基于ZigBee技术的无线门禁系统
摘要
门禁系统是智能控制领域研究内容之一，具有很高的实用价值和应用前景。传统的门禁实现以人为对象的出入权限管理系统。本文针对智能楼宇最新发展情况，将停车场管理系统也纳入门禁系统的研究范畴（车辆门禁），主要研究内容包括两个部分：人员门禁系统和车辆门禁系统。前者在保证合法人员出入权限的同时防止非法人员的入侵；后者主要实现车辆的权限管理、车辆的定位及移动路径跟踪。由于门禁节点在施工、部署、精度和成本方面的限制，一般的门禁系统往往只能满足其中一个或几个方面，很难做到平衡。因此不断采用新技术，改造门禁系统具有重要意义。
本文依托省市科技计划项目，对智能控制领域的门禁系统展开研究，主要研究内容包括以下几个方面：
1)分析了ZigBee无线技术的协议框架，在研究了各个通信协议层的具体功能和应用的基础上，受WI-FI框架启示，采用了一种可行性方案（无线为主，有线为辅）解决ZigBee无线技术在实际应用中的缺点。
2)利用车辆移动而车位可作静止锚节点的特点，针对车辆定位和路径跟踪的问题，提出了一种RRMCL（RSSI Rank Monte Carlo Localization）定位算法。该算法以蒙特卡罗算法为基础，利用RSSI（Received Signal Strength Indication）值与距离的单调递减关系划分通信域，减少采样区域大小。为了避免锚节点共线出现定位失效的情况，引入共线影响角度和约束机制。仿真结果表明，提出的RRMCL与现有的MCL和MCB定位算法相比，能有效缩小采样区域，提高了定位精度和速度。
3)设计了基于ZigBee技术的无线人员门禁系统和基于RRMCL算法的车辆门禁系统。本文在无线传感网框架基础上阐述了该无线门禁系统的整体结构，给出了硬件及软件的详细设计方案。硬件方面：详细分析了人员门禁系统的网络控制器的硬件电路，设计了ZigBee射频电路模块和就地控制器，车辆门禁系统的锚节点和车辆定位节点。软件方面：按照四层架构分析系统的软件设计，移植了ZigBee协议栈和lwip协议栈，设计了CAN总线协议并编写了硬件模块驱动程序。该系统已在扬州商城物联网应用，取得了较好的应用效果。
The access control system is one of the important researches in the field of intelligentcontrol. It also has important practical value and application prospect. The traditionalaccess control implements rights management based on people, Aiming at the latestdevelopment of intelligent building, the parking management system is also included in theresearch category of the access control system (vehicle access). Therefore, the main
contents include two parts: a personnel access system and vehicle access control system.The former mainly forbids illegal personnel and provides access rights to legal personnel.And the latter mainly includes vehicle rights management, vehicle positioning and track ofthe movement path. Due to access nodes’ construction, deployment, accuracy and costconstraints, it's hard to balance all the aspects. Therefore, it is very necessary to the studyand improvement the existing access control system, and constantly tries new technology.
1) The paper study access control system for intelligent control field which relies on theprovincial and municipal science and technology projects. The main research contentsinclude the following aspects:
2) Analyze ZigBee wireless protocol framework. After studying the specific function ofeach layer communication protocol and application, the paper uses a feasibilitysolution to resolve ZigBee wireless technology faults in the practical application(combination of wired and wireless) inspired by WI-FI framework.
3) Using characteristics of mobile vehicles and static parking anchor node, aiming at theproblem of vehicle location and path tracking, In this paper, the so-calledRRMCL(RSSI Rank Monte Carlo Localization) localization algorithm is proposed,which is about WSN applications where target nodes are moving while anchor nodesare static. The algorithm based on MCL divides communication region to reduce thesize of sampling area by using the monotonic decreasing relation between RSSI valueand the distance. In order to avoid localization failure caused by anchor nodecollinearity, the algorithm puts forward a constraint strategy which brings Collinearity Impact Angle. The simulation results show that the proposed RRMCL can effectivelyreduce sampling area and improve the localization accuracy and speed, comparingwith existing MCL and MCB algorithms.
4) Design a wireless staff access control system based on ZigBee technology and vehicleaccess control system based on RRMCL algorithm. This paper describes the wholestructure of the wireless access system based on wireless sensor network framework,and presents a detailed design scheme of hardware and software. Hardware aspects:the network controller and on-site controller hardware circuit of staff access controlsystem are analyzed in detail, ZigBee rf circuit module was also designed, and itdesigned vehicle positioning anchor node in the vehicle access control system.Software aspects: according to four layers architecture, the paper analysis systemsoftware design, which transplantated ZigBee protocol stack and lwip stack, designedCAN bus protocol, And write the hardware driver module. The system had beenapplied to yangzhou mall, which had achieved good application effect.
本文依托省市科技计划项目，对智能控制领域的门禁系统展开研究，主要研究内容包括以下几个方面：
1)分析了ZigBee无线技术的协议框架，在研究了各个通信协议层的具体功能和应用的基础上，受WI-FI框架启示，采用了一种可行性方案（无线为主，有线为辅）解决ZigBee无线技术在实际应用中的缺点。
2)利用车辆移动而车位可作静止锚节点的特点，针对车辆定位和路径跟踪的问题，提出了一种RRMCL（RSSI Rank Monte Carlo Localization）定位算法。该算法以蒙特卡罗算法为基础，利用RSSI（Received Signal Strength Indication）值与距离的单调递减关系划分通信域，减少采样区域大小。为了避免锚节点共线出现定位失效的情况，引入共线影响角度和约束机制。仿真结果表明，提出的RRMCL与现有的MCL和MCB定位算法相比，能有效缩小采样区域，提高了定位精度和速度。
3)设计了基于ZigBee技术的无线人员门禁系统和基于RRMCL算法的车辆门禁系统。本文在无线传感网框架基础上阐述了该无线门禁系统的整体结构，给出了硬件及软件的详细设计方案。硬件方面：详细分析了人员门禁系统的网络控制器的硬件电路，设计了ZigBee射频电路模块和就地控制器，车辆门禁系统的锚节点和车辆定位节点。软件方面：按照四层架构分析系统的软件设计，移植了ZigBee协议栈和lwip协议栈，设计了CAN总线协议并编写了硬件模块驱动程序。该系统已在扬州商城物联网应用，取得了较好的应用效果。
The access control system is one of the important researches in the field of intelligentcontrol. It also has important practical value and application prospect. The traditionalaccess control implements rights management based on people, Aiming at the latestdevelopment of intelligent building, the parking management system is also included in theresearch category of the access control system (vehicle access). Therefore, the main
contents include two parts: a personnel access system and vehicle access control system.The former mainly forbids illegal personnel and provides access rights to legal personnel.And the latter mainly includes vehicle rights management, vehicle positioning and track ofthe movement path. Due to access nodes’ construction, deployment, accuracy and costconstraints, it's hard to balance all the aspects. Therefore, it is very necessary to the studyand improvement the existing access control system, and constantly tries new technology.
1) The paper study access control system for intelligent control field which relies on theprovincial and municipal science and technology projects. The main research contentsinclude the following aspects:
2) Analyze ZigBee wireless protocol framework. After studying the specific function ofeach layer communication protocol and application, the paper uses a feasibilitysolution to resolve ZigBee wireless technology faults in the practical application(combination of wired and wireless) inspired by WI-FI framework.
3) Using characteristics of mobile vehicles and static parking anchor node, aiming at theproblem of vehicle location and path tracking, In this paper, the so-calledRRMCL(RSSI Rank Monte Carlo Localization) localization algorithm is proposed,which is about WSN applications where target nodes are moving while anchor nodesare static. The algorithm based on MCL divides communication region to reduce thesize of sampling area by using the monotonic decreasing relation between RSSI valueand the distance. In order to avoid localization failure caused by anchor nodecollinearity, the algorithm puts forward a constraint strategy which brings Collinearity Impact Angle. The simulation results show that the proposed RRMCL can effectivelyreduce sampling area and improve the localization accuracy and speed, comparingwith existing MCL and MCB algorithms.
4) Design a wireless staff access control system based on ZigBee technology and vehicleaccess control system based on RRMCL algorithm. This paper describes the wholestructure of the wireless access system based on wireless sensor network framework,and presents a detailed design scheme of hardware and software. Hardware aspects:the network controller and on-site controller hardware circuit of staff access controlsystem are analyzed in detail, ZigBee rf circuit module was also designed, and itdesigned vehicle positioning anchor node in the vehicle access control system.Software aspects: according to four layers architecture, the paper analysis systemsoftware design, which transplantated ZigBee protocol stack and lwip stack, designedCAN bus protocol, And write the hardware driver module. The system had beenapplied to yangzhou mall, which had achieved good application effect.
引文
[1]陈桂香.全球安防市场发展观察[J].中国安防.2011年11期.
[2]石翰卿.中国安防产业的十个“关键词”[J].中国安防,2011年Z1期.
[3]刘忠胜.门禁市场发展现状及竞争分析[J].中国安防.2011年06期.
[4]刘云浩.物联网导论[M].科学出版社.2010年12B．
[5]邹人俊.智能大厦系统的一体化集成模式及综合布线[J].科技广场.2007年99期:233-236页.
[6]秦鹏. ZigBee无线网络技术研究.哈尔滨工业大学硕士学位.2008.12:7.
[7]代媛，杨龙，何东健. ZigBee在作物种植环境监测系统的应用[J].微计算机信息.2009年02期．
[8] Frankie K W, So H C. Accurate distributed range-based positioning algorithm forwireless sensor networks[J]. IEEE Transaction on Signal Processing.2009,57(10):4100-4105.
[9] Wang Y, Wang X D, Wang D M, et al. Range-free localization using expected hopprogress in wireless sensor networks[J]. IEEE Transaction on Parallel and DistibutedSystem.2009,20(10):1540-1552.
[10] Kawakita Y, Wakayama S, HadaH et al. Rendezvous enhancement for conferencesupport system based on RFID[A]. Applications and the Internet Workshops,2004International Symposium (SAINT2004)[C]. IEEE.2004:280-286.
[11] Shin, K C, S B Park, G S Jo. Enhanced TDMA Based Anti-Collision Algorithmwith a Dynamic Frame Size Adjustment Strategy for Mobile RFID Readers. Sensors(Basel).2009,9(2):4-58．
[12] Lee Y S, Park J W, Barolli L. A localization algorithm based on AOA for ad-hocsensor networks[J]. Mobile Information Systems.2012,8(1):61-72.
[13] Mazuelas S, Bahillo A, Lorenzo R M, et al. Robust indoor positioning provided byreal-time RSSI values in unmodified WLAN networks[J]. Selected Topics in SignalProcessing, IEEE Journal.2009,3(5):821-831．
[14] Bulusu N, Heidemann J, Estrin D．Density Adaptive Algorithms for BeaconPlacement in Wireless Sensor Networks [C]//IEEE ICDCS，AZ.2001:489-498．
[15] Bulusu N, Heidemann J, Estrin D. GPS-less Low-cost Outdoor Localization forvery Small Devices[J]. IEEE Personal Communications.2000,7(5):28-34．
[16] Nagpal R，Shrobe H，Bachrach J．Organizing a Global CoordinateSystem fromLocal Information on an Ad-hoc Sensor Net-work[J]．Information Processing inSensor Networks.2003,2634:333-348．
[17] Hu L, Evans D．Localization for Mobile Sensor Networks[C]//Proceedings of the10th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking.2004:45-47．
[18] Aline B， Koen L． Monte-carlo Localization for Mobile Wireless SensorNetworks[J]．Lecture Notes in Computer Science．2006,4325:1317-328．
[19]李响.无线传感网络节点自定位技术的研究.中国科学技术大学硕士学位.2009,5:1.
[20] Srivastava M，Muntz R，Potkonjak M. sensor-based wireless networks for smartdevelopmental problem-solving environments[C]．In Proceedings of the7th Annualinternational Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking.2001:132-138．
[21] ZigBee Alliance．ZigBee SPECIFICATION Document053474r13．December1，2006.3：10pm．
[22]朱向庆,王建明. ZigBee协议网络层的研究与实现.电子技术应用.2006.1:129~132.
[23]杨赓. ZigBee无线传感器网络的研究与实现.浙江大学工学硕士学位.2006.2:17~20.
[24]邹建华. ZigBee技术分析.电子技术应用.2005,3(9):7-15.
[25]刘明军,孙立庭.关于ZigBee无线技术.现代电信科技.2005,(12):13-17.
[26]原羿,苏鸿根.基于ZigBee技术的无线网络应用技术.计算机应用与软件.2004:89~91.
[27] The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. IEEE Standard802.15.4Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specificationsfor Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks.URL: http://www.ieee802.org/15/pub/TG4.
[28]邹建华. ZigBee技术分析.电子技术应用.2005,3(9):7-15.
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[30] IEEE P802.15Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks. Overview ofthe IEEE802.15.4PHY Baseline. IEEE802.15.4Working Group.2004:5-18.
[31] IanMarsden.Network Layer Overview {EB/OL}.2005.6.15,http://www.ZigBee.org/en/events/documents.
[32] IanD.Chakeres, LukeKlein-Berndt. AODVjr, AODVsimplified. Mobile Computingand Communieations Review.2002，6(3):100-101.
[33] RFC3561一2003, Ad hoc On-Demand DistanceVector(AODV)Routing.
[34] Lee S，Belding-Royer E M，Pekins C E.Scalability Study of the Ad hoc on-demandDistance Vector Routing Protocol. International Journal of Network Management.2003,13(6):97-114.
[35]孙利民，李建中，陈渝等.无线传感器网络[M].清华大学出版社.北京，2005．
[36] Holger Karl，Andreas Willig,邱天爽，唐洪，李婷等译.无线传感器网络协议与体系结构[M].电子工业出版社.北京,2007.
[37] He T, Huang C, Blum B M, Stankovic J A, and Abdelzaher T. Range-freelocalization schemes for large scale sensor networks[C]. In Proceedings of the9thAnnual international Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking.2003:81-95．
[38] Chong Liu, Kui Wu, Tian He. Sensor localization with Ring Overlapping based onComparison of Received Signal Strength Indicator[C]//Mobile Ad-hoc and SensorSystems.2004:516-518．
[39]叶飞虎,沈航,曹磊等.移动无线传感器网络采样区域自调整的MCL定位算法[J].计算机科学.2011,38(12):49-52.
[40]曾凡仔,孙正章,罗娟等.无线传感器网络的节点定位方法[J].通信学报.2008,29(11):62-66.
[41]李鹏程,廖波,罗娟等.无线传感器网络中一种移动节点定位算法[J].小型微型计算机系统.2008,29(11):2051-2054.
[42] I F Akyildiz, W Su,Y Sankarasubramaniam et al. Wireless Sensor Networks: aSurvey[C]//Computer Networks: the International Journal of Computer andTelecommunication Networks.2002:393-422.
[43] Fidan B, Drake S P,Anderson B D O et al. Collinerity Problems in passive targetlocalization using direction finding sensors[C]//5th International Conference onIntelligent Sensors, Sensor NetWorks and Informational Processing. Melbourne:Australia.2009:114-220.
[44]刘克中,崔永强,张金奋等.基于Monte Carlo的多能量级移动节点定位算法研究[J].计算机科学.2011:61-64.
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[2]石翰卿.中国安防产业的十个“关键词”[J].中国安防,2011年Z1期.
[3]刘忠胜.门禁市场发展现状及竞争分析[J].中国安防.2011年06期.
[4]刘云浩.物联网导论[M].科学出版社.2010年12B．
[5]邹人俊.智能大厦系统的一体化集成模式及综合布线[J].科技广场.2007年99期:233-236页.
[6]秦鹏. ZigBee无线网络技术研究.哈尔滨工业大学硕士学位.2008.12:7.
[7]代媛，杨龙，何东健. ZigBee在作物种植环境监测系统的应用[J].微计算机信息.2009年02期．
[8] Frankie K W, So H C. Accurate distributed range-based positioning algorithm forwireless sensor networks[J]. IEEE Transaction on Signal Processing.2009,57(10):4100-4105.
[9] Wang Y, Wang X D, Wang D M, et al. Range-free localization using expected hopprogress in wireless sensor networks[J]. IEEE Transaction on Parallel and DistibutedSystem.2009,20(10):1540-1552.
[10] Kawakita Y, Wakayama S, HadaH et al. Rendezvous enhancement for conferencesupport system based on RFID[A]. Applications and the Internet Workshops,2004International Symposium (SAINT2004)[C]. IEEE.2004:280-286.
[11] Shin, K C, S B Park, G S Jo. Enhanced TDMA Based Anti-Collision Algorithmwith a Dynamic Frame Size Adjustment Strategy for Mobile RFID Readers. Sensors(Basel).2009,9(2):4-58．
[12] Lee Y S, Park J W, Barolli L. A localization algorithm based on AOA for ad-hocsensor networks[J]. Mobile Information Systems.2012,8(1):61-72.
[13] Mazuelas S, Bahillo A, Lorenzo R M, et al. Robust indoor positioning provided byreal-time RSSI values in unmodified WLAN networks[J]. Selected Topics in SignalProcessing, IEEE Journal.2009,3(5):821-831．
[14] Bulusu N, Heidemann J, Estrin D．Density Adaptive Algorithms for BeaconPlacement in Wireless Sensor Networks [C]//IEEE ICDCS，AZ.2001:489-498．
[15] Bulusu N, Heidemann J, Estrin D. GPS-less Low-cost Outdoor Localization forvery Small Devices[J]. IEEE Personal Communications.2000,7(5):28-34．
[16] Nagpal R，Shrobe H，Bachrach J．Organizing a Global CoordinateSystem fromLocal Information on an Ad-hoc Sensor Net-work[J]．Information Processing inSensor Networks.2003,2634:333-348．
[17] Hu L, Evans D．Localization for Mobile Sensor Networks[C]//Proceedings of the10th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking.2004:45-47．
[18] Aline B， Koen L． Monte-carlo Localization for Mobile Wireless SensorNetworks[J]．Lecture Notes in Computer Science．2006,4325:1317-328．
[19]李响.无线传感网络节点自定位技术的研究.中国科学技术大学硕士学位.2009,5:1.
[20] Srivastava M，Muntz R，Potkonjak M. sensor-based wireless networks for smartdevelopmental problem-solving environments[C]．In Proceedings of the7th Annualinternational Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking.2001:132-138．
[21] ZigBee Alliance．ZigBee SPECIFICATION Document053474r13．December1，2006.3：10pm．
[22]朱向庆,王建明. ZigBee协议网络层的研究与实现.电子技术应用.2006.1:129~132.
[23]杨赓. ZigBee无线传感器网络的研究与实现.浙江大学工学硕士学位.2006.2:17~20.
[24]邹建华. ZigBee技术分析.电子技术应用.2005,3(9):7-15.
[25]刘明军,孙立庭.关于ZigBee无线技术.现代电信科技.2005,(12):13-17.
[26]原羿,苏鸿根.基于ZigBee技术的无线网络应用技术.计算机应用与软件.2004:89~91.
[27] The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. IEEE Standard802.15.4Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specificationsfor Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks.URL: http://www.ieee802.org/15/pub/TG4.
[28]邹建华. ZigBee技术分析.电子技术应用.2005,3(9):7-15.
[29]刘明军,孙立庭.关于ZigBee无线技术.现代电信科技.2005,(12):13-17.
[30] IEEE P802.15Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks. Overview ofthe IEEE802.15.4PHY Baseline. IEEE802.15.4Working Group.2004:5-18.
[31] IanMarsden.Network Layer Overview {EB/OL}.2005.6.15,http://www.ZigBee.org/en/events/documents.
[32] IanD.Chakeres, LukeKlein-Berndt. AODVjr, AODVsimplified. Mobile Computingand Communieations Review.2002，6(3):100-101.
[33] RFC3561一2003, Ad hoc On-Demand DistanceVector(AODV)Routing.
[34] Lee S，Belding-Royer E M，Pekins C E.Scalability Study of the Ad hoc on-demandDistance Vector Routing Protocol. International Journal of Network Management.2003,13(6):97-114.
[35]孙利民，李建中，陈渝等.无线传感器网络[M].清华大学出版社.北京，2005．
[36] Holger Karl，Andreas Willig,邱天爽，唐洪，李婷等译.无线传感器网络协议与体系结构[M].电子工业出版社.北京,2007.
[37] He T, Huang C, Blum B M, Stankovic J A, and Abdelzaher T. Range-freelocalization schemes for large scale sensor networks[C]. In Proceedings of the9thAnnual international Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking.2003:81-95．
[38] Chong Liu, Kui Wu, Tian He. Sensor localization with Ring Overlapping based onComparison of Received Signal Strength Indicator[C]//Mobile Ad-hoc and SensorSystems.2004:516-518．
[39]叶飞虎,沈航,曹磊等.移动无线传感器网络采样区域自调整的MCL定位算法[J].计算机科学.2011,38(12):49-52.
[40]曾凡仔,孙正章,罗娟等.无线传感器网络的节点定位方法[J].通信学报.2008,29(11):62-66.
[41]李鹏程,廖波,罗娟等.无线传感器网络中一种移动节点定位算法[J].小型微型计算机系统.2008,29(11):2051-2054.
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