氧化石墨烯的修饰和还原及其导电纳米复合材料
|
摘要
石墨烯（graphene）具有优异的导电性能，石墨烯作为导电纳米复合材料的填料在近些年来成为复合材料的研究热点。然而，石墨烯规模化制备困难和在极性聚合物基体中容易团聚的问题成为制备性能优异的复合材料所面临的主要挑战。在强酸强氧化剂的条件下通过化学氧化法制备的氧化石墨烯（graphene oxide, GO）通常可以视为石墨烯的前躯体，在经过化学还原或者热还原的方法消去除氧化石墨烯表面接枝的含氧官能团成为批量化生产石墨烯的有效方法。而在将氧化石墨烯还原为石墨烯的同时进行表面功能化修饰能促进其在聚合物基体中分散，由于氧化石墨烯表面存在着大量的羟基、羧基和环氧基等含氧官能团，这为氧化石墨烯的表面功能化修饰提供了反应点。
本论文中，我们介绍了一种不添加传统的化学还原剂，只加入十八烷基胺（octadecylamine,ODA）就能对氧化石墨烯进行功能化及还原的简单有效的方法。我们利用氧化石墨烯上面的含氧官能团与十八烷基胺之间的亲核取代反应，将长碳链的烷基胺以共价键的方式接枝在氧化石墨烯片上，并将其作为聚苯乙烯(PS)的填料，制得了导电纳米复合材料。研究发现：经过十八烷基胺修饰的氧化石墨烯，材料表面由亲水性转变为亲油性，有利于其在非极性聚合物中的分散；在采用回流的方法制备化学修饰的氧化石墨烯时，十八烷基胺不仅在氧化石墨烯片层间实现了有效的插层，多种表征手段表明氧化石墨得到了有效的还原；同时被十八烷基胺修饰且还原过的石墨烯的电导率提高了3个数量级；为了研究复合材料制备过程中温度对电导率的影响，本实验对氧化石墨烯和修饰产物（氧化石墨烯-十八烷基胺（GO-ODA））分别在聚合物加工温度下进行热处理，测试结果证实它们的电导率得到了进一步的提高；在制备的PS/GO-ODA复合材料中，填料GO-ODA与PS基体表现出良好的相容性，在聚合物中得到有效的剥离，从而形成良好的导电网络；相对于PS/GO复合材料，PS/GO-ODA复合材料的导电率明显提高（渗流阈值为0.45vol.%），特别是在填料GO-ODA的体积分数为0.92vol.%时复合材料的电导率高达0.4638S/m。
其次，我们对十八烷基胺及酸碱性对氧化石墨烯的还原及修饰进行了研究，研究发现，在没有十八烷基胺参与反应的条件下，氧化石墨烯在90℃的碱性条件下回流约3小时会被还原，而不调节pH值时，氧化石墨烯在90℃下回流20小时，氧化石墨烯仍不会被还原；在不调节pH值的前提下，十八烷基胺与氧化石墨烯在25oC混合搅拌20小时，GO只会被插层而并无明显的还原，在90℃回流20小时，GO既被插层又被还原,在90℃下，调节pH值至强碱性能加快十八胺对氧化石墨烯的还原速度，而将pH值调节至强酸性时，十八胺对氧化石墨烯没有还原效果。上述研究结果说明温度和碱性环境是影响还原氧化石墨烯的关键因素，也就是说在还原过程中，十八烷基胺为氧化石墨烯的还原提供了碱性环境，氧化石墨烯在碱性环境中高温回流才得到了还原，除此之外，十八烷基胺在此过程中还担当了插层剂的作用，显著增大了原有氧化石墨的层间距。
此外，我们研究了不同长碳链的烷基胺对氧化石墨烯的作用。结果发现：不同长碳链的烷基胺均能对氧化石墨烯起到插层及还原的作用；短碳链的烷基胺更容易进入到氧化石墨烯的层间，与其上面的基团反应，接枝率较高，而长碳链的烷基胺因其具有较长的碳链，插层效果显著，就是说随着碳链的增长，插层效果越明显，层间距越大；碳链越短，接枝上的分子链越多。
本课题的创新点在于寻找到了一种既能对氧化石墨烯进行插层，改变其极性，又能对其进行还原的表面修饰剂，得到的填料能够在聚苯乙烯基体中形成良好的导电通路，制得了低填料含量高导电率的纳米复合材料。
Graphene has excellent electrical property, as the filler for conductivecomposites, has become the hot topic in recent years. However, it’s toodifficult to produce graphene in large-scale, and graphene will aggregateeasily in polar polymer matrix, which become the challengement to preparecomposite with excellent properity. As a precursor of graphene, grapheneoxide (GO) can be easily reduced to graphene by chemical or thermalapproaches, which is the effective method to prepare graphene in large scale.Simultaneously reducing and modifying the surface of GO can improves thedispersion in polymer. The plentiful oxygen-containing groups on GO provideactive sites for chemical modification of GO surface.
In this paper, we demonstrate an efficient approach to functionalize and insitu reduce GO with octadecylamine （ODA） without the addition ofconventional chemical reducing agents. The presence of the long octadecylchain made the hydrophilic GO hydrophobic, evidenced by the selectivedispersion of the ODA-functionalized GO (GO-ODA) in chloroform solventrather than in water. Interestingly, different from the insulating GO, GO-ODAbecame electrically conductive due to the reduction in the presence of ODA.The electrical conductivity of GO-ODA was further increased by incidentalthermal reduction during the compression-molding of its polystyrene (PS)composites at210oC, which exhibited a sharp transition from electricallyinsulating to conducting with a low percolation threshold (0.45vol.%). Thehigh conductivity of the PS/GO-ODA composites is attributed to the improveddispersion and the reduction of GO-ODA in comparison with GO.
Further, we study the reduction effect of GO with the ODA in different pHvalue, we found that GO can be reduced by refluxing3hours at90oC underalkalinity condition without ODA, but GO can not be reduced without ODAand without changing pH value even by refluxing20hours at90oC. When GOwas stirring with ODA for20hours at25oC on condition that pH value is notchanged, GO was intercalated and with no obvious reduction effect, but whenthe temperature becomes90oC, GO is intercalated and reduced simultaneously, and when we change the pH value into the alkalinity, the speed of reductionwill be accelerated, while under acid condition, GO is just intercalated but hasno obvious reduction. The above results demonstrate that the temperature andenvironment with different pH value are the critical factor of the redution, inother word, ODA provides the alkalinity condition for reducing GO, GO canbe reduced by refluxing at high temperature under alkalinity condition, inaddition, ODA undertake the intercalation agent during the procss, whichincrease the interlamellar spacing remarkably.
At last, we study the effect of GO by refluxing with alkylamine ofdifferent long alkyl chains. We find the alkylamine with alkyl chains ofdifferent length have the reduction effect to GO, alkylamine with short alkylchains is more easily to get into the layer space, and the rate of grafting ishigher, alkylamine with long alkyl chains mades better effect of intercalation.That is to say, intercalation effect will be more obvious along with the increaseof alkyl chains length, and the layer space will be wider, while shorter alkylchains, molecular chains grafted to GO will be more.
Innovative point of this paper is to find a surface modifier to intercalateGO, change polar of GO and reduce GO, the filler obtained by this methodcan disperse in polystyrene and form the network for electrical conductivity,and finaly, an excellent conductive nanocomposite with low content of fillerwill be obtained.
本论文中，我们介绍了一种不添加传统的化学还原剂，只加入十八烷基胺（octadecylamine,ODA）就能对氧化石墨烯进行功能化及还原的简单有效的方法。我们利用氧化石墨烯上面的含氧官能团与十八烷基胺之间的亲核取代反应，将长碳链的烷基胺以共价键的方式接枝在氧化石墨烯片上，并将其作为聚苯乙烯(PS)的填料，制得了导电纳米复合材料。研究发现：经过十八烷基胺修饰的氧化石墨烯，材料表面由亲水性转变为亲油性，有利于其在非极性聚合物中的分散；在采用回流的方法制备化学修饰的氧化石墨烯时，十八烷基胺不仅在氧化石墨烯片层间实现了有效的插层，多种表征手段表明氧化石墨得到了有效的还原；同时被十八烷基胺修饰且还原过的石墨烯的电导率提高了3个数量级；为了研究复合材料制备过程中温度对电导率的影响，本实验对氧化石墨烯和修饰产物（氧化石墨烯-十八烷基胺（GO-ODA））分别在聚合物加工温度下进行热处理，测试结果证实它们的电导率得到了进一步的提高；在制备的PS/GO-ODA复合材料中，填料GO-ODA与PS基体表现出良好的相容性，在聚合物中得到有效的剥离，从而形成良好的导电网络；相对于PS/GO复合材料，PS/GO-ODA复合材料的导电率明显提高（渗流阈值为0.45vol.%），特别是在填料GO-ODA的体积分数为0.92vol.%时复合材料的电导率高达0.4638S/m。
其次，我们对十八烷基胺及酸碱性对氧化石墨烯的还原及修饰进行了研究，研究发现，在没有十八烷基胺参与反应的条件下，氧化石墨烯在90℃的碱性条件下回流约3小时会被还原，而不调节pH值时，氧化石墨烯在90℃下回流20小时，氧化石墨烯仍不会被还原；在不调节pH值的前提下，十八烷基胺与氧化石墨烯在25oC混合搅拌20小时，GO只会被插层而并无明显的还原，在90℃回流20小时，GO既被插层又被还原,在90℃下，调节pH值至强碱性能加快十八胺对氧化石墨烯的还原速度，而将pH值调节至强酸性时，十八胺对氧化石墨烯没有还原效果。上述研究结果说明温度和碱性环境是影响还原氧化石墨烯的关键因素，也就是说在还原过程中，十八烷基胺为氧化石墨烯的还原提供了碱性环境，氧化石墨烯在碱性环境中高温回流才得到了还原，除此之外，十八烷基胺在此过程中还担当了插层剂的作用，显著增大了原有氧化石墨的层间距。
此外，我们研究了不同长碳链的烷基胺对氧化石墨烯的作用。结果发现：不同长碳链的烷基胺均能对氧化石墨烯起到插层及还原的作用；短碳链的烷基胺更容易进入到氧化石墨烯的层间，与其上面的基团反应，接枝率较高，而长碳链的烷基胺因其具有较长的碳链，插层效果显著，就是说随着碳链的增长，插层效果越明显，层间距越大；碳链越短，接枝上的分子链越多。
本课题的创新点在于寻找到了一种既能对氧化石墨烯进行插层，改变其极性，又能对其进行还原的表面修饰剂，得到的填料能够在聚苯乙烯基体中形成良好的导电通路，制得了低填料含量高导电率的纳米复合材料。
Graphene has excellent electrical property, as the filler for conductivecomposites, has become the hot topic in recent years. However, it’s toodifficult to produce graphene in large-scale, and graphene will aggregateeasily in polar polymer matrix, which become the challengement to preparecomposite with excellent properity. As a precursor of graphene, grapheneoxide (GO) can be easily reduced to graphene by chemical or thermalapproaches, which is the effective method to prepare graphene in large scale.Simultaneously reducing and modifying the surface of GO can improves thedispersion in polymer. The plentiful oxygen-containing groups on GO provideactive sites for chemical modification of GO surface.
In this paper, we demonstrate an efficient approach to functionalize and insitu reduce GO with octadecylamine （ODA） without the addition ofconventional chemical reducing agents. The presence of the long octadecylchain made the hydrophilic GO hydrophobic, evidenced by the selectivedispersion of the ODA-functionalized GO (GO-ODA) in chloroform solventrather than in water. Interestingly, different from the insulating GO, GO-ODAbecame electrically conductive due to the reduction in the presence of ODA.The electrical conductivity of GO-ODA was further increased by incidentalthermal reduction during the compression-molding of its polystyrene (PS)composites at210oC, which exhibited a sharp transition from electricallyinsulating to conducting with a low percolation threshold (0.45vol.%). Thehigh conductivity of the PS/GO-ODA composites is attributed to the improveddispersion and the reduction of GO-ODA in comparison with GO.
Further, we study the reduction effect of GO with the ODA in different pHvalue, we found that GO can be reduced by refluxing3hours at90oC underalkalinity condition without ODA, but GO can not be reduced without ODAand without changing pH value even by refluxing20hours at90oC. When GOwas stirring with ODA for20hours at25oC on condition that pH value is notchanged, GO was intercalated and with no obvious reduction effect, but whenthe temperature becomes90oC, GO is intercalated and reduced simultaneously, and when we change the pH value into the alkalinity, the speed of reductionwill be accelerated, while under acid condition, GO is just intercalated but hasno obvious reduction. The above results demonstrate that the temperature andenvironment with different pH value are the critical factor of the redution, inother word, ODA provides the alkalinity condition for reducing GO, GO canbe reduced by refluxing at high temperature under alkalinity condition, inaddition, ODA undertake the intercalation agent during the procss, whichincrease the interlamellar spacing remarkably.
At last, we study the effect of GO by refluxing with alkylamine ofdifferent long alkyl chains. We find the alkylamine with alkyl chains ofdifferent length have the reduction effect to GO, alkylamine with short alkylchains is more easily to get into the layer space, and the rate of grafting ishigher, alkylamine with long alkyl chains mades better effect of intercalation.That is to say, intercalation effect will be more obvious along with the increaseof alkyl chains length, and the layer space will be wider, while shorter alkylchains, molecular chains grafted to GO will be more.
Innovative point of this paper is to find a surface modifier to intercalateGO, change polar of GO and reduce GO, the filler obtained by this methodcan disperse in polystyrene and form the network for electrical conductivity,and finaly, an excellent conductive nanocomposite with low content of fillerwill be obtained.
引文
[1] H. W. KROTO, J. R. HEATH, S. C. O'BRIEN, et al. C60: Buckminsterfullerene [J]. Nature,1985,318:162-163.
[2] Sumio Iijima. Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon [J]. Nature,1991,354:56-58.
[3] Geim AK, Novoselov KS. The rise of grapheme [J]. Nature Materials,2007,6:183-191.
[4] Fuzellier H, Melin J, Herold A. Conductibilité électrique des composés lamellairesgraphite–SbF5et graphite–SbCl5[J]. Carbon,1977,15:45.
[5] Thompson TE, Falardeau ER, Hanlon LR. The electrical conductivity and optical reflectanceof graphite–SbF5compounds [J]. Carbon,1977,15:39.
[6] Ubbelohde AR, Lewis LA. Graphite and its crystal compounds [M]. London: OxfordUniversity Press,1960.
[7] A. Krishnan, E. Dujardin, M. M. J. Treacy, et al. Graphitic cones and the nucleation of curvedcarbon surfaces [J]. Nature,1997,388:451-454.
[8] Ayato Nagashima, Kenji Nuka, Hiroshi Itoh, et al. Electronicstates ofmonolayergraphiteformed on TiC(111) surface [J]. Surface Science,1993,297:93-98.
[9] T.A. Land, T. Michely, R.J. Behm, et al. STM investigation of single layer graphite structuresproduced on Pt(111) by hydrocarbon decomposition [J]. Surface Science,1992,264:261-270.
[10] I. Forbeaux, J.-M. Themlin, J.-M. Debeve. Heteroepitaxial graphite on6H-SiC(0001):Interface formation through conduction-band electronic structure [J]. Phys. Rev. B,1998,58:16396–16406.
[11] Berger C, Song ZM, Li TB, et al. Ultrathin epitaxial graphite:2D electron gas properties anda route toward graphene-based nanoelectronics [J]. J Phys Chem B.,2004,108:19912–19916.
[12] Ohta T, Bostwick A, Seyller T, et al. Controlling the electronic structure of bilayer grapheme[J]. Science,2006,313:951-954.
[13] Berger Claire, Song Zhimin, Li Xuebin, et al. Electronic confinement and coherence inpatterned epitaxial grapheme [J]. Science,2006,312:1191-1196.
[14] Bolotin KI, Sikes KJ, Jiang Z, et al. Ultrahighelectronmobility in suspended grapheme [J].Solid State Commun,2008,351–355.
[15] Nair RR, Blake P, Grigorenko AN, et al. Fine Structure Constant Defines Visual Transparencyof Graphene [J]. Science,2008,320:1308.
[16] K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, et al. Electric Field Effect in Atomically ThinCarbon Films [J]. Science,2004,306:666–669.
[17] X. Du, I. Skachko, A. Barker, et al. Approaching ballistic transport in suspended grapheme[J]. Nature Nanotechnology,2008,3:491–495.
[18] Zhang YB, Tan YW, Stormer HL, et al. Experimental observation of the quantum Hall effectand Berry's phase in grapheme [J]. Nature,2005,438:201–204.
[19] K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, et al. Two-dimensional gas of massless Diracfermions in graphene[J]. Nature,2005,438:197-200.
[20] Novoselov K. S., Jiang Z., Zhang Y., et al. Room-temperature quantum hall effect ingrapheme [J]. Science,2007,315:1379–1379.
[21] Du Xu, Skachko Ivan, Duerr Fabian, et a;. Fractional quantum Hall effect and insulatingphase of Dirac electrons in grapheme [J], Nature,2009,462:192–195.
[22] Bae Sukang, Kim Hyeongkeun, Lee Youngbin, et al. Roll-to-roll production of30-inchgraphene films for transparent electrodes [J]. Nature Nanotechnology,2010,5:574-578.
[23] Trauzettel B, Bulaev DV, Loss D, et al. Spin qubits in graphene quantum dots [J]. NaturePhysics,2007,3:192–196.
[24] Kravets V. G., Grigorenko A. N., Nair R. R., et al. Spectroscopic ellipsometry of graphene andan exciton-shifted van Hove peak in absorption [J]. Phys. Rev. B,2010,81:155413-155418.
[25] Lee Changgu, Wei Xiaoding, Kysar Jeffrey W., et al. Measurement of the elastic propertiesand intrinsic strength of monolayer grapheme [J]. Science,2008,321:385-388
[26] Gao Yuanwen; Hao Peng. Mechanical properties of monolayer graphene under tensile andcompressive loading [J]. Physica E,2009,41:1561–1566.
[27] Hod Oded, Scuseria Gustavo E. Electromechanical Properties of Suspended GrapheneNanoribbons [J]. Nano Lett.,2009,9:2619-2622.
[28] Schniepp Hannes C., Kudin Konstantin N., Li Je-Luen, et al. Bending Properties of SingleFunctionalized Graphene Sheets Probed by Atomic Force Microscopy [J]. ACS Nano,2008,2:2577-2584.
[29] Kim P, Shi L, Majumdar A, et al. Thermal transport measurements of individual multiwallednanotubes [J]. Phys Rev Lett,2001,87:215502-215505.
[30] Pop E, Mann D, Wang Q, et al. Thermal conductance of an individual single-wall carbonnanotube above room temperature [J]. Nano Lett.,2005,6:696-100.
[31] Balandin Alexander A., Ghosh Suchismita, Bao Wenzhong, et al. Superior thermalconductivity of single-layer grapheme [J]. Nano Lett.,2008,8:902-907.
[32] Seol Jae Hun, Jo Insun, Moore Arden L., et al. Two-Dimensional Phonon Transport inSupported Graphene [J]. Science,2010,328:213–216.
[33] Kim Keun Soo, Zhao Yue, Jang Houk, et al. Large-scale pattern growth of graphene films forstretchable transparent electrodes [J]. Nature,2009,457:706–710.
[34] Li Xuesong, Cai Weiwei, An Jinho, et al. Large-Area Synthesis of High-Quality and UniformGraphene Films on Copper Foils [J]. Science,2009,324:1312–1314.
[35] Dong Xiaochen, Li Bing, Wei Ang, et al. One-step growth of graphene-carbon nanotubehybrid materials by chemical vapor deposition [J]. Carbon,2011,49:2944–2949.
[36] Wang Yu, Xu Xiangfan, Lu Jiong, et al. Toward High Throughput InterconvertibleGraphane-to-Graphene Growth and Patterning [J]. ACS Nano,2010,4:6146–6152.
[37] Berger C, Song ZM, Li TB, et al. Ultrathin epitaxial graphite:2D electron gas properties anda route toward graphene-based nanoelectronics [J]. J. Phys. Chem. B,2004,108:19912–19916.
[38] Emtsev Konstantin V., Bostwick Aaron, Horn Karsten, et al. Towards wafer-size graphenelayers by atmospheric pressure graphitization of silicon carbide [J]. Nat. Mater.,2009,8:203–207.
[39] Choucair Mohammad, Thordarson Pall, Stride John A. Gram-scale production of graphenebased on solvothermal synthesis and sonication [J]. Nat. Nanotechnol.,2009,4:30–33
[40] Yan Xin, Cui Xiao, Li Liang-shi. Synthesis of Large, Stable Colloidal Graphene QuantumDots with Tunable Size [J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc.,2010,132:5944–5945.
[41] Boehm Hanns-Peter, Stumpp Eberhard. Citation errors concerning the first report onexfoliated graphite [J]. Carbon,2007,45:1381–1383.
[42] Malik Sharali, Vijayaraghavan Aravind, Erni Rolf. High purity graphenes prepared by achemical intercalation method [J]. Nanoscale,2010,2:2139–2143.
[43] Weller TE, Ellerby M, Saxena SS, et al. Superconductivity in the intercalated graphitecompounds C(6)Yb and C(6)Ca [J]. Nat. Phys.,2005,1:39–41.
[44] Lotya Mustafa, Hernandez Yenny, King Paul J., et al. Liquid Phase Production of Grapheneby Exfoliation of Graphite in Surfactant/Water Solutions [J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc.,2009,131:3611–3620.
[45] Hernandez Yenny, Nicolosi Valeria, Lotya Mustafa, et al. High-yield production of grapheneby liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite [J]. Nat. Nanotechnol.,2008,3:563–568.
[46] Li Dan, Mueller Marc B., Gilje Scott, et al. Processable aqueous dispersions of graphenenanosheets [J]. Nat. Nanotechnol.,2008,3,101–105.
[47] He Qiyuan, Sudibya Herry Gunadi, Yin Zongyou, et al. Centimeter-Long and Large-ScaleMicropatterns of Reduced Graphene Oxide Films: Fabrication and Sensing Applications [J].ACS Nano,2010,4:3201–3208.
[48] Li Bing, Cao Xiehong, Ong Hock Guan, et al. All-Carbon Electronic Devices Fabricated byDirectly Grown Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Reduced Graphene Oxide Electrodes[J]. Adv. Mater.,2010,22:3058–3061.
[49] Moon In Kyu, Lee Junghyun, Ruoff Rodney S., et al. Reduced graphene oxide by chemicalgraphitization [J]. Nat. Commun.,2010,1:73.
[50] Williams Graeme, Seger Brian, Kamat Prashant V. TiO(2)-graphene nanocomposites.UV-assisted photocatalytic reduction of graphene oxide [J]. ACS Nano,2008,2:1487–1491.
[51] Huang Xiao, Zhou Xiaozhu, Wu Shixin, et al. Reduced Graphene Oxide-TemplatedPhotochemical Synthesis and in situ Assembly of Au Nanodots to Orderly Patterned AuNanodot Chains [J]. Small,2010,6:513–516.
[52] Matsumoto Yasumichi, Koinuma Michio, Kim Su Yeon, et al. Simple Photoreduction ofGraphene Oxide Nanosheet under Mild Conditions [J]. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces,2010,2:3461–3466.
[53] Ng Yun Hau, Iwase Akihide, Kudo Akihiko, et al. Reducing Graphene Oxide on aVisible-Light BiVO(4) Photocatalyst for an Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting[J]. J. Phys. Chem. Lett.,2010,1:2607–2612.
[54] McAllister Michael J., Li Je-Luen, Adamson Douglas H, et al. Single sheet functionalizedgraphene by oxidation and thermal expansion of graphite [J]. Chem. Mater.,2007,19:4396–4404.
[55] Mattevi Cecilia, Eda Goki, Agnoli Stefano, et al. Evolution of Electrical, Chemical, andStructural Properties of Transparent and Conducting Chemically Derived Graphene ThinFilms [J]. Adv. Funct. Mater.,2009,19:2577–2583.
[56] Lin Ziyin, Yao Yagang, Li Zhuo, et al. Solvent-Assisted Thermal Reduction of GraphiteOxide [J]. J. Phys. Chem. C,2010,114:14819–14825.
[57] Mao Shun, Lu Ganhua, Yu Kehan, et al. Specific Protein Detection Using Thermally ReducedGraphene Oxide Sheet Decorated with Gold Nanoparticle-Antibody Conjugates [J]. Adv.Mater.,2010,22:3521–3526.
[58] Abdelsayed Victor, Moussa Sherif, Hassan Hassan M, et al. Photothermal Deoxygenation ofGraphite Oxide with Laser Excitation in Solution and Graphene-Aided Increase in WaterTemperature [J]. J. Phys. Chem. Lett.,2010,1:2804–2809.
[59] Cote Laura J., Cruz-Silva Rodolfo, Huang Jiaxing. Flash Reduction and Patterning ofGraphite Oxide and Its Polymer Composite [J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc.,2009,131:11027–11032.
[60] Vinodgopal K., Neppolian B., Lightcap Ian V., et al. Sonolytic Design of Graphene-AuNanocomposites. Simultaneous and Sequential Reduction of Graphene Oxide and Au(III)[J].J. Phys. Chem. Lett.,2010,1:1987–1993.
[61] Hassan M. A. Hassan, Abdelsayed Victor, Khder Abd El Rahman S., et al. Microwavesynthesis of graphene sheets supporting metal nanocrystals in aqueous and organic media [J].J. Mater. Chem.,2009,19:3832–3837.
[62] Wang Z, Zhou X, Zhang J, et al. Direct Electrochemical Reduction of Single-Layer GrapheneOxide and Subsequent Functionalization with Glucose Oxidase [J]. The Journal of PhysicalChemistry C,2009,113:14071-14075.
[63] Salas Everett C., Sun Zhengzong, Luttge Andreas, et al. Reduction of Graphene Oxide viaBacterial Respiration [J]. ACS Nano,2010,4:4852–4856.
[64] Pei Songfeng, Zhao Jinping, Du Jinhong, et al. Direct reduction of graphene oxide films intohighly conductive and flexible graphene films by hydrohalic acids [J]. Carbon,2010,48:4466–4474.
[65] Eda Goki, Lin Yun-Yue, Mattevi Cecilia, et al. Blue Photoluminescence from ChemicallyDerived Graphene Oxide [J]. Adv. Mater.,2010,22:505–509.
[66] Yan Xin, Li Binsong, Cui Xiao, et al. Independent Tuning of the Band Gap and RedoxPotential of Graphene Quantum Dots [J]. J. Phys. Chem. Lett.,2011,2:1119–1124.
[67] Kuila Tapas, Bose Saswata, Hong Chang Eu, et al. Preparation of functionalizedgraphene/linear low density polyethylene composites by a solution mixing method [J].Carbon2011,49:1033-1037.
[68] Dreyer, D. R., Park, S., Bielawski, C. W., et al. The chemistry of graphene oxide [J].Chemical Society Reviews,2010,39:228-240.
[69] Allen MJ, Tung VC, Kaner RB, et al. Honeycomb Carbon: A review of grapheme [J]. ChemRev,2009,110:132-145.
[70] Tang XZ, Li W, Yu ZZ, et al. Enhanced thermal stability in graphene oxide covalentlyfunctionalized with2-amino-4,6-didodecylamino-1,3,5–triazine [J]. Carbon,2011,49:1258-1265.
[71] Stankovich S, Piner RD, Nguyen ST, et al. Synthesis and exfoliation of isocyanate-treatedgraphene oxide nanoplatelets [J]. Carbon,2006,44:3342-3347.
[72] Paredes J. I., Villar-Rodil S., Martinez-Alonso A, et al. Graphene oxide dispersions in organicsolvents [J]. Langmuir2008,24:10560-10564.
[73] Zhu CZ, Guo SJ, Fang YX, et al. Reducing sugar: New functional molecules for the greensynthesis of graphene nanosheets [J]. ACS Nano,2010,4:2429-2437.
[74] Kang SM, Park S, Kim D, et al. Simultaneous reduction and surface functionalization ofgraphene oxide by mussel-inspired chemistry [J]. Adv Funct Mater,2011,21:108-112.
[75] Shen XP, Jiang L, Ji ZY, et al. Stable aqueous dispersions of graphene prepared withhexamethylenetetramine as a reductant [J]. J Colloid Interf Sci,2011,354:493-497.
[76] Rao CNR, Sood AK, Subrahmanyam KS, et al. Graphene: The new two-dimensionalnanomaterial [J]. Angew Chem Int Ed,2009,48:7752-7777.
[77] Zhang HB, Wang JW, Yan Q, et al. Vacuum-assisted synthesis of graphene from thermalexfoliation and reduction of graphite oxide [J]. J Mater Chem,2011,21:5392-5397.
[78] Kotov NA, Dékány I, Fendler JH, et al. Ultrathin graphite oxide–polyelectrolyte compositesprepared by self-assembly: Transition between conductive and non-conductive states [J]. AdvMater,1996,8:637-641.
[79] Wang Hailiang, Robinson Joshua Tucker, Li Xiaolin, et al. Solvothermal Reduction ofChemically Exfoliated Graphene Sheets [J]. J Am Chem Soc,2009,131:9910–9911.
[80] Dubin S, Gilje S, Wang K, et al. A One-Step, Solvothermal Reduction Method for ProducingReduced Graphene Oxide Dispersions in Organic Solvents [J]. Acs Nano,2010,4:3845-3852.
[81] Williams G, Seger B, Kamat PV. TiO2-Graphene Nanocomposites. UV-AssistedPhotocatalytic Reduction of Graphene Oxide [J]. Acs Nano,2008,2:1487-1491.
[82] An SJ, Zhu Y, Lee SH, et al. Thin Film Fabrication and Simultaneous Anodic Reduction ofDeposited Graphene Oxide Platelets by Electrophoretic Deposition [J]. The Journal ofPhysical Chemistry Letters,2010,1:1259-1263.
[83] Lin ZY, Liu Y, Wong CP. Facile fabrication of superhydrophobicoctadecylamine-functionalized graphite oxide film [J]. Langmuir,2010,26:16110-16114.
[84] Bourlinos AB, Gournis D, Petridis D, et al. Graphite oxide: Chemical reduction to graphiteand surface modification with primary aliphatic amines and amino acids [J]. Langmuir,2003,19:6050-6055.
[85] Niyogi S, Bekyarova E, Haddon RC, et al. Solution properties of graphite and graphene. J AmChem Soc,2006,128:7720-7721.
[86] Wang GX, Shen XP, Wang B, et al. Synthesis and characterisation of hydrophilic andorganophilic graphene nanosheets [J]. Carbon,2009,47:1359-1364.
[87] Cao YW, Feng JC, Wu PY. Alkyl-functionalized graphene nanosheets with improvedlipophilicity [J]. Carbon,2010,48:1683-1685.
[88] Chao Xu, Xin Wang, Junwu Zhu, et al. Graphene-Metal Particle Nanocomposites [J], Phys.Chem. C,2008,112:19841-19845.
[89] Stankovich, S., Dikin, D. A., Dommett, et al. Graphene-based composite materials[J]. Nature,2006,442:282-286.
[90] Jiajie Liang, Yanfei Xu, Yi Huang, et al. Infrared-triggered actuators from graphene-basednanocomposites [J]. J Phys Chem C,2009,113:9921-9927.
[91] Salavagione Horacio J., Gomez Marian A., Martinez Gerardo. Polymeric modification ofgraphene through esterification of graphite oxide and poly (vinyl alcohol)[J].Macromolecules,2009,42:6331-6334.
[92] Kim Hyunwoo, Macosko Christopher W. Morphology and properties of polyester/exfoliatedgraphite nanocomposites [J]. Macromolecules,2008,41:3317-3327.
[93] Huang Yingjuan, Qin Yawei, Zhou Yong, et al. Polypropylene/graphene oxidenanocomposites prepared by in situ Ziegler–Natta polymerization [J]. Chem Mater,2010,22:4096-4102.
[2] Sumio Iijima. Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon [J]. Nature,1991,354:56-58.
[3] Geim AK, Novoselov KS. The rise of grapheme [J]. Nature Materials,2007,6:183-191.
[4] Fuzellier H, Melin J, Herold A. Conductibilité électrique des composés lamellairesgraphite–SbF5et graphite–SbCl5[J]. Carbon,1977,15:45.
[5] Thompson TE, Falardeau ER, Hanlon LR. The electrical conductivity and optical reflectanceof graphite–SbF5compounds [J]. Carbon,1977,15:39.
[6] Ubbelohde AR, Lewis LA. Graphite and its crystal compounds [M]. London: OxfordUniversity Press,1960.
[7] A. Krishnan, E. Dujardin, M. M. J. Treacy, et al. Graphitic cones and the nucleation of curvedcarbon surfaces [J]. Nature,1997,388:451-454.
[8] Ayato Nagashima, Kenji Nuka, Hiroshi Itoh, et al. Electronicstates ofmonolayergraphiteformed on TiC(111) surface [J]. Surface Science,1993,297:93-98.
[9] T.A. Land, T. Michely, R.J. Behm, et al. STM investigation of single layer graphite structuresproduced on Pt(111) by hydrocarbon decomposition [J]. Surface Science,1992,264:261-270.
[10] I. Forbeaux, J.-M. Themlin, J.-M. Debeve. Heteroepitaxial graphite on6H-SiC(0001):Interface formation through conduction-band electronic structure [J]. Phys. Rev. B,1998,58:16396–16406.
[11] Berger C, Song ZM, Li TB, et al. Ultrathin epitaxial graphite:2D electron gas properties anda route toward graphene-based nanoelectronics [J]. J Phys Chem B.,2004,108:19912–19916.
[12] Ohta T, Bostwick A, Seyller T, et al. Controlling the electronic structure of bilayer grapheme[J]. Science,2006,313:951-954.
[13] Berger Claire, Song Zhimin, Li Xuebin, et al. Electronic confinement and coherence inpatterned epitaxial grapheme [J]. Science,2006,312:1191-1196.
[14] Bolotin KI, Sikes KJ, Jiang Z, et al. Ultrahighelectronmobility in suspended grapheme [J].Solid State Commun,2008,351–355.
[15] Nair RR, Blake P, Grigorenko AN, et al. Fine Structure Constant Defines Visual Transparencyof Graphene [J]. Science,2008,320:1308.
[16] K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, et al. Electric Field Effect in Atomically ThinCarbon Films [J]. Science,2004,306:666–669.
[17] X. Du, I. Skachko, A. Barker, et al. Approaching ballistic transport in suspended grapheme[J]. Nature Nanotechnology,2008,3:491–495.
[18] Zhang YB, Tan YW, Stormer HL, et al. Experimental observation of the quantum Hall effectand Berry's phase in grapheme [J]. Nature,2005,438:201–204.
[19] K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, et al. Two-dimensional gas of massless Diracfermions in graphene[J]. Nature,2005,438:197-200.
[20] Novoselov K. S., Jiang Z., Zhang Y., et al. Room-temperature quantum hall effect ingrapheme [J]. Science,2007,315:1379–1379.
[21] Du Xu, Skachko Ivan, Duerr Fabian, et a;. Fractional quantum Hall effect and insulatingphase of Dirac electrons in grapheme [J], Nature,2009,462:192–195.
[22] Bae Sukang, Kim Hyeongkeun, Lee Youngbin, et al. Roll-to-roll production of30-inchgraphene films for transparent electrodes [J]. Nature Nanotechnology,2010,5:574-578.
[23] Trauzettel B, Bulaev DV, Loss D, et al. Spin qubits in graphene quantum dots [J]. NaturePhysics,2007,3:192–196.
[24] Kravets V. G., Grigorenko A. N., Nair R. R., et al. Spectroscopic ellipsometry of graphene andan exciton-shifted van Hove peak in absorption [J]. Phys. Rev. B,2010,81:155413-155418.
[25] Lee Changgu, Wei Xiaoding, Kysar Jeffrey W., et al. Measurement of the elastic propertiesand intrinsic strength of monolayer grapheme [J]. Science,2008,321:385-388
[26] Gao Yuanwen; Hao Peng. Mechanical properties of monolayer graphene under tensile andcompressive loading [J]. Physica E,2009,41:1561–1566.
[27] Hod Oded, Scuseria Gustavo E. Electromechanical Properties of Suspended GrapheneNanoribbons [J]. Nano Lett.,2009,9:2619-2622.
[28] Schniepp Hannes C., Kudin Konstantin N., Li Je-Luen, et al. Bending Properties of SingleFunctionalized Graphene Sheets Probed by Atomic Force Microscopy [J]. ACS Nano,2008,2:2577-2584.
[29] Kim P, Shi L, Majumdar A, et al. Thermal transport measurements of individual multiwallednanotubes [J]. Phys Rev Lett,2001,87:215502-215505.
[30] Pop E, Mann D, Wang Q, et al. Thermal conductance of an individual single-wall carbonnanotube above room temperature [J]. Nano Lett.,2005,6:696-100.
[31] Balandin Alexander A., Ghosh Suchismita, Bao Wenzhong, et al. Superior thermalconductivity of single-layer grapheme [J]. Nano Lett.,2008,8:902-907.
[32] Seol Jae Hun, Jo Insun, Moore Arden L., et al. Two-Dimensional Phonon Transport inSupported Graphene [J]. Science,2010,328:213–216.
[33] Kim Keun Soo, Zhao Yue, Jang Houk, et al. Large-scale pattern growth of graphene films forstretchable transparent electrodes [J]. Nature,2009,457:706–710.
[34] Li Xuesong, Cai Weiwei, An Jinho, et al. Large-Area Synthesis of High-Quality and UniformGraphene Films on Copper Foils [J]. Science,2009,324:1312–1314.
[35] Dong Xiaochen, Li Bing, Wei Ang, et al. One-step growth of graphene-carbon nanotubehybrid materials by chemical vapor deposition [J]. Carbon,2011,49:2944–2949.
[36] Wang Yu, Xu Xiangfan, Lu Jiong, et al. Toward High Throughput InterconvertibleGraphane-to-Graphene Growth and Patterning [J]. ACS Nano,2010,4:6146–6152.
[37] Berger C, Song ZM, Li TB, et al. Ultrathin epitaxial graphite:2D electron gas properties anda route toward graphene-based nanoelectronics [J]. J. Phys. Chem. B,2004,108:19912–19916.
[38] Emtsev Konstantin V., Bostwick Aaron, Horn Karsten, et al. Towards wafer-size graphenelayers by atmospheric pressure graphitization of silicon carbide [J]. Nat. Mater.,2009,8:203–207.
[39] Choucair Mohammad, Thordarson Pall, Stride John A. Gram-scale production of graphenebased on solvothermal synthesis and sonication [J]. Nat. Nanotechnol.,2009,4:30–33
[40] Yan Xin, Cui Xiao, Li Liang-shi. Synthesis of Large, Stable Colloidal Graphene QuantumDots with Tunable Size [J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc.,2010,132:5944–5945.
[41] Boehm Hanns-Peter, Stumpp Eberhard. Citation errors concerning the first report onexfoliated graphite [J]. Carbon,2007,45:1381–1383.
[42] Malik Sharali, Vijayaraghavan Aravind, Erni Rolf. High purity graphenes prepared by achemical intercalation method [J]. Nanoscale,2010,2:2139–2143.
[43] Weller TE, Ellerby M, Saxena SS, et al. Superconductivity in the intercalated graphitecompounds C(6)Yb and C(6)Ca [J]. Nat. Phys.,2005,1:39–41.
[44] Lotya Mustafa, Hernandez Yenny, King Paul J., et al. Liquid Phase Production of Grapheneby Exfoliation of Graphite in Surfactant/Water Solutions [J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc.,2009,131:3611–3620.
[45] Hernandez Yenny, Nicolosi Valeria, Lotya Mustafa, et al. High-yield production of grapheneby liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite [J]. Nat. Nanotechnol.,2008,3:563–568.
[46] Li Dan, Mueller Marc B., Gilje Scott, et al. Processable aqueous dispersions of graphenenanosheets [J]. Nat. Nanotechnol.,2008,3,101–105.
[47] He Qiyuan, Sudibya Herry Gunadi, Yin Zongyou, et al. Centimeter-Long and Large-ScaleMicropatterns of Reduced Graphene Oxide Films: Fabrication and Sensing Applications [J].ACS Nano,2010,4:3201–3208.
[48] Li Bing, Cao Xiehong, Ong Hock Guan, et al. All-Carbon Electronic Devices Fabricated byDirectly Grown Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Reduced Graphene Oxide Electrodes[J]. Adv. Mater.,2010,22:3058–3061.
[49] Moon In Kyu, Lee Junghyun, Ruoff Rodney S., et al. Reduced graphene oxide by chemicalgraphitization [J]. Nat. Commun.,2010,1:73.
[50] Williams Graeme, Seger Brian, Kamat Prashant V. TiO(2)-graphene nanocomposites.UV-assisted photocatalytic reduction of graphene oxide [J]. ACS Nano,2008,2:1487–1491.
[51] Huang Xiao, Zhou Xiaozhu, Wu Shixin, et al. Reduced Graphene Oxide-TemplatedPhotochemical Synthesis and in situ Assembly of Au Nanodots to Orderly Patterned AuNanodot Chains [J]. Small,2010,6:513–516.
[52] Matsumoto Yasumichi, Koinuma Michio, Kim Su Yeon, et al. Simple Photoreduction ofGraphene Oxide Nanosheet under Mild Conditions [J]. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces,2010,2:3461–3466.
[53] Ng Yun Hau, Iwase Akihide, Kudo Akihiko, et al. Reducing Graphene Oxide on aVisible-Light BiVO(4) Photocatalyst for an Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting[J]. J. Phys. Chem. Lett.,2010,1:2607–2612.
[54] McAllister Michael J., Li Je-Luen, Adamson Douglas H, et al. Single sheet functionalizedgraphene by oxidation and thermal expansion of graphite [J]. Chem. Mater.,2007,19:4396–4404.
[55] Mattevi Cecilia, Eda Goki, Agnoli Stefano, et al. Evolution of Electrical, Chemical, andStructural Properties of Transparent and Conducting Chemically Derived Graphene ThinFilms [J]. Adv. Funct. Mater.,2009,19:2577–2583.
[56] Lin Ziyin, Yao Yagang, Li Zhuo, et al. Solvent-Assisted Thermal Reduction of GraphiteOxide [J]. J. Phys. Chem. C,2010,114:14819–14825.
[57] Mao Shun, Lu Ganhua, Yu Kehan, et al. Specific Protein Detection Using Thermally ReducedGraphene Oxide Sheet Decorated with Gold Nanoparticle-Antibody Conjugates [J]. Adv.Mater.,2010,22:3521–3526.
[58] Abdelsayed Victor, Moussa Sherif, Hassan Hassan M, et al. Photothermal Deoxygenation ofGraphite Oxide with Laser Excitation in Solution and Graphene-Aided Increase in WaterTemperature [J]. J. Phys. Chem. Lett.,2010,1:2804–2809.
[59] Cote Laura J., Cruz-Silva Rodolfo, Huang Jiaxing. Flash Reduction and Patterning ofGraphite Oxide and Its Polymer Composite [J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc.,2009,131:11027–11032.
[60] Vinodgopal K., Neppolian B., Lightcap Ian V., et al. Sonolytic Design of Graphene-AuNanocomposites. Simultaneous and Sequential Reduction of Graphene Oxide and Au(III)[J].J. Phys. Chem. Lett.,2010,1:1987–1993.
[61] Hassan M. A. Hassan, Abdelsayed Victor, Khder Abd El Rahman S., et al. Microwavesynthesis of graphene sheets supporting metal nanocrystals in aqueous and organic media [J].J. Mater. Chem.,2009,19:3832–3837.
[62] Wang Z, Zhou X, Zhang J, et al. Direct Electrochemical Reduction of Single-Layer GrapheneOxide and Subsequent Functionalization with Glucose Oxidase [J]. The Journal of PhysicalChemistry C,2009,113:14071-14075.
[63] Salas Everett C., Sun Zhengzong, Luttge Andreas, et al. Reduction of Graphene Oxide viaBacterial Respiration [J]. ACS Nano,2010,4:4852–4856.
[64] Pei Songfeng, Zhao Jinping, Du Jinhong, et al. Direct reduction of graphene oxide films intohighly conductive and flexible graphene films by hydrohalic acids [J]. Carbon,2010,48:4466–4474.
[65] Eda Goki, Lin Yun-Yue, Mattevi Cecilia, et al. Blue Photoluminescence from ChemicallyDerived Graphene Oxide [J]. Adv. Mater.,2010,22:505–509.
[66] Yan Xin, Li Binsong, Cui Xiao, et al. Independent Tuning of the Band Gap and RedoxPotential of Graphene Quantum Dots [J]. J. Phys. Chem. Lett.,2011,2:1119–1124.
[67] Kuila Tapas, Bose Saswata, Hong Chang Eu, et al. Preparation of functionalizedgraphene/linear low density polyethylene composites by a solution mixing method [J].Carbon2011,49:1033-1037.
[68] Dreyer, D. R., Park, S., Bielawski, C. W., et al. The chemistry of graphene oxide [J].Chemical Society Reviews,2010,39:228-240.
[69] Allen MJ, Tung VC, Kaner RB, et al. Honeycomb Carbon: A review of grapheme [J]. ChemRev,2009,110:132-145.
[70] Tang XZ, Li W, Yu ZZ, et al. Enhanced thermal stability in graphene oxide covalentlyfunctionalized with2-amino-4,6-didodecylamino-1,3,5–triazine [J]. Carbon,2011,49:1258-1265.
[71] Stankovich S, Piner RD, Nguyen ST, et al. Synthesis and exfoliation of isocyanate-treatedgraphene oxide nanoplatelets [J]. Carbon,2006,44:3342-3347.
[72] Paredes J. I., Villar-Rodil S., Martinez-Alonso A, et al. Graphene oxide dispersions in organicsolvents [J]. Langmuir2008,24:10560-10564.
[73] Zhu CZ, Guo SJ, Fang YX, et al. Reducing sugar: New functional molecules for the greensynthesis of graphene nanosheets [J]. ACS Nano,2010,4:2429-2437.
[74] Kang SM, Park S, Kim D, et al. Simultaneous reduction and surface functionalization ofgraphene oxide by mussel-inspired chemistry [J]. Adv Funct Mater,2011,21:108-112.
[75] Shen XP, Jiang L, Ji ZY, et al. Stable aqueous dispersions of graphene prepared withhexamethylenetetramine as a reductant [J]. J Colloid Interf Sci,2011,354:493-497.
[76] Rao CNR, Sood AK, Subrahmanyam KS, et al. Graphene: The new two-dimensionalnanomaterial [J]. Angew Chem Int Ed,2009,48:7752-7777.
[77] Zhang HB, Wang JW, Yan Q, et al. Vacuum-assisted synthesis of graphene from thermalexfoliation and reduction of graphite oxide [J]. J Mater Chem,2011,21:5392-5397.
[78] Kotov NA, Dékány I, Fendler JH, et al. Ultrathin graphite oxide–polyelectrolyte compositesprepared by self-assembly: Transition between conductive and non-conductive states [J]. AdvMater,1996,8:637-641.
[79] Wang Hailiang, Robinson Joshua Tucker, Li Xiaolin, et al. Solvothermal Reduction ofChemically Exfoliated Graphene Sheets [J]. J Am Chem Soc,2009,131:9910–9911.
[80] Dubin S, Gilje S, Wang K, et al. A One-Step, Solvothermal Reduction Method for ProducingReduced Graphene Oxide Dispersions in Organic Solvents [J]. Acs Nano,2010,4:3845-3852.
[81] Williams G, Seger B, Kamat PV. TiO2-Graphene Nanocomposites. UV-AssistedPhotocatalytic Reduction of Graphene Oxide [J]. Acs Nano,2008,2:1487-1491.
[82] An SJ, Zhu Y, Lee SH, et al. Thin Film Fabrication and Simultaneous Anodic Reduction ofDeposited Graphene Oxide Platelets by Electrophoretic Deposition [J]. The Journal ofPhysical Chemistry Letters,2010,1:1259-1263.
[83] Lin ZY, Liu Y, Wong CP. Facile fabrication of superhydrophobicoctadecylamine-functionalized graphite oxide film [J]. Langmuir,2010,26:16110-16114.
[84] Bourlinos AB, Gournis D, Petridis D, et al. Graphite oxide: Chemical reduction to graphiteand surface modification with primary aliphatic amines and amino acids [J]. Langmuir,2003,19:6050-6055.
[85] Niyogi S, Bekyarova E, Haddon RC, et al. Solution properties of graphite and graphene. J AmChem Soc,2006,128:7720-7721.
[86] Wang GX, Shen XP, Wang B, et al. Synthesis and characterisation of hydrophilic andorganophilic graphene nanosheets [J]. Carbon,2009,47:1359-1364.
[87] Cao YW, Feng JC, Wu PY. Alkyl-functionalized graphene nanosheets with improvedlipophilicity [J]. Carbon,2010,48:1683-1685.
[88] Chao Xu, Xin Wang, Junwu Zhu, et al. Graphene-Metal Particle Nanocomposites [J], Phys.Chem. C,2008,112:19841-19845.
[89] Stankovich, S., Dikin, D. A., Dommett, et al. Graphene-based composite materials[J]. Nature,2006,442:282-286.
[90] Jiajie Liang, Yanfei Xu, Yi Huang, et al. Infrared-triggered actuators from graphene-basednanocomposites [J]. J Phys Chem C,2009,113:9921-9927.
[91] Salavagione Horacio J., Gomez Marian A., Martinez Gerardo. Polymeric modification ofgraphene through esterification of graphite oxide and poly (vinyl alcohol)[J].Macromolecules,2009,42:6331-6334.
[92] Kim Hyunwoo, Macosko Christopher W. Morphology and properties of polyester/exfoliatedgraphite nanocomposites [J]. Macromolecules,2008,41:3317-3327.
[93] Huang Yingjuan, Qin Yawei, Zhou Yong, et al. Polypropylene/graphene oxidenanocomposites prepared by in situ Ziegler–Natta polymerization [J]. Chem Mater,2010,22:4096-4102.