Intestinal Trials Group.Lancet Oncol. 2007 Mar;8(3):226～34
15 Guillem P,Fabre S,Mariette C,et al.Surgery after induction chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer[J].Eur J Surg Oncol, 2003, 29(2):158～165
16 Brown WA,Thoma J,Gotley D,et al.Use of oesophagogastroscopy to assess the response of esophageal carcinoma to neoadjuvant therapy[J].Br J Surg,2004,91(2):199～204
17胡巧英.食管癌新辅助放化疗结合手术与单纯手术治疗随机对照试验的Meta分析.中国肿瘤2007年第16卷第5期
18 Gebski V, Burmeister B, Smithers BM, et al.Survival benefits from neoadjuvant chemoradio- therapy or chemotherapy in esophageal carcinoma: a meta-analysis.Australasian Gastro-Intestinal Trials Group. Lancet Oncol. 2007 Mar;8(3):226～34
19 Arnott SJ,Duncan W, Gignoux M,et al. Preoperative radiotherapy in esophageal carcinoma: a meta-analysis using individual patient data. IntJ Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,1998,41:579～583
20 van de Schoot L, Romme EA, van der Sangen MJ, et al.A highly active and tolerable neoadjuvant regimen combining paclitaxel, carboplatin, 5-FU, and radiation therapy in patients with stage II and III esophageal cancer.Ann Surg Oncol. 2008 Jan;15(1):88～95
21 Guillem P, Fabre S, Mariette C, et a.l Surgery after induction chemoradiotherapy for oesophageal cancer. Eur J SurgOnco,l 2003,29: 158～165
22 Brown WA, Thomas J, Gotley D, et al.Use of oesophagGastroSc- opy to assess the response of oesophageal carcinoma to neoadjuvant therapy.Br J Surg. 2004 Feb;91(2):199～204
23 Donahue JM, Nichols FC, Li Z, et al.Complete pathologic response after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer is associated with enhanced survival.Ann Thorac Surg. 2009 Feb;87(2):392-8
24 Meredith KL, Weber JM, Turaga KK, et al.Pathologic Response after Neoadjuvant Therapy is the Major Determinant of Survival in Patients with Esophageal Cancer.Ann Surg Oncol. 2010 Feb 6;16 (2): 91～99
25 De Vita F, Di Martino N, Orditura M,et al. Preoperative chemoradio- therapy for squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcino-ma of the esophagus: A phaseⅡs tudy[J]. Chest, 2002, 122 (4): 1302～1308
26 Meluch AA, Greco FA, Gray JR,et al.Preoperative therapy with concurrent pacli-taxel/carboplatin/infusional 5-Fu and ra-diation therapy in locoregional esophageal cancer: Final results of A Minnie PearlCancer Research Nerwork PhaseⅡtrial [J].Cancer J, 2003, 9 (4): 251～260
27曹秀峰,王山,吴必超.新辅助放化疗对中晚期食管鳞癌病理分期及预后的影响[J]世界华人消化杂志, 2007, (22)
28 Bollschweiler E, H?lscher AH, Metzger RH.istologic tumor type and the rate of complete response after neoadjuvant therapy for esophageal cancer. Future Oncol. 2010 Jan;6(1):25～35
29 Gonzalez-Gonzalez JJ,Sanz-Alvarez L,et al.Complications of surgical resection of esophageal cancer[J].Cir Esp,2006,80(6):349～360
30 Takeda S,Tokuno K,Nishimura T,et al.A clinical study of esophagectomy after chemoradiation therapy for advanced esophageal carcinoma[J].Gan To Kagaku Ryoho,2007,34 (12):1982～1984
31 Urschel JD,Vasan H.A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that compared neoadjuvant chemoradiation and surgery to surgery alone for resectable esophageal cancer[J].Am J Surg,2003, 185(6): 538～543
32 DotyJR,Salazar JD, et al.Postesophagectomy morbidity,mortality, and length of hospital stay after preoperative chemoradiation therapy[J].Ann Thorac Surg,2002,74(1):227～231
33 Kolh P,Honore P,Degauque C,et al.Early stage results after oesopha geal resection for malignancy-colon interposition vs.gastric pull-up [J]. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg,2000,18(3):293～300
34 Kelley ST,Coppola D,Karl RC,et al.Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherap-y is not associated with a higher complication rate vs.surgery alone in patients undergoing esophagectomy[J].J GastrointestSurg,2004,8 (3):227～232
35 Díaz R, Reynes G, Tormo A,.Long-term results of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and combined chemoradiotherapy before surgery in the management of locally advanced oesophageal cancer: a single-centre experience. Clin Transl Oncol. 2009 Dec;11(12):835～41
36 Masahiko Yano, Atsushi Imai, Kinji Nishiyama. Factors Predictive of Tumor Recurrence and Survival After Initial Complete Response of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma to Definitive Chemoradiotherapy International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics, Volume 76, Issue 1, January 2010, Pages 123～129
37 Morota M, Gomi K, Kozuka T, et al.Late toxicity after definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy for thoracic esophageal carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Sep 1;75(1):122～8
38 Takeuchi H, Saikawa Y, Oyama T, et al.Factors influencing the long-term survival in patients with esophageal cancer who underwent esophagectomy after chemoradiotherapy. World J Surg. 2010 Feb;34(2):277～84
39 Jason J. Schrager, John L. Tarpley, et al.A. Scott Pearson- Endoscopic ultrasound: impact on survival in patients with esophageal cancer .The American Journal of Surgery, Volume 190, Issue 5, November 2005, Pages 682～686
40 Westerterp M, van Westreenen HL, Reitsma JB, et al..Esophageal cancer: CT, endoscopic US, and FDG PET for assessment of response to neoadjuvant therapysystematic review.Radiology. 2005 Sep; 236 (3): 841～51
41 Pultrum BB, van der Jagt EJ, van Westreenen HL, et al.Detection of lymph node metastases with ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in oesophageal cancer: a feasibility study。Cancer Imaging. 2009 Apr 6;9:19～28
42 Krause BJ, Herrmann K, Wieder H, et al.CM18F-FDG PET and 18F-FDG PET/CT for assessing response to therapy in esophageal cancer. J Nucl Med. 2009 May;50 Suppl 1:89S-96S. Epub 2009 Apr 20. J Nucl Med. 2009 May;50 Suppl 1:89S～96S
43 Higuchi I, Yasuda T, Yano M, et al.Lack of fludeoxyglucose F 18 uptake in posttreatment positron emission tomography as a significant predictor of survival after subsequent surgery in multimodality treatment for patientswith locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008 Jul;136(1):205～12
44 Westerterp M, van Westreenen HL, et al.Radiology. Esophageal cancer: CT, endoscopic US, and FDG PET for assessment of response to neoadjuvant therapy--systematic review.2005 Sep;236(3):841～51
45 Syrigos KN, Zalonis A, Kotteas E, Saif MW.Targeted therapy for esophageal cancer: an overview.Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2008 Jun; 27 (2):273～88
46 Brabender J, Vallb?hmer D, Grimminger P, et al..ERCC1 RNA expression in peripheral blood predicts minor histopathological response to neoadjuvant radio-chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced cancer of the esophagus.J Gastrointest Surg. 2008 Nov;12(11):1815～21
47 Okamura S, Fujiwara H, Suchi K, et al.The IL-6 and COX-2 expression related to sensitivity of chemoradiotherapy and prognosis in esophageal carcinoma Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2009 Nov;36(12):1979～81
48 Zingg U, Forberger J, Rajcic B, et al.Association of C-reactive protein levels and long-term survival after neoadjuvant therapy and esophagectomy for esophageal cancer J Gastrointest Surg. 2010 Mar;14(3):462-9
49 Kaneko K, Kumekawa Y, Makino R Nozawa H ,et al. EGFR gene alterations as a prognostic biomarker in advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. 2010 Jan 1;15:65～72
50 Wang KL, Wu TT, Choi IS, et al. Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor in esophageal and esophagogastric junction denocarcinomas: Association with poor outcome. Cancer. 2007;109:658～667
1 Loscertales J, Jimenez-Merchan R, CongregadoM,et al .Video- assisted surgery for lung cancer. State of the art and personal experience. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann. 2009;17(3):313-26
2 Jiménez Merchán R, Congregado Loscertales M, Gallardo Valera G, et al.Exploratory videothoracoscopy and videopericardioscopy in the definitive staging and assessment of resectability of lung cancer.Arch Bronco- neumol. 2009;45(9):435-41
3 Congregado Loscertales M, Girón Arjona JC, Jiménez Merchán R, et al. Usefulness of video-assisted thoracoscopy for the diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodules. Arch Bronconeumol.2002 ;38(9): 415-20
4 Hsu KY, Lee HC, Ou CC, et al. Value of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery in the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary tuberculoma: 53 cases analysis and review of literature.J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2009;10(5):375-9
5 Glinjongol C, Pengpol W. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) in the diagnosis and treatment of intrathoracic diseases at Ratchaburi Hospital. J Med Assoc Thai. 2005;88(6):734-42
6 Pittet O, Christodoulou M, Pezzetta E, et al. Video-assisted thoracoscopic resection of a small pulmonary nodule after computed tomography-guided localization with a hook-wire system. Experience in45 consecutive patients.World J Surg. 2007;31(3):575-8
7 Davini F, Gonfiotti A, Vaggelli L, et al.Thoracoscopic localization techniques for patients with solitary pulmonary nodule: radioguided surgery versus hookwire localization.J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 2006;47(3):355-9
2 Morgan MA,Lewis WG,Crosby TD,et al.Prospective cohort comparison of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy versus chemothera-py in patients with oesophageal cancer[J].Br JSurg,2007,94(12):1509～1514
3安丰山,黄金球,谢映涛,等.食管癌新辅助放化疗的前瞻性临床研究.中华肿瘤杂志,2003,25:376～379
4 Crehange G, Lorchel F, Bosset JF. Place of neoadjuvant treatmentsin oesophageal cancers care[ J]. Bull Cancer, 2006, 93:1107～1113
5 Ku GY, Ilson DH. Esophageal cancer: adjuvant therapy[ J].Cancer J, 2007, 13: 162～167
6 Kato K, HamaguchiT, Yamada Y, et a.l Neoadjuvant therapy for esophageal cancer-indication and efficacy[J]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho, 2007, 34: 1543～1548
7 MorganMA, LewisWG, Crosby TD, et a.l Prospective cohort comparison of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy versus chemotherapy in patients with oesophageal cancer[J]. Br JSurg, 2007, 94:1509～1514
8 Urschel JD, Vasan H.A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that compared neoadjuvant chemoradiation and surgery to surgery alone for resectable esophageal cancer . Am J Surg. 2003 jun;185 (6):538～43
9 Vermund H, Pories WJ, Hillard J, et a.l Neoadjuvant chemoradiationtherapy in patientswith surgically treated esophagealcancer. Acta-Onco,l 2001, 40: 558～565
10 Mains MS, Stojadinovic A, Minsky B,et al. A phaseⅡtrial of preoperative combined - modality therapy for localize esophageal carcinoma: initial results. J Thorac CardiovasSurg, 2002, 124 (2): 270～277
11 Kubo N, Morimoto J, Tanaka H, et al.Concurrent chemoradiother-apy with nedaplatin and 5-fluorouracil for locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus、Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2009 Nov; 36 (12):1997～9
12任军,王善政,丛波,栾信庸;章晓梅.新辅助治疗在食管癌治疗中的作用.山东医科大学学报.2001年03期
13 Fiorica F,Di Bona D, Schepis F, et al.Preoperative chemoradiotherapy for oesophageal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Gut. 2004 Jul;53(7):925～30
14 Gebski V, Burmeister B, Smithers BM, et al.Survival benefits from neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy or chemo- therapy in oesophageal carcinoma: a meta-analysis.Australasian Gastro-Intestinal Trials Group.Lancet Oncol. 2007 Mar;8(3):226～34
15 Guillem P,Fabre S,Mariette C,et al.Surgery after induction chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer[J].Eur J Surg Oncol, 2003, 29(2):158～165
16 Brown WA,Thoma J,Gotley D,et al.Use of oesophagogastroscopy to assess the response of esophageal carcinoma to neoadjuvant therapy[J].Br J Surg,2004,91(2):199～204
17胡巧英.食管癌新辅助放化疗结合手术与单纯手术治疗随机对照试验的Meta分析.中国肿瘤2007年第16卷第5期
18 Gebski V, Burmeister B, Smithers BM, et al.Survival benefits from neoadjuvant chemoradio- therapy or chemotherapy in esophageal carcinoma: a meta-analysis.Australasian Gastro-Intestinal Trials Group. Lancet Oncol. 2007 Mar;8(3):226～34
19 Arnott SJ,Duncan W, Gignoux M,et al. Preoperative radiotherapy in esophageal carcinoma: a meta-analysis using individual patient data. IntJ Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,1998,41:579～583
20 van de Schoot L, Romme EA, van der Sangen MJ, et al.A highly active and tolerable neoadjuvant regimen combining paclitaxel, carboplatin, 5-FU, and radiation therapy in patients with stage II and III esophageal cancer.Ann Surg Oncol. 2008 Jan;15(1):88～95
21 Guillem P, Fabre S, Mariette C, et a.l Surgery after induction chemoradiotherapy for oesophageal cancer. Eur J SurgOnco,l 2003,29: 158～165
22 Brown WA, Thomas J, Gotley D, et al.Use of oesophagGastroSc- opy to assess the response of oesophageal carcinoma to neoadjuvant therapy.Br J Surg. 2004 Feb;91(2):199～204
23 Donahue JM, Nichols FC, Li Z, et al.Complete pathologic response after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer is associated with enhanced survival.Ann Thorac Surg. 2009 Feb;87(2):392-8
24 Meredith KL, Weber JM, Turaga KK, et al.Pathologic Response after Neoadjuvant Therapy is the Major Determinant of Survival in Patients with Esophageal Cancer.Ann Surg Oncol. 2010 Feb 6;16 (2): 91～99
25 De Vita F, Di Martino N, Orditura M,et al. Preoperative chemoradio- therapy for squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcino-ma of the esophagus: A phaseⅡs tudy[J]. Chest, 2002, 122 (4): 1302～1308
26 Meluch AA, Greco FA, Gray JR,et al.Preoperative therapy with concurrent pacli-taxel/carboplatin/infusional 5-Fu and ra-diation therapy in locoregional esophageal cancer: Final results of A Minnie PearlCancer Research Nerwork PhaseⅡtrial [J].Cancer J, 2003, 9 (4): 251～260
27曹秀峰,王山,吴必超.新辅助放化疗对中晚期食管鳞癌病理分期及预后的影响[J]世界华人消化杂志, 2007, (22)
28 Bollschweiler E, H?lscher AH, Metzger RH.istologic tumor type and the rate of complete response after neoadjuvant therapy for esophageal cancer. Future Oncol. 2010 Jan;6(1):25～35
29 Gonzalez-Gonzalez JJ,Sanz-Alvarez L,et al.Complications of surgical resection of esophageal cancer[J].Cir Esp,2006,80(6):349～360
30 Takeda S,Tokuno K,Nishimura T,et al.A clinical study of esophagectomy after chemoradiation therapy for advanced esophageal carcinoma[J].Gan To Kagaku Ryoho,2007,34 (12):1982～1984
31 Urschel JD,Vasan H.A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that compared neoadjuvant chemoradiation and surgery to surgery alone for resectable esophageal cancer[J].Am J Surg,2003, 185(6): 538～543
32 DotyJR,Salazar JD, et al.Postesophagectomy morbidity,mortality, and length of hospital stay after preoperative chemoradiation therapy[J].Ann Thorac Surg,2002,74(1):227～231
33 Kolh P,Honore P,Degauque C,et al.Early stage results after oesopha geal resection for malignancy-colon interposition vs.gastric pull-up [J]. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg,2000,18(3):293～300
34 Kelley ST,Coppola D,Karl RC,et al.Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherap-y is not associated with a higher complication rate vs.surgery alone in patients undergoing esophagectomy[J].J GastrointestSurg,2004,8 (3):227～232
35 Díaz R, Reynes G, Tormo A,.Long-term results of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and combined chemoradiotherapy before surgery in the management of locally advanced oesophageal cancer: a single-centre experience. Clin Transl Oncol. 2009 Dec;11(12):835～41
36 Masahiko Yano, Atsushi Imai, Kinji Nishiyama. Factors Predictive of Tumor Recurrence and Survival After Initial Complete Response of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma to Definitive Chemoradiotherapy International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics, Volume 76, Issue 1, January 2010, Pages 123～129
37 Morota M, Gomi K, Kozuka T, et al.Late toxicity after definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy for thoracic esophageal carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Sep 1;75(1):122～8
38 Takeuchi H, Saikawa Y, Oyama T, et al.Factors influencing the long-term survival in patients with esophageal cancer who underwent esophagectomy after chemoradiotherapy. World J Surg. 2010 Feb;34(2):277～84
39 Jason J. Schrager, John L. Tarpley, et al.A. Scott Pearson- Endoscopic ultrasound: impact on survival in patients with esophageal cancer .The American Journal of Surgery, Volume 190, Issue 5, November 2005, Pages 682～686
40 Westerterp M, van Westreenen HL, Reitsma JB, et al..Esophageal cancer: CT, endoscopic US, and FDG PET for assessment of response to neoadjuvant therapysystematic review.Radiology. 2005 Sep; 236 (3): 841～51
41 Pultrum BB, van der Jagt EJ, van Westreenen HL, et al.Detection of lymph node metastases with ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in oesophageal cancer: a feasibility study。Cancer Imaging. 2009 Apr 6;9:19～28
42 Krause BJ, Herrmann K, Wieder H, et al.CM18F-FDG PET and 18F-FDG PET/CT for assessing response to therapy in esophageal cancer. J Nucl Med. 2009 May;50 Suppl 1:89S-96S. Epub 2009 Apr 20. J Nucl Med. 2009 May;50 Suppl 1:89S～96S
43 Higuchi I, Yasuda T, Yano M, et al.Lack of fludeoxyglucose F 18 uptake in posttreatment positron emission tomography as a significant predictor of survival after subsequent surgery in multimodality treatment for patientswith locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008 Jul;136(1):205～12
44 Westerterp M, van Westreenen HL, et al.Radiology. Esophageal cancer: CT, endoscopic US, and FDG PET for assessment of response to neoadjuvant therapy--systematic review.2005 Sep;236(3):841～51
45 Syrigos KN, Zalonis A, Kotteas E, Saif MW.Targeted therapy for esophageal cancer: an overview.Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2008 Jun; 27 (2):273～88
46 Brabender J, Vallb?hmer D, Grimminger P, et al..ERCC1 RNA expression in peripheral blood predicts minor histopathological response to neoadjuvant radio-chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced cancer of the esophagus.J Gastrointest Surg. 2008 Nov;12(11):1815～21
47 Okamura S, Fujiwara H, Suchi K, et al.The IL-6 and COX-2 expression related to sensitivity of chemoradiotherapy and prognosis in esophageal carcinoma Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2009 Nov;36(12):1979～81
48 Zingg U, Forberger J, Rajcic B, et al.Association of C-reactive protein levels and long-term survival after neoadjuvant therapy and esophagectomy for esophageal cancer J Gastrointest Surg. 2010 Mar;14(3):462-9
49 Kaneko K, Kumekawa Y, Makino R Nozawa H ,et al. EGFR gene alterations as a prognostic biomarker in advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. 2010 Jan 1;15:65～72
50 Wang KL, Wu TT, Choi IS, et al. Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor in esophageal and esophagogastric junction denocarcinomas: Association with poor outcome. Cancer. 2007;109:658～667
1 Loscertales J, Jimenez-Merchan R, CongregadoM,et al .Video- assisted surgery for lung cancer. State of the art and personal experience. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann. 2009;17(3):313-26
2 Jiménez Merchán R, Congregado Loscertales M, Gallardo Valera G, et al.Exploratory videothoracoscopy and videopericardioscopy in the definitive staging and assessment of resectability of lung cancer.Arch Bronco- neumol. 2009;45(9):435-41
3 Congregado Loscertales M, Girón Arjona JC, Jiménez Merchán R, et al. Usefulness of video-assisted thoracoscopy for the diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodules. Arch Bronconeumol.2002 ;38(9): 415-20
4 Hsu KY, Lee HC, Ou CC, et al. Value of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery in the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary tuberculoma: 53 cases analysis and review of literature.J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2009;10(5):375-9
5 Glinjongol C, Pengpol W. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) in the diagnosis and treatment of intrathoracic diseases at Ratchaburi Hospital. J Med Assoc Thai. 2005;88(6):734-42
6 Pittet O, Christodoulou M, Pezzetta E, et al. Video-assisted thoracoscopic resection of a small pulmonary nodule after computed tomography-guided localization with a hook-wire system. Experience in45 consecutive patients.World J Surg. 2007;31(3):575-8
7 Davini F, Gonfiotti A, Vaggelli L, et al.Thoracoscopic localization techniques for patients with solitary pulmonary nodule: radioguided surgery versus hookwire localization.J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 2006;47(3):355-9