基于Maxwell3D的电磁体的优化设计
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摘要
目前，国内外对房车类拖车制动系统的一个功能部件——电磁体的研究很少。因此，开展电磁体的研发，既是提高汽车制动器产品性能的需要，又能为我国企业参与国际市场竞争提供有力支持，同时也可以起到推进我国汽车制动器行业科技进步的作用。
本文以电磁场的有限元分析方法为理论指导，在Maxwell 3D仿真软件的基础上，首先对对称结构的椭圆形电磁体进行了较为详细的仿真分析，包括电磁体在各种电流情况下的磁场分布、电磁吸力与气隙的关系、电磁吸力与电流的关系，并结合实验数据确定了电磁体与摩擦盘的实际工作气隙；紧接着结合仿真结果设计出三种规格尺寸的非对称电磁体结构，并逐一对每种电磁体结构进行了理论仿真分析，判断其是否符合项目给定的电磁吸力指标要求；在搭建的实验平台上对每种加工成型的电磁体样品进行了试验，得到一系列有效的实验数据，验证了理论分析与设计的正确性；分析了电磁体磁路和绕组的成本和电磁吸力的关系，找到了节约电磁体金属材料的方法；分析了电磁体在工作时候的温度分布情况，验证了电磁体能够安全稳定的工作的准确性。
As a functional part of the dragging system in vehicles, electromagnet gained few researches in the past few years at home and abroad. Exploiting new types of electromagnets can not only improves the capability of vehicles' brakes, but also gives powerful supports for enterprises to participate in the international market. Meanwhile, the practical sense of such study is obvious to the progress of science and technology about vehicles' brakes system.
Firstly, directed by the methods of FEA about electromagnetic fields, more detailed analysis of imported electromagnet is done based on Maxwell simulation software, including the distribution of magnetic field on the electromagnet surface under different current conditions; the relationships between electromagnetic suction and air gap; the connections between electromagnetic suction and current; confirmed the actual air gap between the electromagnet and the friction disk combined with the experimental datum. Secondly, combined with the simulation results to design three different kinds of electromagnet with asymmetry magnetic circuit structures, and there simulation results is expatiated, every kind of electromagnet is judged whether accords with the target given by the item. Lastly, through rational design, tests about those finished product of electromagnet are done, and gained series of effective datum, validated the correctness of theoretical analysis and design. Lastly, The relationship between the electromagnetic force and the cost of magnet and coil is also researched, and the way to reduce the usage of the materials is discovered. The temperature distribution of the magnet is analyzed while operating, which has validated that the magnet can be steady-going and safe. The design of asymmetry electromagnet triumphantly applied for the patent on vehicle electromagnetic brake asymmetry magnetic circuit electromagnet technology.
本文以电磁场的有限元分析方法为理论指导，在Maxwell 3D仿真软件的基础上，首先对对称结构的椭圆形电磁体进行了较为详细的仿真分析，包括电磁体在各种电流情况下的磁场分布、电磁吸力与气隙的关系、电磁吸力与电流的关系，并结合实验数据确定了电磁体与摩擦盘的实际工作气隙；紧接着结合仿真结果设计出三种规格尺寸的非对称电磁体结构，并逐一对每种电磁体结构进行了理论仿真分析，判断其是否符合项目给定的电磁吸力指标要求；在搭建的实验平台上对每种加工成型的电磁体样品进行了试验，得到一系列有效的实验数据，验证了理论分析与设计的正确性；分析了电磁体磁路和绕组的成本和电磁吸力的关系，找到了节约电磁体金属材料的方法；分析了电磁体在工作时候的温度分布情况，验证了电磁体能够安全稳定的工作的准确性。
As a functional part of the dragging system in vehicles, electromagnet gained few researches in the past few years at home and abroad. Exploiting new types of electromagnets can not only improves the capability of vehicles' brakes, but also gives powerful supports for enterprises to participate in the international market. Meanwhile, the practical sense of such study is obvious to the progress of science and technology about vehicles' brakes system.
Firstly, directed by the methods of FEA about electromagnetic fields, more detailed analysis of imported electromagnet is done based on Maxwell simulation software, including the distribution of magnetic field on the electromagnet surface under different current conditions; the relationships between electromagnetic suction and air gap; the connections between electromagnetic suction and current; confirmed the actual air gap between the electromagnet and the friction disk combined with the experimental datum. Secondly, combined with the simulation results to design three different kinds of electromagnet with asymmetry magnetic circuit structures, and there simulation results is expatiated, every kind of electromagnet is judged whether accords with the target given by the item. Lastly, through rational design, tests about those finished product of electromagnet are done, and gained series of effective datum, validated the correctness of theoretical analysis and design. Lastly, The relationship between the electromagnetic force and the cost of magnet and coil is also researched, and the way to reduce the usage of the materials is discovered. The temperature distribution of the magnet is analyzed while operating, which has validated that the magnet can be steady-going and safe. The design of asymmetry electromagnet triumphantly applied for the patent on vehicle electromagnetic brake asymmetry magnetic circuit electromagnet technology.
引文
[1]．冯慈璋，马西奎．工程电磁场导论[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，2003．
[2]．盛剑霓．工程电磁场数值计算[M]．西安：西安交通大学出版社，1991．
[3]．冯慈璋．电磁场[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，2000．
[4]．李泉凤．电磁场数值计算与电磁铁设计[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，2002．
[5]．王秉中．计算电磁学[M]．北京：科学出版社，2002．
[6]．张国瑞．有限元法[M]．北京：机械工业出版社，1991．
[7]．李瑞遐．有限元法与边界元法[M]．上海：上海科技教育出版社，1991．
[8]．张榴晨，徐松．有限元法在电磁计算中的应用[M]．北京：中国铁道出版社，1995．
[9]．金建铭．电磁场有限元方法[M]．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，2001．
[10]．M．V．K．查利(美)，P．P．席尔凡斯特(加拿大)．电磁场问题的有限元解法[M]．北京：科学出版社，1985．
[11]．王勖成．有限单元法[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，2003．
[12]．翟瑞彩，谢伟松．数值分析[M]．天津：天津大学出版社，2003．
[13]．林其壬，赵佑民．磁路设计原理[M]．北京：机械工业出版社，1987．
[14]．王以真．实用磁路设计[M]．天津：天津科学技术出版社，1991．
[15]．皱继斌．磁路与磁场[M]．哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社，1998．
[16]．易敬曾．磁场计算与磁路设计[M]．成都：成都电讯工程学院出版社，1987．
[17]．徐永生．棱边有限元法中树规范问题研究[M]．华北电力大学．2003(1)：1-3．
[18]．刘明．矿用架线电机车智能刹车系统研究[M]．山东科技大学．2003(2)：1-10．
[19]．兵器工业无损检测人员技术资格鉴定考核委员会．常用钢材磁特性曲线速查手册[M]．第一版．北京：机械工业出版社，2003．
[20]．王洙然．MATLAB6.0与科学计算[M]．北京：电子工业出版社，2001．
[21]．张孟俊，孙鸿航．汽车电子技术的现状与发展[J]．电子产品世界，2004．6上半月p52～55．
[22]．王以真．实用磁路设计[M]．天津：天津科学技术出版社，1991．
[23]．Ansoft软件说明书[M]．
[24]．倪光正主编．工程电磁场原理[M]．高教出版社，2002．8．
[25]．李建辉，林德民，周毅坚．电磁式汽车制动器实用新型专利说明书[P]，[ZL]专利号．
[26]．刘国强，赵凌志等．工程电磁场有限元分析[M]．电子工业出版社，2005年6月．
[27]．高联辉．磁路和铁磁器件[M]．高等教育出版社，1982．
[28]．邹继斌，刘宝廷，崔淑梅，郑萍．磁路与磁场．[M]．哈尔滨工业大学出版社，1998．
[29]．纽春萍等．基于三维有限元分析的交流接触器电磁铁的优化设计[J]．低压电器，2004NO4．
[30]．鲁涤强，黄学良，胡敏强．汽轮发电机端部三维温度场的有限元计算[J]．中国电机工程学报，2001年3月第21卷第3期．
[31]．杜玉梅．立轴旋转系统中永磁卸荷环节卸荷力的计算[J]．电工电能新技术，1999．02期．
[32]．M．V．K．查利，P．P席尔凡斯特，电磁场问题的有限元解法[M]．科学出版社，1985．
[33]．邵荷生．摩擦与磨损[M]．煤炭工业出版社，1998．
[34]．吴万春．电磁场理论[M]．电子工业出版社．
[35]．黄学良，胡敏强，周鹗．电机三维温度场新的有限元计算模型[J]．中国电机工程学报，1998年3月第18卷第2期．
[36]．刘慧开，杨立．异步电机的表明温升分析[D]，激光与红外．2006年2月，第36卷第2期．
[37]．李和明，李俊卿．电机中温度计算方法及其应用综述[J]．华北电力大学学报，2005年1月，第32卷第1期．
[38]．李建辉，林德民．周毅坚．电磁式汽车制动器[P]．中国专利．专利号01269710．9，2001．
[39]. Milan CUNDEV, Lidija PETKOVSKA.Transient Analysis of a Switched Reluctance Motor Based on 31) Finite Element Method[D],2006年3月.
[40]. A Getting Started Magnetostatic Problem manual of Maxwell 3D. Ansoft Corporation, United States[M],2002.
[41]. Willam F. Penrose. Electromagnetically controlled Apparatus and Method therefore[P]. United States patent, patent 2273065,1942.
[42]. Prokop. Electric brake magnet[P]. United States patent, patent 4386684 June 7, 1983.
[43]. Hubbard. Remote control circuit for electric trailer brakes[P]. United States patent, patent 4033630. July 5, 1977.
[44]. Electrically Controlled Brake with Improved Anti-Rotation Bracket for Magnet[P]. United States patent, patent4014412. March 29,1977.
[45]. Becket Electric brake system[P]. United States patent, patent 4295687. October 20,. 1981.
[46]. Frait Electric brake controller[P]. United States patent, patent 4721344. January 26, 1988.
[47].Electromanget Mount for an Electric Brake[P]. United States patent, patent 5189324. February 23,1993.
[48].Park Brake Apparatus for Vehicle Electric Brake[P]. United States patent, patent5785157. July 28,1998.
[49].Coulomb J L.A methodology for the determination of global electromechanical quantities from a finite element analysis and its application to the evaluation of magnetic force ,torques and stiffness[P]. IEEE Trans on Mag ,1983 ,19(6):2514-2518.
[50].Abo-Seida, Osama M. The analyticity of the electromagnetic field in an isotropic medium. Applied Mathematics and Computation[J],Volume: 127, Issue: 2-3, April 15, 2002, pp. 361-364.
[2]．盛剑霓．工程电磁场数值计算[M]．西安：西安交通大学出版社，1991．
[3]．冯慈璋．电磁场[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，2000．
[4]．李泉凤．电磁场数值计算与电磁铁设计[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，2002．
[5]．王秉中．计算电磁学[M]．北京：科学出版社，2002．
[6]．张国瑞．有限元法[M]．北京：机械工业出版社，1991．
[7]．李瑞遐．有限元法与边界元法[M]．上海：上海科技教育出版社，1991．
[8]．张榴晨，徐松．有限元法在电磁计算中的应用[M]．北京：中国铁道出版社，1995．
[9]．金建铭．电磁场有限元方法[M]．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，2001．
[10]．M．V．K．查利(美)，P．P．席尔凡斯特(加拿大)．电磁场问题的有限元解法[M]．北京：科学出版社，1985．
[11]．王勖成．有限单元法[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，2003．
[12]．翟瑞彩，谢伟松．数值分析[M]．天津：天津大学出版社，2003．
[13]．林其壬，赵佑民．磁路设计原理[M]．北京：机械工业出版社，1987．
[14]．王以真．实用磁路设计[M]．天津：天津科学技术出版社，1991．
[15]．皱继斌．磁路与磁场[M]．哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社，1998．
[16]．易敬曾．磁场计算与磁路设计[M]．成都：成都电讯工程学院出版社，1987．
[17]．徐永生．棱边有限元法中树规范问题研究[M]．华北电力大学．2003(1)：1-3．
[18]．刘明．矿用架线电机车智能刹车系统研究[M]．山东科技大学．2003(2)：1-10．
[19]．兵器工业无损检测人员技术资格鉴定考核委员会．常用钢材磁特性曲线速查手册[M]．第一版．北京：机械工业出版社，2003．
[20]．王洙然．MATLAB6.0与科学计算[M]．北京：电子工业出版社，2001．
[21]．张孟俊，孙鸿航．汽车电子技术的现状与发展[J]．电子产品世界，2004．6上半月p52～55．
[22]．王以真．实用磁路设计[M]．天津：天津科学技术出版社，1991．
[23]．Ansoft软件说明书[M]．
[24]．倪光正主编．工程电磁场原理[M]．高教出版社，2002．8．
[25]．李建辉，林德民，周毅坚．电磁式汽车制动器实用新型专利说明书[P]，[ZL]专利号．
[26]．刘国强，赵凌志等．工程电磁场有限元分析[M]．电子工业出版社，2005年6月．
[27]．高联辉．磁路和铁磁器件[M]．高等教育出版社，1982．
[28]．邹继斌，刘宝廷，崔淑梅，郑萍．磁路与磁场．[M]．哈尔滨工业大学出版社，1998．
[29]．纽春萍等．基于三维有限元分析的交流接触器电磁铁的优化设计[J]．低压电器，2004NO4．
[30]．鲁涤强，黄学良，胡敏强．汽轮发电机端部三维温度场的有限元计算[J]．中国电机工程学报，2001年3月第21卷第3期．
[31]．杜玉梅．立轴旋转系统中永磁卸荷环节卸荷力的计算[J]．电工电能新技术，1999．02期．
[32]．M．V．K．查利，P．P席尔凡斯特，电磁场问题的有限元解法[M]．科学出版社，1985．
[33]．邵荷生．摩擦与磨损[M]．煤炭工业出版社，1998．
[34]．吴万春．电磁场理论[M]．电子工业出版社．
[35]．黄学良，胡敏强，周鹗．电机三维温度场新的有限元计算模型[J]．中国电机工程学报，1998年3月第18卷第2期．
[36]．刘慧开，杨立．异步电机的表明温升分析[D]，激光与红外．2006年2月，第36卷第2期．
[37]．李和明，李俊卿．电机中温度计算方法及其应用综述[J]．华北电力大学学报，2005年1月，第32卷第1期．
[38]．李建辉，林德民．周毅坚．电磁式汽车制动器[P]．中国专利．专利号01269710．9，2001．
[39]. Milan CUNDEV, Lidija PETKOVSKA.Transient Analysis of a Switched Reluctance Motor Based on 31) Finite Element Method[D],2006年3月.
[40]. A Getting Started Magnetostatic Problem manual of Maxwell 3D. Ansoft Corporation, United States[M],2002.
[41]. Willam F. Penrose. Electromagnetically controlled Apparatus and Method therefore[P]. United States patent, patent 2273065,1942.
[42]. Prokop. Electric brake magnet[P]. United States patent, patent 4386684 June 7, 1983.
[43]. Hubbard. Remote control circuit for electric trailer brakes[P]. United States patent, patent 4033630. July 5, 1977.
[44]. Electrically Controlled Brake with Improved Anti-Rotation Bracket for Magnet[P]. United States patent, patent4014412. March 29,1977.
[45]. Becket Electric brake system[P]. United States patent, patent 4295687. October 20,. 1981.
[46]. Frait Electric brake controller[P]. United States patent, patent 4721344. January 26, 1988.
[47].Electromanget Mount for an Electric Brake[P]. United States patent, patent 5189324. February 23,1993.
[48].Park Brake Apparatus for Vehicle Electric Brake[P]. United States patent, patent5785157. July 28,1998.
[49].Coulomb J L.A methodology for the determination of global electromechanical quantities from a finite element analysis and its application to the evaluation of magnetic force ,torques and stiffness[P]. IEEE Trans on Mag ,1983 ,19(6):2514-2518.
[50].Abo-Seida, Osama M. The analyticity of the electromagnetic field in an isotropic medium. Applied Mathematics and Computation[J],Volume: 127, Issue: 2-3, April 15, 2002, pp. 361-364.