我国中小型商业银行效率与监管研究
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摘要
中小商业银行的存在填补了大银行的业务空白,尤其是中小商业银行的机构组织简单,有利于解决融资过程中的信息不对称问题,是中小企业融资的重要支持。本文首先论述了中小商业银行存在的原因,进而运用因子分析法,以吉林省的相关数据为依据,实证检验了中小商业银行效率的影响因素。然后运用非参数法中的包络分析法,选取了4家国有银行、7家股份制银行和12家非上市的地方银行2003～2006年的相关数据分年度地对技术效率、纯技术效率、规模效率和规模效率的变化进行了实证检验。检验结果表明中小上市商业银行的经营效率普遍高于大银行,但非上市的中小商业银行效率低于大银行。在纯技术效率方面,中小银行普遍具有优势。影响中小商业银行效率的因素是多种多样的,文本最后选取了对银行这类特殊企业有特别影响的银行监管与风险,分析了这些因素对大银行和中小银行影响的区别,并在此基础上,提出了促进中小商业银行发展的对策。
Small- and Medium-sized Commercial Banks is a dynamic concept, there are different at different stages. Every country has it's own criteria on it. In the broadest sense, our country's SMCB refers to the banks which is smaller, lesser than large state-owned commercial banks on assets and sub-institutions. In our country, Small-and Medium-sized Commercial Banks includes joint-stock commercial banks, city commercial banks, urban credit cooperatives(UCCs), rural credit cooperatives , rural commercial banks, rural cooperative banks, village and township banks, lending companies, mutual credit cooperatives, postal savings bank, trust companies, finance companies of enterprise groups, financial leasing companies, money brokerage firms, auto financing companies , etc. In general, Small- and Medium-sized Commercial Banks includes joint-stock commercial banks, city commercial banks, urban credit cooperatives(UCCs), rural credit cooperatives , rural commercial banks, rural cooperative banks.
Scale economy in financial system refers to the descend of unit operation costs, as the expansion of the business scope, quantity, organizations, which reflects the relationship between size and cost of financial sector . the studys by Western scholars show that Scale isn't the full condition. The pursuit of large scale will only lead to market monopoly. Recoursing to market monopoly big banks can promote the profits .But it is not conducive to improving efficiency of a bank and society as a whole. Bigger does not mean that it can make more profit. The relationship between Small and Medium - sized Enterprises and Small- and Medium-sized Commercial Banks is the important exciting basis of Small- and Medium-sized Commercial Banks. At present, the " small banks advantages " is widely used. In addition, banks can also get more flexibility and advantages on the loans price and expire, by using their advantage on simply organizations and the acquaintance with relational lending technologies. The agent theory suggests that, compared to those large banks, the small banks will not be faced with principal-agent problem. senior management makes it easier for supervision the behaviors of stuff, moderating different parts of bank. Small banks' requirement for establishing strict lending standards on loans is relatively small. They also have greater flexibility. Because the intimacy or private relationships between small banks and customers, small banks makes it easier to have more private information of potential customers. Therefore, small commercial banks are essentially the same with large banks. It also pursuit the profit maximization, and scale economy has the same effects on it. Small banks also hope to develop into major banks. But, from the economic development and study, the market position of small commercial banks' and the large commercial banks are different. Small commercial banks have comparative advantage on structure, interest rate and term of loan. Small and medium sized commercial banks will not be eliminated by large banks. They are supplementary of large banks, the main offer of financial services to the residents and the small and medium enterprises, and a important component of a country's economic.
Most of Small- and Medium-sized Commercial Banks come from urban credit cooperatives (some are made up of rural credit cooperatives, such as: Shengzhen Development Bank). Since the first city credit cooperatives founded in zhumadian, Henan province, in 1979, city credit cooperatives experience the rapid expansion phase (1979 - 1988), the number of credit cooperatives is rapid growth; the adjustment and development phase (1989 - 1991), from the second half of 1989 to 1991, they were restructured by the people's Bank; the scale industrialized phase (1992 - 1994), formed an independent industry system; diversified development stage (1995—since), urban credit cooperatives are approved to founded on the basis of credit cooperatives, by the State Council.
Our Small- and Medium-sized Commercial Banks have shortcoming in corporate governance structure. First, the shareholders' meeting is difficult to play a role; second, companies' boards deemphasized, in practice , the Board of Directors and managers' role are malposition,; Thirdly, the Board of supervisors are weaken. The Bank's senior management staff is supervised by the party, discipline, monitoring, audit departments. As no competent authorities, board of supervisors often is unenviable .Fourthly, the Chairman of the Board and management team does not voted according to the law and banking constitution. At present, in joint-stock commercial banks, city commercial banks and urban credit cooperatives, chairmen of the board are basically come from the people's Bank, large commercial banks and all levels of government departments, the Chairman of the board are appointed by government. Fifthly, management team's power and responsibilities are not symmetric. Managers are appointed or dismissed by the Government. Executive superior is responsible for and investors tend to be responsible for between the two contradictory. In addition, our Small- and Medium-sized Commercial Banks' market positioning is not appropriate, product innovation and profitability of capacity is low, the lack of effective risk prevention mechanism. The most important point is the quality of the relatively are also low.
The bank efficiency is relativities between the input and output or the cost and profit in bank business activity ,and is a important criteria to measure the bank's operating performance, market competitiveness, input - output capacity and capability of sustainable development, the same, the level of efficiency can reflect the efficiency of the bank's resource utilization and overall business. This text utilizes the cross-section data in 2006,including 10 banks: Everbright Bank Changchun branch, Changchun City Commercial Bank, Jilin City Commercial Cank, Urban Credit Cooperatives, Rural Credit Cooperatives, as well as State-owned major banks in Jilin province. At the same time, selecting 9 indicators to do factor analysis, including the asset profit ratio (x_1) ,the capital profit ratio (x_2), The per capita profit (X_3), the per capita profit non-performing loan ratio (X_4), the assets' liquidity ratio (x_5), the asset growth ratio ( x_6), the per capita deposits (x_7), the loan-to-deposit ratio (x_8) and total loans than the total assets (x_9). The results show that the management of all aspects of the Small and medium-sized financial institutionsthe in Jilin province is in line with market requirements. But there are many deficiencies: the profitability in small commercial banks is low, the asset management is poor and the risk control should be improved, the development potential is small in the future and so on.
The bank efficiency can be studied from two ways, namely macroscopical and microvisual. To the individual departments, the bank efficiency is the optimal state of the commercial banks to allocate their own financial resources. From a macroscopic perspective, the bank efficiency is the banking system's contribution to the national economic growth rate, namely the comparison among the input of the bank elements (manpower, resources, branches, the stock and flow of all kinds of financial assets) and the increment of the national economy and the quality of growth.
This text selects data of the 4 State - owned banks , the 7 joint - stock bank and 12 non listed city bank in 2000 - 2006 , uses the DEA to test the technical efficiency, the pure technical efficiency, the scale efficiency and the scope of changes in scale efficiency in the 23 banks. The results show that the efficiency of four state-owned commercial banks is top, except the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China. The efficiency of Joint-stock banks is difference and low. But large banks run stablely, and the efficiency is relatively stable to small banks that run fluctately larger. At the same time large banks 'reform appears difficult, but smaller banks relative maneuvering. And large banks more quickly master new technologies, small banks is relatively slow.
The development of banking supervision in China generally can be divided into five stages: 1984-1992: the banking supervision is still on the primary stage o, mainly relying on administrative measures, banking supervision function is very unsatisfactory; 1993- 1994: regulatory content is on the compliance of Bank ' business compliance; 1994-1997: strengthening the supervision legislative stage, the promulgation of the people's Bank, the commercial law, the negotiable instrument law, the insurance law, guarantee law and the foreign financial institutions Management Ordinance, etc, push our financial supervision on legal orbit. 1997- 2003, we learn the lessons from the South - East Asian financial crisis, our bank regulatory reform in this period has been deepening, specialized financial management system, further improvement so far this year; 2003: the establishment of the China Banking Regulatory Commission in 2003, China banking regulatory work on the professional development of a new stage.
In recent years, China Banking Regulatory Commission has followed the concept, that is conducting consolidated and risk-based supervision, strengthening internal controls of supervised institutions and enhancing transparency, and the approach, that is prudential and risk-based supervision to ensure accurate loan classification, adequate loss provisions, firm profit and adequate capital, and has achieved certain results. Banking institutions continue to extend its assets, upgrade the international competitiveness. as at the end of 2007, The total assets of the Chinese banking system exceeded RMB50 trillion for the first time, amounting to RMB52.6 trillion. Banking system continued to reduce its level of NPL, Further improve their risk resilience. As at the end of 2007, the banking institution overall weighted average capital adequacy ratio exceeded 8 percent, the first time reached the international regulatory standard. Major commercial banks are enhancing their overall competitiveness by successfully listing on the stock exchanges, introducing strategic investors, and streamlining their corporate governance structures. The Industrial and Commercial Banking of China, the Bank of China, the China Construction Bank and the Bank of Communications have been successfully listed in the A share and overseas markets. The direction and principles for the commercialization reform of the China Development Bank (CDB) have been initially formulated. The CDB will be operating independently on a completely commercial basis and in line with the modern corporate system, assuming full responsibility for its own profits and losses. The Postal Savings Bank of China (PSBC) has made breakthroughs in its reform. PSBC is official incorporated on March 20, 2007. Small- and medium-sized commercial banks deepened their reform. Small- and medium-sized commercial banks continued to explore diversified models of joint development (with strategic partners) and focus on corporate governance and risk controls.
The background of small- and medium-sized commercial banks is different from large banks', especially State - owned banks'. Therefore, there is great difference in their daily operation, risk disposing and regulation treatment. The financial asset management companies take over the most of the non - performing assets of the four state - owned banks. Then, finance them by using the foreign currency reserve. When small- and medium-sized commercial banks want dispose their NPL, they could not get so much benefit from the local government .Although they are in the same supervisory framework of China Banking Regulatory Commission, in actual practice, they get different requirement from CBRC at the ratio of provisions to classified loans, capital adequacy ratio etc. Small- and medium-sized commercial banks tend to accept more stringent supervision, and are restricted on the establishment of the Branch Office, extending a new business.
There exist flaw in the regulatory system. The authorities stresses of the weak of small- and medium-sized commercial banks, at the same time, there is no deposit insurance system to promote fair competition. There has entry bulwarks in the commercial bank market entry supervision. There lack of effective market exit supervision in the commercial bank supervision legal system.
To robust, healthy and sustainable development, small- and medium-sized commercial banks should recognize that the medium - sized enterprises are the basis for the local bank' s survival and development, and make policy of suitable market positioning, further to develop personal retail business and fee-based businesses; set up an appropriate and effective corporate governance structure by issuing additional shares, introducing strategic investors. They should have clear developmental strategy. In addition, they should improve schemes of effective motivation and assessment and have a talent strategy to attract qualified shareholders and competent professionals. To promote small- and medium-sized commercial banks' development, we need some external policy, mainly include: building the perfect deposit insurance system to enhance depositor confidence on the small- and medium-sized commercial banks; relaxing market entry policy to enhance the cooperation in multiple financial institutions and improve overall efficiency of utilization of funds; improving the exit mechanism for small banks to prevent the diffusing of the risk of failed financial institutions, create a favorable environment for the banking system; Strengthen information disclosure, from an external strengthen banks supervision in order to facilitate banks improving corporate governance, strengthening internal control system.
Small- and Medium-sized Commercial Banks is a dynamic concept, there are different at different stages. Every country has it's own criteria on it. In the broadest sense, our country's SMCB refers to the banks which is smaller, lesser than large state-owned commercial banks on assets and sub-institutions. In our country, Small-and Medium-sized Commercial Banks includes joint-stock commercial banks, city commercial banks, urban credit cooperatives(UCCs), rural credit cooperatives , rural commercial banks, rural cooperative banks, village and township banks, lending companies, mutual credit cooperatives, postal savings bank, trust companies, finance companies of enterprise groups, financial leasing companies, money brokerage firms, auto financing companies , etc. In general, Small- and Medium-sized Commercial Banks includes joint-stock commercial banks, city commercial banks, urban credit cooperatives(UCCs), rural credit cooperatives , rural commercial banks, rural cooperative banks.
Scale economy in financial system refers to the descend of unit operation costs, as the expansion of the business scope, quantity, organizations, which reflects the relationship between size and cost of financial sector . the studys by Western scholars show that Scale isn't the full condition. The pursuit of large scale will only lead to market monopoly. Recoursing to market monopoly big banks can promote the profits .But it is not conducive to improving efficiency of a bank and society as a whole. Bigger does not mean that it can make more profit. The relationship between Small and Medium - sized Enterprises and Small- and Medium-sized Commercial Banks is the important exciting basis of Small- and Medium-sized Commercial Banks. At present, the " small banks advantages " is widely used. In addition, banks can also get more flexibility and advantages on the loans price and expire, by using their advantage on simply organizations and the acquaintance with relational lending technologies. The agent theory suggests that, compared to those large banks, the small banks will not be faced with principal-agent problem. senior management makes it easier for supervision the behaviors of stuff, moderating different parts of bank. Small banks' requirement for establishing strict lending standards on loans is relatively small. They also have greater flexibility. Because the intimacy or private relationships between small banks and customers, small banks makes it easier to have more private information of potential customers. Therefore, small commercial banks are essentially the same with large banks. It also pursuit the profit maximization, and scale economy has the same effects on it. Small banks also hope to develop into major banks. But, from the economic development and study, the market position of small commercial banks' and the large commercial banks are different. Small commercial banks have comparative advantage on structure, interest rate and term of loan. Small and medium sized commercial banks will not be eliminated by large banks. They are supplementary of large banks, the main offer of financial services to the residents and the small and medium enterprises, and a important component of a country's economic.
Most of Small- and Medium-sized Commercial Banks come from urban credit cooperatives (some are made up of rural credit cooperatives, such as: Shengzhen Development Bank). Since the first city credit cooperatives founded in zhumadian, Henan province, in 1979, city credit cooperatives experience the rapid expansion phase (1979 - 1988), the number of credit cooperatives is rapid growth; the adjustment and development phase (1989 - 1991), from the second half of 1989 to 1991, they were restructured by the people's Bank; the scale industrialized phase (1992 - 1994), formed an independent industry system; diversified development stage (1995—since), urban credit cooperatives are approved to founded on the basis of credit cooperatives, by the State Council.
Our Small- and Medium-sized Commercial Banks have shortcoming in corporate governance structure. First, the shareholders' meeting is difficult to play a role; second, companies' boards deemphasized, in practice , the Board of Directors and managers' role are malposition,; Thirdly, the Board of supervisors are weaken. The Bank's senior management staff is supervised by the party, discipline, monitoring, audit departments. As no competent authorities, board of supervisors often is unenviable .Fourthly, the Chairman of the Board and management team does not voted according to the law and banking constitution. At present, in joint-stock commercial banks, city commercial banks and urban credit cooperatives, chairmen of the board are basically come from the people's Bank, large commercial banks and all levels of government departments, the Chairman of the board are appointed by government. Fifthly, management team's power and responsibilities are not symmetric. Managers are appointed or dismissed by the Government. Executive superior is responsible for and investors tend to be responsible for between the two contradictory. In addition, our Small- and Medium-sized Commercial Banks' market positioning is not appropriate, product innovation and profitability of capacity is low, the lack of effective risk prevention mechanism. The most important point is the quality of the relatively are also low.
The bank efficiency is relativities between the input and output or the cost and profit in bank business activity ,and is a important criteria to measure the bank's operating performance, market competitiveness, input - output capacity and capability of sustainable development, the same, the level of efficiency can reflect the efficiency of the bank's resource utilization and overall business. This text utilizes the cross-section data in 2006,including 10 banks: Everbright Bank Changchun branch, Changchun City Commercial Bank, Jilin City Commercial Cank, Urban Credit Cooperatives, Rural Credit Cooperatives, as well as State-owned major banks in Jilin province. At the same time, selecting 9 indicators to do factor analysis, including the asset profit ratio (x_1) ,the capital profit ratio (x_2), The per capita profit (X_3), the per capita profit non-performing loan ratio (X_4), the assets' liquidity ratio (x_5), the asset growth ratio ( x_6), the per capita deposits (x_7), the loan-to-deposit ratio (x_8) and total loans than the total assets (x_9). The results show that the management of all aspects of the Small and medium-sized financial institutionsthe in Jilin province is in line with market requirements. But there are many deficiencies: the profitability in small commercial banks is low, the asset management is poor and the risk control should be improved, the development potential is small in the future and so on.
The bank efficiency can be studied from two ways, namely macroscopical and microvisual. To the individual departments, the bank efficiency is the optimal state of the commercial banks to allocate their own financial resources. From a macroscopic perspective, the bank efficiency is the banking system's contribution to the national economic growth rate, namely the comparison among the input of the bank elements (manpower, resources, branches, the stock and flow of all kinds of financial assets) and the increment of the national economy and the quality of growth.
This text selects data of the 4 State - owned banks , the 7 joint - stock bank and 12 non listed city bank in 2000 - 2006 , uses the DEA to test the technical efficiency, the pure technical efficiency, the scale efficiency and the scope of changes in scale efficiency in the 23 banks. The results show that the efficiency of four state-owned commercial banks is top, except the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China. The efficiency of Joint-stock banks is difference and low. But large banks run stablely, and the efficiency is relatively stable to small banks that run fluctately larger. At the same time large banks 'reform appears difficult, but smaller banks relative maneuvering. And large banks more quickly master new technologies, small banks is relatively slow.
The development of banking supervision in China generally can be divided into five stages: 1984-1992: the banking supervision is still on the primary stage o, mainly relying on administrative measures, banking supervision function is very unsatisfactory; 1993- 1994: regulatory content is on the compliance of Bank ' business compliance; 1994-1997: strengthening the supervision legislative stage, the promulgation of the people's Bank, the commercial law, the negotiable instrument law, the insurance law, guarantee law and the foreign financial institutions Management Ordinance, etc, push our financial supervision on legal orbit. 1997- 2003, we learn the lessons from the South - East Asian financial crisis, our bank regulatory reform in this period has been deepening, specialized financial management system, further improvement so far this year; 2003: the establishment of the China Banking Regulatory Commission in 2003, China banking regulatory work on the professional development of a new stage.
In recent years, China Banking Regulatory Commission has followed the concept, that is conducting consolidated and risk-based supervision, strengthening internal controls of supervised institutions and enhancing transparency, and the approach, that is prudential and risk-based supervision to ensure accurate loan classification, adequate loss provisions, firm profit and adequate capital, and has achieved certain results. Banking institutions continue to extend its assets, upgrade the international competitiveness. as at the end of 2007, The total assets of the Chinese banking system exceeded RMB50 trillion for the first time, amounting to RMB52.6 trillion. Banking system continued to reduce its level of NPL, Further improve their risk resilience. As at the end of 2007, the banking institution overall weighted average capital adequacy ratio exceeded 8 percent, the first time reached the international regulatory standard. Major commercial banks are enhancing their overall competitiveness by successfully listing on the stock exchanges, introducing strategic investors, and streamlining their corporate governance structures. The Industrial and Commercial Banking of China, the Bank of China, the China Construction Bank and the Bank of Communications have been successfully listed in the A share and overseas markets. The direction and principles for the commercialization reform of the China Development Bank (CDB) have been initially formulated. The CDB will be operating independently on a completely commercial basis and in line with the modern corporate system, assuming full responsibility for its own profits and losses. The Postal Savings Bank of China (PSBC) has made breakthroughs in its reform. PSBC is official incorporated on March 20, 2007. Small- and medium-sized commercial banks deepened their reform. Small- and medium-sized commercial banks continued to explore diversified models of joint development (with strategic partners) and focus on corporate governance and risk controls.
The background of small- and medium-sized commercial banks is different from large banks', especially State - owned banks'. Therefore, there is great difference in their daily operation, risk disposing and regulation treatment. The financial asset management companies take over the most of the non - performing assets of the four state - owned banks. Then, finance them by using the foreign currency reserve. When small- and medium-sized commercial banks want dispose their NPL, they could not get so much benefit from the local government .Although they are in the same supervisory framework of China Banking Regulatory Commission, in actual practice, they get different requirement from CBRC at the ratio of provisions to classified loans, capital adequacy ratio etc. Small- and medium-sized commercial banks tend to accept more stringent supervision, and are restricted on the establishment of the Branch Office, extending a new business.
There exist flaw in the regulatory system. The authorities stresses of the weak of small- and medium-sized commercial banks, at the same time, there is no deposit insurance system to promote fair competition. There has entry bulwarks in the commercial bank market entry supervision. There lack of effective market exit supervision in the commercial bank supervision legal system.
To robust, healthy and sustainable development, small- and medium-sized commercial banks should recognize that the medium - sized enterprises are the basis for the local bank' s survival and development, and make policy of suitable market positioning, further to develop personal retail business and fee-based businesses; set up an appropriate and effective corporate governance structure by issuing additional shares, introducing strategic investors. They should have clear developmental strategy. In addition, they should improve schemes of effective motivation and assessment and have a talent strategy to attract qualified shareholders and competent professionals. To promote small- and medium-sized commercial banks' development, we need some external policy, mainly include: building the perfect deposit insurance system to enhance depositor confidence on the small- and medium-sized commercial banks; relaxing market entry policy to enhance the cooperation in multiple financial institutions and improve overall efficiency of utilization of funds; improving the exit mechanism for small banks to prevent the diffusing of the risk of failed financial institutions, create a favorable environment for the banking system; Strengthen information disclosure, from an external strengthen banks supervision in order to facilitate banks improving corporate governance, strengthening internal control system.
引文
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