当爱缺失时
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摘要
二十世纪以来,美国黑人作家开始越来越多地出现在美国文学的舞台上。他们的作品在展示黑人真实的生活境况及心理状态的同时,也对美国文学的发展做出了不可磨灭的贡献。托尼·莫里森可以说是他们中的杰出代表之一。除了在当今美国文坛上居于重要地位外,她更是第一个获得诺贝尔文学奖的黑人女作家。近年来,莫里森的作品得到了越来越多的关注,不仅为市井百姓所喜闻乐见,也得到了许多批评家的青睐。
与其他黑人作家一样,莫里森在其作品中着力表现黑人在主流社会中自我的失落。然而,作为一名黑人女性作家,莫里森始终是从美国黑人的历史和现实生活中获取创作灵感;其笔触更加细腻,作品中更关注美国黑人,尤其是女性的心理状态,她的作品中鲜见白人对黑人的公然压迫,甚至白人角色都很少出现,但是通过对一个个黑人角色的生动描写,她揭示了白人主流文化对黑人心理的侵害,致使他们忘却甚至抛弃了自己的立身之本,即文化之根。
作为一个具有强烈民族责任感的作家,莫里森试图为黑人找寻一条生存之路。她在所有的作品中始终强调爱的主题,认为爱可以引领黑人摆脱其面临的困境。本文从这个角度出发,分别从三个方面解析了莫里森有关爱的主题。第一章从黑人文化的内涵切入,分析了非洲传统文化及其缺失与黑人在美国主流社会中的不同生活形态的密切联系,说明对黑人文化的热爱是黑人民族的立身之本。第二章着重描写黑人家庭成员之间的互爱及其缺失,揭示了这种爱对黑人发展健全人格的重要性。第三章通过列举莫里森作品中珍爱自我和鄙弃自我的典型角色,展示并分析了美国黑人的自爱与其在白人社会中的生存之间不可割裂的关系。在莫里森的小说世界里,有的黑人选择了拒绝本民族文化,疏离黑人群体,憎恨自身的黑人特性并力图改变,而有的黑人则恰恰相反。因此,本文每一章都采取了对小说中正反人物角色的对比描写,以求突出莫里森爱的主题,整篇论文也说明了作者在其小说创作中最为关注的是黑人民族在美国社会中的生存及健康发展的问题。除此之外,本文也揭示了莫里森作品对美国其他少数族裔的启示作用:任何少数民族,只有它的成员热爱本民族的文化,爱护家庭及社区成员,并且珍爱自我,他们才可能树立起正面的自我形象,在美国社会中保持自己完整的民族身份。
Since the twentieth century, more and more African-American writers have played an important role in American literature. Their works not only present the real-life situation and mental state of the black people, but have made an indelible contribution to the development of American literature. It is no exaggeration that Toni Morrison is one of the most outstanding representatives among them. In addition to her important position in the contemporary American literary world, Morrison is also the first black female to win the Nobel Prize for literature. Her works are not only widely read by the common people, but also popular with critics.
Like other black writers, Morrison in her novels focuses on the loss of the self of black people in the American society; however, as a black woman writer, Morrison has always written on the basis of the African-American history and real life. Morrison’s depiction is more detailed, and her works are more concerned with the mental state of African Americans, especially that of the black women. Morrison seldom presents the white oppressions on blacks in an overt way; even white characters are rare in her works. However, through vivid descriptions of various black characters, she reveals that the white dominated culture has poisoned the blacks’mind, causing them to forget or even abandon their cultural roots, which is the foundation of living in America for them.
As a writer with a strong sense of ethnic responsibility, Morrison tries to find a way of existence for the African Americans. In her novels, she stresses the role of love, believing that love can lead blacks out of their plight. Adopting this perspective, this paper respectively analyzes Morrison’s theme of love from three aspects. Starting with the contents of the black culture, chapter one presents the close relationship between the African traditional culture and its absence and the blacks’different living patterns in the American society, and thus shows that love for the black culture is the basis of living for African Americans. Focusing on the mutual love among the black family members and its absence, chapter two reveals that such love is of great importance to the development of a healthy personality for African Americans. By enumerating some of Morrison’s representative characters who love or distain their black selves, chapter three shows and analyzes the close relationship between the blacks’self-love and their survival in the white society. In Morrison’s fictional world, some blacks choose to reject their own national culture, alienate themselves from the black community, hate their black identity and try hard to change, while some blacks choose to do just the opposite. Therefore, each chapter of this paper aims to better highlight Morrison’s theme of love through the description of the sharp contrasts between the positive and the negative characters in Morrison’s novels. The paper as a whole shows that Morrison in her work is most concerned about the black people’s survival and healthy development in the American society. In addition, the article reveals that Morrison’s novels are also enlightening to other ethnic groups in America. Members of any ethnic minorities should love their own culture, love their family and community members and love themselves. Only in this way can they build up positive self-images and maintain the integrity of national identity in American society.
与其他黑人作家一样,莫里森在其作品中着力表现黑人在主流社会中自我的失落。然而,作为一名黑人女性作家,莫里森始终是从美国黑人的历史和现实生活中获取创作灵感;其笔触更加细腻,作品中更关注美国黑人,尤其是女性的心理状态,她的作品中鲜见白人对黑人的公然压迫,甚至白人角色都很少出现,但是通过对一个个黑人角色的生动描写,她揭示了白人主流文化对黑人心理的侵害,致使他们忘却甚至抛弃了自己的立身之本,即文化之根。
作为一个具有强烈民族责任感的作家,莫里森试图为黑人找寻一条生存之路。她在所有的作品中始终强调爱的主题,认为爱可以引领黑人摆脱其面临的困境。本文从这个角度出发,分别从三个方面解析了莫里森有关爱的主题。第一章从黑人文化的内涵切入,分析了非洲传统文化及其缺失与黑人在美国主流社会中的不同生活形态的密切联系,说明对黑人文化的热爱是黑人民族的立身之本。第二章着重描写黑人家庭成员之间的互爱及其缺失,揭示了这种爱对黑人发展健全人格的重要性。第三章通过列举莫里森作品中珍爱自我和鄙弃自我的典型角色,展示并分析了美国黑人的自爱与其在白人社会中的生存之间不可割裂的关系。在莫里森的小说世界里,有的黑人选择了拒绝本民族文化,疏离黑人群体,憎恨自身的黑人特性并力图改变,而有的黑人则恰恰相反。因此,本文每一章都采取了对小说中正反人物角色的对比描写,以求突出莫里森爱的主题,整篇论文也说明了作者在其小说创作中最为关注的是黑人民族在美国社会中的生存及健康发展的问题。除此之外,本文也揭示了莫里森作品对美国其他少数族裔的启示作用:任何少数民族,只有它的成员热爱本民族的文化,爱护家庭及社区成员,并且珍爱自我,他们才可能树立起正面的自我形象,在美国社会中保持自己完整的民族身份。
Since the twentieth century, more and more African-American writers have played an important role in American literature. Their works not only present the real-life situation and mental state of the black people, but have made an indelible contribution to the development of American literature. It is no exaggeration that Toni Morrison is one of the most outstanding representatives among them. In addition to her important position in the contemporary American literary world, Morrison is also the first black female to win the Nobel Prize for literature. Her works are not only widely read by the common people, but also popular with critics.
Like other black writers, Morrison in her novels focuses on the loss of the self of black people in the American society; however, as a black woman writer, Morrison has always written on the basis of the African-American history and real life. Morrison’s depiction is more detailed, and her works are more concerned with the mental state of African Americans, especially that of the black women. Morrison seldom presents the white oppressions on blacks in an overt way; even white characters are rare in her works. However, through vivid descriptions of various black characters, she reveals that the white dominated culture has poisoned the blacks’mind, causing them to forget or even abandon their cultural roots, which is the foundation of living in America for them.
As a writer with a strong sense of ethnic responsibility, Morrison tries to find a way of existence for the African Americans. In her novels, she stresses the role of love, believing that love can lead blacks out of their plight. Adopting this perspective, this paper respectively analyzes Morrison’s theme of love from three aspects. Starting with the contents of the black culture, chapter one presents the close relationship between the African traditional culture and its absence and the blacks’different living patterns in the American society, and thus shows that love for the black culture is the basis of living for African Americans. Focusing on the mutual love among the black family members and its absence, chapter two reveals that such love is of great importance to the development of a healthy personality for African Americans. By enumerating some of Morrison’s representative characters who love or distain their black selves, chapter three shows and analyzes the close relationship between the blacks’self-love and their survival in the white society. In Morrison’s fictional world, some blacks choose to reject their own national culture, alienate themselves from the black community, hate their black identity and try hard to change, while some blacks choose to do just the opposite. Therefore, each chapter of this paper aims to better highlight Morrison’s theme of love through the description of the sharp contrasts between the positive and the negative characters in Morrison’s novels. The paper as a whole shows that Morrison in her work is most concerned about the black people’s survival and healthy development in the American society. In addition, the article reveals that Morrison’s novels are also enlightening to other ethnic groups in America. Members of any ethnic minorities should love their own culture, love their family and community members and love themselves. Only in this way can they build up positive self-images and maintain the integrity of national identity in American society.
引文
1 (Chikwenge Okonjo Ogunyemi,“Order and Disorder in Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye,”Critique, 19(1977): 112-120, and Robert Stepo’s interview with Morrison titled“Intimate Things in Place: A Conversation with Toni Morrison,”Massachusetts Review, 18(1977):473-489.
2 Anne Elizabeth Berkman,“The Quest for Authenticity: The Novels of Toni Morrison.”
3 Jane Bakerman,“The Seams Can’t Show: An Interview with Toni Morrison”in Conversations with Toni Morrison, 1994, p.40.
4 Nellie Y. McKay,“An Interview with Toni Morrison”in Conversations with Toni Morrison, 1994, p.141.
5 Claudia Dreifus,“Chloe Wofford Talks about Toni Morrison”in New York Times Magazine, 11 September 1994, p.73.
6 Toni Morrison,“Race Relations; On to Disneyland and Real Unreality,”New York Times, 20 October 1973, 4A:1.
7 Ron David, Toni Morrison Explained (New York: Random House, 2000), p.11.
8 Dana Micucci,“An Inspired Life: Toni Morrison Writes and a Generation Listens”in Conversations with Toni Morrison, 1994, p.278.
9 Barbara T. Christian,“Layered Rhythms: Virginia Woolf and Toni Morrison”in Toni Morrison: Critical and Theoretical Approaches, p.34.
1 Charles Ruas,“Toni Morrison”in Conversations with Toni Morrison, p.105.
2 Joseph L. White and T. A. Parham, The Psychology of Blacks: an African-American Perspective, p.4.
3 Lawrence W. Levine, Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom, 1978, p. 4.
4 Lawrence W. Levine, Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom, 1978, pp.3-4.
5 John Dollard, Caste and Class in a Southern Town, 1988.
6 Danille Taylor-Guthrie, Conversations with Toni Morrison, p.145.
7 Linden Peach, Toni Morrison, p.51.
8 Toni Morrison, The Bluest Eye, 1970, pp. 65-66.
9 Ibid, p.37
10 John Donne,“No Man is An Island”in Devotions Upon Emergent Occasions (1623-1624).
11 Toni Morrison, The Bluest Eye, 1970, p.69.
12 Ibid, p.70.
13 Toni Morrison, Song of Solomon, 1994, p. 216.
14 Toni Morrison, The Bluest Eye, p.159.
15 Terry Otten, The Crime of Innocence in the Fiction of Toni Morrison, 1989, p.93.
16 From Nobel Lectures, Literature 1991-1995, Editor Sture Allén, World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore, 1997
17 Elsie B. Washington,“Talk with Toni Morrison”in Conversations with Toni Morrison, p.238
18 Christina Davis,“An Interview with Toni Morrison”in Conversations with Toni Morrison, p.227.
19 Toni Morrison, Song of Solomon, p.340.
20 Anne Koenen,“The One out of Sequence”in Conversations with Toni Morrison, p.75.
1陈志杰,《试论美国奴隶制时期的黑人家庭》,2005, p.2.
2 Charles Ruas,“Toni Morrison”in Conversations with Toni Morrison, p103.
3 Toni Morrison, The Bluest Eye, p.1.
4 Ibid, p.133.
5 Ibid. p.169.
6 Ibid. p.206.
7 Ibid. p.98.
8 Ibid. p.71
9 Toni Morrison, Song of Solomon, p.28.
10 Toni Morrison, Sula, p.71.
11 Toni Morrison, Beloved, p.251.
12 King, Lovalerie & Scott, Lynn Orilla, James Baldwin and Toni Morrison: Comparative, Critical and Theoretical Essays, 2006, p.78.
13 Fred L. Standley & Louis H. Pratt, Conversations with James Baldwin, p.151.
14 Toni Morrison, The Bluest Eye, p.32.
15 Toni Morrison, Sula, pp.82-83
16 Ibid. p.82.
17 Ibid. p.83.
18 Toni Morrison, The Bluest Eye, p.19.
1 Quoted from A Study of the Identity Pursuit of African Americans in Toni Morrison’s Fiction, p.91.
2 Gunnar, Myrdal, An American Dilemma, 6th ed., p.194.
3 Toni Morrison, The Bluest Eye, p.198.
4 Hu Jun, A Study of the Identity Pursuit of African Americans in Toni Morrison’s Fiction, p.83.
5 M.D. Eleanor Rubin & Theodore I. Rubin, Compassion and Self-Hate: An Alternative to Despair, p.9.
6 Toni Morrison, The Bluest Eye, p.68.
7 J. Brooks Bouson, Quiet As It’s Kept: Shame, Trauma, and Race in the Novels of Toni Morrison, New York: State University of New York, 2000:38.
8 Toni Morrison, The Bluest Eye, p.36.
9 Ibid, p.56.
10 Ibid, pp. 48-49.
11 Bessie W. Jones and Audrey Vinson,“An Interview with Toni Morrison”in Conversations with Toni Morrison, pp.171-187.
12 Toni Morrison, The Bluest Eye, p.45.
13 John N. Duvall, Identifying Fictions of Toni Morrison : Modernist Authenticity and Postmodern Blackness, p39.
14 Lovalerie King & Lynn Orilla Scott, James Baldwin and Toni Morrison: Comparative, Critical and Theoretical Essays, 2006, p.102.
15 Jan, Furman, Toni Morrison’s Fiction, p.15.
16 Nellie McKay,“An Interview with Toni Morrison”in Conversations with Toni Morrison, p145.
17 Toni Morrison, The Bluest Eye, p.74.
18 Ibid, p.19.
19 Toni Morrison, Beloved, p.88.
20 Quoted from A Study of the Identity Pursuit of African Americans in Toni Morrison’s Fiction, p.91.
1 Cornel West, Race Matters, 1994, p.156.
2 Bonnie Angelo,“The Pain of Being Black: An Interview with Toni Morrison”in Conversations with Toni Morrison, p255.
3 Bill Moyers,“A Conversation with Toni Morrison”in Conversations with Toni Morrison, p.268.
4 Jane Bakerman,“The Seams Can’t Show: An Interview with Toni Morrison”in Conversations with Toni Morrison, p.40.
Adell, Sandra. Literary Masters (volume 4): Toni Morrison. Michigan: The Gale Group, 2002.
Bouson, J. Brooks. Quiet As It’s Kept: Shame, Trauma, and Race in the Novels of Toni Morrison. New York: State University of New York Press, 2000.
Brewer Kathryn A. The empty pack of daughterhood Mother-daughter relationships in the novels of Toni Morrison. Northern Illinois University, 1996.
Gillespie, Carmen. Critical Companion to Toni Morrison. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2008.
Johnson-Davison Dana Ernestine. A roadmap for survival—A literary analysis of the mother-daughter relationship in Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye and Sula. Morgan State University, 2002.
Morrison, Toni. The Bluest Eye. London: Chatto and Windus, 1979.
Morrison, Toni. Beloved. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000. Morrison, Toni. Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination. New York: Vintage Books, 1993.
Morrison, Toni. Sula. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1994.
Morrison, Toni. Song of Solomon. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997.
Morrison, Toni. Tar Baby. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1994.
Morrison, Toni. Toni Morrison: Lecture and Speech of Acceptance, upon the Award of the Nobel Prize for Literature. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2002.
Peach, Linden. Toni Morrison. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000.
Peterson, Nancy J.. Toni Morrison: Critical and Theoretical Approaches. Baltimore: The Hopkins University Press, 1997.
Rigney, Barbara Hill. The Voices of Toni Morrison. Columbus: The Ohio State University Press, 1991.
Shu-ling Chen. Mothers and daughters in Morrison, Tan, Marshall, and Kincaid. University of Washington, 2000.
Stephens, Lori Ann. A Study of the Literary Grotesque and Motherhood: the Southern Woman’s Search for Love. The University of Texas at Dallas, 2003.
Tally, Justine. The Cambridge Companion to Toni Morrison. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Taylor-Guthrie, Danille. Conversations with Toni Morrison. Philadelphia: University Pressof Mississippi, 1994.
West, Cornel. Race Matters. New York: Vintage Books, 1994.
胡俊著:非裔美国人探求身份之路——对托妮·莫里森的小说研究,北京:北京语言大学出版社,2007.
毛信德著:美国黑人文学的巨星——托妮·莫里森小说创作论,杭州:浙江大学出版社,2006.
王泉著:拉康式解读莫里森的三部小说,北京:外文出版社,2006.
王守仁、吴新云著:性别·种族·文化:托妮·莫里森与二十世纪美国黑人文学,北京:北京大学出版社,1999.
王玉括著:莫里森研究,北京:人民文学出版社,2005.
章汝雯著:托妮·莫里森研究,北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2006.
朱荣杰著:伤痛与弥合:托妮·莫里森小说母爱主题的文化研究,开封:河南大学出版社,2004.
2 Anne Elizabeth Berkman,“The Quest for Authenticity: The Novels of Toni Morrison.”
3 Jane Bakerman,“The Seams Can’t Show: An Interview with Toni Morrison”in Conversations with Toni Morrison, 1994, p.40.
4 Nellie Y. McKay,“An Interview with Toni Morrison”in Conversations with Toni Morrison, 1994, p.141.
5 Claudia Dreifus,“Chloe Wofford Talks about Toni Morrison”in New York Times Magazine, 11 September 1994, p.73.
6 Toni Morrison,“Race Relations; On to Disneyland and Real Unreality,”New York Times, 20 October 1973, 4A:1.
7 Ron David, Toni Morrison Explained (New York: Random House, 2000), p.11.
8 Dana Micucci,“An Inspired Life: Toni Morrison Writes and a Generation Listens”in Conversations with Toni Morrison, 1994, p.278.
9 Barbara T. Christian,“Layered Rhythms: Virginia Woolf and Toni Morrison”in Toni Morrison: Critical and Theoretical Approaches, p.34.
1 Charles Ruas,“Toni Morrison”in Conversations with Toni Morrison, p.105.
2 Joseph L. White and T. A. Parham, The Psychology of Blacks: an African-American Perspective, p.4.
3 Lawrence W. Levine, Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom, 1978, p. 4.
4 Lawrence W. Levine, Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom, 1978, pp.3-4.
5 John Dollard, Caste and Class in a Southern Town, 1988.
6 Danille Taylor-Guthrie, Conversations with Toni Morrison, p.145.
7 Linden Peach, Toni Morrison, p.51.
8 Toni Morrison, The Bluest Eye, 1970, pp. 65-66.
9 Ibid, p.37
10 John Donne,“No Man is An Island”in Devotions Upon Emergent Occasions (1623-1624).
11 Toni Morrison, The Bluest Eye, 1970, p.69.
12 Ibid, p.70.
13 Toni Morrison, Song of Solomon, 1994, p. 216.
14 Toni Morrison, The Bluest Eye, p.159.
15 Terry Otten, The Crime of Innocence in the Fiction of Toni Morrison, 1989, p.93.
16 From Nobel Lectures, Literature 1991-1995, Editor Sture Allén, World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore, 1997
17 Elsie B. Washington,“Talk with Toni Morrison”in Conversations with Toni Morrison, p.238
18 Christina Davis,“An Interview with Toni Morrison”in Conversations with Toni Morrison, p.227.
19 Toni Morrison, Song of Solomon, p.340.
20 Anne Koenen,“The One out of Sequence”in Conversations with Toni Morrison, p.75.
1陈志杰,《试论美国奴隶制时期的黑人家庭》,2005, p.2.
2 Charles Ruas,“Toni Morrison”in Conversations with Toni Morrison, p103.
3 Toni Morrison, The Bluest Eye, p.1.
4 Ibid, p.133.
5 Ibid. p.169.
6 Ibid. p.206.
7 Ibid. p.98.
8 Ibid. p.71
9 Toni Morrison, Song of Solomon, p.28.
10 Toni Morrison, Sula, p.71.
11 Toni Morrison, Beloved, p.251.
12 King, Lovalerie & Scott, Lynn Orilla, James Baldwin and Toni Morrison: Comparative, Critical and Theoretical Essays, 2006, p.78.
13 Fred L. Standley & Louis H. Pratt, Conversations with James Baldwin, p.151.
14 Toni Morrison, The Bluest Eye, p.32.
15 Toni Morrison, Sula, pp.82-83
16 Ibid. p.82.
17 Ibid. p.83.
18 Toni Morrison, The Bluest Eye, p.19.
1 Quoted from A Study of the Identity Pursuit of African Americans in Toni Morrison’s Fiction, p.91.
2 Gunnar, Myrdal, An American Dilemma, 6th ed., p.194.
3 Toni Morrison, The Bluest Eye, p.198.
4 Hu Jun, A Study of the Identity Pursuit of African Americans in Toni Morrison’s Fiction, p.83.
5 M.D. Eleanor Rubin & Theodore I. Rubin, Compassion and Self-Hate: An Alternative to Despair, p.9.
6 Toni Morrison, The Bluest Eye, p.68.
7 J. Brooks Bouson, Quiet As It’s Kept: Shame, Trauma, and Race in the Novels of Toni Morrison, New York: State University of New York, 2000:38.
8 Toni Morrison, The Bluest Eye, p.36.
9 Ibid, p.56.
10 Ibid, pp. 48-49.
11 Bessie W. Jones and Audrey Vinson,“An Interview with Toni Morrison”in Conversations with Toni Morrison, pp.171-187.
12 Toni Morrison, The Bluest Eye, p.45.
13 John N. Duvall, Identifying Fictions of Toni Morrison : Modernist Authenticity and Postmodern Blackness, p39.
14 Lovalerie King & Lynn Orilla Scott, James Baldwin and Toni Morrison: Comparative, Critical and Theoretical Essays, 2006, p.102.
15 Jan, Furman, Toni Morrison’s Fiction, p.15.
16 Nellie McKay,“An Interview with Toni Morrison”in Conversations with Toni Morrison, p145.
17 Toni Morrison, The Bluest Eye, p.74.
18 Ibid, p.19.
19 Toni Morrison, Beloved, p.88.
20 Quoted from A Study of the Identity Pursuit of African Americans in Toni Morrison’s Fiction, p.91.
1 Cornel West, Race Matters, 1994, p.156.
2 Bonnie Angelo,“The Pain of Being Black: An Interview with Toni Morrison”in Conversations with Toni Morrison, p255.
3 Bill Moyers,“A Conversation with Toni Morrison”in Conversations with Toni Morrison, p.268.
4 Jane Bakerman,“The Seams Can’t Show: An Interview with Toni Morrison”in Conversations with Toni Morrison, p.40.
Adell, Sandra. Literary Masters (volume 4): Toni Morrison. Michigan: The Gale Group, 2002.
Bouson, J. Brooks. Quiet As It’s Kept: Shame, Trauma, and Race in the Novels of Toni Morrison. New York: State University of New York Press, 2000.
Brewer Kathryn A. The empty pack of daughterhood Mother-daughter relationships in the novels of Toni Morrison. Northern Illinois University, 1996.
Gillespie, Carmen. Critical Companion to Toni Morrison. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2008.
Johnson-Davison Dana Ernestine. A roadmap for survival—A literary analysis of the mother-daughter relationship in Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye and Sula. Morgan State University, 2002.
Morrison, Toni. The Bluest Eye. London: Chatto and Windus, 1979.
Morrison, Toni. Beloved. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000. Morrison, Toni. Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination. New York: Vintage Books, 1993.
Morrison, Toni. Sula. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1994.
Morrison, Toni. Song of Solomon. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997.
Morrison, Toni. Tar Baby. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1994.
Morrison, Toni. Toni Morrison: Lecture and Speech of Acceptance, upon the Award of the Nobel Prize for Literature. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2002.
Peach, Linden. Toni Morrison. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000.
Peterson, Nancy J.. Toni Morrison: Critical and Theoretical Approaches. Baltimore: The Hopkins University Press, 1997.
Rigney, Barbara Hill. The Voices of Toni Morrison. Columbus: The Ohio State University Press, 1991.
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