孕酮在瘤胃的转化及其对微生物消化代谢的调节作用
|
摘要
国内外研究表明,孕酮(P4)能够调节环境微生物的生长代谢。当奶牛进入妊娠期后,其血液中的孕酮水平迅速升高并维持较高水平直至分娩结束才降低。关于P4通过反刍动物的唾液和血液循环进入瘤胃后调节微生物生长代谢的研究,尚未报道。因此,本试验开展了以下研究：
第一,采用5×5拉丁方随机试验,在饲喂相同精粗比(61：39)日粮的条件下,研究了中国北方常用的5种全混合日粮对瘤胃P4、睾酮和羟酮(ADD)昼夜浓度的影响。瘤胃P4、睾酮和ADD昼夜浓度变化范围分别为5.21～6.61ng/mL、1.37～1.61ng/mL和4.10～5.51ng/mL,并且其昼夜变化与瘤胃总VFA浓度变化呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.56、0.62和0.66(P<0.01)。不同的全混合日粮对瘤胃P4、睾酮和ADD浓度有显著的影响：与饲喂玉米秸组日粮相比,饲喂玉米秸+玉米黄贮；玉米黄贮+羊草；全株玉米青贮+羊草和全株玉米青贮+羊草+苜蓿日粮瘤胃中的P4浓度分别提高4.17%,5.44%,9.07%和34.48%(P<0.001);睾酮浓度分别提高8.10%,33.33%,54.05%和65.76%(P<0.001);ADD分别提高14.51%,49.84%,77.60%和95.26%(P<0.001)。结果提示,增加日粮蛋白和能量水平,可能提高瘤胃P4、睾酮和ADD浓度。
第二,向培养液中添加P4,使其终浓度分别达到0,2,20,40,80和100ng/mL,分别培养瘤胃微生物6,12,24,36,48和72h,研究了瘤胃微生物对P4的转化。试验结果表明,瘤胃微生物能够将1mol的P4转化为0.55-0.99mo1的睾酮;生成的睾酮被进一步转化,生成0.39-0.82mol ADD.瘤胃微生物转化P4的速率和转化率分别与P4的添加浓度和培养时间有关：初始浓度越高,P4的转化速率越快(P<0.001)；培养时间越长,转化率越高(P<0.001)。试验结果提示,瘤胃可能是P4的一个重要的转化场所。
第三,分别以高淀粉日粮和低淀粉日粮(200g/kg羊草+800g/kg玉米粉和800g/kg羊草+200g/kg玉米粉)为底物培养瘤胃微生物,同时向培养液中添加P4,研究了P4对瘤胃微生物消化代谢的调节。与对照组相比,P4添加组瘤胃微生物蛋白合成提高15.43%(P<0.001)：干物质降解率和降解速率分别提高6.57%(P=0.043)和19.91%(P<0.010)；总VFA浓度提高11.03%(P<0.010)。此外,P4能够提高乳脂和体脂前体物乙酸的摩尔比,降低生糖前体物的摩尔比。试验结果提示,当瘤胃P4浓度提高后,有利于乳脂前体物的合成。
第四,体外培养瘤胃产甲烷菌,研究了P4对产甲烷菌消化代谢的影响。试验结果显示,P4可能抑制产甲烷菌的生长,减少甲烷的产生；降低纤维降解酶活和粗饲料底物的降解率以及总VFA浓度(P<0.05)。结果提示,当瘤胃P4的浓度提高后,有利于降低饲料的能量损失。
第五,分离、纯化和培养瘤胃真菌Neocallimastix sp,研究了P4对Neocallimastix sp消化代谢的影响。P4能够促进Neocallimastix sp的生长代谢,提高纤维素降解酶活(P<0.010)、干物质、NDF和ADF的降解率(P<0.05)；提高总VFA、二氧化碳和氢气的产生(P<0.05)。试验结果提示,当瘤胃P4浓度提高后,有利于饲料的降解和总挥发酸的生成。
总之,孕酮具有调节瘤胃发酵的功能并且可被微生物转化,改善日粮营养水平,能够提高瘤胃孕酮浓度。试验结果提示,瘤胃微生物宿主可能通过自身分泌的激素对瘤胃微生物的代谢活性进行调节。
It has been reported that progesterone (P4) could regulate metabolite of environmental microorganisms. Progesterone will maintain high levels in blood serum when dairy cow become pregnant. However, information associated with about effect of P4on rumen microbes when it enter the reticulo-rumen through the wall of forestomach and saliva reproductive cycle are not well investigated. Thereby, the authors in the present study carried out following experiments:
Firstly, a5×5Latin square experiment design was applied to investigate the effects of five total mixed rations (TMRs) which were formulated at same ratio of concentrate to forage (61:39) including different forage combinations on diurnal variation of P4, testosterone and ADD concentrations in rumen fluids of the lactating dairy cows. The whole experiment was completed in five periods and each period was carried out for18d, the cows were gradually adapted to the corresponding TMRs from d0to d15, and rumen fluids were intensively collected on d16, d17, and d18in each period. Over the24-h period, ruminal P4, testosterone and ADD concentration varied from5.21to6.61ng/mL,1.37to1.61ng/mL, and4.10to5.51ng/mL, respectively. The varyations were positively related to diurnal varyation in rumen total VFA concentration, with coefficiens of0.56(P<0.010),0.62(P<0.010), and0.66(P<0.001), respectively. The TMRs with different forage combinations hadt effect on ruminal concentrations of P4, testosterone and ADD (P<0.001). Compared with TMR including corn stover, the rumen P4concentration in TMR including corn stover plus ensiled corn stover; ensiled corn stover plus Chinese wild ryegrass hay; Chinese wild ryegrass(Leymus chinensis) hay plus whole corn silage; Chinese wild ryegrass hay plus whole corn silage plus alfalfa hay were increased by4.17%,5.44%,9.07%, and34.48%(P<0.001), respectively. Meanwhile, testosterone was increased by8.10%,33.33%,54.05%, and65.76%(P<0.001), respectively. ADD was increased by14.51%,49.84%,77.60%, and95.26%(P<0.001), respectively. The results indicate that increased of diary protein and energy leves may enhance ruminal P4, tstousterone and ADD concentration.
Sencondly, A completely randomized design was applied to five runs of in vitro batch cultures with six P4dose rates of0(control),2,20,40,80and100ng/mL in culture fluids to investigate microbial transformation of P4. Within each run, five fermentations for each incubation interval of6,12,24,36,48and72h were arranged for each P4dosage treatment. Rumen microbes could translate1molar of P4into0.55to0.99molar testosterone, and the produced testosterone was further translated into0.39to0.82molar ADD. The transformation was related to intial P4concentration and incubation time, the high the initial P4concentration was, the quickly translated rate (P<0.001); and the longer incubated time, the more microbial transformation was (P<0.001). The results suggested that rumen should not be neglected as another important arena of P4metabolism.
Thirdly, the effects of P4on microbial metabolism was investigated with high and low starch substrate in vitro batch culture.Rumen contents were collected from five lactating dairy cows. P4was added into culture fluids to achieve final concentration of0(control),2,20,40,80and100ng/mL. Compared with P4control, microbial crude protein was increased by15.43(P<0.001); dry matter degradation and rate were increased by6.57%(P=0.043) and19.91%(P<0.001), respectively. In addition, total VFA concentration was increased by11.03%(P<0.001). In the present study, molar proportion of milk and body fatty precursor were increased, whereas glucogentic VFA was decreased.The result in the present experiments showed that P4may be benefial for milk fatty synthesis.
Fourthly, effects of P4on metabolite in methanogens was investigated. In this study, P4could inhibit growth of methanogens and decreased methano production (P<0.05). Meanwhile, fibrolytic enzymes were also decreased, which resulted in decrease in degradation of substrate (P<0.05) and production in total VFA (P<0.05), respectively. The result indicated that P4could inhibit metabolitic avtivity of methanogens, and the increase of P4in the rumen may be beneficial for reduce of energy loss.
Fivthly, effects of P4on metabolite in pured fungi of Neocallimastix sp was investigated. In this study, P4could stimulate growth of Neocallimastix sp and increase fibrolytic enzymes activity, degradation of dry matter, NDF and ADF (P<0.05), which resulted in increases in total VFA concentration (P<0.05) and ratio of non-glucogentic to glucogentic acids, respectively. The enhanced Neocallimastix sp indicted that P4was benefial for degradation of feed and production of VFA.
In brief, the results presented contribute important new knowledge about the P4transformation in rumen and effect of P4on metabolism of rumen microbes.The results showed that host may regulate microbial metabolite via its steroid hormone.
第一,采用5×5拉丁方随机试验,在饲喂相同精粗比(61：39)日粮的条件下,研究了中国北方常用的5种全混合日粮对瘤胃P4、睾酮和羟酮(ADD)昼夜浓度的影响。瘤胃P4、睾酮和ADD昼夜浓度变化范围分别为5.21～6.61ng/mL、1.37～1.61ng/mL和4.10～5.51ng/mL,并且其昼夜变化与瘤胃总VFA浓度变化呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.56、0.62和0.66(P<0.01)。不同的全混合日粮对瘤胃P4、睾酮和ADD浓度有显著的影响：与饲喂玉米秸组日粮相比,饲喂玉米秸+玉米黄贮；玉米黄贮+羊草；全株玉米青贮+羊草和全株玉米青贮+羊草+苜蓿日粮瘤胃中的P4浓度分别提高4.17%,5.44%,9.07%和34.48%(P<0.001);睾酮浓度分别提高8.10%,33.33%,54.05%和65.76%(P<0.001);ADD分别提高14.51%,49.84%,77.60%和95.26%(P<0.001)。结果提示,增加日粮蛋白和能量水平,可能提高瘤胃P4、睾酮和ADD浓度。
第二,向培养液中添加P4,使其终浓度分别达到0,2,20,40,80和100ng/mL,分别培养瘤胃微生物6,12,24,36,48和72h,研究了瘤胃微生物对P4的转化。试验结果表明,瘤胃微生物能够将1mol的P4转化为0.55-0.99mo1的睾酮;生成的睾酮被进一步转化,生成0.39-0.82mol ADD.瘤胃微生物转化P4的速率和转化率分别与P4的添加浓度和培养时间有关：初始浓度越高,P4的转化速率越快(P<0.001)；培养时间越长,转化率越高(P<0.001)。试验结果提示,瘤胃可能是P4的一个重要的转化场所。
第三,分别以高淀粉日粮和低淀粉日粮(200g/kg羊草+800g/kg玉米粉和800g/kg羊草+200g/kg玉米粉)为底物培养瘤胃微生物,同时向培养液中添加P4,研究了P4对瘤胃微生物消化代谢的调节。与对照组相比,P4添加组瘤胃微生物蛋白合成提高15.43%(P<0.001)：干物质降解率和降解速率分别提高6.57%(P=0.043)和19.91%(P<0.010)；总VFA浓度提高11.03%(P<0.010)。此外,P4能够提高乳脂和体脂前体物乙酸的摩尔比,降低生糖前体物的摩尔比。试验结果提示,当瘤胃P4浓度提高后,有利于乳脂前体物的合成。
第四,体外培养瘤胃产甲烷菌,研究了P4对产甲烷菌消化代谢的影响。试验结果显示,P4可能抑制产甲烷菌的生长,减少甲烷的产生；降低纤维降解酶活和粗饲料底物的降解率以及总VFA浓度(P<0.05)。结果提示,当瘤胃P4的浓度提高后,有利于降低饲料的能量损失。
第五,分离、纯化和培养瘤胃真菌Neocallimastix sp,研究了P4对Neocallimastix sp消化代谢的影响。P4能够促进Neocallimastix sp的生长代谢,提高纤维素降解酶活(P<0.010)、干物质、NDF和ADF的降解率(P<0.05)；提高总VFA、二氧化碳和氢气的产生(P<0.05)。试验结果提示,当瘤胃P4浓度提高后,有利于饲料的降解和总挥发酸的生成。
总之,孕酮具有调节瘤胃发酵的功能并且可被微生物转化,改善日粮营养水平,能够提高瘤胃孕酮浓度。试验结果提示,瘤胃微生物宿主可能通过自身分泌的激素对瘤胃微生物的代谢活性进行调节。
It has been reported that progesterone (P4) could regulate metabolite of environmental microorganisms. Progesterone will maintain high levels in blood serum when dairy cow become pregnant. However, information associated with about effect of P4on rumen microbes when it enter the reticulo-rumen through the wall of forestomach and saliva reproductive cycle are not well investigated. Thereby, the authors in the present study carried out following experiments:
Firstly, a5×5Latin square experiment design was applied to investigate the effects of five total mixed rations (TMRs) which were formulated at same ratio of concentrate to forage (61:39) including different forage combinations on diurnal variation of P4, testosterone and ADD concentrations in rumen fluids of the lactating dairy cows. The whole experiment was completed in five periods and each period was carried out for18d, the cows were gradually adapted to the corresponding TMRs from d0to d15, and rumen fluids were intensively collected on d16, d17, and d18in each period. Over the24-h period, ruminal P4, testosterone and ADD concentration varied from5.21to6.61ng/mL,1.37to1.61ng/mL, and4.10to5.51ng/mL, respectively. The varyations were positively related to diurnal varyation in rumen total VFA concentration, with coefficiens of0.56(P<0.010),0.62(P<0.010), and0.66(P<0.001), respectively. The TMRs with different forage combinations hadt effect on ruminal concentrations of P4, testosterone and ADD (P<0.001). Compared with TMR including corn stover, the rumen P4concentration in TMR including corn stover plus ensiled corn stover; ensiled corn stover plus Chinese wild ryegrass hay; Chinese wild ryegrass(Leymus chinensis) hay plus whole corn silage; Chinese wild ryegrass hay plus whole corn silage plus alfalfa hay were increased by4.17%,5.44%,9.07%, and34.48%(P<0.001), respectively. Meanwhile, testosterone was increased by8.10%,33.33%,54.05%, and65.76%(P<0.001), respectively. ADD was increased by14.51%,49.84%,77.60%, and95.26%(P<0.001), respectively. The results indicate that increased of diary protein and energy leves may enhance ruminal P4, tstousterone and ADD concentration.
Sencondly, A completely randomized design was applied to five runs of in vitro batch cultures with six P4dose rates of0(control),2,20,40,80and100ng/mL in culture fluids to investigate microbial transformation of P4. Within each run, five fermentations for each incubation interval of6,12,24,36,48and72h were arranged for each P4dosage treatment. Rumen microbes could translate1molar of P4into0.55to0.99molar testosterone, and the produced testosterone was further translated into0.39to0.82molar ADD. The transformation was related to intial P4concentration and incubation time, the high the initial P4concentration was, the quickly translated rate (P<0.001); and the longer incubated time, the more microbial transformation was (P<0.001). The results suggested that rumen should not be neglected as another important arena of P4metabolism.
Thirdly, the effects of P4on microbial metabolism was investigated with high and low starch substrate in vitro batch culture.Rumen contents were collected from five lactating dairy cows. P4was added into culture fluids to achieve final concentration of0(control),2,20,40,80and100ng/mL. Compared with P4control, microbial crude protein was increased by15.43(P<0.001); dry matter degradation and rate were increased by6.57%(P=0.043) and19.91%(P<0.001), respectively. In addition, total VFA concentration was increased by11.03%(P<0.001). In the present study, molar proportion of milk and body fatty precursor were increased, whereas glucogentic VFA was decreased.The result in the present experiments showed that P4may be benefial for milk fatty synthesis.
Fourthly, effects of P4on metabolite in methanogens was investigated. In this study, P4could inhibit growth of methanogens and decreased methano production (P<0.05). Meanwhile, fibrolytic enzymes were also decreased, which resulted in decrease in degradation of substrate (P<0.05) and production in total VFA (P<0.05), respectively. The result indicated that P4could inhibit metabolitic avtivity of methanogens, and the increase of P4in the rumen may be beneficial for reduce of energy loss.
Fivthly, effects of P4on metabolite in pured fungi of Neocallimastix sp was investigated. In this study, P4could stimulate growth of Neocallimastix sp and increase fibrolytic enzymes activity, degradation of dry matter, NDF and ADF (P<0.05), which resulted in increases in total VFA concentration (P<0.05) and ratio of non-glucogentic to glucogentic acids, respectively. The enhanced Neocallimastix sp indicted that P4was benefial for degradation of feed and production of VFA.
In brief, the results presented contribute important new knowledge about the P4transformation in rumen and effect of P4on metabolism of rumen microbes.The results showed that host may regulate microbial metabolite via its steroid hormone.
引文
Allison, M. J. Biosynthesis of amino acids by ruminal microorgnisms. [J]. J. Anim. Sci.1969,29: 797-807.
Apgar, J., D. Aspros, J. E. Hixon, R. R. Saatman, and W. Hansel. Effect of restricted feed intake on the sensitivity of the bovine corpus luteum to LH in vitro. [J]. J. Anim. Sci.1975,41:1120.
Arakane, F., and T. Sngawara. Steaoidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR)retains activity in the absence of its mitochondrial import sequence. Implications for the mechanism of StAR action.[J]. Pro. ceedings of the National Academy of sciences USA,1998,93:13731-13736.
Arfman, N., E. M. Watling, W. Clement, R. J. Van Oosterwijk, G. E. De Vries, W. Harder, M. M. Attwood, and L. Dijkhuizen. Methanol metabolism in thermotolerant methylotrophic Bacillus strains involving a novel catabolic NAD-dependent methanol dehydrogenase as a key enzyme. [J]. Arch. Microbiol.1989,152:280-288.
Attardi, B., and H. K. Happe. Modulation of the estradiol-induced luteinizing hormone surge by progesterone or antiestrogens:effects on pituitary gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors. [J]. Endocrinology.1986,119:274-283.
Attardi, B, B. Klatt, G. E. Hoffman, and M. S. Smith. Facilitation or inhibition of the estradiol-induced gonadotropin surge in the immature rat by progesterone:regulation of GnRH and LH messenger RNAs and activation of GnRH neurons. [J]. J. Neuroendocrinol.1997,9:589-599.
Ayalon, N. A review of embryonic mortality in cattle. [J]. J. Reprod. Fertil.1978,54:483-493.
Bamberg, E., and F. Schwarzenberger. Fecal steroid assay for monitoring of estrous cycle and pregnancy. In:Kaneko JJ (ed), Proc IVth Cong. Int. Soc. Anim. Clin. Biochem. Davis:Univ California,1990, 95-99.
Banerjee, D., B. Pillai, N. Karnani, G. Mukhopadhyay, R. Prasad. Genome-wide expression profile of steroid response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. [J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004,317: 406-413.
Barker, H. A. The Bacteria. Academic Press, New York,1961.
Baulieu, E.E. and P. Robel, NEUROSTEROIDS-A NEW BRAIN-FUNCTION. New Biology of Steroid Hormones, ed. R.B. Hochberg and F. Naftolin. Vol.74.1991, New York:Raven Press.251-263.
Baulieu, E. E., and M. Schumacher. Neurousteroids, with special reference to the effect of progesterone on myelination in peripheral nerves. [J]. Mult. Scler.1997,3:105-112.
Beal, W. E., R. E. Short, R. B. Staigmiller, R. A. Fellows, C. C. Kaltenbach, and T. G. Dunn.. Influence of dietary energy intake on bovine pituitary and luteal function. [J]. J. Anim. Sci.1978,46: 181-188.
Bedford, C. A., J. R, Challis, F. A. Harrison, R. B. Heap. The role of oestrogens and progesterone in the onset of parturition in various species. [J]. J. Repro. Fert.1972.16:11-23.
Bergman, E. N., R. S. Reid, M. G. Murray, J. M. Brockway, and F. G. Whitelaw. Interconversions and production of volatile fatty acids in the sheep rumen. [J]. Biochem. J.1965,97:53-58.
Bidstrup, T. B., I. Bjornsdottir, U. G. Sidelmann. M. S. Thomsen, and K, T. Hansen. CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 are the principle enzymes involved in the human in vitro biotransformation of the insulin secretagogue repaglinide. [J]. Clin. Pharmacol.2003,56:305-314.
Biely, P. Microbial xylanolytic systems. [J]. Trends in Biotechnology 1985,3(11):286-290.
Bolet, G. Timing and extent of embryonic mortality in pigs, sheep, and goats:Geneitic variability:In: Embryonic Mortality in Farm Animals. Eds. J.M. Sreenan, and M.G. Diskin.1986, Dordrech, Boston, M A.
Bombek, L. K., A. Lapornik, M. Ukmar, M. Matis, B. Cresnar, J. P. Katalinic, and M. Zakelj-Mavric. Aspects of the progesterone response in Hortaea werneckii:Steroid detoxification, protein induction and remodelling of the cell wall. [J]. Steroids.2008,73 (14):1465-1474.
Bowman B H, Taylor J W, Brownlee A G, et al. Molecular evolution of the fungi:relationship of the Basidiomycetes, Ascomycetes, and Chytridiomycetes. [J]. Molecular Biology and Evolution.1992, 9(2):285-296.
Borisenkov, M. F., M. A. Vaikishnoraite, and A.M. Kaneva, Progesterone transport across the wall of the rumen of sheep. Rossiiskii fiziologicheskii zhurnal imeni I.M. Sechenova/Rossiiskaia akademiia nauk,2003.89:1161-1166.
Borisenkov, M. F, L. A. Bakutova, A. N. Muraveva, V. A. Tallina, and A. M. Kaneva. Dynamics of rumenoenteral transport of progesterone in sheep in chronic experiment. Rossiiskii fiziologicheskii zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova/Rossiiskaia akademiia nauk.2006,92:374-378.
Bottari, S. P., A. Vokaer, E. Kaivez, J. P. Lescrainier, and G. P. Vauquelin. Differential regulation of alpha-adrenergic receptor subclasses by gonadal steroids in human myometrium. [J]. J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab.1983,57:937-941.
Boujrad, N., J. R. Hudson, and V. Papadopoulos. Inhibition of hormone-stimulated steroidogenesis in cultured Leydig tumor cells by a cholesterol-linked phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide antisense to diazepam-binding inhibitor. [J]. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,1993,90(12):5728-5731.
Brann, D. W., J. L. O'Conner, M. F. Wade, P. L. Zamorano, and V. B. Mahesh. Regulation of anterior pituitary gonadotropin subunit mRNA levels during the preovulatory gonadotropin surge:a physiological role of progesterone in regulating LH-beta and FSH-beta mRNA levels. [J]. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol.1993,46:427-437.
Braune, R. Untersuchungen uber die in wiederkauermagen vorkommenden protosoen. [J]. Arch Protist, 1913,32:111-170.
Breskvar, K., Z. Ferencak, and T. Hudnik-Plevnik.. The role of cytochrome p450 (Halpha) in detoxification of steroidsin the filamentous fungus Rhizopus nigrians. [J]. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol.1995,52 (3):271-275.
Briggs, P. K., J. P. Hogan, and R. L. Reid. The effect of volatile fatty acids, lactic acid and ammonia on rumen pH in sheep.[J]. Aust. J. Agric. Res.1957,8:674-710.
Brookman, J. L., G. Mennim, A. Trinci, et al. Identification and characterization of anaerobic gut fungi using molecular methodologies based on ribosomal ITS1 and 18S rRNA. [J]. Microbiology,2000, 146(2):393-403.
Brown, J. L., S. K. Wasser, D. E. Wildt, and L. H. Graham. Comparitive aspects of steroid hormone metabolism and ovarian activity in felids, measured noninvasively in feces. [J]. Biol. Reprod.1994, 51:776-786.
Bulman, D. C., and G. E. Lamming. The use of milk progesterone analysis in the study of oestrus detection, herd fertility and embryonic mortality in dairy cattle. [J]. Br. Vet. J.1979,135:559-567.
Caldwell, D. R., and M. P. Bryant. Medium without rumen fluid for non-selective enumeration and isolation of rumen bacteria. [J]. Appl. Microbiol.1966,14:794.
Cartmill, J. A., S.Z. El-Zarkouny, B. A. Hensley, G. C. Lamb, and J. S. Stevenson. Stage of cycle, incidence and timing of ovulation, and pregnancy rates in dairy cattle after three timed breeding protocols. [J]. J. Anim. Sci.2000,78:216.
Caron, K. M., and S. C.Soo. Targeted disruption of the mouse gene encoding steroidogenic acute regulatory protein provides insights into congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia. [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of sciences USA,1997,94:11540-11545.
Chen, M., and M. J. Wolin. Effect of monensin and lasalocidsodium on the growth of methanogenic and rumen saccharolytic bacteria. [J]. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.1979,38:72.
Chen, X. L., J. K. Wang, Y. M. Wu, and J. X. Liu. Effects of chemical treatments of rice straw on rumen fermentation characteristics, fibrolytic enzyme activities and populations of liquid-and solid-associated ruminal microbes in vitro. [J]. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.2008,141:1-14.
China dairy statistics. Report of China Dairy Yearbook, China Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China. 2010.
Christov, L. P., and B. A. Prior. Esterases of xylan-degrading microorganisms-producing, properties, and significance. [J]. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 1993,15(6):460-475.
Chung, B. C., and K. J. Matteson. Human cholesterol side-chain clevage enxyme, P450scc:cDNA cloning, assignment of the gene to chromosome15, and expression in the placenta.[J]. Proc Natal Acad Sci USA,1996,83:8962-8966.
Clark, B.J., J. Wells, S. R. King, et al. The purification, cloning, and expression of a novel luteinizing hormone-induced mitochondrial protein in MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells. Characterization of the steroidngenic acute regulatory protein(StAR). [J]. J Biol. Chem.1994,269(45):28314-28322.
Clemens, J. D., and V. L. Estergreen. Metabolism and conjugation of [4-14C] progesterone by bovine liver and adipose tissues, in vitro. [J]. Steroids 1982,40:287-306.
Church, D. C. (1976). Digestive Physiology and Nutrition of Ruminants. Vol.1. Digestive Physiology. O & B Books, Corvallis, OR.
Desaulniers, D. M., A. K. Goff, K. J. Betteridge, J. E. Rowell, and P. F. Flood. Reproductive hormone concentrations in feces during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in cattle (Bos Taurus) and muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus). [J]. Can. J. Zool.1989,67:1148-1154.
Dhillon, S., and K. Gill. Basic Pharmacokinetics. Clinical Pharmacokinetics. Pharmaceutical Press, 2006, London, UK.
Digregorio, G. B., and T.M. Nett. Estradiol and progesterone influence the synthesis of gonadotropins in the absence of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the ewe. [J]. Biol. Reprod.1995,53:166-172.
Diskin, M. G., and J. M. Sreenan. Fertilization and embryonic mortality rates in beef heifers after artificial insemination.[J]. J. Reprod. Fertil.1980,59:463-468.
Dixon, A. B. Late embryonic and fetal mortality in the ewe. Ph. D. Dissertation.2004, West Virginia University, Morgantown.
Dore, J., and D. A. Stahl. Phylogeny of anaerobic rumen Chytridiomycetcs inferred from small subunit ribosomal RNA sequence comparisons. [J]. Canadian journal of botany,1991,69:1964-1971.
Doyle. J. L. A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue. Phytochemical bulletin,1987,19(1):11-15.
Dunne, L. D., M. G. Diskin, and J. M. and Sreenan. Embryo and foetal loss in beef heifers between day 14 of gestation and full term. [J]. Anim. Reprod. Sci.2000,58:39-44.
El-Zarkouny, S. Z., J. A. Cartmill, B. A. Hensley, and J. S. Stevenson. Progesterone increases pregnancy rates and embryo survival in lactating dairy cows. [J]. J. Dairy Sci.2000,83:217.
Epstein, L. F., and N. R. Orme-Johnson. Acute action of luteinizing hormone on mouse Leydig cells: accumulation of mitochondrial phosphoproteins and stimulation of testosterone synthesis. [J]. Mol. Cell En-docrinol 1991,81(1-3):113-126.
Estergreen, V. L., M. T. Lin, E. L. Martin, G. E. Moss, A. L. Branen, L. O. Luedecke, and W. Shimoda. Distribution of progesterone and its metabolites in cattle tissues following administration of progesterone 4-C. [J]. J.Anim. Sci.1977,45:642-651.
Fiedler, E. P., and L. Flouffe. Prostaglndin F(2-alpha)in duces a rapid decline in progesterone prodeuction and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein express in isolated rat corpus luteum without altering messenger ribonueleic acid express. [J]. Biology of Reproduction,1999,61(2): 643-650.
Fitz. T.A., and M. H. Mayan. Characterization of two steroidogenic celltypes in the ovine corpus luteum. [J]. Biology of Reproduction,1998,27:703-711.
Fliegerova, K., B. Hodrova, and K. Voigt. Classical and molecular approaches as a powerful tool for the characterization of rumen polycentric fungi. [J]. Folia microbiologica,2004,49(2):157-164.
France, J., M. S. Dhanoa, M. K. Theodorou, S. J. Lister, D. R. Davies, and D. Isac. A model to interpret gas accumulation profiles associated with in vitro degradation of ruminant feeds. [J]. J. Theor. Biol.1993,163:99-111.
Forsberg, C. W., T. J. Beveridge, and A. Hellstrom. Cellulase and xylanase release from Bacteroides succinogenes and its importance in the rumen environment. [J]. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.1981,42: 886-896.
Foroozandeh, A. D., M. Rezaeian, G. R. Balaly, et al. Relative contributions of ruminal bacteria, protozoa and fungi to degradation of forage fiber fractions. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances,2009,8:603-607.
Garcia-Gomez EG-P, Bertha; Camacho-Arroyo, Ignacio. Role of sex steroid hormones in bacterial-host interactions. [J]. BioMed research international.2013:928290.
Garcia, J. L., B. K. Patel, B. Ollivier. Taxonomic, phylogenetic, and ecological diversity of methanogenic Archaea. Anaerobe,2000,6:205-226.
Gonzalez-Velazquez, W., R. Gonzalez-Mendez, and N. Rodriguez-del Valle. Characterization and ligand identification of a membrane progesterone receptor in fungi:existence of a novel PAQR in Sporothrix schenckii. [J]. BMC Microbiology 2012,12:194.
Goodman, Y., A. J. Bruce, B. Cheng, M. P. Mattson. Estrogens attenuate and corticosterone excitotoxicity, oxidative injury, and amyloid beta-peptide toxicity in hippocampal neurons. [J]. J. Neurochem.1996,66:1836-1844.
Goswami, P., S. S. Chinnadayyala, M. Chakraborty, A. K. Kumar, and A. Kakoti. An overview on alcohol oxidases and their potential applications. [J]. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.2013,97:4259-4275.
Grant, R. J., and D. R. Mertens. Influence of buffer pH and raw corn starch addition on in vitro fiber digestion kinetics. [J]. J. Dairy Sci.1992,75:2762-2768.
Guay, D. R. Repaglinide, a novel, short-acting hypoglycemic agent for type 2 diabetes mellitus. [J]. Pharmacotherapy.1998,18:1195-1204.
Guth, L., Z. Zhang, E. Roberts. Keyrole for progesterone in combination therapy promotes recovery after spinal cord injury. [J]. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.1994,91:12308-12312.
Hinckley, S.T., R. A. Milvae. Endothelin-1 mediates prostaglandin F2 a-induced luteal regression in the ewe. [J]. Biology of Reproduction 2001,64:1619-1623.
Hungate, R. E.1966. The Rumen and Its Microbes. New York:Academic Press,533.
Hungate, R. E., W. Smith, T. Bauchop, I. Yu, J. C. Rabinowitz. Formate as an Intermediate in the Bovine Rumen Fermentation. [J]. J. Bacterial.1970,102:389-397.
Hulet, C.V., H. P. Voightlander, A. L. Pope, and L. E. Casida. The nature of early-season infertility in sheep. [J]. J. Anim. Sci.1956,15:607-616.
Huszcza, E., and J. Dmochowska-gladysz. Transformations of testosterone and related steroids by Botrytis cinerea. [J]. Phytochemistry.2003,62:155-158.
Ing, N. H. Steroid hormones regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally by altering the stabilities of messenger RNAs. [J]. Biol. Reprod.2005,72:1290-1296.
Ing, N. H., and M. B. Tornesi. Estradiol up regulates estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor gene expression in specific ovine uterine cells. [J]. Biol. Reprod.1997,56:1205-1215.
Inskeep, E. K. Factors that affect embryonic survival in the cow:Application of technology to improve calf crop. In Factors Affecting Calf Crop:Biotechnology of Reproduction. Edited by Michael J. Fields, Robert S. Sand, and Joel Y. Yelich. CRC Press, Boca Raton FL.2002, Chapter 19. p 255-275.
Iwai, M., H. Kanzaki, M. Fujimoto, K.. Kojima, H. Hatayama, T. Inoue, T. Higuchi, H. Nakayama, T. Mori, and J. Fujita. Regulation of sex steroid receptor gene expression by progesterone and testosterone in cultured human endometrial stromal cells. [J]. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.1995,80: 450-454.
Jang, S., L. S. Yi. Identification of a 71 kDa protein as a putative non-genomic membrane progesterone receptor in boar spermatozoa. [J]. J. Endocrinol.2005,184:417-25.
Janovick, J. A., and P. M Conn. Progesterone diminishes the sensitivity of gonadotropin-releasing hormone-stimulated luteinizing hormone (LH) release and protects an LH pool from desensitization:actions opposed by cholera toxin. [J]. Endocrinology.1996,137:1823-1827.
Joblin, K, N., G. P. Campbell, A. J. Richardson, et al. Fermentation of barley straw by anaerobic rumen bacteria and fungi in axenic culture and in co-culture with methanogens. [J]. Letters in applied microbiology,1989,9:195-197.
Jordan, E. R., and L.V. Swanson. Serum progesterone and luteinizing hormone in dairy cattle fed varying levels of crude protein. [J]. J. Anim. Sci.1979,48:1154.
Jouany, J. P, and K. Ushida. The role of protozoa in feed digestion. [J]. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,1999,12:113-128.
Junq-Testas, I., M. Schumacher, P. Robel, and E. E. Baulieu. Action of steroid hormones and growth factors on glial cells of the central and peripheral nervous system. [J]. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol.1994,48:145-154.
Kaneko, K. J., C. Gelinas, and J. Gorski. Activation of the silent progesterone receptor gene by ectopic expression of estrogen receptors in a rat fibroblast cell line. [J]. Biochemistry.1993,32: 8348-8359.
Kasa-Vubu, J. Z., G. E. Dahl, N. P. Evans, L. A. Thrun, S. M. Moenter, V. Padmanabhan, and F. J. Karsch. Progesterone blocks the estradiol-induced gonadotropin discharge in the ewe by inhibiting the surge of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. [J]. Endocrinology.1992,131:208-212.
Kastelic, J. P. Noninfectious embryonic loss in cattle. [J]. Vet. Med.1994,584-589.
KaUen, C. B., and J. T. Billheimer. Steroidogenic acute regulatory protenin (StAR) is a sterol transfter protein [J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1998,26:285-288.
Kerr, B. M., K. E. Thummel, and C. J. Wurden, et al. Human liver carbamazepine metabolism-role of CYP3A4 and CYP2C8 in 10,11-epoxide formation. [J]. Biochem. Pharmacol.1994,47: 1969-1979.
King, W. A. Embryo-mediated pregnancy failure in cattle. [J]. Can. Vet. J.1991,32:99-103.
Kirsten, E., R. Kirsten, and G. W. G. Sharp. Effects of sodium transport stimulating substances on enzyme activities in the toad bladder.[J]. Pflugers Arch.1970,316:26-33.
Kirkpatrick, J. F., D. F. Gudermuth, R. L. Flagan, J. C. McCarthy, and B. L. Lasley. Remote monitoring of ovulation and pregnancy of Yellowstone bison. [J]. J. Wildl. Manag.1993,57:407-412.
Klingler, C. Zyklusdiagnose beim Rind mittels Gestagenbestimmung im Kot. Thesis.1991, Vet Med University, Vienna.
Koenig, H., M. Schumacher, B. Ferzaz, A. N. Thi, A. Ressouches, R. Guennoun, I. Junq-Testas, P. Robel, Y. Akwa, and E. E. Baulieu. Progesterone synthesis and myelin formation by Schwann cells. [J], Science 1995,9:1500-1503.
Koike, S., and Y. Kobayashi. Fibrolytic rumen bacteria:Their ecology and functions. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,2009,22:131-138.
Kornman, K. S., and W. J. Loesche. Effects of estradiol and progesteroneon Bacteroides melaninogenicus and Bacteroides gingivalis. [J]. Infection and Immunity 1982,35:256-263.
Kraus, W. L., and B. S. Katzenellenbogen. Regulation of progesterone receptor gene expression and growth in the rat uterus:modulation of estrogen actions by progesterone and sex steroid hormone antagonists. [J]. Endocrinology.1993,132:2371-2379.
Krishnamurthy, S., V. Gupta, R. Prasad, S. L. Panwar. Expression of CDR1, a multidrug resistance gene of Candida albicans:transcriptional activation by heat shock, drugs and human steroid hormones. [J]. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1998,160:191-197.
Kummerfield, H. L., A. B. Oltenacu, and R. H. Foote. Embryonic mortality in dairy cows estimated by nonreturns to service, estrus, and cyclic milk progesterone patterns. [J]. J. Dairy Sci.1978,61: 1773-1777.
Landau, R. L, D. M. Bergenstal, K. Lugibihl, M. E. Kascht. The metabolic effects of progesterone in man. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.1955,15:1194-215.
Larter, N. C., R. Rajamahendran, and K. Sivakumaran. Immunoreactive fecal progestins as indicators of reproductive status. [J]. Vet. Rec.1994.134:474-475.
Lee, S. S., J. K. Ha, and K. J. Cheng. Relative contributions of bacteria, protozoa, and fungi to in vitro degradation of orchard grass cell walls and their interactions. [J]. Appl. Environ. Microbial.2000, 66:3807-3813.
Lena, C., and J. P. Changeux. Allosteric modulations of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. [J]. Trends Neurosci 1993,16:181-186.
Lenasi, H., A. Bavec, and M. Zorko. Membrane-bound progesterone receptors coupled to G proteins in the fungus Rhizopus nigricans. [J]. FEMS microbial. Let.2002,213:97-101.
Leng, R. A.1970. Formation and production of volatile fatty acids in the rumen. In:Physiology of Digestion and Metabolism in the Ruminant. A.T. Phillipson, ed. Oriel Press. Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
Leng, R. A., and J. V. Nolan. Nitrogen metabolism in the rumen.[J]. J. Dairy Sci.1984,67:1072-1089.
Lester, G., D. Stone, and O. Hechter. The effects of deoxycorticosterone and other steroids on Neurospora crassa. [J]. Arch. Biochem. Biophs.1958,75:196-214.
Li, H., and V. Papadopoulos. Peripheral type benzodiaepine receptor function in cholesterol transport. Identification of a putative cholesterol recgonition/interaction amino acid sequence and consensus pattern. [J]. Endocrinology 1998,139:4991-4997.
Li, J., and I. B.Heath. The phylogenetic relationships of the anaerobic chytridiomycetous gut fungi (Neocallimasticaceae) and the Chytridiomycota. Ⅰ. Cladistic analysis of rRNA sequences. [J]. Canadian journal of botany,1992.70(9):1738-1746.
Liebetanz, E. Die parasitischen protosoen der wiederkauermagens. [J]. Arch Protist,1910,19:19.
Lindmark, M. H. Composition of Swedish dairy milk. Swedish Dairy Association.2003.
Luconi, M., L. Bonaccorsi, M. Maggi, P. Pecchioli, C. Krausz, G. Forti, E. Baldi. Identification and characterization of functional nongenomic progesterone receptors on human sperm membrane. [J]. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.1998,83:877-885.
Marvin-Sikkema, F. D., T. M. Pedro Gomes, J. P. Grivet, J. C. Gottschal, and R. A. Prins. Charactrization of hydrogenosomes and their role in glucose metabolism of Neocallimastix sp. L2. [J].Arch. Microbiol.1993,160:388-396.
Majewska, M. D. Neurousteroids:Endogenous bimodal modulators of the GABA receptor. Mechanism of action and physiological significance. [J]. Prog. Neurobiol.1992,38:379-395.
Makkar, H. P. S., O. P. Sharma, R. K. Dawra, and S. S. Negi. Simple determination of microbial protein in rumen liquor. [J]. J. Dairy Sci.1982,65:2170-2173.
Maurer, R. R., and J. R. Chenault. Fertilization failure and embryonic mortality in parous and nonparous beef cattle. [J].J.Anim. Sci.1966,56:1186-1189.
Menke, K. H, and H. Steingass. Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and gas production using rumen fluid. [J]. Anim. Res. Dev.1988,28:7-55.
Mertens, D. R. Creating a system for meeting the fiber requirements of dairy cows. [J]. J. Dairy Sci. 1997,80:1463-1481.
Miller, G. L. Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar. [J]. Analytical Chemistry 1959,31:426-428.
Miller, R. D., and S. A. Morse. Binding of progesterone to Neisseria gonorrhoeae and other gram-negative bacteria. [J]. Infect. Immun.1977.16 (1):115-123.
Miller, W. R., R. Williams, G. W. Pipes, and C. W. Turner. Conjugation, distribution and biological half-life (t 1/2) of radioactive progesterone in plasma and red cells of bovine blood. [J]. J. Dairy Sci.1963,46:1402-1404.
Moor, R. M., and L. E. Rowson. Egg transfer in sheep. Factors affecting the survival and development of transferred eggs. [J]. J. Reprod Fertil.1960,1:332-349.
Moor, R. M., and Rowson, L. E. A. Local uterine mechanisms affecting luteal function in the sheep. [J]. J. Reprod. Fertil.1966,11:307.
Morse, S. A., and T. J. Fitzgerald. Effect of progesterone on Neisseria gonorrhoeae. [J]. Infect. Immun. 1974,10(6):1370-1377.
Moutsatsou, P., and C.E. Sekeris. Estrogen and progesterone receptors in the endometrium. Ann. NY Acad. Sci.1997,816:99-115.
Nakagawa, T., R. Mitsui, A. Tani, K. Sasa, S. Tashiro, T. Iwama, T. Hayakawa, and K. Kawai.2012. A catalytic role of XoxFl as La3+-dependent methanol dehydrogenase in Methylobacterium extorquens strain AMI. PLoS One 7:e50480. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0050480.
Neumann, L., E. Weigand, and E. Most. Effect of methanol on methanogenesis and fermentation in the rumen simulation technique. [J]. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr.1999,82:142-149.
Niswender, G. D. Molecular control of luteal secretion of progesterone. [J]. Reproduction 2002,123(3): 333-339.
Niswender, G. D., J. L. Juenqel, W. J. McGuire, C. J. Belfiore, and M. C. Wiltbank. Luteal function:the estrous cycle and early pregnancy. Biol. Reprod,1994.50:239-247.
Niswender, G. D., J. L. Juengel, P. J. Silva, M. K. Rollyson, and E. W. McIntush. Mechanisms controlling the function and life span of the corpus luteum. Physiol. Rev.2000,80:1-29.
Ojanotko-Harri, A., T. Nikkari, M. P. Harri, and K. U. Paunio. Metabolism of progesterone and testosterone by Bacillus cereus strain Socransky 67 and Streptococcus mutans strain Ingbritt. [J]. Oral Microbiology and Immunology 1990,5:237-239.
Orpin, C. G. Studies on the rumen flagellate Neocallimastix frontalis. [J]. Journal of General Microbiology,1975,91:249.
(?)rskov, E. R.1975. Manipulation of rumen fermentation for maximum food utilization. In World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, Vol.22 (Ed. G. H. Boume), pp.152-182. Basel, Switzerland: Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers.
Plemenitas, A., H. Lenasi, and T. Hudnik-Plevnik.Identification of progesterone binding sites in the plasma membrane of the flamentous fungus Cochliobolus lunatus. [J]. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol.1993,45:281-285.
Papadopoulos, V., and H. Amri. Peripheral benzodiazepine receptor in cholesterol transport and steroidogenesls. [J]. Steiroids.1997,62:21-28.
Parr, R. A. Nutrition-progesterone interactions during early pregnancy in sheep. [J]. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 1992,4:297-300.
Palme, R., P. Fischer, H. Schildorfer, and M. N. Ismail. Excretion of infused 14C-steroid hormones via feces and urine in domestic livestock. [J]. Anim. Reprod. Sci.1996,43:43-63.
Penning, T.M. Molecular endocrinology of hydrozysteriod dehydrogenases. [J]. Endocr Rev.1997,18: 281-305.
Quinlivan, T. D., C. A. Martin, W. B. Taylor, and I.M. Cairney. Estimates of pre and perinatal mortality in the New Zealand Romney Marsh ewe. [J]. J. Reprod. Fetil.1966,11:379-390.
Revelli, A., and M.Massobrio. Nongenomic actions of steroid hormones in reproductive tissues. [J]. Endocrine Rev.1998,19:3-17.
Rico, A. G. Metabolism of endogenous and exogenous anabolic agents in cattle. [J]. J. Anim. Sci. 1983,57:226-232.
Robinson, P. H. Dynamic aspects of feeding management for dairy cows. [J]. J. Dairy Sci.1989,72: 1197-1209.
Roof, R. L., S. W. Hoffman, D. G. Stein. Progesterone protects against lipid peroxidation following traumatic brain injury in rats. [J]. Mol. Chem. Neuropathol.1997,31:1-11.
Rhind, S. M., J. J. Robinson, C. Fraser, and I. McHattie. Ovulation and embryo survival rates and plasma progesterone concentrations of prolific ewes treated with PMSG. [J]. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1980,58:139-144.
Richards J. H, and J. B. Hendrickson.1964. The biosynthesis of steroids, terpenes and acetogenins (Frontiers in chemistry):W. A. Benjamin, Inc., New York, NY.
Rupprecht, R., J. M. Reul, B. van Steensel, D. Spengler, M. Soder, B. Berning, F. Flolsboer, K.. Damm. Pharmacological and functional characterization of human mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor ligands. [J]. Eur. J. Pharmacol.1993,247:145-54.
Russell, J. B., and H. J. Strobel. Mini-Review:The effect of ionophores on ruminal fermentation. [J]. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.1989,55:1-6.
Russell, J. B., and H. C. Mantovani. The bacteriocins of ruminal bacteria and their potential as an alternative to antibiotics. [J]. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol.2002,4:347-355.
Salanitro, J., and P. A. Muirhead. Quantitative method for gas chromatographic analysis of short chain mono-and dicarboxylic acids in fermentation media. [J]. Appl. Microbiol.1975,29:374-381.
Salton, M. R. J., and J. H. Freer. Composition of the membranes isolated from several gram-positive bacteria. [J]. Biochim. Biophys. Acta.1965,107:531-538.
Sandhoff, T.W., and D.B.Hales. Transcriptional regulation of the rat steroidogenic acute regulatory protein gene by sterodgogenic factor. [J]. Endocrinology 1998,139:4820-4831.
SAS.2004. SAS/S TATU ser's Guide Statistics, Version 9.1. SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC.
Schrick, F. N., and E. K. Inskeep. Determination of early pregnancy in ewes utilizing transrectal ultrasonography. [J]. Theriogenology.1993,40:295-306.
Schwarzenberger, F., C. H. Son, R. Pretting. and K. Arbeiter. Use of group specific antibodies to detect fecal progesterone metabolites during the estrous cycle of cows. [J]. Theriogenolgy.1996,46: 23-32.
Sharak Genthner, B. R., C. L. Davis, and M. P. Bryant. Features of rumen and sewge sludge strains of Eubacterium limosum, a methanol-and H2-CO2-utilizing species. [J]. Appl. Microbiol.1975,42: 12-19.
Shaw, H. J., D. I. Green, A. W. Sainsbury, and W. V. Holt. Monitoring ovarian function in scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) by measurement of fecal 20a-progestagen metabolites. [J]. Zoo. Biol.1995,14:239-250.
Schar, G., E. P. Stover, K. V. Clemons, D. Feldman, and D. A. Stevens. Progesterone binding and inhibition of growth in trichophyton mentagrophytes. [J]. Infect. Immun.1986,52 (3):763-767.
Shelford, J. A. Degradability characteristics of dry matter and crude protein of forages in ruminants. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.1996,57:291-311.
Shideler, S.E., A.M. Ortuno, F.M. Moran. E.A. Moorman, and B.L. Lasley. Simple extraction and enzyme immunoassays for estrogen and progesterone metabolites in the feces of Macaca fascicularis during non-conceptive and conceptive ovarian cycles. [J]. Biol. Reprod.1993, 48:1290-1298.
Sonnichsen, D. S., Q. Liu, E. G. Schuetz, J. D. Shuetz, A. Pappo, and M. V. Relling. Variability in human cytochrome-P450 paclitaxel metabolism. [J]. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.1995,275:566-575.
Soory, M. Bacterial steroidogenesis by periodontal pathogens and the effect of bacterial enzymes on steroid conversions by human gingival fibroblasts inculture. [J]. J. Period. Res.1995,30:124-131.
Sowers, K. R. Methanogenic Archaea:an overview. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, 1995.
Sridaran, R.., and G. H. Philip. GnRn agonist treatment decreases proges. terone synthesis, luteal peripheral benzodiazepine receptoer mRNA, ligand binding and steroidogenic acute regulatory proteine expression during pregnancy. [J]. Journal of Molecular Endocrionlo, gy.1999,22:45-54.
Steinhour, W. D., and D. E. Bauman.1988. Propionate metabolism:A new interpretation. Pages 238-256 in Aspects of Digestive Physiology in Ruminants. A. Dobson and M. J. Dobson, ed. Comstock Publ., Ithaca, NY.
Stocco, D. M. StAR proton and the regulation of steroid hormone biosynthesis. [J]. Annual Reviews of Physiology 2001,63:193-213.
Stocco, C. O., L. Zhong, Y. Sugimoto, A. Ichikawa, L. F. Lau, and G. Gibori. Prostaglandin F-2 alpha-induced expression of 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase involves the transcription factor NUR77. [J]. J. Biol. Chem.2000,275:37202-37211.
Stupnicki, R., J. A. McCracken, and K. I. H. Williams. Progesterone metabolism in the ewe. [J]. J Endocrinol.1969,45:67-74.
Sugawara, T., D. Lin, J. A. Holt, et al. Structure of the human steroidogenic acute regulatory protein(StAR)gene:StAR stimulates mitochondrial cholesterol 27-hydroxylase activity. [J]. Biochemistry 1995,34(39):12506-12512.
Sun, X. Q., and S. J. Gibbs. Diurnal variation in fatty acid profiles in rumen digesta from dairy cows grazing high-quality pasture. [J]. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.2012,177:152-160.
Sung, H. G., Y. Kobayashi, J. Chang, A. Ha, I. H. Hwang, and J. K. Ha.2007. Low ruminal pH reduces dietary fiber digestion via reduced microbial attachment. Asian-Australasian J. Anim. Sci.20: 200-207.
Tandeski, T. R., J. L. Juengd, T. M. Nett, et al. Regulation of mRNA encoding low density lipoprotein receptor and high density lipoprotein binding protein in ovine corpora lutea.[J]. Reprod. Fertil. Dev.1996,8(7):1107-1114.
Thalmann, A. A contribution to the determination of the dehydrogenase activity in soils using tri phenyl tetrazolium chloride. [J]. Landwirtsch. Forsch.1968,21:249-258.
Taylor, W. The excretion of steroid hormone metabolites in bile and feces. [J]. Vitam. Horm.1971,29: 201-285.
Tezuka, N. M., M. Ali, K. Chwalisz, and R.E. Garfield. Changes in transcripts encoding calcium channel subunits of rat myometrium during pregnancy. [J]. Am J Physiol.1995,269:1008-1017.
Thauer, R. K., K. Jungermann, and K. Decker. Energy conservation in chemotrophic anaerobic bacteria. Bacteriol. Rev.1977,41:100-180.
Thauer, R. K., A. K. Kaster, H. Seedorf, W. Buckel, and R. Hedderich.. Methanogenic archaea: ecologically relevant differences in energy conservation. [J]. Nat. Rev. Microbiol.2008,6: 579-591.
Turfitt, G. E. Microbiological agencies in the degradation of steroids.2. Steroid utilization by the microflora of soils. [J]. J. Bacteriol.1947,54:557-562.
Tyznick, W., N. N. Allen. The relation of roughage intake to the fat content of the milk and the level of fatty acids in the rumen. [J]. J. Dairy Sci.1951,34:493.
Van Houtert, M. F. J. The production and metabolism of volatile fatty acids by ruminants fed roughages, a review. [J]. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.1993,43:189-225.
Van Soest, P., and J. B. Robertson.1985. A laboratory manual for animal science. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
Van Staden, J. F., and R. E. Taljaard. Determination of ammonia in water and industrial effluent streams with the indophenol blue method using sequential injection analysis. [J]. Analytica Chimica Acta. 1997,344:281-289.
Varga, G. A., and E. S. Kolver. Microbial and animal limitations to fiber digestion and utilization. [J]. The Journal of nutrition,1997,127:819-823.
Verhage, H. G., and A. T. Fazleabas. The in vitro synthesis of estrogen-dependent proteins by the baboon (Papio anubis) oviduct. [J]. Endocrinology.1988,123:552-558.
Wadhwa, L., and K. E. Smith.. Progesterone side-chain cleavage by Bacillus sphaericus. FEMS Microbial. Lett.2000,192:179-183.
Wallace, R. J., and N. J. JobiliilProteolytie actifity of a rumeil an-xobie fmgus. [J]. FEMS Microbiology Letters 1985,29:19-25.
Wang, M., X. G. Zhao, Z. L. Tan, S. X. Tang, C. S. Zhou, Z. H. Sun, X. F. Han, and C. W. Wang. Effects of increasing level of dietary rice straw on chewing activity, ruminal fermentation and fibrolytic enzyme activity in growing goats. [J]. J. Anim. Sci.2010,23:1022-1027.
Wang, Z. L., F. S. Zhao, X. Q. Hao, D. J. Chen, and D. T. li. Microbial transformation of hydrophobic compound in cloud point system. [J]. J. Mol. Catal. B:Enzym.2004,27:147-153.
Wang, X., Z. Han, and G. Wang, Effects of ipriflavone on ruminal metabolism and concentration of sex hormones in rumen fluid of goat. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2008.20:323-328.
Waterman, M. R. A rising StAR:an essential role in cholesterol transport. [J]. Science 1995,267(5205): 1780-781.
Wei, L. L., and R. Miner. Evidence for the existence of a third progesterone receptor protein in human breast cancer cell line T47D. [J]. Cancer Res 1994,54:340-343.
Wear, L. A., and R. D. Horvat. Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor associate at the mitochon-Drial membrane. [J]. Endocrinology 2001,142: 502-505.
Williams, W. F. Excretion of progesterone and its metabolites in milk, urine, and feces. [J]. J. Dairy Sci. 1962,45:1541-1542.
Wiltbank, M.C., J.J. Knickerbocker, G. D.Niswender. Regulation of the corpus luteum. by protein kinase C. I. Phosphorylation activity and steroidogenic action in large and small ovine luteal cells. [J]. Biol. Reprod.1989,40(6):1194-2000.
Wood, T. M., C. A. Wilson, S. I. MeCrae, et al. A highly active extracel-lular cellulase from the anaerobic fumes fungusNeooallimasfix-Ntalls [J]. FEMS Microbiology Letters,1986,34:37-40.
Yang, H. J., Q. Yue, and Y. C. Cao. Enzymological characterization of feruloyl and acetyl esterases in the rumen of Holstein steers. [J]. Journal of China Agriculture University.2011,16:73-78.
Yang, H. J., and Q. Yue. The modification of glucose levels and N source in the Hungate's medium to stimulate the production of fibrolytic enzymes of Anaeromyces sp YQ3 grown on corn stalks. [J]. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.2012,171:146-153.
Yamazaki, H., K. Inoue, P. M. Shaw, W. J. Checovich, F. P. Guengerich, and T. Shimada. Different contributions of cytochrome P450 2C19 and 3A4 in the oxidation of omeprazole by human liver microsomes; effects of contents of these two forms in individual human samples. [J]. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.1997,238:434-442.
Yielding, K. L., G. M. Tompkins, J. S. Munoy, and D. J. Cowley. The effects of steroids on electron transport. [J]. J. Biol. Chem.1960,235:3413-3417.
Yote, W., and R. Stanke. Bacteriostatic action of progesterone on staphylococci and other microorganisms. [J]. J. Bacteriol.1966,92 (5):1285-1289.
Yu, W. H. Survival of motoneurons following axotomy is enhanced by laction or progesterone treatment. [J]. Brain Res.1989,491:379-382.
Zwietering, M. H., I. Jongenburger, F. M. Rombouts, and K. Van'T Riet.1990. Modeling of the bacterial growth curve. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.56:1875-1881.
Zhu, W., C. H. Tang, X. P. Sun, J. X. Liu, Y. M. Wu, Y. M. Yuan, and X. K. Zhang. Rumen microbial protein synthesis and milk performance in lactating dairy cows fed the fortified corn stover diet in comparison with alfalfa diet. [J]. J. Anim. Vet. Adv.2013,12:633-639.
蔡天全,陈伟华,陈杰,韩正康.水牛瘤胃细菌存在雌二醇受体的初步研究.[J].畜牧兽医学报,1989,20：300-303.
蔡天全,韩正康,陈伟华,陈杰.17β-雌二醇对瘤胃消化代谢调节的研究.[J].南京农业大学学报,1990,13：134-136.
曹阳春.牦牛瘤胃厌氧真菌分子生态学多样性与植物细胞壁降解酯酶酶学特性研究.[D].北京：中国农业大学,2012.
陈杰.反刍动物机体与瘤胃微生物之间信息传递的研究,全国反刍动物营养生理生化第三次学术会议论文摘要汇编.2004.
陈泽兵,田沈,李佳,李云,杨秀山.高效降解玉米秸秆甲烷菌群的筛选.[J].太阳能学报.2010,31：933-936.
杜娟.阿魏酸酯酶的生产及在植物纤维材料降解中作用研究.[硕士论文]济南：山东大学2010.
冯仰廉.反刍动物营养学.科学出版社,2004.
韩止康.瘤胃代谢的神经内分泌调节.[J].动物医学进展,2006,27：9-13.
华刚,韩正康.甲状腺片或甲基硫脲嘧啶对血液甲状腺激索及瘤胃代谢的影响.[J].南京农业大学学报,1990,13：125-130.
林代炎,林新坚,杨菁,叶美锋.产甲烷菌在消化中的应用研究进展.[J].福建农业学报.2008,23：：106-110.
毛胜勇,朱伟云.反刍动物瘤胃真菌的研究进展[J].中国奶牛,2000,(5)：26-27.
祁茹,林英庭,程明,等.瘤胃微生物区系及其相互关系的研究进展.饲料博览,2011,(8)：9-13.
荣辉,余成群,孙维,等.瘤胃微生物对结构性碳水化合物的降解机制研究进展.草业科学,2010,27：134-143.
王金洛,陈伟华,韩正康.水牛瘤胃细菌存及纤毛虫孕酮受体分析.中国兽医科技.[J].1992,22：18-21.
杨国宇.睾酮调控瘤胃消化代谢的研究.[D].江苏南京：南京农业大学,1994.
杨国宇,陈伟华,陈杰,韩正康.雄性水牛瘤胃内睾酮的检测及变化规律的研究.[J].南京农业大学学报,1998,21：82-86.
张丹凤.不同类型例料瘤胃发酵甲烷产生量比较及速效甲烷抑制剂筛选研究.[D].北京：中国农业大学,2012.
Apgar, J., D. Aspros, J. E. Hixon, R. R. Saatman, and W. Hansel. Effect of restricted feed intake on the sensitivity of the bovine corpus luteum to LH in vitro. [J]. J. Anim. Sci.1975,41:1120.
Arakane, F., and T. Sngawara. Steaoidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR)retains activity in the absence of its mitochondrial import sequence. Implications for the mechanism of StAR action.[J]. Pro. ceedings of the National Academy of sciences USA,1998,93:13731-13736.
Arfman, N., E. M. Watling, W. Clement, R. J. Van Oosterwijk, G. E. De Vries, W. Harder, M. M. Attwood, and L. Dijkhuizen. Methanol metabolism in thermotolerant methylotrophic Bacillus strains involving a novel catabolic NAD-dependent methanol dehydrogenase as a key enzyme. [J]. Arch. Microbiol.1989,152:280-288.
Attardi, B., and H. K. Happe. Modulation of the estradiol-induced luteinizing hormone surge by progesterone or antiestrogens:effects on pituitary gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors. [J]. Endocrinology.1986,119:274-283.
Attardi, B, B. Klatt, G. E. Hoffman, and M. S. Smith. Facilitation or inhibition of the estradiol-induced gonadotropin surge in the immature rat by progesterone:regulation of GnRH and LH messenger RNAs and activation of GnRH neurons. [J]. J. Neuroendocrinol.1997,9:589-599.
Ayalon, N. A review of embryonic mortality in cattle. [J]. J. Reprod. Fertil.1978,54:483-493.
Bamberg, E., and F. Schwarzenberger. Fecal steroid assay for monitoring of estrous cycle and pregnancy. In:Kaneko JJ (ed), Proc IVth Cong. Int. Soc. Anim. Clin. Biochem. Davis:Univ California,1990, 95-99.
Banerjee, D., B. Pillai, N. Karnani, G. Mukhopadhyay, R. Prasad. Genome-wide expression profile of steroid response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. [J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004,317: 406-413.
Barker, H. A. The Bacteria. Academic Press, New York,1961.
Baulieu, E.E. and P. Robel, NEUROSTEROIDS-A NEW BRAIN-FUNCTION. New Biology of Steroid Hormones, ed. R.B. Hochberg and F. Naftolin. Vol.74.1991, New York:Raven Press.251-263.
Baulieu, E. E., and M. Schumacher. Neurousteroids, with special reference to the effect of progesterone on myelination in peripheral nerves. [J]. Mult. Scler.1997,3:105-112.
Beal, W. E., R. E. Short, R. B. Staigmiller, R. A. Fellows, C. C. Kaltenbach, and T. G. Dunn.. Influence of dietary energy intake on bovine pituitary and luteal function. [J]. J. Anim. Sci.1978,46: 181-188.
Bedford, C. A., J. R, Challis, F. A. Harrison, R. B. Heap. The role of oestrogens and progesterone in the onset of parturition in various species. [J]. J. Repro. Fert.1972.16:11-23.
Bergman, E. N., R. S. Reid, M. G. Murray, J. M. Brockway, and F. G. Whitelaw. Interconversions and production of volatile fatty acids in the sheep rumen. [J]. Biochem. J.1965,97:53-58.
Bidstrup, T. B., I. Bjornsdottir, U. G. Sidelmann. M. S. Thomsen, and K, T. Hansen. CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 are the principle enzymes involved in the human in vitro biotransformation of the insulin secretagogue repaglinide. [J]. Clin. Pharmacol.2003,56:305-314.
Biely, P. Microbial xylanolytic systems. [J]. Trends in Biotechnology 1985,3(11):286-290.
Bolet, G. Timing and extent of embryonic mortality in pigs, sheep, and goats:Geneitic variability:In: Embryonic Mortality in Farm Animals. Eds. J.M. Sreenan, and M.G. Diskin.1986, Dordrech, Boston, M A.
Bombek, L. K., A. Lapornik, M. Ukmar, M. Matis, B. Cresnar, J. P. Katalinic, and M. Zakelj-Mavric. Aspects of the progesterone response in Hortaea werneckii:Steroid detoxification, protein induction and remodelling of the cell wall. [J]. Steroids.2008,73 (14):1465-1474.
Bowman B H, Taylor J W, Brownlee A G, et al. Molecular evolution of the fungi:relationship of the Basidiomycetes, Ascomycetes, and Chytridiomycetes. [J]. Molecular Biology and Evolution.1992, 9(2):285-296.
Borisenkov, M. F., M. A. Vaikishnoraite, and A.M. Kaneva, Progesterone transport across the wall of the rumen of sheep. Rossiiskii fiziologicheskii zhurnal imeni I.M. Sechenova/Rossiiskaia akademiia nauk,2003.89:1161-1166.
Borisenkov, M. F, L. A. Bakutova, A. N. Muraveva, V. A. Tallina, and A. M. Kaneva. Dynamics of rumenoenteral transport of progesterone in sheep in chronic experiment. Rossiiskii fiziologicheskii zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova/Rossiiskaia akademiia nauk.2006,92:374-378.
Bottari, S. P., A. Vokaer, E. Kaivez, J. P. Lescrainier, and G. P. Vauquelin. Differential regulation of alpha-adrenergic receptor subclasses by gonadal steroids in human myometrium. [J]. J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab.1983,57:937-941.
Boujrad, N., J. R. Hudson, and V. Papadopoulos. Inhibition of hormone-stimulated steroidogenesis in cultured Leydig tumor cells by a cholesterol-linked phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide antisense to diazepam-binding inhibitor. [J]. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,1993,90(12):5728-5731.
Brann, D. W., J. L. O'Conner, M. F. Wade, P. L. Zamorano, and V. B. Mahesh. Regulation of anterior pituitary gonadotropin subunit mRNA levels during the preovulatory gonadotropin surge:a physiological role of progesterone in regulating LH-beta and FSH-beta mRNA levels. [J]. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol.1993,46:427-437.
Braune, R. Untersuchungen uber die in wiederkauermagen vorkommenden protosoen. [J]. Arch Protist, 1913,32:111-170.
Breskvar, K., Z. Ferencak, and T. Hudnik-Plevnik.. The role of cytochrome p450 (Halpha) in detoxification of steroidsin the filamentous fungus Rhizopus nigrians. [J]. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol.1995,52 (3):271-275.
Briggs, P. K., J. P. Hogan, and R. L. Reid. The effect of volatile fatty acids, lactic acid and ammonia on rumen pH in sheep.[J]. Aust. J. Agric. Res.1957,8:674-710.
Brookman, J. L., G. Mennim, A. Trinci, et al. Identification and characterization of anaerobic gut fungi using molecular methodologies based on ribosomal ITS1 and 18S rRNA. [J]. Microbiology,2000, 146(2):393-403.
Brown, J. L., S. K. Wasser, D. E. Wildt, and L. H. Graham. Comparitive aspects of steroid hormone metabolism and ovarian activity in felids, measured noninvasively in feces. [J]. Biol. Reprod.1994, 51:776-786.
Bulman, D. C., and G. E. Lamming. The use of milk progesterone analysis in the study of oestrus detection, herd fertility and embryonic mortality in dairy cattle. [J]. Br. Vet. J.1979,135:559-567.
Caldwell, D. R., and M. P. Bryant. Medium without rumen fluid for non-selective enumeration and isolation of rumen bacteria. [J]. Appl. Microbiol.1966,14:794.
Cartmill, J. A., S.Z. El-Zarkouny, B. A. Hensley, G. C. Lamb, and J. S. Stevenson. Stage of cycle, incidence and timing of ovulation, and pregnancy rates in dairy cattle after three timed breeding protocols. [J]. J. Anim. Sci.2000,78:216.
Caron, K. M., and S. C.Soo. Targeted disruption of the mouse gene encoding steroidogenic acute regulatory protein provides insights into congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia. [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of sciences USA,1997,94:11540-11545.
Chen, M., and M. J. Wolin. Effect of monensin and lasalocidsodium on the growth of methanogenic and rumen saccharolytic bacteria. [J]. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.1979,38:72.
Chen, X. L., J. K. Wang, Y. M. Wu, and J. X. Liu. Effects of chemical treatments of rice straw on rumen fermentation characteristics, fibrolytic enzyme activities and populations of liquid-and solid-associated ruminal microbes in vitro. [J]. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.2008,141:1-14.
China dairy statistics. Report of China Dairy Yearbook, China Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China. 2010.
Christov, L. P., and B. A. Prior. Esterases of xylan-degrading microorganisms-producing, properties, and significance. [J]. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 1993,15(6):460-475.
Chung, B. C., and K. J. Matteson. Human cholesterol side-chain clevage enxyme, P450scc:cDNA cloning, assignment of the gene to chromosome15, and expression in the placenta.[J]. Proc Natal Acad Sci USA,1996,83:8962-8966.
Clark, B.J., J. Wells, S. R. King, et al. The purification, cloning, and expression of a novel luteinizing hormone-induced mitochondrial protein in MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells. Characterization of the steroidngenic acute regulatory protein(StAR). [J]. J Biol. Chem.1994,269(45):28314-28322.
Clemens, J. D., and V. L. Estergreen. Metabolism and conjugation of [4-14C] progesterone by bovine liver and adipose tissues, in vitro. [J]. Steroids 1982,40:287-306.
Church, D. C. (1976). Digestive Physiology and Nutrition of Ruminants. Vol.1. Digestive Physiology. O & B Books, Corvallis, OR.
Desaulniers, D. M., A. K. Goff, K. J. Betteridge, J. E. Rowell, and P. F. Flood. Reproductive hormone concentrations in feces during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in cattle (Bos Taurus) and muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus). [J]. Can. J. Zool.1989,67:1148-1154.
Dhillon, S., and K. Gill. Basic Pharmacokinetics. Clinical Pharmacokinetics. Pharmaceutical Press, 2006, London, UK.
Digregorio, G. B., and T.M. Nett. Estradiol and progesterone influence the synthesis of gonadotropins in the absence of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the ewe. [J]. Biol. Reprod.1995,53:166-172.
Diskin, M. G., and J. M. Sreenan. Fertilization and embryonic mortality rates in beef heifers after artificial insemination.[J]. J. Reprod. Fertil.1980,59:463-468.
Dixon, A. B. Late embryonic and fetal mortality in the ewe. Ph. D. Dissertation.2004, West Virginia University, Morgantown.
Dore, J., and D. A. Stahl. Phylogeny of anaerobic rumen Chytridiomycetcs inferred from small subunit ribosomal RNA sequence comparisons. [J]. Canadian journal of botany,1991,69:1964-1971.
Doyle. J. L. A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue. Phytochemical bulletin,1987,19(1):11-15.
Dunne, L. D., M. G. Diskin, and J. M. and Sreenan. Embryo and foetal loss in beef heifers between day 14 of gestation and full term. [J]. Anim. Reprod. Sci.2000,58:39-44.
El-Zarkouny, S. Z., J. A. Cartmill, B. A. Hensley, and J. S. Stevenson. Progesterone increases pregnancy rates and embryo survival in lactating dairy cows. [J]. J. Dairy Sci.2000,83:217.
Epstein, L. F., and N. R. Orme-Johnson. Acute action of luteinizing hormone on mouse Leydig cells: accumulation of mitochondrial phosphoproteins and stimulation of testosterone synthesis. [J]. Mol. Cell En-docrinol 1991,81(1-3):113-126.
Estergreen, V. L., M. T. Lin, E. L. Martin, G. E. Moss, A. L. Branen, L. O. Luedecke, and W. Shimoda. Distribution of progesterone and its metabolites in cattle tissues following administration of progesterone 4-C. [J]. J.Anim. Sci.1977,45:642-651.
Fiedler, E. P., and L. Flouffe. Prostaglndin F(2-alpha)in duces a rapid decline in progesterone prodeuction and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein express in isolated rat corpus luteum without altering messenger ribonueleic acid express. [J]. Biology of Reproduction,1999,61(2): 643-650.
Fitz. T.A., and M. H. Mayan. Characterization of two steroidogenic celltypes in the ovine corpus luteum. [J]. Biology of Reproduction,1998,27:703-711.
Fliegerova, K., B. Hodrova, and K. Voigt. Classical and molecular approaches as a powerful tool for the characterization of rumen polycentric fungi. [J]. Folia microbiologica,2004,49(2):157-164.
France, J., M. S. Dhanoa, M. K. Theodorou, S. J. Lister, D. R. Davies, and D. Isac. A model to interpret gas accumulation profiles associated with in vitro degradation of ruminant feeds. [J]. J. Theor. Biol.1993,163:99-111.
Forsberg, C. W., T. J. Beveridge, and A. Hellstrom. Cellulase and xylanase release from Bacteroides succinogenes and its importance in the rumen environment. [J]. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.1981,42: 886-896.
Foroozandeh, A. D., M. Rezaeian, G. R. Balaly, et al. Relative contributions of ruminal bacteria, protozoa and fungi to degradation of forage fiber fractions. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances,2009,8:603-607.
Garcia-Gomez EG-P, Bertha; Camacho-Arroyo, Ignacio. Role of sex steroid hormones in bacterial-host interactions. [J]. BioMed research international.2013:928290.
Garcia, J. L., B. K. Patel, B. Ollivier. Taxonomic, phylogenetic, and ecological diversity of methanogenic Archaea. Anaerobe,2000,6:205-226.
Gonzalez-Velazquez, W., R. Gonzalez-Mendez, and N. Rodriguez-del Valle. Characterization and ligand identification of a membrane progesterone receptor in fungi:existence of a novel PAQR in Sporothrix schenckii. [J]. BMC Microbiology 2012,12:194.
Goodman, Y., A. J. Bruce, B. Cheng, M. P. Mattson. Estrogens attenuate and corticosterone excitotoxicity, oxidative injury, and amyloid beta-peptide toxicity in hippocampal neurons. [J]. J. Neurochem.1996,66:1836-1844.
Goswami, P., S. S. Chinnadayyala, M. Chakraborty, A. K. Kumar, and A. Kakoti. An overview on alcohol oxidases and their potential applications. [J]. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.2013,97:4259-4275.
Grant, R. J., and D. R. Mertens. Influence of buffer pH and raw corn starch addition on in vitro fiber digestion kinetics. [J]. J. Dairy Sci.1992,75:2762-2768.
Guay, D. R. Repaglinide, a novel, short-acting hypoglycemic agent for type 2 diabetes mellitus. [J]. Pharmacotherapy.1998,18:1195-1204.
Guth, L., Z. Zhang, E. Roberts. Keyrole for progesterone in combination therapy promotes recovery after spinal cord injury. [J]. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.1994,91:12308-12312.
Hinckley, S.T., R. A. Milvae. Endothelin-1 mediates prostaglandin F2 a-induced luteal regression in the ewe. [J]. Biology of Reproduction 2001,64:1619-1623.
Hungate, R. E.1966. The Rumen and Its Microbes. New York:Academic Press,533.
Hungate, R. E., W. Smith, T. Bauchop, I. Yu, J. C. Rabinowitz. Formate as an Intermediate in the Bovine Rumen Fermentation. [J]. J. Bacterial.1970,102:389-397.
Hulet, C.V., H. P. Voightlander, A. L. Pope, and L. E. Casida. The nature of early-season infertility in sheep. [J]. J. Anim. Sci.1956,15:607-616.
Huszcza, E., and J. Dmochowska-gladysz. Transformations of testosterone and related steroids by Botrytis cinerea. [J]. Phytochemistry.2003,62:155-158.
Ing, N. H. Steroid hormones regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally by altering the stabilities of messenger RNAs. [J]. Biol. Reprod.2005,72:1290-1296.
Ing, N. H., and M. B. Tornesi. Estradiol up regulates estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor gene expression in specific ovine uterine cells. [J]. Biol. Reprod.1997,56:1205-1215.
Inskeep, E. K. Factors that affect embryonic survival in the cow:Application of technology to improve calf crop. In Factors Affecting Calf Crop:Biotechnology of Reproduction. Edited by Michael J. Fields, Robert S. Sand, and Joel Y. Yelich. CRC Press, Boca Raton FL.2002, Chapter 19. p 255-275.
Iwai, M., H. Kanzaki, M. Fujimoto, K.. Kojima, H. Hatayama, T. Inoue, T. Higuchi, H. Nakayama, T. Mori, and J. Fujita. Regulation of sex steroid receptor gene expression by progesterone and testosterone in cultured human endometrial stromal cells. [J]. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.1995,80: 450-454.
Jang, S., L. S. Yi. Identification of a 71 kDa protein as a putative non-genomic membrane progesterone receptor in boar spermatozoa. [J]. J. Endocrinol.2005,184:417-25.
Janovick, J. A., and P. M Conn. Progesterone diminishes the sensitivity of gonadotropin-releasing hormone-stimulated luteinizing hormone (LH) release and protects an LH pool from desensitization:actions opposed by cholera toxin. [J]. Endocrinology.1996,137:1823-1827.
Joblin, K, N., G. P. Campbell, A. J. Richardson, et al. Fermentation of barley straw by anaerobic rumen bacteria and fungi in axenic culture and in co-culture with methanogens. [J]. Letters in applied microbiology,1989,9:195-197.
Jordan, E. R., and L.V. Swanson. Serum progesterone and luteinizing hormone in dairy cattle fed varying levels of crude protein. [J]. J. Anim. Sci.1979,48:1154.
Jouany, J. P, and K. Ushida. The role of protozoa in feed digestion. [J]. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,1999,12:113-128.
Junq-Testas, I., M. Schumacher, P. Robel, and E. E. Baulieu. Action of steroid hormones and growth factors on glial cells of the central and peripheral nervous system. [J]. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol.1994,48:145-154.
Kaneko, K. J., C. Gelinas, and J. Gorski. Activation of the silent progesterone receptor gene by ectopic expression of estrogen receptors in a rat fibroblast cell line. [J]. Biochemistry.1993,32: 8348-8359.
Kasa-Vubu, J. Z., G. E. Dahl, N. P. Evans, L. A. Thrun, S. M. Moenter, V. Padmanabhan, and F. J. Karsch. Progesterone blocks the estradiol-induced gonadotropin discharge in the ewe by inhibiting the surge of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. [J]. Endocrinology.1992,131:208-212.
Kastelic, J. P. Noninfectious embryonic loss in cattle. [J]. Vet. Med.1994,584-589.
KaUen, C. B., and J. T. Billheimer. Steroidogenic acute regulatory protenin (StAR) is a sterol transfter protein [J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1998,26:285-288.
Kerr, B. M., K. E. Thummel, and C. J. Wurden, et al. Human liver carbamazepine metabolism-role of CYP3A4 and CYP2C8 in 10,11-epoxide formation. [J]. Biochem. Pharmacol.1994,47: 1969-1979.
King, W. A. Embryo-mediated pregnancy failure in cattle. [J]. Can. Vet. J.1991,32:99-103.
Kirsten, E., R. Kirsten, and G. W. G. Sharp. Effects of sodium transport stimulating substances on enzyme activities in the toad bladder.[J]. Pflugers Arch.1970,316:26-33.
Kirkpatrick, J. F., D. F. Gudermuth, R. L. Flagan, J. C. McCarthy, and B. L. Lasley. Remote monitoring of ovulation and pregnancy of Yellowstone bison. [J]. J. Wildl. Manag.1993,57:407-412.
Klingler, C. Zyklusdiagnose beim Rind mittels Gestagenbestimmung im Kot. Thesis.1991, Vet Med University, Vienna.
Koenig, H., M. Schumacher, B. Ferzaz, A. N. Thi, A. Ressouches, R. Guennoun, I. Junq-Testas, P. Robel, Y. Akwa, and E. E. Baulieu. Progesterone synthesis and myelin formation by Schwann cells. [J], Science 1995,9:1500-1503.
Koike, S., and Y. Kobayashi. Fibrolytic rumen bacteria:Their ecology and functions. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,2009,22:131-138.
Kornman, K. S., and W. J. Loesche. Effects of estradiol and progesteroneon Bacteroides melaninogenicus and Bacteroides gingivalis. [J]. Infection and Immunity 1982,35:256-263.
Kraus, W. L., and B. S. Katzenellenbogen. Regulation of progesterone receptor gene expression and growth in the rat uterus:modulation of estrogen actions by progesterone and sex steroid hormone antagonists. [J]. Endocrinology.1993,132:2371-2379.
Krishnamurthy, S., V. Gupta, R. Prasad, S. L. Panwar. Expression of CDR1, a multidrug resistance gene of Candida albicans:transcriptional activation by heat shock, drugs and human steroid hormones. [J]. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1998,160:191-197.
Kummerfield, H. L., A. B. Oltenacu, and R. H. Foote. Embryonic mortality in dairy cows estimated by nonreturns to service, estrus, and cyclic milk progesterone patterns. [J]. J. Dairy Sci.1978,61: 1773-1777.
Landau, R. L, D. M. Bergenstal, K. Lugibihl, M. E. Kascht. The metabolic effects of progesterone in man. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.1955,15:1194-215.
Larter, N. C., R. Rajamahendran, and K. Sivakumaran. Immunoreactive fecal progestins as indicators of reproductive status. [J]. Vet. Rec.1994.134:474-475.
Lee, S. S., J. K. Ha, and K. J. Cheng. Relative contributions of bacteria, protozoa, and fungi to in vitro degradation of orchard grass cell walls and their interactions. [J]. Appl. Environ. Microbial.2000, 66:3807-3813.
Lena, C., and J. P. Changeux. Allosteric modulations of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. [J]. Trends Neurosci 1993,16:181-186.
Lenasi, H., A. Bavec, and M. Zorko. Membrane-bound progesterone receptors coupled to G proteins in the fungus Rhizopus nigricans. [J]. FEMS microbial. Let.2002,213:97-101.
Leng, R. A.1970. Formation and production of volatile fatty acids in the rumen. In:Physiology of Digestion and Metabolism in the Ruminant. A.T. Phillipson, ed. Oriel Press. Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
Leng, R. A., and J. V. Nolan. Nitrogen metabolism in the rumen.[J]. J. Dairy Sci.1984,67:1072-1089.
Lester, G., D. Stone, and O. Hechter. The effects of deoxycorticosterone and other steroids on Neurospora crassa. [J]. Arch. Biochem. Biophs.1958,75:196-214.
Li, H., and V. Papadopoulos. Peripheral type benzodiaepine receptor function in cholesterol transport. Identification of a putative cholesterol recgonition/interaction amino acid sequence and consensus pattern. [J]. Endocrinology 1998,139:4991-4997.
Li, J., and I. B.Heath. The phylogenetic relationships of the anaerobic chytridiomycetous gut fungi (Neocallimasticaceae) and the Chytridiomycota. Ⅰ. Cladistic analysis of rRNA sequences. [J]. Canadian journal of botany,1992.70(9):1738-1746.
Liebetanz, E. Die parasitischen protosoen der wiederkauermagens. [J]. Arch Protist,1910,19:19.
Lindmark, M. H. Composition of Swedish dairy milk. Swedish Dairy Association.2003.
Luconi, M., L. Bonaccorsi, M. Maggi, P. Pecchioli, C. Krausz, G. Forti, E. Baldi. Identification and characterization of functional nongenomic progesterone receptors on human sperm membrane. [J]. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.1998,83:877-885.
Marvin-Sikkema, F. D., T. M. Pedro Gomes, J. P. Grivet, J. C. Gottschal, and R. A. Prins. Charactrization of hydrogenosomes and their role in glucose metabolism of Neocallimastix sp. L2. [J].Arch. Microbiol.1993,160:388-396.
Majewska, M. D. Neurousteroids:Endogenous bimodal modulators of the GABA receptor. Mechanism of action and physiological significance. [J]. Prog. Neurobiol.1992,38:379-395.
Makkar, H. P. S., O. P. Sharma, R. K. Dawra, and S. S. Negi. Simple determination of microbial protein in rumen liquor. [J]. J. Dairy Sci.1982,65:2170-2173.
Maurer, R. R., and J. R. Chenault. Fertilization failure and embryonic mortality in parous and nonparous beef cattle. [J].J.Anim. Sci.1966,56:1186-1189.
Menke, K. H, and H. Steingass. Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and gas production using rumen fluid. [J]. Anim. Res. Dev.1988,28:7-55.
Mertens, D. R. Creating a system for meeting the fiber requirements of dairy cows. [J]. J. Dairy Sci. 1997,80:1463-1481.
Miller, G. L. Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar. [J]. Analytical Chemistry 1959,31:426-428.
Miller, R. D., and S. A. Morse. Binding of progesterone to Neisseria gonorrhoeae and other gram-negative bacteria. [J]. Infect. Immun.1977.16 (1):115-123.
Miller, W. R., R. Williams, G. W. Pipes, and C. W. Turner. Conjugation, distribution and biological half-life (t 1/2) of radioactive progesterone in plasma and red cells of bovine blood. [J]. J. Dairy Sci.1963,46:1402-1404.
Moor, R. M., and L. E. Rowson. Egg transfer in sheep. Factors affecting the survival and development of transferred eggs. [J]. J. Reprod Fertil.1960,1:332-349.
Moor, R. M., and Rowson, L. E. A. Local uterine mechanisms affecting luteal function in the sheep. [J]. J. Reprod. Fertil.1966,11:307.
Morse, S. A., and T. J. Fitzgerald. Effect of progesterone on Neisseria gonorrhoeae. [J]. Infect. Immun. 1974,10(6):1370-1377.
Moutsatsou, P., and C.E. Sekeris. Estrogen and progesterone receptors in the endometrium. Ann. NY Acad. Sci.1997,816:99-115.
Nakagawa, T., R. Mitsui, A. Tani, K. Sasa, S. Tashiro, T. Iwama, T. Hayakawa, and K. Kawai.2012. A catalytic role of XoxFl as La3+-dependent methanol dehydrogenase in Methylobacterium extorquens strain AMI. PLoS One 7:e50480. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0050480.
Neumann, L., E. Weigand, and E. Most. Effect of methanol on methanogenesis and fermentation in the rumen simulation technique. [J]. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr.1999,82:142-149.
Niswender, G. D. Molecular control of luteal secretion of progesterone. [J]. Reproduction 2002,123(3): 333-339.
Niswender, G. D., J. L. Juenqel, W. J. McGuire, C. J. Belfiore, and M. C. Wiltbank. Luteal function:the estrous cycle and early pregnancy. Biol. Reprod,1994.50:239-247.
Niswender, G. D., J. L. Juengel, P. J. Silva, M. K. Rollyson, and E. W. McIntush. Mechanisms controlling the function and life span of the corpus luteum. Physiol. Rev.2000,80:1-29.
Ojanotko-Harri, A., T. Nikkari, M. P. Harri, and K. U. Paunio. Metabolism of progesterone and testosterone by Bacillus cereus strain Socransky 67 and Streptococcus mutans strain Ingbritt. [J]. Oral Microbiology and Immunology 1990,5:237-239.
Orpin, C. G. Studies on the rumen flagellate Neocallimastix frontalis. [J]. Journal of General Microbiology,1975,91:249.
(?)rskov, E. R.1975. Manipulation of rumen fermentation for maximum food utilization. In World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, Vol.22 (Ed. G. H. Boume), pp.152-182. Basel, Switzerland: Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers.
Plemenitas, A., H. Lenasi, and T. Hudnik-Plevnik.Identification of progesterone binding sites in the plasma membrane of the flamentous fungus Cochliobolus lunatus. [J]. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol.1993,45:281-285.
Papadopoulos, V., and H. Amri. Peripheral benzodiazepine receptor in cholesterol transport and steroidogenesls. [J]. Steiroids.1997,62:21-28.
Parr, R. A. Nutrition-progesterone interactions during early pregnancy in sheep. [J]. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 1992,4:297-300.
Palme, R., P. Fischer, H. Schildorfer, and M. N. Ismail. Excretion of infused 14C-steroid hormones via feces and urine in domestic livestock. [J]. Anim. Reprod. Sci.1996,43:43-63.
Penning, T.M. Molecular endocrinology of hydrozysteriod dehydrogenases. [J]. Endocr Rev.1997,18: 281-305.
Quinlivan, T. D., C. A. Martin, W. B. Taylor, and I.M. Cairney. Estimates of pre and perinatal mortality in the New Zealand Romney Marsh ewe. [J]. J. Reprod. Fetil.1966,11:379-390.
Revelli, A., and M.Massobrio. Nongenomic actions of steroid hormones in reproductive tissues. [J]. Endocrine Rev.1998,19:3-17.
Rico, A. G. Metabolism of endogenous and exogenous anabolic agents in cattle. [J]. J. Anim. Sci. 1983,57:226-232.
Robinson, P. H. Dynamic aspects of feeding management for dairy cows. [J]. J. Dairy Sci.1989,72: 1197-1209.
Roof, R. L., S. W. Hoffman, D. G. Stein. Progesterone protects against lipid peroxidation following traumatic brain injury in rats. [J]. Mol. Chem. Neuropathol.1997,31:1-11.
Rhind, S. M., J. J. Robinson, C. Fraser, and I. McHattie. Ovulation and embryo survival rates and plasma progesterone concentrations of prolific ewes treated with PMSG. [J]. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1980,58:139-144.
Richards J. H, and J. B. Hendrickson.1964. The biosynthesis of steroids, terpenes and acetogenins (Frontiers in chemistry):W. A. Benjamin, Inc., New York, NY.
Rupprecht, R., J. M. Reul, B. van Steensel, D. Spengler, M. Soder, B. Berning, F. Flolsboer, K.. Damm. Pharmacological and functional characterization of human mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor ligands. [J]. Eur. J. Pharmacol.1993,247:145-54.
Russell, J. B., and H. J. Strobel. Mini-Review:The effect of ionophores on ruminal fermentation. [J]. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.1989,55:1-6.
Russell, J. B., and H. C. Mantovani. The bacteriocins of ruminal bacteria and their potential as an alternative to antibiotics. [J]. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol.2002,4:347-355.
Salanitro, J., and P. A. Muirhead. Quantitative method for gas chromatographic analysis of short chain mono-and dicarboxylic acids in fermentation media. [J]. Appl. Microbiol.1975,29:374-381.
Salton, M. R. J., and J. H. Freer. Composition of the membranes isolated from several gram-positive bacteria. [J]. Biochim. Biophys. Acta.1965,107:531-538.
Sandhoff, T.W., and D.B.Hales. Transcriptional regulation of the rat steroidogenic acute regulatory protein gene by sterodgogenic factor. [J]. Endocrinology 1998,139:4820-4831.
SAS.2004. SAS/S TATU ser's Guide Statistics, Version 9.1. SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC.
Schrick, F. N., and E. K. Inskeep. Determination of early pregnancy in ewes utilizing transrectal ultrasonography. [J]. Theriogenology.1993,40:295-306.
Schwarzenberger, F., C. H. Son, R. Pretting. and K. Arbeiter. Use of group specific antibodies to detect fecal progesterone metabolites during the estrous cycle of cows. [J]. Theriogenolgy.1996,46: 23-32.
Sharak Genthner, B. R., C. L. Davis, and M. P. Bryant. Features of rumen and sewge sludge strains of Eubacterium limosum, a methanol-and H2-CO2-utilizing species. [J]. Appl. Microbiol.1975,42: 12-19.
Shaw, H. J., D. I. Green, A. W. Sainsbury, and W. V. Holt. Monitoring ovarian function in scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) by measurement of fecal 20a-progestagen metabolites. [J]. Zoo. Biol.1995,14:239-250.
Schar, G., E. P. Stover, K. V. Clemons, D. Feldman, and D. A. Stevens. Progesterone binding and inhibition of growth in trichophyton mentagrophytes. [J]. Infect. Immun.1986,52 (3):763-767.
Shelford, J. A. Degradability characteristics of dry matter and crude protein of forages in ruminants. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.1996,57:291-311.
Shideler, S.E., A.M. Ortuno, F.M. Moran. E.A. Moorman, and B.L. Lasley. Simple extraction and enzyme immunoassays for estrogen and progesterone metabolites in the feces of Macaca fascicularis during non-conceptive and conceptive ovarian cycles. [J]. Biol. Reprod.1993, 48:1290-1298.
Sonnichsen, D. S., Q. Liu, E. G. Schuetz, J. D. Shuetz, A. Pappo, and M. V. Relling. Variability in human cytochrome-P450 paclitaxel metabolism. [J]. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.1995,275:566-575.
Soory, M. Bacterial steroidogenesis by periodontal pathogens and the effect of bacterial enzymes on steroid conversions by human gingival fibroblasts inculture. [J]. J. Period. Res.1995,30:124-131.
Sowers, K. R. Methanogenic Archaea:an overview. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, 1995.
Sridaran, R.., and G. H. Philip. GnRn agonist treatment decreases proges. terone synthesis, luteal peripheral benzodiazepine receptoer mRNA, ligand binding and steroidogenic acute regulatory proteine expression during pregnancy. [J]. Journal of Molecular Endocrionlo, gy.1999,22:45-54.
Steinhour, W. D., and D. E. Bauman.1988. Propionate metabolism:A new interpretation. Pages 238-256 in Aspects of Digestive Physiology in Ruminants. A. Dobson and M. J. Dobson, ed. Comstock Publ., Ithaca, NY.
Stocco, D. M. StAR proton and the regulation of steroid hormone biosynthesis. [J]. Annual Reviews of Physiology 2001,63:193-213.
Stocco, C. O., L. Zhong, Y. Sugimoto, A. Ichikawa, L. F. Lau, and G. Gibori. Prostaglandin F-2 alpha-induced expression of 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase involves the transcription factor NUR77. [J]. J. Biol. Chem.2000,275:37202-37211.
Stupnicki, R., J. A. McCracken, and K. I. H. Williams. Progesterone metabolism in the ewe. [J]. J Endocrinol.1969,45:67-74.
Sugawara, T., D. Lin, J. A. Holt, et al. Structure of the human steroidogenic acute regulatory protein(StAR)gene:StAR stimulates mitochondrial cholesterol 27-hydroxylase activity. [J]. Biochemistry 1995,34(39):12506-12512.
Sun, X. Q., and S. J. Gibbs. Diurnal variation in fatty acid profiles in rumen digesta from dairy cows grazing high-quality pasture. [J]. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.2012,177:152-160.
Sung, H. G., Y. Kobayashi, J. Chang, A. Ha, I. H. Hwang, and J. K. Ha.2007. Low ruminal pH reduces dietary fiber digestion via reduced microbial attachment. Asian-Australasian J. Anim. Sci.20: 200-207.
Tandeski, T. R., J. L. Juengd, T. M. Nett, et al. Regulation of mRNA encoding low density lipoprotein receptor and high density lipoprotein binding protein in ovine corpora lutea.[J]. Reprod. Fertil. Dev.1996,8(7):1107-1114.
Thalmann, A. A contribution to the determination of the dehydrogenase activity in soils using tri phenyl tetrazolium chloride. [J]. Landwirtsch. Forsch.1968,21:249-258.
Taylor, W. The excretion of steroid hormone metabolites in bile and feces. [J]. Vitam. Horm.1971,29: 201-285.
Tezuka, N. M., M. Ali, K. Chwalisz, and R.E. Garfield. Changes in transcripts encoding calcium channel subunits of rat myometrium during pregnancy. [J]. Am J Physiol.1995,269:1008-1017.
Thauer, R. K., K. Jungermann, and K. Decker. Energy conservation in chemotrophic anaerobic bacteria. Bacteriol. Rev.1977,41:100-180.
Thauer, R. K., A. K. Kaster, H. Seedorf, W. Buckel, and R. Hedderich.. Methanogenic archaea: ecologically relevant differences in energy conservation. [J]. Nat. Rev. Microbiol.2008,6: 579-591.
Turfitt, G. E. Microbiological agencies in the degradation of steroids.2. Steroid utilization by the microflora of soils. [J]. J. Bacteriol.1947,54:557-562.
Tyznick, W., N. N. Allen. The relation of roughage intake to the fat content of the milk and the level of fatty acids in the rumen. [J]. J. Dairy Sci.1951,34:493.
Van Houtert, M. F. J. The production and metabolism of volatile fatty acids by ruminants fed roughages, a review. [J]. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.1993,43:189-225.
Van Soest, P., and J. B. Robertson.1985. A laboratory manual for animal science. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
Van Staden, J. F., and R. E. Taljaard. Determination of ammonia in water and industrial effluent streams with the indophenol blue method using sequential injection analysis. [J]. Analytica Chimica Acta. 1997,344:281-289.
Varga, G. A., and E. S. Kolver. Microbial and animal limitations to fiber digestion and utilization. [J]. The Journal of nutrition,1997,127:819-823.
Verhage, H. G., and A. T. Fazleabas. The in vitro synthesis of estrogen-dependent proteins by the baboon (Papio anubis) oviduct. [J]. Endocrinology.1988,123:552-558.
Wadhwa, L., and K. E. Smith.. Progesterone side-chain cleavage by Bacillus sphaericus. FEMS Microbial. Lett.2000,192:179-183.
Wallace, R. J., and N. J. JobiliilProteolytie actifity of a rumeil an-xobie fmgus. [J]. FEMS Microbiology Letters 1985,29:19-25.
Wang, M., X. G. Zhao, Z. L. Tan, S. X. Tang, C. S. Zhou, Z. H. Sun, X. F. Han, and C. W. Wang. Effects of increasing level of dietary rice straw on chewing activity, ruminal fermentation and fibrolytic enzyme activity in growing goats. [J]. J. Anim. Sci.2010,23:1022-1027.
Wang, Z. L., F. S. Zhao, X. Q. Hao, D. J. Chen, and D. T. li. Microbial transformation of hydrophobic compound in cloud point system. [J]. J. Mol. Catal. B:Enzym.2004,27:147-153.
Wang, X., Z. Han, and G. Wang, Effects of ipriflavone on ruminal metabolism and concentration of sex hormones in rumen fluid of goat. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2008.20:323-328.
Waterman, M. R. A rising StAR:an essential role in cholesterol transport. [J]. Science 1995,267(5205): 1780-781.
Wei, L. L., and R. Miner. Evidence for the existence of a third progesterone receptor protein in human breast cancer cell line T47D. [J]. Cancer Res 1994,54:340-343.
Wear, L. A., and R. D. Horvat. Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor associate at the mitochon-Drial membrane. [J]. Endocrinology 2001,142: 502-505.
Williams, W. F. Excretion of progesterone and its metabolites in milk, urine, and feces. [J]. J. Dairy Sci. 1962,45:1541-1542.
Wiltbank, M.C., J.J. Knickerbocker, G. D.Niswender. Regulation of the corpus luteum. by protein kinase C. I. Phosphorylation activity and steroidogenic action in large and small ovine luteal cells. [J]. Biol. Reprod.1989,40(6):1194-2000.
Wood, T. M., C. A. Wilson, S. I. MeCrae, et al. A highly active extracel-lular cellulase from the anaerobic fumes fungusNeooallimasfix-Ntalls [J]. FEMS Microbiology Letters,1986,34:37-40.
Yang, H. J., Q. Yue, and Y. C. Cao. Enzymological characterization of feruloyl and acetyl esterases in the rumen of Holstein steers. [J]. Journal of China Agriculture University.2011,16:73-78.
Yang, H. J., and Q. Yue. The modification of glucose levels and N source in the Hungate's medium to stimulate the production of fibrolytic enzymes of Anaeromyces sp YQ3 grown on corn stalks. [J]. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.2012,171:146-153.
Yamazaki, H., K. Inoue, P. M. Shaw, W. J. Checovich, F. P. Guengerich, and T. Shimada. Different contributions of cytochrome P450 2C19 and 3A4 in the oxidation of omeprazole by human liver microsomes; effects of contents of these two forms in individual human samples. [J]. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.1997,238:434-442.
Yielding, K. L., G. M. Tompkins, J. S. Munoy, and D. J. Cowley. The effects of steroids on electron transport. [J]. J. Biol. Chem.1960,235:3413-3417.
Yote, W., and R. Stanke. Bacteriostatic action of progesterone on staphylococci and other microorganisms. [J]. J. Bacteriol.1966,92 (5):1285-1289.
Yu, W. H. Survival of motoneurons following axotomy is enhanced by laction or progesterone treatment. [J]. Brain Res.1989,491:379-382.
Zwietering, M. H., I. Jongenburger, F. M. Rombouts, and K. Van'T Riet.1990. Modeling of the bacterial growth curve. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.56:1875-1881.
Zhu, W., C. H. Tang, X. P. Sun, J. X. Liu, Y. M. Wu, Y. M. Yuan, and X. K. Zhang. Rumen microbial protein synthesis and milk performance in lactating dairy cows fed the fortified corn stover diet in comparison with alfalfa diet. [J]. J. Anim. Vet. Adv.2013,12:633-639.
蔡天全,陈伟华,陈杰,韩正康.水牛瘤胃细菌存在雌二醇受体的初步研究.[J].畜牧兽医学报,1989,20：300-303.
蔡天全,韩正康,陈伟华,陈杰.17β-雌二醇对瘤胃消化代谢调节的研究.[J].南京农业大学学报,1990,13：134-136.
曹阳春.牦牛瘤胃厌氧真菌分子生态学多样性与植物细胞壁降解酯酶酶学特性研究.[D].北京：中国农业大学,2012.
陈杰.反刍动物机体与瘤胃微生物之间信息传递的研究,全国反刍动物营养生理生化第三次学术会议论文摘要汇编.2004.
陈泽兵,田沈,李佳,李云,杨秀山.高效降解玉米秸秆甲烷菌群的筛选.[J].太阳能学报.2010,31：933-936.
杜娟.阿魏酸酯酶的生产及在植物纤维材料降解中作用研究.[硕士论文]济南：山东大学2010.
冯仰廉.反刍动物营养学.科学出版社,2004.
韩止康.瘤胃代谢的神经内分泌调节.[J].动物医学进展,2006,27：9-13.
华刚,韩正康.甲状腺片或甲基硫脲嘧啶对血液甲状腺激索及瘤胃代谢的影响.[J].南京农业大学学报,1990,13：125-130.
林代炎,林新坚,杨菁,叶美锋.产甲烷菌在消化中的应用研究进展.[J].福建农业学报.2008,23：：106-110.
毛胜勇,朱伟云.反刍动物瘤胃真菌的研究进展[J].中国奶牛,2000,(5)：26-27.
祁茹,林英庭,程明,等.瘤胃微生物区系及其相互关系的研究进展.饲料博览,2011,(8)：9-13.
荣辉,余成群,孙维,等.瘤胃微生物对结构性碳水化合物的降解机制研究进展.草业科学,2010,27：134-143.
王金洛,陈伟华,韩正康.水牛瘤胃细菌存及纤毛虫孕酮受体分析.中国兽医科技.[J].1992,22：18-21.
杨国宇.睾酮调控瘤胃消化代谢的研究.[D].江苏南京：南京农业大学,1994.
杨国宇,陈伟华,陈杰,韩正康.雄性水牛瘤胃内睾酮的检测及变化规律的研究.[J].南京农业大学学报,1998,21：82-86.
张丹凤.不同类型例料瘤胃发酵甲烷产生量比较及速效甲烷抑制剂筛选研究.[D].北京：中国农业大学,2012.