基于OpenGL的虚拟林场漫游及实现
摘要
地理信息技术发展到现在,已经应用到了各行各业。随着二维GIS的技术的不断成熟,各行业的应用也趋于稳定,基于二维GIS的三维地理信息技术开始在全国各个行业中迅速的发展起来。地理信息技术从二维,到二点五维,再到三维的一个过渡的时代已经来临。从现在的形式不难看出,将来的几年将是三维地理信息技术成熟的关键时刻。本文着重介绍地理信息技术在林业上的应用,利用三维地理信息技术来构建三维虚拟林相。实现三维林场的显示、漫游、和缩放功能。在吸取三维计算机图形学、计算几何、科学计算可视化、虚拟现实、计算机网络的先进理论和技术成果的基础上,围绕地形三维可视化及其实时绘制技术中的数字地形模型、三维真实感地形生成、分形地形模拟、地形简化和多分辨率表达等技术,本文针对当前三维可视化及其实时绘制技术的研究现状对基于网络的三维地形可视化等核心技术内容进行讨论与研究,目标是建立林场三维可视化及其实时绘制技术在现有相关学科技术成果上实现的基本理论和技术框架。
本研究以上甘岭林场为试验区,基础数据采用矢量化的等高线数据,利用ArcMap软件进行插值,栅格化,DEM提取等过程来提取地形数据。结合十一种假设的树木模型和一个设定的针叶树树线高度来控制模型的生成,使得模型更加合理。在方法上,借鉴前人的加载方法,在地形数据的格式上采用独有的Raw格式数据作为高程数据,树木的大小和位置采用随机算法,在高度高于拟定值2/3*H(H为最大程)的时候强制将随机纹理设定为针叶树纹理。完成后的模型运行结果和现实效果表明,本研究所采用的方法合理,有效地减少了地形加载的时间,现实效果上也比较贴近现实,代码实现了可移植性,达到了预期的目标。
Geographic technology has been used on series of fields. The methods are becoming stable as mellowing of the 2-Demension GIS.3-Demension technology based on 2D GIS is spreading to every corner. The transitionary period of Geographic technology has airmailing after the 2-Demension and 2.5-Demension period. We can speculate that there is a crucial moment in several years from the situation now. In this thesis, the emphasis is giving an application of 3D GIS in the field of forestry, Building a roaming 3D model of forestry. The program can realize the function of displaying roaming and zooming in and out. Aiming at the present situation of 3D realizing technology, after absorbing the computer graph technology, compute geometry technology, visual realization technology computer network technology the thesis's aim is to build a frame of 3D Forestry model, using the technology in my project. Besides, in this thesis we deeply probe the technology of Real-time building model, truth virtual building model, branching model, simplifying of the code and the expression of multi resolution.
This paper uses ShangGanling Forest Farm as the search area and the contour as the base data. In the paper I realized the interpolation rasterization and DEM Extracting via the software ArcMap. The terrain was built by the DEM and the assumptions trees and on the top of the mountain the tree style was defined as the conifer. Then the model seems reasonable. There have three methods to make the model difference to the others. First, I use the Raw data as the base DEM. Second, the size, location and the styles of the tree are random. The result the model seems that the methods I used in the research was reasonable. It reached the level of the aim and the effect closed to the reality. By using these methods the time loading the DEM was reduced. By the same the code can be used in any project which has the function in the research.
本研究以上甘岭林场为试验区,基础数据采用矢量化的等高线数据,利用ArcMap软件进行插值,栅格化,DEM提取等过程来提取地形数据。结合十一种假设的树木模型和一个设定的针叶树树线高度来控制模型的生成,使得模型更加合理。在方法上,借鉴前人的加载方法,在地形数据的格式上采用独有的Raw格式数据作为高程数据,树木的大小和位置采用随机算法,在高度高于拟定值2/3*H(H为最大程)的时候强制将随机纹理设定为针叶树纹理。完成后的模型运行结果和现实效果表明,本研究所采用的方法合理,有效地减少了地形加载的时间,现实效果上也比较贴近现实,代码实现了可移植性,达到了预期的目标。
Geographic technology has been used on series of fields. The methods are becoming stable as mellowing of the 2-Demension GIS.3-Demension technology based on 2D GIS is spreading to every corner. The transitionary period of Geographic technology has airmailing after the 2-Demension and 2.5-Demension period. We can speculate that there is a crucial moment in several years from the situation now. In this thesis, the emphasis is giving an application of 3D GIS in the field of forestry, Building a roaming 3D model of forestry. The program can realize the function of displaying roaming and zooming in and out. Aiming at the present situation of 3D realizing technology, after absorbing the computer graph technology, compute geometry technology, visual realization technology computer network technology the thesis's aim is to build a frame of 3D Forestry model, using the technology in my project. Besides, in this thesis we deeply probe the technology of Real-time building model, truth virtual building model, branching model, simplifying of the code and the expression of multi resolution.
This paper uses ShangGanling Forest Farm as the search area and the contour as the base data. In the paper I realized the interpolation rasterization and DEM Extracting via the software ArcMap. The terrain was built by the DEM and the assumptions trees and on the top of the mountain the tree style was defined as the conifer. Then the model seems reasonable. There have three methods to make the model difference to the others. First, I use the Raw data as the base DEM. Second, the size, location and the styles of the tree are random. The result the model seems that the methods I used in the research was reasonable. It reached the level of the aim and the effect closed to the reality. By using these methods the time loading the DEM was reduced. By the same the code can be used in any project which has the function in the research.
引文
[1]龚建华.地学三维可视化.北京：地球信息科学,1996,12(2)：34-35
[2]Ryad Chellali,Nicolas Mollet,Cedric Dumas and Geoffrey Subileau.Virtual desk for collaborative,tele-operated and tele-learning system with real devices. International Conference on E-learning and Games, Edutainment,2008,6(3):25-27
[3]李增元,张怀清,陆元昌.数字林业建设与发展.中国农业科技导报,2003,02：1-2
[4]住房和城乡建设部.第五届中国数字城市建设技术研讨会暨设备博览会论文集.北京[出版社不详],2010
[5]何建邦,钟耳顺.论地理信息系统及其在地理学中的地位.地理学报,1993,01(01)：1-2
[6]刘先林.住房和城乡建设部.第五届中国数字城市建设技术研讨会暨设备博览会论文集.北京[出版社不详],2010
[7]王家耀.住房和城乡建设部.第五届中国数字城市建设技术研讨会暨设备博览会论文集北京[出版社不详],2010
[8]罗显刚.数字地球三维空间信息服务关键技术研究, 北京：中国地质大学,2010
[9]邬伦,刘瑜,张晶,马修军,韦中亚,田原.地理信息系统--原理、方法和应用.科学出版社,199-200
[10]彭仪普.地形三维可视化及其实时绘制技术,西南交通大学,2002
[11]刘勇奎,沈红等.一个有效的沿三维直线的提速遍历整数算法.计算机学报,2002,25(11)：1257-1262
[12]吴晓军,刘伟军,王天然.基于三维体素模型的功能梯度材料信息建模.计算机集成制造系统-CIMS,2004,10(3):270-275
[13]黄绍辉,王博亮.基于表面与基于体素的医学图像三维重建方法研究.厦门大学学报：自然科学版,2002,41(6)：744-746
[14]Hugues Hoppe.Efficient implementation of progressive meshes. Technical Report,1998
[15]Peter Lindstrom,David Koller,William RibarskyLindstrom. Real-time Generation of Continuous Levels of Detail for Height Fields. Computer graphics and interactive techniques,1996
[16]Peter Lindstrom,Valerio Pascucci. Visualization of Large Terrains Made Easy. Proceedings of the conference on Visualization'01,2001
[17]Mark Duchaineau,Murray Wolinsky,David E. Sigeti, Mark C. Miller,Charles Aldrich, Mark B. Mineev-Weinstein. Real-time Optimally Adapting Meshes. Proceedings of the 8th conference on Visualization,1997
[18]冯杰.大型三维网格模型的简化及基于视点的LOD控制.北京大学信息科学技术学 院,2005：27-28
[19]Samet, H. The Quadtree and Related Hierarchical Data Structures. ACM Corn-putting Surveys,1984,16(2):187-260
[20]赵波,边馥苓.边面向移动GIS的动态四叉树空间索引算法.计算机工程,200708：1-3
[21]于永彦.基于三角块分割实现细节等级地形的动态仿真.计算机方针,200421(12)：169-171
[22]张祖勋.数字摄影测量学.第1版.武汉：武汉大学出版社,1997：34-35
[23]龙红建,刘彤等.城市DSM的快速获取及其三维显示的研究.遥感学报,2001,05(01)：8-12
[24]王新玉,李衡,肖万盛.SPOT5正射影像(DOM)的制作流程及其质量控制.林业调查规划,2005,12(6)：13-16
[25]Mason Woo,Jackie Neider,Tom Davis,Dave Shreiner.吴斌,段海波,薛凤武译.OpenGL编程权威指南,北京：中国电力出版社,2001
[26]李权国,刘鸿福OpenGL在三维地形模型中的应用,太原理工大学学报,200435(1)：36-37
[27]Renato Bruno Pajarola. Aeeess to Large scale Terrain and Image Database in Geoinformation Systems. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH)Zurich,1998
[28]Hugues Hoppe,Smooth View-Dependent. Level-of Detail Control and its Application to Terrain rendering. IEEE visualization,1998,12:35-42
[29]Peter Lindstrom,Valerio Pascucci,LLNL. Visualization of Large Terrain Made Easy. IEEE Visualization Proceedings 2001,http://www.vterrain.org/LOD/Papers/Index.html
[30]Peter Lindstrom,David Koller and William Ribarsky. An Integrated Globle GIS and Visual Simulation System. Technical report GIT-GVU-98-07,March,1998
[31]Xiaohong Bao,Renato Pajarola. LOD-based Clustering Techniques for optimizing Large Scale Terrain Storage and Visualization.In.Proceedings. IEEE Visualization,2002:320-325
[32]Renato Pajarola,Peter Widmayer. Virtual geoexploation:Concepts and design choices. International Journal of Computational and Applications,2001 11(1):79-93
[33]Renato Pajarola, Jarek Rossignac. Compressed Progressive Meshes. IEEE Transaction on Visualization and Computer Graphic,2001,6(l):79-93
[34]国家技术监督局.中华人民共和国国家标准地球空间数据交换格式,1998
[35]张智琦,张洪群,刘定生.遥感卫星原始数据格式分析及其规范化研究.空间科学学报,2007,27(1)：83-88
[36]蒋雄飞,陈飞FoxPro、Access和MS SQL server异构数据库之间的数据格式转换,南京邮电学院学报,2000,20(4)：73-75
[37]雷英杰,王涛.一种Oracle空间数据库的设计与实现,计算机工程与应用, 2002,13：201-203
[38]廖朵朵,张华军OpenGL三维图形程序设计.星球出版社,1996
[39]和平鸽工作室OpenGL高级编程与可视化系统开发(高级编程篇).北京：中国水利水电出版社,2003
[40][美]Richard S. Wright, Jr. Benjamin Lipchak,徐波译OpenGL超级宝典(第三版).北京：人民邮电出版社,2005
[41][美]Edward Angel,段菲译.OpenGL编程基础(第三版)[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2008
[42][美]Francis S Hill Jr., Stephen M Kelley,胡事民,刘利刚,刘永进,张松海译.计算机图形学(OpenGL版)(第三版).北京：清华大学出版社,2009
[43]和平鸽工作室OpenGL高级编程与可视化系统开发(系统开发篇).北京：中国水利水电出版社,2006
[44]段晓娟.基于OpenGL的纹理映射技术.长沙大学学报,2000,12,14(4)：40-42
[45]杜金莲,宋凯,廖湖声.一种实现森林场景漫游的集合与图像混合绘制方法.计算机应用,2006：250-251
[46]陈业斌.关于天空动态仿真技术研究.计算机技术与发展,2008,18(6)：171-173
[47]Paul Martz. OpenGL 2.0精髓.北京人民邮电出版社,2006
[48]周建龙,肖春.计算机图形学理论与OpenGL编程实践.广州：华南理工大学出版社,2007
[49]孙正兴.计算机图形学教程.北京：机械工业出版社,2006
[50]任鸿翔,尹勇,金一丞.大规模海浪场景的真实感绘制.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2008,20(12)：1617-1622
[51]Kaneko T,Takahei T,Inami M,et al. Detailed shape representational Conference on Artificial Reality and Telexistence,Tokyo,2001:205-208
[52]肖源源,王子牛.基于VC++的OpenGL纹理映射技术的研究与实现.贵州大学学报(自然科学版),2008,(02)：158-160
[2]Ryad Chellali,Nicolas Mollet,Cedric Dumas and Geoffrey Subileau.Virtual desk for collaborative,tele-operated and tele-learning system with real devices. International Conference on E-learning and Games, Edutainment,2008,6(3):25-27
[3]李增元,张怀清,陆元昌.数字林业建设与发展.中国农业科技导报,2003,02：1-2
[4]住房和城乡建设部.第五届中国数字城市建设技术研讨会暨设备博览会论文集.北京[出版社不详],2010
[5]何建邦,钟耳顺.论地理信息系统及其在地理学中的地位.地理学报,1993,01(01)：1-2
[6]刘先林.住房和城乡建设部.第五届中国数字城市建设技术研讨会暨设备博览会论文集.北京[出版社不详],2010
[7]王家耀.住房和城乡建设部.第五届中国数字城市建设技术研讨会暨设备博览会论文集北京[出版社不详],2010
[8]罗显刚.数字地球三维空间信息服务关键技术研究, 北京：中国地质大学,2010
[9]邬伦,刘瑜,张晶,马修军,韦中亚,田原.地理信息系统--原理、方法和应用.科学出版社,199-200
[10]彭仪普.地形三维可视化及其实时绘制技术,西南交通大学,2002
[11]刘勇奎,沈红等.一个有效的沿三维直线的提速遍历整数算法.计算机学报,2002,25(11)：1257-1262
[12]吴晓军,刘伟军,王天然.基于三维体素模型的功能梯度材料信息建模.计算机集成制造系统-CIMS,2004,10(3):270-275
[13]黄绍辉,王博亮.基于表面与基于体素的医学图像三维重建方法研究.厦门大学学报：自然科学版,2002,41(6)：744-746
[14]Hugues Hoppe.Efficient implementation of progressive meshes. Technical Report,1998
[15]Peter Lindstrom,David Koller,William RibarskyLindstrom. Real-time Generation of Continuous Levels of Detail for Height Fields. Computer graphics and interactive techniques,1996
[16]Peter Lindstrom,Valerio Pascucci. Visualization of Large Terrains Made Easy. Proceedings of the conference on Visualization'01,2001
[17]Mark Duchaineau,Murray Wolinsky,David E. Sigeti, Mark C. Miller,Charles Aldrich, Mark B. Mineev-Weinstein. Real-time Optimally Adapting Meshes. Proceedings of the 8th conference on Visualization,1997
[18]冯杰.大型三维网格模型的简化及基于视点的LOD控制.北京大学信息科学技术学 院,2005：27-28
[19]Samet, H. The Quadtree and Related Hierarchical Data Structures. ACM Corn-putting Surveys,1984,16(2):187-260
[20]赵波,边馥苓.边面向移动GIS的动态四叉树空间索引算法.计算机工程,200708：1-3
[21]于永彦.基于三角块分割实现细节等级地形的动态仿真.计算机方针,200421(12)：169-171
[22]张祖勋.数字摄影测量学.第1版.武汉：武汉大学出版社,1997：34-35
[23]龙红建,刘彤等.城市DSM的快速获取及其三维显示的研究.遥感学报,2001,05(01)：8-12
[24]王新玉,李衡,肖万盛.SPOT5正射影像(DOM)的制作流程及其质量控制.林业调查规划,2005,12(6)：13-16
[25]Mason Woo,Jackie Neider,Tom Davis,Dave Shreiner.吴斌,段海波,薛凤武译.OpenGL编程权威指南,北京：中国电力出版社,2001
[26]李权国,刘鸿福OpenGL在三维地形模型中的应用,太原理工大学学报,200435(1)：36-37
[27]Renato Bruno Pajarola. Aeeess to Large scale Terrain and Image Database in Geoinformation Systems. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH)Zurich,1998
[28]Hugues Hoppe,Smooth View-Dependent. Level-of Detail Control and its Application to Terrain rendering. IEEE visualization,1998,12:35-42
[29]Peter Lindstrom,Valerio Pascucci,LLNL. Visualization of Large Terrain Made Easy. IEEE Visualization Proceedings 2001,http://www.vterrain.org/LOD/Papers/Index.html
[30]Peter Lindstrom,David Koller and William Ribarsky. An Integrated Globle GIS and Visual Simulation System. Technical report GIT-GVU-98-07,March,1998
[31]Xiaohong Bao,Renato Pajarola. LOD-based Clustering Techniques for optimizing Large Scale Terrain Storage and Visualization.In.Proceedings. IEEE Visualization,2002:320-325
[32]Renato Pajarola,Peter Widmayer. Virtual geoexploation:Concepts and design choices. International Journal of Computational and Applications,2001 11(1):79-93
[33]Renato Pajarola, Jarek Rossignac. Compressed Progressive Meshes. IEEE Transaction on Visualization and Computer Graphic,2001,6(l):79-93
[34]国家技术监督局.中华人民共和国国家标准地球空间数据交换格式,1998
[35]张智琦,张洪群,刘定生.遥感卫星原始数据格式分析及其规范化研究.空间科学学报,2007,27(1)：83-88
[36]蒋雄飞,陈飞FoxPro、Access和MS SQL server异构数据库之间的数据格式转换,南京邮电学院学报,2000,20(4)：73-75
[37]雷英杰,王涛.一种Oracle空间数据库的设计与实现,计算机工程与应用, 2002,13：201-203
[38]廖朵朵,张华军OpenGL三维图形程序设计.星球出版社,1996
[39]和平鸽工作室OpenGL高级编程与可视化系统开发(高级编程篇).北京：中国水利水电出版社,2003
[40][美]Richard S. Wright, Jr. Benjamin Lipchak,徐波译OpenGL超级宝典(第三版).北京：人民邮电出版社,2005
[41][美]Edward Angel,段菲译.OpenGL编程基础(第三版)[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2008
[42][美]Francis S Hill Jr., Stephen M Kelley,胡事民,刘利刚,刘永进,张松海译.计算机图形学(OpenGL版)(第三版).北京：清华大学出版社,2009
[43]和平鸽工作室OpenGL高级编程与可视化系统开发(系统开发篇).北京：中国水利水电出版社,2006
[44]段晓娟.基于OpenGL的纹理映射技术.长沙大学学报,2000,12,14(4)：40-42
[45]杜金莲,宋凯,廖湖声.一种实现森林场景漫游的集合与图像混合绘制方法.计算机应用,2006：250-251
[46]陈业斌.关于天空动态仿真技术研究.计算机技术与发展,2008,18(6)：171-173
[47]Paul Martz. OpenGL 2.0精髓.北京人民邮电出版社,2006
[48]周建龙,肖春.计算机图形学理论与OpenGL编程实践.广州：华南理工大学出版社,2007
[49]孙正兴.计算机图形学教程.北京：机械工业出版社,2006
[50]任鸿翔,尹勇,金一丞.大规模海浪场景的真实感绘制.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2008,20(12)：1617-1622
[51]Kaneko T,Takahei T,Inami M,et al. Detailed shape representational Conference on Artificial Reality and Telexistence,Tokyo,2001:205-208
[52]肖源源,王子牛.基于VC++的OpenGL纹理映射技术的研究与实现.贵州大学学报(自然科学版),2008,(02)：158-160