伦理视域下中国汽车社会道路交通困境及治理研究
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摘要
中国步入汽车社会之际，道路交通领域暴露诸多难题，交通冲突加剧，交通拥堵严重，交通与环境、能源间关系紧张以及交通发展不平衡。传统单纯的技术与制度治理虽然在短时期显示成效，但难以融入社会精神层面以保证汽车社会持续、长效的健康运行。中国道路交通治理亟需加强伦理介入。
从学科层面上看，伦理视域下的交通治理研究，可以深层挖掘交通与社会、交通与环境以及交通人际的深层伦理关系，从而丰富交通运输规划、管理学科还有应用伦理学的内容。从现实层面看，交通伦理研究能够提升汽车社会进程中交通发展的理性能力，促进交通与环境的和谐，消解交通人际冲突，并促进交通制度的有效变迁。
本文运用个人体察与社会访谈相结合、一般价值准则与具体交通问题双向互动、系统研究、交叉比较研究以及文献研究等方法，综合研究交通治理的伦理问题，形成以下研究成果:
（一）总结了汽车社会交通文化发展规律。纵观汽车社会发展历程，可以看到交通文化从初期的个体自由状态逐渐发展成为交通权利自由的理性追求，未来汽车社会将以整体价值追求为导向。
（二）对汽车社会道路交通伦理基本关系进行了分析，包括交通共同体关系、交通个体权利与制度安排间关系、交通与环境的关系。
（三）对中国汽车社会道路交通困境进行了伦理分析。从伦理文化层面分析造成中国道路交通难题有四大根源，即传统价值被疏离的文化状态、人类中心主义的发展理念、自我中心的行为方式以及效率中心的政策导向。
（四）总结了发达国家与地区汽车社会进程中交通治理特点并进行了伦理分析。总观欧洲大陆、英国、美国及日本等发达国家交通治理的伦理经验，其共同特点是贯穿着关注人身健康安全以及交通环境可持续发展的理念，而在多方合作交通治理、交通权利保护以及发展多元交通模式上，欧美日诸国各有特点。另外，欧美等发达国家在汽车社会初期都一度陷入“车本位”设计与规划误区。
（五）探寻中国道路交通走出困境的伦理出路。首先，以权利保护作为交通治理的伦理核心，保护交通个体的生命健康权，尊重平等的交通权利，规范政府收费扩大路权开放。其次，以培育交通共同体文化作为交通治理的伦理纽带，从个人中心取向走向共同善的追求，综合发挥政府、公众、民间组织、企业多方面力量，形成多元治理格局，同时结合汽车社会特点，发掘中国传统文化优势，构建有中国特色的交通共同体文化体系。第三，在现代交通中重建交通个体的主体间性，化解日益严峻的交通人际冲突。
（六）中国汽车社会交通伦理的实现机制
交通治理中应引入对话与商谈机制，以促进伦理共识的形成。构建融通中西的交通文化以克服技术异化。在交通政策制定与评估中，引入伦理评价，将政策论证与道德原则与伦理规范联系起来，使政策设计更为合理，更易于为社会接纳。
When China is walking into the automobile society, the road traffic have shown so manyproblems, which include traffic conflicts, serious traffic congestion, uneven development andthe tense relations among the natural environment, the energy and the traffic, etc. The puretraditional technical and institutional governance made Chinese automobile society grow wellfor a short period of time, but it cannot ensure a sustained, long-term healthy operation forChina because it lacked to reflect the thoughts of the whole society.
From the view of subject, this research can reveal relationships about social and traffic,environment and traffic as well as the occasion of the ethical in transport activities deeply,which is sure to enrich the subject content of transportation planning, management andapplied ethics. From the view of social applications, this study can help to improve rationalability of transport development in Chinese automobile social processes, to increase theharmonious relationship between transport and the environment, to digest transportationinterpersonal conflict and to promote system of traffic effectively changed.
The research methods in this thesis include investigating personal experiences and thegeneral public interviews, combining with the general guidelines and specific transport issues,systems studies, cross-comparison study and literature research. This paper formed thefollowing research results through a comprehensive study of ethical issues in trafficgovernance.
Ⅰ. This paper summarized the developing regularity of the traffic culture aboutautomobile society. Over viewing of the course of automobile society, the traffic culture wasgradually developed into a state of rational pursuit from the state of individual free in theearly time, and it will pursuit the whole free in the future.
Ⅱ. This paper analyzed the basic relationships of the road traffic in automobile society,which include the relationship of traffic community, the relationship between individual rightsand institutional arrangements, and the relationship between traffic and the environment.
Ⅲ. This paper analyzed the traffic delimma in Chinese automobile society from ethicswhich were derived from four factors:1) The state of traditional culture being broken away;2)Developing concept of anthropocentrism;3)Self-centered behavior style;4)Efficiency-centeredpolicy
Ⅳ. This paper analyzed the evolution of the traffic governance system about developedcountries and regions in the automobile society，in which they concern personal safety andhealth, sustainability, traffic rights protecting and multi-traffic developing. Furthermore, continental Europe, the United Kingdom, the United States, Japan and other developedcountries have their own characteristics in traffic governance, but they all once fell into thecar-centered error in early automobile society.
Ⅴ. This paper constructed ethical system of traffic governance in Chinese automobilesociety. First of all, the ethical core of the traffic governance is to protect the rights, includingthe rights of traffic individual life and health, equality for the individual traffic, and expandingto open right of way. Secondly, it should nurture the culture of the community of traffic andbuild the cultural system of the community of Chinese characteristics transport, which canprompt the individual-centered approach to the overall interests in the traffic. It shouldintegrate a wide range to force the role of the government, the public, civil societyorganizations and form a pattern of pluralistic governance through integrating automotivesocial characteristics and exploring the advantages of traditional Chinese culture. Thirdly, itmust reconstruct the inter-subjectivity of all traffic participants in modern traffic system inorder to defuse increasingly severe traffic interpersonal conflict.
Ⅵ.The mechanisms of dialogue and negotiations should be introduced to trafficgovernance to promote ethical consensus. We should merge culture between Chinese andwestern traffic to overcome technical dissimilation. We should introduce the ethicalevaluation into the course of transportation policy formulation to made it be more reasonableand easier to accept.
从学科层面上看，伦理视域下的交通治理研究，可以深层挖掘交通与社会、交通与环境以及交通人际的深层伦理关系，从而丰富交通运输规划、管理学科还有应用伦理学的内容。从现实层面看，交通伦理研究能够提升汽车社会进程中交通发展的理性能力，促进交通与环境的和谐，消解交通人际冲突，并促进交通制度的有效变迁。
本文运用个人体察与社会访谈相结合、一般价值准则与具体交通问题双向互动、系统研究、交叉比较研究以及文献研究等方法，综合研究交通治理的伦理问题，形成以下研究成果:
（一）总结了汽车社会交通文化发展规律。纵观汽车社会发展历程，可以看到交通文化从初期的个体自由状态逐渐发展成为交通权利自由的理性追求，未来汽车社会将以整体价值追求为导向。
（二）对汽车社会道路交通伦理基本关系进行了分析，包括交通共同体关系、交通个体权利与制度安排间关系、交通与环境的关系。
（三）对中国汽车社会道路交通困境进行了伦理分析。从伦理文化层面分析造成中国道路交通难题有四大根源，即传统价值被疏离的文化状态、人类中心主义的发展理念、自我中心的行为方式以及效率中心的政策导向。
（四）总结了发达国家与地区汽车社会进程中交通治理特点并进行了伦理分析。总观欧洲大陆、英国、美国及日本等发达国家交通治理的伦理经验，其共同特点是贯穿着关注人身健康安全以及交通环境可持续发展的理念，而在多方合作交通治理、交通权利保护以及发展多元交通模式上，欧美日诸国各有特点。另外，欧美等发达国家在汽车社会初期都一度陷入“车本位”设计与规划误区。
（五）探寻中国道路交通走出困境的伦理出路。首先，以权利保护作为交通治理的伦理核心，保护交通个体的生命健康权，尊重平等的交通权利，规范政府收费扩大路权开放。其次，以培育交通共同体文化作为交通治理的伦理纽带，从个人中心取向走向共同善的追求，综合发挥政府、公众、民间组织、企业多方面力量，形成多元治理格局，同时结合汽车社会特点，发掘中国传统文化优势，构建有中国特色的交通共同体文化体系。第三，在现代交通中重建交通个体的主体间性，化解日益严峻的交通人际冲突。
（六）中国汽车社会交通伦理的实现机制
交通治理中应引入对话与商谈机制，以促进伦理共识的形成。构建融通中西的交通文化以克服技术异化。在交通政策制定与评估中，引入伦理评价，将政策论证与道德原则与伦理规范联系起来，使政策设计更为合理，更易于为社会接纳。
When China is walking into the automobile society, the road traffic have shown so manyproblems, which include traffic conflicts, serious traffic congestion, uneven development andthe tense relations among the natural environment, the energy and the traffic, etc. The puretraditional technical and institutional governance made Chinese automobile society grow wellfor a short period of time, but it cannot ensure a sustained, long-term healthy operation forChina because it lacked to reflect the thoughts of the whole society.
From the view of subject, this research can reveal relationships about social and traffic,environment and traffic as well as the occasion of the ethical in transport activities deeply,which is sure to enrich the subject content of transportation planning, management andapplied ethics. From the view of social applications, this study can help to improve rationalability of transport development in Chinese automobile social processes, to increase theharmonious relationship between transport and the environment, to digest transportationinterpersonal conflict and to promote system of traffic effectively changed.
The research methods in this thesis include investigating personal experiences and thegeneral public interviews, combining with the general guidelines and specific transport issues,systems studies, cross-comparison study and literature research. This paper formed thefollowing research results through a comprehensive study of ethical issues in trafficgovernance.
Ⅰ. This paper summarized the developing regularity of the traffic culture aboutautomobile society. Over viewing of the course of automobile society, the traffic culture wasgradually developed into a state of rational pursuit from the state of individual free in theearly time, and it will pursuit the whole free in the future.
Ⅱ. This paper analyzed the basic relationships of the road traffic in automobile society,which include the relationship of traffic community, the relationship between individual rightsand institutional arrangements, and the relationship between traffic and the environment.
Ⅲ. This paper analyzed the traffic delimma in Chinese automobile society from ethicswhich were derived from four factors:1) The state of traditional culture being broken away;2)Developing concept of anthropocentrism;3)Self-centered behavior style;4)Efficiency-centeredpolicy
Ⅳ. This paper analyzed the evolution of the traffic governance system about developedcountries and regions in the automobile society，in which they concern personal safety andhealth, sustainability, traffic rights protecting and multi-traffic developing. Furthermore, continental Europe, the United Kingdom, the United States, Japan and other developedcountries have their own characteristics in traffic governance, but they all once fell into thecar-centered error in early automobile society.
Ⅴ. This paper constructed ethical system of traffic governance in Chinese automobilesociety. First of all, the ethical core of the traffic governance is to protect the rights, includingthe rights of traffic individual life and health, equality for the individual traffic, and expandingto open right of way. Secondly, it should nurture the culture of the community of traffic andbuild the cultural system of the community of Chinese characteristics transport, which canprompt the individual-centered approach to the overall interests in the traffic. It shouldintegrate a wide range to force the role of the government, the public, civil societyorganizations and form a pattern of pluralistic governance through integrating automotivesocial characteristics and exploring the advantages of traditional Chinese culture. Thirdly, itmust reconstruct the inter-subjectivity of all traffic participants in modern traffic system inorder to defuse increasingly severe traffic interpersonal conflict.
Ⅵ.The mechanisms of dialogue and negotiations should be introduced to trafficgovernance to promote ethical consensus. We should merge culture between Chinese andwestern traffic to overcome technical dissimilation. We should introduce the ethicalevaluation into the course of transportation policy formulation to made it be more reasonableand easier to accept.
引文
①语出《史记·五帝本纪》。
②语出鲁迅短篇小说《故乡》。
③见《新唐书·百官志》。
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②语出鲁迅短篇小说《故乡》。
③见《新唐书·百官志》。
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