无线传感器网络事件驱动型动态分簇算法研究
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摘要
随着物联网时代的到来,无线传感器网络的发展和应用即将掀起新的信息科技浪潮。用于监测突发情况的事件驱动型无线传感器网络,能对所监控的事件快速响应,具有实时性强、灵敏度高等特点,并且网络生存期较长,可实现对目标区域的长时间监控,在很多领域有着广泛的应用前景。
本文通过分析LEACH、TEEN等传统网络分簇协议在突发事件监测应用中的不足,如未考虑事件发生的具体位置和事件的严重程度、全网节点成簇造成事件区域外节点不必要的能耗等,综合考虑事件驱动型无线传感器网络的特点和节能的需要,提出了新的基于动态半径的分簇融合算法(EDRCA算法)。
算法根据事件发生区域内节点的剩余能量及事件发生时所受刺激的程度选择簇头,在高效监控事件的前提下,最大限度地均衡各节点的能耗；各节点之间建立多级功率梯度,采用分级发射功率实现节点间的相互通信,通过降低发射功率达到节约能量的目的；根据不同簇半径下的成簇效果及网络平均能耗优化确定成簇大小,建立了更适用于突发事件监测的动态网络拓扑结构,提高了各簇成员节点所采集数据的相关程度,为簇头节点的数据融合做好准备；为了进一步减轻簇头负担,采用设定簇头能耗门限的方式实现被触发节点范围内簇的重构,有效地避免了单个节点因能量消耗过快而失效,进而延长了网络寿命。
利用NS2网络仿真软件将EDRCA算法和同样适用于突发事件监测的TEEN协议进行对比,实验结果证明,EDRCA算法有效降低了网络能耗,与TEEN相比,网络生存时间可延长20%左右。
With the era of Internet of Things, the development and applications of wireless sensor networks will trigger a new wave of information technology. Event-driven wireless sensor networks are used in monitoring emergency events. With the characters of strong real-time and high sensitivity, it can quickly respond to the events. Because of the longer lifetime of the network, it can monitor the target area for a long time. As a result, it has broad application prospects in many areas.
LEACH, TEEN and other traditional protocols did not take the location and severity of incidents into account, and also caused a waste of energy outside the region of events. According to the character of event-driven WSNs and the need for saving energy, a new event-driven clustering aggregation algorithm based on dynamic cluster range is proposed.
The algorithm selects cluster head according to the residual energy and excited intensity of each node which is in the region of events. Being efficiently monitoring the events, it can well balance the energy consumption of each node. The nodes establish multi-level power gradient with each other, use hierarchical transmission power for communication. This can certainly save the energy of nodes by reducing the transmission power. It optimizes the size of cluster according to the clustering result and the average energy consumption of different cluster ranges. Because it forms better dynamic topology and improves the relevance of data collection, it is good for data aggregation of cluster heads. To further reduce the burden of cluster head, the threshold of cluster head energy consumption is used to re-build the new network topology. This can avoid quickly dying of the nodes due to excessive energy consumption and extend the lifetime of the network.
In comparison with TEEN, the results of NS2 simulation show that the EDRCA algorithm can considerably reduces the energy consumption and prolong the lifetime of the network for about 20%.
本文通过分析LEACH、TEEN等传统网络分簇协议在突发事件监测应用中的不足,如未考虑事件发生的具体位置和事件的严重程度、全网节点成簇造成事件区域外节点不必要的能耗等,综合考虑事件驱动型无线传感器网络的特点和节能的需要,提出了新的基于动态半径的分簇融合算法(EDRCA算法)。
算法根据事件发生区域内节点的剩余能量及事件发生时所受刺激的程度选择簇头,在高效监控事件的前提下,最大限度地均衡各节点的能耗；各节点之间建立多级功率梯度,采用分级发射功率实现节点间的相互通信,通过降低发射功率达到节约能量的目的；根据不同簇半径下的成簇效果及网络平均能耗优化确定成簇大小,建立了更适用于突发事件监测的动态网络拓扑结构,提高了各簇成员节点所采集数据的相关程度,为簇头节点的数据融合做好准备；为了进一步减轻簇头负担,采用设定簇头能耗门限的方式实现被触发节点范围内簇的重构,有效地避免了单个节点因能量消耗过快而失效,进而延长了网络寿命。
利用NS2网络仿真软件将EDRCA算法和同样适用于突发事件监测的TEEN协议进行对比,实验结果证明,EDRCA算法有效降低了网络能耗,与TEEN相比,网络生存时间可延长20%左右。
With the era of Internet of Things, the development and applications of wireless sensor networks will trigger a new wave of information technology. Event-driven wireless sensor networks are used in monitoring emergency events. With the characters of strong real-time and high sensitivity, it can quickly respond to the events. Because of the longer lifetime of the network, it can monitor the target area for a long time. As a result, it has broad application prospects in many areas.
LEACH, TEEN and other traditional protocols did not take the location and severity of incidents into account, and also caused a waste of energy outside the region of events. According to the character of event-driven WSNs and the need for saving energy, a new event-driven clustering aggregation algorithm based on dynamic cluster range is proposed.
The algorithm selects cluster head according to the residual energy and excited intensity of each node which is in the region of events. Being efficiently monitoring the events, it can well balance the energy consumption of each node. The nodes establish multi-level power gradient with each other, use hierarchical transmission power for communication. This can certainly save the energy of nodes by reducing the transmission power. It optimizes the size of cluster according to the clustering result and the average energy consumption of different cluster ranges. Because it forms better dynamic topology and improves the relevance of data collection, it is good for data aggregation of cluster heads. To further reduce the burden of cluster head, the threshold of cluster head energy consumption is used to re-build the new network topology. This can avoid quickly dying of the nodes due to excessive energy consumption and extend the lifetime of the network.
In comparison with TEEN, the results of NS2 simulation show that the EDRCA algorithm can considerably reduces the energy consumption and prolong the lifetime of the network for about 20%.
引文
[1]石军.“感知中国”促进中国物联网加速发展[J].通信管理与技术,2009,5：1-3.
[2]郁有文,常健.传感器原理及工程应用[M].西安：西安电子科技大学出版社,2000：161-166.
[3]任丰原,黄海宁,林闯.无线传感器网络[J].软件学报,2003,14(7)：1282-1291.
[4]I.F. Akyildiz, W.Su, Y.Sankarasubramaniam, E.Cayirci. A Survey on Sensor Networks[J]. IEEE Communications Magazine,2002,40(8):102-114.
[5]D. Estrin, L. Girod, G. Pottie, et al. Instrumenting the world with wireless sensor networks[C]. In International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP),2001).
[6]李建中,李金宝,石胜飞.传感器网络及其数据管理的概念、问题与进展[J].软件学报,2003,14(10)：1717-1727.
[7]孙利民,李建中,陈渝等.无线传感器网络[M].北京：清华大学出版,2005：3-56.
[8]J. A. Byrne.21 Ideas for the 21st century[J]. Business Week,1999.
[9]D.Koller.10 Emerging technologies that will change the world[J].Technology Review,2003.
[10]孙雨耕,张静,孙永进等.无线自组传感器网络[J].传感器技术学报,2004,(2)：331-335.
[11]尚志军,曾鹏,于海斌.无线传感器网络节点定位问题[J].计算机科学,2004,29(5)：68-75.
[12]韩翠红,李立宏,曹晓波等.无线传感器网络应用支撑技术研究进展介绍[J].广东通信技术,2005,5(23)：54-57.
[13]李忱,杜军,金芳译.无线传感器网络及其应用[J].仪器仪表用户,2006,3(25)：21-26.
[14]S.Tilak, N.B.Ghazaleh, W.Heinzelman. A Taxonomy of Wireless Micro-sensor Newtork Models[J]. Mobile Computing and Communications Review,2002,6(2):25-36.
[15]于海滨,曾鹏.智能无线传感器网络系统[M].科学技术出版社,2006.
[16]K.Sohrabi, J.Gao, V.Ailawadhi, et al. Protocols for self-organization of a wireless sensor newtork[C]. IEEE Personal Communications,2000,7(5):16-27.
[17]Curt Schurgers, Vlaskls Tsiatsis, Saurabh Ganeriwal, et al. Optimizing Sensor Networks in the Energy-Latency-Density Design Space[J]. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,2002,1: 70-80.
[18]Deborah Estrin. Wireless Sensor Networks Tutorial Part Ⅳ:Sensor Network Protocols [C]. Mobicom,2002.
[19]Vivek Mhater, Catherine Rosenberg. Design Guildelines for Wireless Sensor Newtorks: Communication, Clustering and Aggregation[J]. Ad Hoc Netwokrs,2004,2:45-63.
[20]X.F.Wang, T.Berger. Modeling, topology control, resources allocation and routing in wireless sensor networks [C]. Analysis.and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunications Systems(MASCOTS'04),2004.
[21]A. Sinha, A. Chandrakasan. Dynamic power management in wireless sensor networks [J]. Design& Test of Computers,2001,18(2):62-74.
[22]Q.F.Jiang, D.Manivannan. Routing protocols for sensor networks[C]. The 1st IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference,2004.
[23]G. Pei, C. Chien. Low power TDMA in Lagre Wireless Sensor Newtorks[C]. Military Communications Conefrence, Communications for Newtork-Centric Operations:Creating the Information Force,2001,1:28-31.
[24]A. Woo, D. Culler. A transmission control scheme for media access in sensor networks[J]. Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom,2001:221-235.
[25]W. Ye, J. Heidemann, D. Estrin. An energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks[C]. Proceedings of the 21st International Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies,2002:91-100.
[26]P. P. Czapski. A Survey:MAC Protocols For Applications Of Wireless Sensor Networks [C]. TENCON 2006,2006 IEEE Region 10 Conference,2006:1-4.
[27]S. Yingpeng, S. Hong. Secure Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks:A Survey[C]. Parallel and Distributed Computing, Applications and Technologies, Seventh International Conference,2006:315-320.
[28]F. Sivrikaya, B. Yener. Time synchronization in sensor networks:a survey[J]. Network, IEEE,2004, 18(4):45-50.
[29]Z. Chaczko, R. Klempous. Methods of Sensors Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks[C]. Engineering of Computer-Based Systems,14th Annual IEEE International Conference and Workshops on the ECBS'07,2007:145-152.
[30]A. Chandrakasan, R. Amirtharajah, S. Cho. Design Considerations for istributed Micro-sensor Systems [C]. Proceedings of the IEEE 1999 Custom Integrated Circuits Conference,1999: 279-286.
[31]D. Estrin, R. Govindan, J. Heidemann. Next century challenges:scalable coordination in sensor networks [C]. Proceedings of the Fifth Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networks,1999:263-270.
[32]Deepal. Ganesan, Alberto. Cerpa, Wei. Ye. Net. working Issues in Wireless Sensor Networks[J]. Journal Parallel and Distributed Computing,2004,64:799-814.
[33]J. Agre, L. Clare. An integrated architecture for cooperative sensing networks[J]. IEEE Computer Magazine,2000,33(5):106-108.
[34]Y. Ryan. Miyamoto, Tatsuoitoh. Retrodirective arrays for wireless communications [J]. IEEE Microwave Mag,2002,3(1):71-79.
[35]P. Bonnet, J. Gehrke, P. Seshadri. Querying the Physical World[J]. IEEE Personal Communications, 2000,7(5):10-15.
[36]N. Noury, T. Herve, V. Rialle, et al. Monitoring Behavior in Home Using A Smart Fall Sensor and Position Sensors[C]. Proceedings of the IEEE-EMBS Special Topic Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology,2000:607-610.
[37]H. Edgar, Jr. Callaway. Wireless Sensor Networks Architectures and protocols [M]. Auerbach publications,2003.
[38]E. M. Petriu, N. D. Geoganas, D. C. Petriu, et al. Sensor-based information appliances [J]. IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Magazine,2000:31-35.
[39]A. Cerpa, J. Elson, M. Hamilton, et al. Habitat monitoring:application driver for wireless communications technology[C]. ACM SIGCOMM'2000,2001.
[40]B. Rickett. A Vision of Future Applications for an Automotive Radar Network[C].1 st International Workshop on Intelligent Transportation,2004.
[41]高翔,王勇.数据融合技术综述[J].计算机测量与控制,2002,10(11)：706-709.
[42]J. Zhao, R. Govindan, D. Estrin. Computing Aggregates for Monitoring Wireless Sensor Networks, Sensor Network Protocols and Applications [C]. Proceedings of the First IEEE International Workshop,2003:139-148.
[43]J. N. AL-Karaki, A. E. Kamal. Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks:A Survey[J]. IEEE Personal Communications,2004,11(6):6-28.
[44]沈波,张世永,钟亦平.无线传感器网络分簇路由协议[J].软件学报,2006,(07).
[45]K. Akkaya, M. Younis. A Survey on Routing Protocols for Wireless Networks Sensor[J]. Ad Hoc Networks,2005,3(3):325-349.
[46]W.B. Heinzelman, A.P. Chandrakasan, H. Balakrishnan. An Application-Specific Protocol Architecture for Wireless Microsensor Networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications,2002,1(4):660-670.
[47]O. Younis, S. Fahmy. HEED:A Hybrid, Energy-Efficient, Distributed Clustering Approach for Ad-Hoc Sensor Networks [J]. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,2004,3(4):366-379.
[48]S. Lindsey, C.S. Raghavendra. PEGASIS:Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems [C]. Proceedings of the IEEE Aerospace Conference,2002:1125-1130.
[49]A. Manjeshwar, D.P. Agrawal. TEEN:A Routing Protocol for Enhanced Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks [C]. Proceedings of the 15th International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium,2001:2009-2015.
[50]Guo Bin, Li Zhe, Meng Yan. A Dynamic-Clustering Reactive Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks [C]. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Communications and Networking in China,2006:1-6.
[51]W. B. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan, H. Balakrishnan. Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Microsensor Networks [C]. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences,2000:1-10.
[52]Crossbow Technology Inc. MICA2 wireless measurement system dataheet. http://www.xbow.com, 2004.
[53]M. J. Handy, M. Haase, D. Timmermann. Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy with deterministic cluster-head selection [C]. Mobile and Wireless Communications Network,4th International Workshop,2002:368-372.
[54]徐雷鸣,庞博,赵耀.NS与网络模拟[M].第一版,人民邮电出版社,2003.
[2]郁有文,常健.传感器原理及工程应用[M].西安：西安电子科技大学出版社,2000：161-166.
[3]任丰原,黄海宁,林闯.无线传感器网络[J].软件学报,2003,14(7)：1282-1291.
[4]I.F. Akyildiz, W.Su, Y.Sankarasubramaniam, E.Cayirci. A Survey on Sensor Networks[J]. IEEE Communications Magazine,2002,40(8):102-114.
[5]D. Estrin, L. Girod, G. Pottie, et al. Instrumenting the world with wireless sensor networks[C]. In International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP),2001).
[6]李建中,李金宝,石胜飞.传感器网络及其数据管理的概念、问题与进展[J].软件学报,2003,14(10)：1717-1727.
[7]孙利民,李建中,陈渝等.无线传感器网络[M].北京：清华大学出版,2005：3-56.
[8]J. A. Byrne.21 Ideas for the 21st century[J]. Business Week,1999.
[9]D.Koller.10 Emerging technologies that will change the world[J].Technology Review,2003.
[10]孙雨耕,张静,孙永进等.无线自组传感器网络[J].传感器技术学报,2004,(2)：331-335.
[11]尚志军,曾鹏,于海斌.无线传感器网络节点定位问题[J].计算机科学,2004,29(5)：68-75.
[12]韩翠红,李立宏,曹晓波等.无线传感器网络应用支撑技术研究进展介绍[J].广东通信技术,2005,5(23)：54-57.
[13]李忱,杜军,金芳译.无线传感器网络及其应用[J].仪器仪表用户,2006,3(25)：21-26.
[14]S.Tilak, N.B.Ghazaleh, W.Heinzelman. A Taxonomy of Wireless Micro-sensor Newtork Models[J]. Mobile Computing and Communications Review,2002,6(2):25-36.
[15]于海滨,曾鹏.智能无线传感器网络系统[M].科学技术出版社,2006.
[16]K.Sohrabi, J.Gao, V.Ailawadhi, et al. Protocols for self-organization of a wireless sensor newtork[C]. IEEE Personal Communications,2000,7(5):16-27.
[17]Curt Schurgers, Vlaskls Tsiatsis, Saurabh Ganeriwal, et al. Optimizing Sensor Networks in the Energy-Latency-Density Design Space[J]. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,2002,1: 70-80.
[18]Deborah Estrin. Wireless Sensor Networks Tutorial Part Ⅳ:Sensor Network Protocols [C]. Mobicom,2002.
[19]Vivek Mhater, Catherine Rosenberg. Design Guildelines for Wireless Sensor Newtorks: Communication, Clustering and Aggregation[J]. Ad Hoc Netwokrs,2004,2:45-63.
[20]X.F.Wang, T.Berger. Modeling, topology control, resources allocation and routing in wireless sensor networks [C]. Analysis.and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunications Systems(MASCOTS'04),2004.
[21]A. Sinha, A. Chandrakasan. Dynamic power management in wireless sensor networks [J]. Design& Test of Computers,2001,18(2):62-74.
[22]Q.F.Jiang, D.Manivannan. Routing protocols for sensor networks[C]. The 1st IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference,2004.
[23]G. Pei, C. Chien. Low power TDMA in Lagre Wireless Sensor Newtorks[C]. Military Communications Conefrence, Communications for Newtork-Centric Operations:Creating the Information Force,2001,1:28-31.
[24]A. Woo, D. Culler. A transmission control scheme for media access in sensor networks[J]. Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom,2001:221-235.
[25]W. Ye, J. Heidemann, D. Estrin. An energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks[C]. Proceedings of the 21st International Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies,2002:91-100.
[26]P. P. Czapski. A Survey:MAC Protocols For Applications Of Wireless Sensor Networks [C]. TENCON 2006,2006 IEEE Region 10 Conference,2006:1-4.
[27]S. Yingpeng, S. Hong. Secure Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks:A Survey[C]. Parallel and Distributed Computing, Applications and Technologies, Seventh International Conference,2006:315-320.
[28]F. Sivrikaya, B. Yener. Time synchronization in sensor networks:a survey[J]. Network, IEEE,2004, 18(4):45-50.
[29]Z. Chaczko, R. Klempous. Methods of Sensors Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks[C]. Engineering of Computer-Based Systems,14th Annual IEEE International Conference and Workshops on the ECBS'07,2007:145-152.
[30]A. Chandrakasan, R. Amirtharajah, S. Cho. Design Considerations for istributed Micro-sensor Systems [C]. Proceedings of the IEEE 1999 Custom Integrated Circuits Conference,1999: 279-286.
[31]D. Estrin, R. Govindan, J. Heidemann. Next century challenges:scalable coordination in sensor networks [C]. Proceedings of the Fifth Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networks,1999:263-270.
[32]Deepal. Ganesan, Alberto. Cerpa, Wei. Ye. Net. working Issues in Wireless Sensor Networks[J]. Journal Parallel and Distributed Computing,2004,64:799-814.
[33]J. Agre, L. Clare. An integrated architecture for cooperative sensing networks[J]. IEEE Computer Magazine,2000,33(5):106-108.
[34]Y. Ryan. Miyamoto, Tatsuoitoh. Retrodirective arrays for wireless communications [J]. IEEE Microwave Mag,2002,3(1):71-79.
[35]P. Bonnet, J. Gehrke, P. Seshadri. Querying the Physical World[J]. IEEE Personal Communications, 2000,7(5):10-15.
[36]N. Noury, T. Herve, V. Rialle, et al. Monitoring Behavior in Home Using A Smart Fall Sensor and Position Sensors[C]. Proceedings of the IEEE-EMBS Special Topic Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology,2000:607-610.
[37]H. Edgar, Jr. Callaway. Wireless Sensor Networks Architectures and protocols [M]. Auerbach publications,2003.
[38]E. M. Petriu, N. D. Geoganas, D. C. Petriu, et al. Sensor-based information appliances [J]. IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Magazine,2000:31-35.
[39]A. Cerpa, J. Elson, M. Hamilton, et al. Habitat monitoring:application driver for wireless communications technology[C]. ACM SIGCOMM'2000,2001.
[40]B. Rickett. A Vision of Future Applications for an Automotive Radar Network[C].1 st International Workshop on Intelligent Transportation,2004.
[41]高翔,王勇.数据融合技术综述[J].计算机测量与控制,2002,10(11)：706-709.
[42]J. Zhao, R. Govindan, D. Estrin. Computing Aggregates for Monitoring Wireless Sensor Networks, Sensor Network Protocols and Applications [C]. Proceedings of the First IEEE International Workshop,2003:139-148.
[43]J. N. AL-Karaki, A. E. Kamal. Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks:A Survey[J]. IEEE Personal Communications,2004,11(6):6-28.
[44]沈波,张世永,钟亦平.无线传感器网络分簇路由协议[J].软件学报,2006,(07).
[45]K. Akkaya, M. Younis. A Survey on Routing Protocols for Wireless Networks Sensor[J]. Ad Hoc Networks,2005,3(3):325-349.
[46]W.B. Heinzelman, A.P. Chandrakasan, H. Balakrishnan. An Application-Specific Protocol Architecture for Wireless Microsensor Networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications,2002,1(4):660-670.
[47]O. Younis, S. Fahmy. HEED:A Hybrid, Energy-Efficient, Distributed Clustering Approach for Ad-Hoc Sensor Networks [J]. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,2004,3(4):366-379.
[48]S. Lindsey, C.S. Raghavendra. PEGASIS:Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems [C]. Proceedings of the IEEE Aerospace Conference,2002:1125-1130.
[49]A. Manjeshwar, D.P. Agrawal. TEEN:A Routing Protocol for Enhanced Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks [C]. Proceedings of the 15th International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium,2001:2009-2015.
[50]Guo Bin, Li Zhe, Meng Yan. A Dynamic-Clustering Reactive Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks [C]. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Communications and Networking in China,2006:1-6.
[51]W. B. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan, H. Balakrishnan. Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Microsensor Networks [C]. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences,2000:1-10.
[52]Crossbow Technology Inc. MICA2 wireless measurement system dataheet. http://www.xbow.com, 2004.
[53]M. J. Handy, M. Haase, D. Timmermann. Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy with deterministic cluster-head selection [C]. Mobile and Wireless Communications Network,4th International Workshop,2002:368-372.
[54]徐雷鸣,庞博,赵耀.NS与网络模拟[M].第一版,人民邮电出版社,2003.