新型两亲分子/DNA复合物的制备与性能研究
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摘要
分子生物学的发展使基因疗法有可能实现对疾病在分子水平上的治疗。基因疗法的整个过程为体外重组DNA在基因载体的携带下进入细胞内部并实现基因的表达或干预。基因载体主要可分为：病毒载体和非病毒载体。病毒载体,由于受到免疫原性、承载DNA能力、特定细胞靶向性和成本等因素的影响,应用受到一定的限制。非病毒载体,尤其是一些合成的物质用于DNA转染的研究已引起人们的广泛关注。研究发现,在非病毒载体中,阳离子型表面活性剂和具有类似于表面活性剂结构的多肽能够很好的承载正电荷,可通过静电吸引力和烷基链间的疏水作用将DNA压缩和稳定,聚集体中的DNA亦可免受核酸酶的降解,而且聚集体中的疏水部分可促进DNA从内涵体中释放出来。另外,由于这些表面活性剂、多肽类表面活性剂在结构和性质上与磷脂结构类似,而且类似的自组装特性,有很好的生物相容性,将会是一种很有潜在应用价值的非病毒载体。因此,设计并合成合适的表面活性剂和具有类似表面活性剂结构的多肽作为非病毒载体,并研究它们与DNA的相互作用,对于基因治疗的发展具有重要意义。阳离子型咪唑Gemini表面活性剂[Cn-s-Cnim]Br2是我们课题组设计的一类新型Gemini表面活性剂,它融入了传统Gemini表面活性剂和长链咪唑离子液体的特性,具有高的有效正电荷及优良的自组织特性,有望实现对DNA的有效凝聚。本论文主要包括以下内容：
1.我们合成了一系列具有不同疏水链长的咪唑Gemini表面活性剂[Cn-4-Cnim]Br2(n=10,12,14),通过圆二色光谱(CD)、荧光光谱等多种谱学手段研究了[Cn-4-Cnim]Br2与鲱鱼精子DNA(短链DNA的常用模型)的相互作用机制,并首次将[Cn-4-Cnim]Br2用于DNA凝聚剂,发现[Cn-4-Cnim]Br2可有效压缩DNA分子。[Cn-4-Cnim]Br2与DNA之间的相互作用力除了静电力以外,疏水作用和π-π堆积力也发挥着重要作用；[Cn-4-Cnim]Br2的烷基链越长,与DNA作用力越强,这表明疏水作用在其中发挥着重要作用。
2.分别从微观结构、体相性质和细胞水平研究了质粒DNA(基因转染常用到DNA分子)与[C12-4-C12im]Br2复合体系的形貌、细胞毒性和蛋白表达情况。动态光散射(DLS)和原子力显微镜(AFM)实验结果表明,[C12-4-C12im]Br2将空间舒展的线圈状质粒DNA凝聚成均匀、紧密堆积的球状聚集体(尺寸约为100nm)。基因转染实验中,荧光显微镜成像研究表明,质粒DNA上的增强绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)基因能够成功表达；流式细胞结果定量给出蛋白高表达信息,即对HEK293细胞有高效的基因转染(86%的转染效率)。尺寸均一的球状复合物具有高的基因转染效率和较低的细胞毒性,表明此类阳离子型咪唑Gemini表面活性剂是有应用前景的新型非病毒基因载体。
3.金纳米颗粒具有高的比表面积、易于表面功能化修饰和良好的生物相容性等特性,可以作为标记物或探针用在生物体系中。我们将咪唑表面活性剂与金纳米颗粒构筑成纳米复合材料,用光谱法、扫描电镜(SEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)等表征技术,研究了发现[C12-4-C12im]Br2修饰的金纳米颗粒粒径均一、产率较高。在细胞水平对[C12-4-C12im]Br2修饰的金纳米颗粒的细胞毒性和基因转染水平进行了评判。将[C12-4-C12im]Br2偶联到金纳米颗粒上,利用金纳米颗粒的优势将表面活性剂的浓度局部集中,展现多价离子的特性,从而加强了DNA的凝聚效果。这丰富了纳米基因载体的研究内容,而且对阳离子型两亲分子和纳米材料进行优化组合,从而获得更加理想的转染效果,提供了载体设计的新思路。
4.考虑到[C12-4-C12im]Br2有一定的细胞毒性,会限制其在基因治疗等生物医药领域的应用。我们选用合适氨基酸设计了一系列具有良好生物相容性的类似表面活性剂结构的多肽,对其组装结构和组装过程的研究表明了多肽由分子手性到多级组装手性的转变。我们亦发现此类物质融合了表面活性剂和多肽两者的优越性质,可与DNA通过静电力和疏水效应发生相互作用,并从细胞水平评价了此类凝聚剂的细胞毒性,以期为具有类似表面活性剂结构的多肽在基因治疗领域的应用提供基础数据和理论指导。
Gene therapy has been regarded as a potential treatment for a range of disorders with genetic anomaliea or deficiencies that involve the introduction of encoded therapeutic proteins or suppreeion of abnormally expressed proteins. Generally, genes are delivered either by viral or nonviral systems. Viral vectors still face various challenges including the cellular immune response, limited cargo capacity, targeting deliver into aimed cells and cost. Alternatively, numerous synthetic materials have been developed as nonviral vectors. Cationic surfactants and amphiphilic peptides which carry positive charges could condense and stabilize DNA through attractive electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, and protect nucleic acids from enzymatic degradation, and release nucleic acids into the cyroplasm by the hydrophobic segment. Moreover, because cationic surfactants and amphiphilic peptides are chemically similar to lipid molecules and could be versatiles by designable synthesis, surfactant or peptides-based vectors have been considered as a promising potential nonviral gene vector strategy. Therefore, it is important to design and synthesize novel surfactants and amphiphilic peptides as nonviral vectors, and to investigate the interaction with DNA, for gene therapy application. The imidazolium Gemini surfactants [Cn-s-Cnim]Br2display better interfacial and self-assembly properties than those traditional monovalent surfactants, owning to the properties of traditional Gemini surfactant and single-chain imidazolium surfactant, which may condense DNA effectly.
We synthesized a series of imidazoliu Gemini surfactants with a four-methylene spacer group ([Cn-4-Cnim]Br2, n=10,12, and14). Herring sperm DNA is chosen as a model gene system for short DNA, microRNA, and so on. We investigated the interactions between herring sperm DNA and surfactants by CD, ethidium bromide displacement assay, and discussed the DNA condensation mechanism. Upon addition of [Cn-4-Cnim]Br2, DNA molecules undergo the process from DNA compaction to multi-molecular DNA condensation accompanied by conformation change.[Cn-4-Cnim]Br2as novel Gemini surfactants can interact with DNA via electrostatic, hydrophobic and π-π interactions. Moreover, the stronger interaction between DNA and [Cn-4-Cnim]Br2with longer tail demonstrates the important contribution of the hydrophobic interaction.
Furthermore, we investigated the morphologies, cytotoxicity, and gene transfection of plasmid DNA/[C12-4-C12im]Br2complexes at structural, phase properties, and cellular levels, respectively. Homogeneous DNA/[C12-4-C12im]Br2nanoparticles are formed with a diameter of approximately100nm and investigated by using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). DNA condensates evolve from supercoiled DNA molecules, to individual toroids, to close-packed particles. Successfully EGFP gene transfection in vitro is demonstrated by using fluorescence microscopy in HEK293and HeLa cells. Quantitative analysis results of gene transfection by flow cytometry show that the efficiency of DNA/[C12-4-C12im]Br2is86.0%. The uniform condensate nanoparticles with nanometer size and spherical shape, high gene tranfection efficiency, moderate toxicity demonstrate that imidazolium Gemini surfactants are a promising nonviral vector in gene therapy.
Gold nanoparticles have promising application in the fields of gene therapy, duing to their unique optical and photothermal properties, the availability of synthetic protocols that can tune the size and shape of the particles, the ability to modify the surface, and the relative biocompatibility. Novel imidazolium surfactants functionalized gold nanoparticles are expected to use as excellent agents for controlled DNA condensation, and significantly high gene expression, as well as reducing cytotoxicity. The seed growth method and [C12-4-C12im]Br2modified gold nanoparticles surface method were used, respectively, to get uniform size and shape, high yield gold nanoparticles. The gold nanoparticles which are modified [C12-4-C12im]Br2could concentrate [C12-4-C12im]Br2molecules, and exhibit the characteristies of multivalent ions, increasing the effect of DNA condensation as a result. The size distribution and uniform degree are determined by the spectroscopy and microscopy technology, and the gene transfection and the toxicity are evaluated at cellular level.
The moderate cytotoxicity of [C12-4-C12im]Br2will limit its application in the field of gene therapy and biomedicine. Thus, we designed a series of amphiphilic peptides with excellent biocompatibility and degradability properties (choose the appropriate amino acids). We demonstrate the visualization of chiral hierarchical assembly from molecular level to assembly level and bulk solution level for amphiphilic peptide alone. Moreover, we also confirm that amphiphilic peptides interact and condense DNA through electrostatic and hydrophobic forces, owing to the properties of surfactants and peptides. The effect of amphiphilic peptides on cell viability is evaluated with an MTT assay, indicating the low cytotoxicity. The investigation of amphiphilic peptides could benefit their application in gene therapy, and provide basic data and theoretical guidance.
1.我们合成了一系列具有不同疏水链长的咪唑Gemini表面活性剂[Cn-4-Cnim]Br2(n=10,12,14),通过圆二色光谱(CD)、荧光光谱等多种谱学手段研究了[Cn-4-Cnim]Br2与鲱鱼精子DNA(短链DNA的常用模型)的相互作用机制,并首次将[Cn-4-Cnim]Br2用于DNA凝聚剂,发现[Cn-4-Cnim]Br2可有效压缩DNA分子。[Cn-4-Cnim]Br2与DNA之间的相互作用力除了静电力以外,疏水作用和π-π堆积力也发挥着重要作用；[Cn-4-Cnim]Br2的烷基链越长,与DNA作用力越强,这表明疏水作用在其中发挥着重要作用。
2.分别从微观结构、体相性质和细胞水平研究了质粒DNA(基因转染常用到DNA分子)与[C12-4-C12im]Br2复合体系的形貌、细胞毒性和蛋白表达情况。动态光散射(DLS)和原子力显微镜(AFM)实验结果表明,[C12-4-C12im]Br2将空间舒展的线圈状质粒DNA凝聚成均匀、紧密堆积的球状聚集体(尺寸约为100nm)。基因转染实验中,荧光显微镜成像研究表明,质粒DNA上的增强绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)基因能够成功表达；流式细胞结果定量给出蛋白高表达信息,即对HEK293细胞有高效的基因转染(86%的转染效率)。尺寸均一的球状复合物具有高的基因转染效率和较低的细胞毒性,表明此类阳离子型咪唑Gemini表面活性剂是有应用前景的新型非病毒基因载体。
3.金纳米颗粒具有高的比表面积、易于表面功能化修饰和良好的生物相容性等特性,可以作为标记物或探针用在生物体系中。我们将咪唑表面活性剂与金纳米颗粒构筑成纳米复合材料,用光谱法、扫描电镜(SEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)等表征技术,研究了发现[C12-4-C12im]Br2修饰的金纳米颗粒粒径均一、产率较高。在细胞水平对[C12-4-C12im]Br2修饰的金纳米颗粒的细胞毒性和基因转染水平进行了评判。将[C12-4-C12im]Br2偶联到金纳米颗粒上,利用金纳米颗粒的优势将表面活性剂的浓度局部集中,展现多价离子的特性,从而加强了DNA的凝聚效果。这丰富了纳米基因载体的研究内容,而且对阳离子型两亲分子和纳米材料进行优化组合,从而获得更加理想的转染效果,提供了载体设计的新思路。
4.考虑到[C12-4-C12im]Br2有一定的细胞毒性,会限制其在基因治疗等生物医药领域的应用。我们选用合适氨基酸设计了一系列具有良好生物相容性的类似表面活性剂结构的多肽,对其组装结构和组装过程的研究表明了多肽由分子手性到多级组装手性的转变。我们亦发现此类物质融合了表面活性剂和多肽两者的优越性质,可与DNA通过静电力和疏水效应发生相互作用,并从细胞水平评价了此类凝聚剂的细胞毒性,以期为具有类似表面活性剂结构的多肽在基因治疗领域的应用提供基础数据和理论指导。
Gene therapy has been regarded as a potential treatment for a range of disorders with genetic anomaliea or deficiencies that involve the introduction of encoded therapeutic proteins or suppreeion of abnormally expressed proteins. Generally, genes are delivered either by viral or nonviral systems. Viral vectors still face various challenges including the cellular immune response, limited cargo capacity, targeting deliver into aimed cells and cost. Alternatively, numerous synthetic materials have been developed as nonviral vectors. Cationic surfactants and amphiphilic peptides which carry positive charges could condense and stabilize DNA through attractive electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, and protect nucleic acids from enzymatic degradation, and release nucleic acids into the cyroplasm by the hydrophobic segment. Moreover, because cationic surfactants and amphiphilic peptides are chemically similar to lipid molecules and could be versatiles by designable synthesis, surfactant or peptides-based vectors have been considered as a promising potential nonviral gene vector strategy. Therefore, it is important to design and synthesize novel surfactants and amphiphilic peptides as nonviral vectors, and to investigate the interaction with DNA, for gene therapy application. The imidazolium Gemini surfactants [Cn-s-Cnim]Br2display better interfacial and self-assembly properties than those traditional monovalent surfactants, owning to the properties of traditional Gemini surfactant and single-chain imidazolium surfactant, which may condense DNA effectly.
We synthesized a series of imidazoliu Gemini surfactants with a four-methylene spacer group ([Cn-4-Cnim]Br2, n=10,12, and14). Herring sperm DNA is chosen as a model gene system for short DNA, microRNA, and so on. We investigated the interactions between herring sperm DNA and surfactants by CD, ethidium bromide displacement assay, and discussed the DNA condensation mechanism. Upon addition of [Cn-4-Cnim]Br2, DNA molecules undergo the process from DNA compaction to multi-molecular DNA condensation accompanied by conformation change.[Cn-4-Cnim]Br2as novel Gemini surfactants can interact with DNA via electrostatic, hydrophobic and π-π interactions. Moreover, the stronger interaction between DNA and [Cn-4-Cnim]Br2with longer tail demonstrates the important contribution of the hydrophobic interaction.
Furthermore, we investigated the morphologies, cytotoxicity, and gene transfection of plasmid DNA/[C12-4-C12im]Br2complexes at structural, phase properties, and cellular levels, respectively. Homogeneous DNA/[C12-4-C12im]Br2nanoparticles are formed with a diameter of approximately100nm and investigated by using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). DNA condensates evolve from supercoiled DNA molecules, to individual toroids, to close-packed particles. Successfully EGFP gene transfection in vitro is demonstrated by using fluorescence microscopy in HEK293and HeLa cells. Quantitative analysis results of gene transfection by flow cytometry show that the efficiency of DNA/[C12-4-C12im]Br2is86.0%. The uniform condensate nanoparticles with nanometer size and spherical shape, high gene tranfection efficiency, moderate toxicity demonstrate that imidazolium Gemini surfactants are a promising nonviral vector in gene therapy.
Gold nanoparticles have promising application in the fields of gene therapy, duing to their unique optical and photothermal properties, the availability of synthetic protocols that can tune the size and shape of the particles, the ability to modify the surface, and the relative biocompatibility. Novel imidazolium surfactants functionalized gold nanoparticles are expected to use as excellent agents for controlled DNA condensation, and significantly high gene expression, as well as reducing cytotoxicity. The seed growth method and [C12-4-C12im]Br2modified gold nanoparticles surface method were used, respectively, to get uniform size and shape, high yield gold nanoparticles. The gold nanoparticles which are modified [C12-4-C12im]Br2could concentrate [C12-4-C12im]Br2molecules, and exhibit the characteristies of multivalent ions, increasing the effect of DNA condensation as a result. The size distribution and uniform degree are determined by the spectroscopy and microscopy technology, and the gene transfection and the toxicity are evaluated at cellular level.
The moderate cytotoxicity of [C12-4-C12im]Br2will limit its application in the field of gene therapy and biomedicine. Thus, we designed a series of amphiphilic peptides with excellent biocompatibility and degradability properties (choose the appropriate amino acids). We demonstrate the visualization of chiral hierarchical assembly from molecular level to assembly level and bulk solution level for amphiphilic peptide alone. Moreover, we also confirm that amphiphilic peptides interact and condense DNA through electrostatic and hydrophobic forces, owing to the properties of surfactants and peptides. The effect of amphiphilic peptides on cell viability is evaluated with an MTT assay, indicating the low cytotoxicity. The investigation of amphiphilic peptides could benefit their application in gene therapy, and provide basic data and theoretical guidance.
引文
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