瓷层厚度和光源对IPSe.max全瓷修复体颜色的影响
|
摘要
全瓷材料因其色泽稳定自然美观、导热低、不导电、耐磨损且生物相容性好、无需金属加强等特点,越来越受到口腔医师和患者的青睐。但是,由于早期的全瓷材料脆性大,易崩瓷,抗弯强度低,边缘适合性差等缺点使其在临床上的应用受到限制。近年来,随着陶瓷材料各项机械性能的改进,高强度牙科全瓷材料已经大幅度提高了材料的抗断裂强度,满足了临床要求。在评价全瓷修复体的临床效果时,颜色是评价其质量的重要指标之一。影响全瓷修复体颜色的因素很多,包括陶瓷本身的结构特点,瓷层厚度,粘结剂,桩核基牙,加工工艺,光源等。
IPS e.max Press是一种新型二硅酸锂增强的玻璃陶瓷,其抗弯强度达到400 MPa,是目前最常用的全瓷核瓷材料之一。因此,研究IPS e.max全瓷修复体颜色的影响因素对于指导临床实践具有十分重要的意义。本课题选用临床上常用的IPS e.max Press MO1、LTA2核瓷和IPS e.max Ceram A2牙本质瓷,通过改变核瓷和牙本质瓷的厚度,在不同光源下采用CM-700d分光测色计测量其颜色参数L*a*b*值,探讨IPS e.max全瓷修复体颜色和半透明性的变化规律,为临床实践提供理论依据。研究分为三部分:
实验一,制作不同厚度(0.30 mm、0.60 mm、0.90 mm、1.20 mm)的IPS e.max Press MO1铸瓷核瓷试件,用CM-700d分光测色计分别测量每组厚度的颜色参数L*a*b*值,计算TP值和相邻两组之间的色差(ΔE),并对各组数据进行统计学分析,研究核瓷瓷层厚度对IPS e.max Press核瓷的颜色和半透明性的影响。
实验二,制作不同厚度(0.30 mm、0.60 mm、0.90 mm)的IPS e.max Press MO1和IPS e.max Press LTA2核瓷瓷片,在不同厚度的核瓷表面构筑不同厚度(0.30 mm、0.60 mm、0.90 mm)的IPS e.max Ceram A2牙本质瓷,用CM-700d分光测色计分别测量每种厚度的颜色参数L*a*b*值,计算TP值和相邻两组之间的色差(ΔE),并对各组数据进行统计学分析,研究不同核瓷和牙本质瓷厚度对IPS e.max全瓷修复体颜色和半透明性的影响。
实验三,制作不同厚度(0.30 mm、0.60 mm、0.90 mm、1.20 mm)的IPS e.max Press MO1核瓷瓷片,在核瓷表面上堆塑IPS e.max Ceram A2牙本质瓷,使瓷试件最终厚度控制在1.50mm。用CM-700d分光测色计分别测量各组试件不同光源下的颜色参数L*a*b*值,计算TP值,不同光源下的色差(ΔE)和TP值差异(ΔTP),并对各组数据进行统计学分析,研究不同光源对IPS e.max全瓷修复体颜色和半透明性的影响。实验结果和结论如下:
1.核瓷瓷层厚度对IPS e.max Press核瓷的颜色和半透明性有着显著的影响。随着核瓷厚度的增加,明度降低,色调偏向黄红,半透明性逐渐降低。
2.不同核瓷和牙本质瓷厚度对IPS e.max全瓷修复体颜色和半透明性具有显著的影响。随着核瓷和牙本质瓷厚度的增加,明度L*值不断降低;a*值和b*值没有明显的变化趋势,TP值逐渐降低。半透明性越好的材料,TP值越高。
3.不同光源对IPS e.max全瓷修复体颜色和半透明性具有显著的影响。L*值在A光源下最大,在D65光源下最小;a*值在A光源下最大,在D65光源和F2光源下差异小;b*值变化趋势为:F2光源>A光源>D65光源。TP值在D65光源下要低于在A光源和F2光源下,说明在日光条件下,全瓷材料的半透明性要差于白炽灯和荧光灯下。
All ceramic materials are favoured by both patients and dentists, because they have the properties of aesthetics, low thermal conductivity, non-conducting, biocompatibility, wear resisting and no metal basement. The clinical shortcomings of these materials, however, such as brittleness, crack propagation, low tensile strength and marginal accuracy, continue to limit their clinical applications. In recent yeas, with the improvement of various mechanical properties of these ceramic materials, the anti-fracture strength of the high-strength all-ceramic dental materials have been substantially increased to meet the clinical requirements. Color is one of the important indicators to evaluate the all-ceramic restorations. Many factors influence the color of all-ceramic restorations, such as ceramic structural features, porcelain thickness, adhesive, post-core, abutment tooth, illuminant etc.
IPS e.max Press is a new kind of lithium disilicate glass-ceramic ingot for the press technique. It is one of the most commonly used core ceramic materials, and its flexural strength reaches 400MPa. So investigations about the influence factors on the color of IPS e.max all-ceramic restoration are meaningful for clinical practice. This study adopted IPS e.max Press and IPS e.max Ceram A2 (Ivoclar Vivadent,Switzerland). CM-700d Spectrophotometer was used to measure the color parameters. The effects of the porcelain thickness and illuminant on the color and translucency of IPS e.max all-ceramic restoration were evaluated to provide a theoretical basis for the clinical practice.
The study included three parts:
Part one: Specimens of IPS e.max Press MO1 core ceramic with different thicknesses (0.30 mm, 0.60 mm, 0.90 mm and 1.20 mm) were made. The color parameters were measured with CM-700d Spectrophotometer. The translucency parameter (TP) and color difference (ΔE) were calculated and analyzed statistically. The influence of the porcelain thickness on the color and translucency of IPS e.max Press core ceramic was evaluated.
Part two: Different thicknesses disk specimens with core and dentine ceramic were made. The color parameters were measured with CM-700d Spectrophotometer. The translucency parameter (TP) and color difference (ΔE) between adjacent groups were calculated, and statistically analyzed. The effects of the core and dentine porcelain thickness on the color and translucency of IPS e.max all-ceramic were discussed.
Part three: Specimens of IPS e.max Press MO1 core ceramic with different thicknesses (0.30 mm, 0.60 mm, 0.90 mm and 1.20 mm) were made. IPS e.max Ceram A2 was sintered on the core ceramic. The final thickness was controlled to 1.50 mm. The color parameters were measured with CM-700d Spectrophotometer. The translucency parameter (TP), translucency difference (ΔTP) and color difference (ΔE) between adjacent groups were calculated. Statistical analysis was done. The influence of illuminant on the color and translucency of IPS e.max all-ceramic was evaluated.
According the research, following conclusions could be obtained:
1. Thickness of core porcelain had a significant effect on the color and translucency of IPS e.max Press. With the thickness of core ceramic increasing, the L* values decreased, resulting in redder, more yellow and more translucent specimens.
2. Thickness of the core and dentine ceramic had a significant effect on the color and translucency of IPS e.max all-ceramic restoration. With the increase of the thickness of core and dentine ceramic, the L* values and translucency decreased, and a* values and b* values had no significant tendency. The better the translucency of materials, the higher the tanslucent parameter (TP) value.
3. Illuminate had a significant effect on the color and translucency of IPS e.max all-ceramic restoration. Based on all the specimens, the following results were obtained: L* values for A illuminant > F2 illuminant > D65 illuminant; a* values for A illuminant > D65 illuminant > F2 illuminant; b* values for F2 illuminant > A illuminant > D65 illuminant. TP values relative to the illuminant D65 were lower than those to A and F2. Therefore, in daylight condition, translucency of all-ceramic materials was lower than those of incandescent or fluorescent lamp.
IPS e.max Press是一种新型二硅酸锂增强的玻璃陶瓷,其抗弯强度达到400 MPa,是目前最常用的全瓷核瓷材料之一。因此,研究IPS e.max全瓷修复体颜色的影响因素对于指导临床实践具有十分重要的意义。本课题选用临床上常用的IPS e.max Press MO1、LTA2核瓷和IPS e.max Ceram A2牙本质瓷,通过改变核瓷和牙本质瓷的厚度,在不同光源下采用CM-700d分光测色计测量其颜色参数L*a*b*值,探讨IPS e.max全瓷修复体颜色和半透明性的变化规律,为临床实践提供理论依据。研究分为三部分:
实验一,制作不同厚度(0.30 mm、0.60 mm、0.90 mm、1.20 mm)的IPS e.max Press MO1铸瓷核瓷试件,用CM-700d分光测色计分别测量每组厚度的颜色参数L*a*b*值,计算TP值和相邻两组之间的色差(ΔE),并对各组数据进行统计学分析,研究核瓷瓷层厚度对IPS e.max Press核瓷的颜色和半透明性的影响。
实验二,制作不同厚度(0.30 mm、0.60 mm、0.90 mm)的IPS e.max Press MO1和IPS e.max Press LTA2核瓷瓷片,在不同厚度的核瓷表面构筑不同厚度(0.30 mm、0.60 mm、0.90 mm)的IPS e.max Ceram A2牙本质瓷,用CM-700d分光测色计分别测量每种厚度的颜色参数L*a*b*值,计算TP值和相邻两组之间的色差(ΔE),并对各组数据进行统计学分析,研究不同核瓷和牙本质瓷厚度对IPS e.max全瓷修复体颜色和半透明性的影响。
实验三,制作不同厚度(0.30 mm、0.60 mm、0.90 mm、1.20 mm)的IPS e.max Press MO1核瓷瓷片,在核瓷表面上堆塑IPS e.max Ceram A2牙本质瓷,使瓷试件最终厚度控制在1.50mm。用CM-700d分光测色计分别测量各组试件不同光源下的颜色参数L*a*b*值,计算TP值,不同光源下的色差(ΔE)和TP值差异(ΔTP),并对各组数据进行统计学分析,研究不同光源对IPS e.max全瓷修复体颜色和半透明性的影响。实验结果和结论如下:
1.核瓷瓷层厚度对IPS e.max Press核瓷的颜色和半透明性有着显著的影响。随着核瓷厚度的增加,明度降低,色调偏向黄红,半透明性逐渐降低。
2.不同核瓷和牙本质瓷厚度对IPS e.max全瓷修复体颜色和半透明性具有显著的影响。随着核瓷和牙本质瓷厚度的增加,明度L*值不断降低;a*值和b*值没有明显的变化趋势,TP值逐渐降低。半透明性越好的材料,TP值越高。
3.不同光源对IPS e.max全瓷修复体颜色和半透明性具有显著的影响。L*值在A光源下最大,在D65光源下最小;a*值在A光源下最大,在D65光源和F2光源下差异小;b*值变化趋势为:F2光源>A光源>D65光源。TP值在D65光源下要低于在A光源和F2光源下,说明在日光条件下,全瓷材料的半透明性要差于白炽灯和荧光灯下。
All ceramic materials are favoured by both patients and dentists, because they have the properties of aesthetics, low thermal conductivity, non-conducting, biocompatibility, wear resisting and no metal basement. The clinical shortcomings of these materials, however, such as brittleness, crack propagation, low tensile strength and marginal accuracy, continue to limit their clinical applications. In recent yeas, with the improvement of various mechanical properties of these ceramic materials, the anti-fracture strength of the high-strength all-ceramic dental materials have been substantially increased to meet the clinical requirements. Color is one of the important indicators to evaluate the all-ceramic restorations. Many factors influence the color of all-ceramic restorations, such as ceramic structural features, porcelain thickness, adhesive, post-core, abutment tooth, illuminant etc.
IPS e.max Press is a new kind of lithium disilicate glass-ceramic ingot for the press technique. It is one of the most commonly used core ceramic materials, and its flexural strength reaches 400MPa. So investigations about the influence factors on the color of IPS e.max all-ceramic restoration are meaningful for clinical practice. This study adopted IPS e.max Press and IPS e.max Ceram A2 (Ivoclar Vivadent,Switzerland). CM-700d Spectrophotometer was used to measure the color parameters. The effects of the porcelain thickness and illuminant on the color and translucency of IPS e.max all-ceramic restoration were evaluated to provide a theoretical basis for the clinical practice.
The study included three parts:
Part one: Specimens of IPS e.max Press MO1 core ceramic with different thicknesses (0.30 mm, 0.60 mm, 0.90 mm and 1.20 mm) were made. The color parameters were measured with CM-700d Spectrophotometer. The translucency parameter (TP) and color difference (ΔE) were calculated and analyzed statistically. The influence of the porcelain thickness on the color and translucency of IPS e.max Press core ceramic was evaluated.
Part two: Different thicknesses disk specimens with core and dentine ceramic were made. The color parameters were measured with CM-700d Spectrophotometer. The translucency parameter (TP) and color difference (ΔE) between adjacent groups were calculated, and statistically analyzed. The effects of the core and dentine porcelain thickness on the color and translucency of IPS e.max all-ceramic were discussed.
Part three: Specimens of IPS e.max Press MO1 core ceramic with different thicknesses (0.30 mm, 0.60 mm, 0.90 mm and 1.20 mm) were made. IPS e.max Ceram A2 was sintered on the core ceramic. The final thickness was controlled to 1.50 mm. The color parameters were measured with CM-700d Spectrophotometer. The translucency parameter (TP), translucency difference (ΔTP) and color difference (ΔE) between adjacent groups were calculated. Statistical analysis was done. The influence of illuminant on the color and translucency of IPS e.max all-ceramic was evaluated.
According the research, following conclusions could be obtained:
1. Thickness of core porcelain had a significant effect on the color and translucency of IPS e.max Press. With the thickness of core ceramic increasing, the L* values decreased, resulting in redder, more yellow and more translucent specimens.
2. Thickness of the core and dentine ceramic had a significant effect on the color and translucency of IPS e.max all-ceramic restoration. With the increase of the thickness of core and dentine ceramic, the L* values and translucency decreased, and a* values and b* values had no significant tendency. The better the translucency of materials, the higher the tanslucent parameter (TP) value.
3. Illuminate had a significant effect on the color and translucency of IPS e.max all-ceramic restoration. Based on all the specimens, the following results were obtained: L* values for A illuminant > F2 illuminant > D65 illuminant; a* values for A illuminant > D65 illuminant > F2 illuminant; b* values for F2 illuminant > A illuminant > D65 illuminant. TP values relative to the illuminant D65 were lower than those to A and F2. Therefore, in daylight condition, translucency of all-ceramic materials was lower than those of incandescent or fluorescent lamp.
引文
[1] Deany I L. Recent advances in ceramics for dentistry.[J]. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med, 1996, 7(2): 134-143.
[2] Ring M E. Dentistry :an illustrated history[M]. New York: Abrams, 1985: 160-181, 193-211.
[3] Jones D W. Development of dental ceramics. An historical perspective.[J]. Dent Clin North Am, 1985, 29(4): 621-644.
[4] Sproull R C. A history of porcelain in dentistry.[J]. Bull Hist Dent, 1978, 26(1): 3-10.
[5] Weinstein Abraham W L. Fused porcelain-to-metal teethUS19590846753 19591015[P]. 1962-09-11.
[6] Mclean J W. Evolution of dental ceramics in the twentieth century.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 2001, 85(1): 61-66.
[7] Bergman M, Bergman B, Soremark R. Tissue accumulation of nickel released due to electrochemical corrosion of non-precious dental casting alloys.[J]. J Oral Rehabil, 1980, 7(4): 325-330.
[8]张怡,杜传诗.烤瓷用镍基合金的体外细胞毒性试验[J].华西口腔医学杂志, 1990, 8(1): 19-22.
[9] Pang I C, Gilbert J L, Chai J, et al. Bonding characteristics of low-fusing porcelain bonded to pure titanium and palladium-copper alloy.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 1995, 73(1): 17-25.
[10] Nakajima H, Okabe T. Titanium in dentistry: development and research in the U.S.A.[J]. Dent Mater J, 1996, 15(2): 77-90.
[11] Mclean J W, Hughes T H. The reinforcement of dental porcelain withceramic oxides.[J]. Br Dent J, 1965, 119(6): 251-267.
[12] Mclean J W. The alumina reinforced porcelain jacket crown.[J]. J Am Dent Assoc, 1967, 75(3): 621-628.
[13] Rosenblum M A, Schulman A. A review of all-ceramic restorations[J]. J Am Dent Assoc, 1997, 128(3): 297-307.
[14]牟雁东.陶瓷全冠与陶瓷熔附瓷核全冠的折裂强度[J].国外医学.口腔医学分册, 1995(06): 362.
[15] Cattell M J, Clarke R L, Lynch E J. The transverse strength, reliability and microstructural features of four dental ceramics--Part I.[J]. J Dent, 1997, 25(5): 399-407.
[16] Conrad H J, Seong W J, Pesun I J. Current ceramic materials and systems with clinical recommendations: a systematic review.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 2007, 98(5): 389-404.
[17] Felden A, Schmalz G, Federlin M, et al. Retrospective clinical investigation and survival analysis on ceramic inlays and partial ceramic crowns: results up to 7 years.[J]. Clin Oral Investig, 1998, 2(4): 161-167.
[18] Mclaughlin G. Porcelain veneers.[J]. Dent Clin North Am, 1998, 42(4): 653-656.
[19] Campbell S D, Pelletier L B, Pober R L, et al. Dimensional and formation analysis of a restorative ceramic and how it works.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 1995, 74(4): 332-340.
[20] Giordano R N, Campbell S, Pober R. Flexural strength of feldspathic porcelain treated with ion exchange, overglaze, and polishing.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 1994, 71(5): 468-472.
[21]程金树编著.微晶玻璃[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2006.
[22]周敏,杨觉明,周建军,等.玻璃陶瓷的研究与发展[J].西安工业学院学报, 2001, 21(04): 343-348.
[23] Dong J K, Luthy H, Wohlwend A, et al. Heat-pressed ceramics: technology and strength.[J]. Int J Prosthodont, 1992, 5(1): 9-16.
[24] H Land W, Frank M, Rheinberger V. Surface crystallization of leucite in glasses[J]. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 1995, 180(2-3): 292-307.
[25] Grossman D G. Cast glass ceramics.[J]. Dent Clin North Am, 1985, 29(4): 725-739.
[26] Thompson J Y, Bayne S C, Heymann H O. Mechanical properties of a new mica-based machinable glass ceramic for CAD/CAM restorations.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 1996, 76(6): 619-623.
[27] Grossman D G. Machinable Glass-Ceramics Based on Tetrasilicic Mica[J]. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 1972, 55(9): 446-449.
[28] Tinschert J, Zwez D, Marx R, et al. Structural reliability of alumina-, feldspar-, leucite-, mica- and zirconia-based ceramics.[J]. J Dent, 2000, 28(7): 529-535.
[29] Malament K A, Socransky S S. Survival of Dicor glass-ceramic dental restorations over 14 years: Part I. Survival of Dicor complete coverage restorations and effect of internal surface acid etching, tooth position, gender, and age.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 1999, 81(1): 23-32.
[30] Oh S C, Dong J K, Luthy H, et al. Strength and microstructure of IPS Empress 2 glass-ceramic after different treatments.[J]. Int J Prosthodont, 2000, 13(6): 468-472.
[31] Nakamura T, Ohyama T, Imanishi A, et al. Fracture resistance of pressable glass-ceramic fixed partial dentures.[J]. J Oral Rehabil, 2002, 29(10): 951-955.
[32] Holand W, Schweiger M, Frank M, et al. A comparison of the microstructure and properties of the IPS Empress 2 and the IPS Empress glass-ceramics.[J]. J Biomed Mater Res, 2000, 53(4): 297-303.
[33] Esquivel-Upshaw J F, Chai J, Sansano S, et al. Resistance to staining, flexural strength, and chemical solubility of core porcelains for all-ceramic crowns.[J]. Int J Prosthodont, 2001, 14(3): 284-288.
[34] Stappert C F, Att W, Gerds T, et al. Fracture resistance of different partial-coverage ceramic molar restorations: An in vitro investigation.[J]. J Am Dent Assoc, 2006, 137(4): 514-522.
[35] Kelly J R, Nishimura I, Campbell S D. Ceramics in dentistry: historical roots and current perspectives.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 1996, 75(1): 18-32.
[36] Haselton D R, Diaz-Arnold A M, Hillis S L. Clinical assessment of high-strength all-ceramic crowns.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 2000, 83(4): 396-401.
[37] Heffernan M J, Aquilino S A, Diaz-Arnold A M, et al. Relative translucency of six all-ceramic systems. Part II: core and veneer materials.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 2002, 88(1): 10-15.
[38] Magne P, Belser U. Esthetic improvements and in vitro testing of In-Ceram Alumina and Spinell ceramic.[J]. Int J Prosthodont, 1997, 10(5): 459-466.
[39] Sundh A, Sjogren G. A comparison of fracture strength of yttrium-oxide- partially-stabilized zirconia ceramic crowns with varying core thickness, shapes and veneer ceramics.[J]. J Oral Rehabil, 2004, 31(7): 682-688.
[40] Andersson M, Oden A. A new all-ceramic crown. A dense-sintered, high-purity alumina coping with porcelain.[J]. Acta Odontol Scand, 1993, 51(1): 59-64.
[41] Fradeani M, D'Amelio M, Redemagni M, et al. Five-year follow-up with Procera all-ceramic crowns.[J]. Quintessence Int, 2005, 36(2): 105-113.
[42] Oden A, Andersson M, Krystek-Ondracek I, et al. Five-year clinical evaluation of Procera AllCeram crowns.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 1998, 80(4):450-456.
[43] Christel P, Meunier A, Dorlot J M, et al. Biomechanical compatibility and design of ceramic implants for orthopedic surgery.[J]. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1988, 523: 234-256.
[44] Piwowarczyk A, Ottl P, Lauer H C, et al. A clinical report and overview of scientific studies and clinical procedures conducted on the 3M ESPE Lava All-Ceramic System.[J]. J Prosthodont, 2005, 14(1): 39-45.
[45] Raigrodski A J. Contemporary materials and technologies for all-ceramic fixed partial dentures: a review of the literature.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 2004, 92(6): 557-562.
[46] Raigrodski A J. Contemporary all-ceramic fixed partial dentures: a review.[J]. Dent Clin North Am, 2004, 48(2): 531-544.
[47] Lazar D R, Bottino M C, Ozcan M, et al. Y-TZP ceramic processing from coprecipitated powders: a comparative study with three commercial dental ceramics.[J]. Dent Mater, 2008, 24(12): 1676-1685.
[48] Gupta T K, Bechtold J H, Kuznicki R C, et al. Stabilization of tetragonal phase in polycrystalline zirconia[J]. Journal of Materials Science, 1977, 12(12): 2421-2426.
[49] Piconi C, Maccauro G. Zirconia as a ceramic biomaterial.[J]. Biomaterials, 1999, 20(1): 1-25.
[50]谭建国,周永胜.牙科陶瓷材料[J].中国实用口腔科杂志, 2009(07): 395-397.
[51] Piche P W, O'Brien W J, Groh C L, et al. Leucite content of selected dental porcelains.[J]. J Biomed Mater Res, 1994, 28(5): 603-609.
[52] Hoard R J, Hom J J, Hewlett E R, et al. Comparison of casting ability of castable ceramic and type III gold.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 1989, 61(1): 45-47.
[53] Nahara Y, Sadamori S, Hamada T. Clinical evaluation of castable apatiteceramic crowns.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 1991, 66(6): 754-758.
[54] Sorensen J A, Choi C, Fanuscu M I, et al. IPS Empress crown system: three-year clinical trial results.[J]. J Calif Dent Assoc, 1998, 26(2): 130-136.
[55] Bindl A, Mormann W H. An up to 5-year clinical evaluation of posterior in-ceram CAD/CAM core crowns.[J]. Int J Prosthodont, 2002, 15(5): 451-456.
[56] Scotti R, Catapano S, D'Elia A. A clinical evaluation of In-Ceram crowns.[J]. Int J Prosthodont, 1995, 8(4): 320-323.
[57] Mormann W H, Bindl A. The new creativity in ceramic restorations: dental CAD-CIM.[J]. Quintessence Int, 1996, 27(12): 821-828.
[58] Denissen H, Dozic A, van der Zel J, et al. Marginal fit and short-term clinical performance of porcelain-veneered CICERO, CEREC, and Procera onlays.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 2000, 84(5): 506-513.
[59] Chai J, Takahashi Y, Sulaiman F, et al. Probability of fracture of all-ceramic crowns.[J]. Int J Prosthodont, 2000, 13(5): 420-424.
[60] May K B, Russell M M, Razzoog M E, et al. Precision of fit: the Procera AllCeram crown.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 1998, 80(4): 394-404.
[61] Itinoche K M, Ozcan M, Bottino M A, et al. Effect of mechanical cycling on the flexural strength of densely sintered ceramics.[J]. Dent Mater, 2006, 22(11): 1029-1034.
[62] Stephenj.口腔美学比色[M].北京:人民军医出版社, 2008: 154.
[63] Munsell A H. A Grammar of Color...a Basic Treatise on the Color System (Hardcover)[M]. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1969.
[64]李宏光,吴宝宁,施浣芳,等.几种颜色测量方法的比较[J].应用光学, 2005(03): 60-63.
[65]郑宇锋.颜色测量仪器[J].仪表技术与传感器, 1994(04): 17-20.
[66]吴继宗,叶关荣主编.光辐射测量[M].北京:机械工业出版社, 1994: 324-354.
[67]蒋月娟.分光测色仪的设计研究[J].光学技术, 2001(03): 281-283.
[68]徐海松.印染测色配色技术与设备的进展[J].印染, 2003(12): 41-43.
[69]片山伊九右卫门.牙齿颜色的测定与表示法[J].中华口腔医学杂志, 1999, 34(05): 307-309.
[70]汤顺青主编.色度学[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社, 1990: 156-157.
[71] Vichi A, Ferrari M, Davidson C L. Influence of ceramic and cement thickness on the masking of various types of opaque posts.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 2000, 83(4): 412-417.
[72] Dozic A, Kleverlaan C J, Meegdes M, et al. The influence of porcelain layer thickness on the final shade of ceramic restorations.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 2003, 90(6): 563-570.
[73] O'Brien W J, Johnston W M, Fanian F. Double-layer color effects in porcelain systems.[J]. J Dent Res, 1985, 64(6): 940-943.
[74] Barath V S, Faber F J, Westland S, et al. Spectrophotometric analysis of all-ceramic materials and their interaction with luting agents and different backgrounds.[J]. Adv Dent Res, 2003, 17: 55-60.
[75] Nakamura T, Saito O, Fuyikawa J, et al. Influence of abutment substrate and ceramic thickness on the colour of heat-pressed ceramic crowns.[J]. J Oral Rehabil, 2002, 29(9): 805-809.
[76]邓斌,刘洪臣,伊元夫,等.背景颜色对3种牙科全瓷底层材料颜色的影响[J].口腔医学研究, 2005, 21(1): 53-55.
[77]阮丹平,张修银.全瓷修复体色彩学影响因素[J].口腔材料器械杂志, 2006, 15(4): 207-210.
[78] Shinya A, Ooe Y, Komatsu H, et al. [Influence of firing times and temperature on color stability of low-fusing porcelains for high-functionalgold alloys][J]. Kokubyo Gakkai Zasshi, 1999, 66(4): 406-412.
[79]邓再喜,贾俊,张艺权,等.新型热压铸陶瓷E-max全瓷贴面的美容修复[J].中国美容医学, 2008, 17(7): 1071-1072.
[80] Johnston W M, Ma T, Kienle B H. Translucency parameter of colorants for maxillofacial prostheses.[J]. Int J Prosthodont, 1995, 8(1): 79-86.
[81]王婷婷,李少敏,任柏林,等.厚度及处理方法对氧化铝玻璃渗透陶瓷色度的影响[J].实用口腔医学杂志, 2008, 24(3): 331-334.
[82] Ozturk O, Uludag B, Usumez A, et al. The effect of ceramic thickness and number of firings on the color of two all-ceramic systems.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 2008, 100(2): 99-106.
[83] Crispin B J, Okamoto S K, Globe H. Effect of porcelain crown substructures on visually perceivable value.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 1991, 66(2): 209-212.
[84] Heffernan M J, Aquilino S A, Diaz-Arnold A M, et al. Relative translucency of six all-ceramic systems. Part I: core materials.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 2002, 88(1): 4-9.
[85] Seghi R R, Sorensen J A. Relative flexural strength of six new ceramic materials.[J]. Int J Prosthodont, 1995, 8(3): 239-246.
[86] Wagner W C, Chu T M. Biaxial flexural strength and indentation fracture toughness of three new dental core ceramics.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 1996, 76(2): 140-144.
[87] Touati B, Miara P. Light transmission in bonded ceramic restorations.[J]. J Esthet Dent, 1993, 5(1): 11-18.
[88] Wee A G, Monaghan P, Johnston W M. Variation in color between intended matched shade and fabricated shade of dental porcelain.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 2002, 87(6): 657-666.
[89] Isgro G, Pallav P, van der Zel J M, et al. The influence of the veneeringporcelain and different surface treatments on the biaxial flexural strength of a heat-pressed ceramic.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 2003, 90(5): 465-473.
[90] Jacobs S H, Goodacre C J, Moore B K, et al. Effect of porcelain thickness and type of metal-ceramic alloy on color.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 1987, 57(2): 138-145.
[91] Jorgenson M W, Goodkind R J. Spectrophotometric study of five porcelain shades relative to the dimensions of color, porcelain thickness, and repeated firings.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 1979, 42(1): 96-105.
[92] Shokry T E, Shen C, Elhosary M M, et al. Effect of core and veneer thicknesses on the color parameters of two all-ceramic systems.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 2006, 95(2): 124-129.
[93] Brainard D H, Maloney L T. Perception of color and material properties in complex scenes.[J]. J Vis, 2004, 4(9): ii-iv.
[94] Lee Y K, Lim B S, Kim C W, et al. Color characteristics of low-chroma and high-translucence dental resin composites by different measuring modes.[J]. J Biomed Mater Res, 2001, 58(6): 613-621.
[95] Lee Y K, Yoon T H, Lim B S, et al. Effects of colour measuring mode and light source on the colour of shade guides.[J]. J Oral Rehabil, 2002, 29(11): 1099-1107.
[96] Lee Y K, Powers J M. Color difference of four esthetic restorative materials by the illuminant.[J]. Am J Dent, 2005, 18(5): 359-363.
[97] Ahn J S, Lee Y K. Difference in the translucency of all-ceramics by the illuminant.[J]. Dent Mater, 2008, 24(11): 1539-1544.
[98] Lee Y K. Changes in the translucency of porcelain and repairing resin composite by the illumination.[J]. Dent Mater, 2007, 23(4): 492-497.
[2] Ring M E. Dentistry :an illustrated history[M]. New York: Abrams, 1985: 160-181, 193-211.
[3] Jones D W. Development of dental ceramics. An historical perspective.[J]. Dent Clin North Am, 1985, 29(4): 621-644.
[4] Sproull R C. A history of porcelain in dentistry.[J]. Bull Hist Dent, 1978, 26(1): 3-10.
[5] Weinstein Abraham W L. Fused porcelain-to-metal teethUS19590846753 19591015[P]. 1962-09-11.
[6] Mclean J W. Evolution of dental ceramics in the twentieth century.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 2001, 85(1): 61-66.
[7] Bergman M, Bergman B, Soremark R. Tissue accumulation of nickel released due to electrochemical corrosion of non-precious dental casting alloys.[J]. J Oral Rehabil, 1980, 7(4): 325-330.
[8]张怡,杜传诗.烤瓷用镍基合金的体外细胞毒性试验[J].华西口腔医学杂志, 1990, 8(1): 19-22.
[9] Pang I C, Gilbert J L, Chai J, et al. Bonding characteristics of low-fusing porcelain bonded to pure titanium and palladium-copper alloy.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 1995, 73(1): 17-25.
[10] Nakajima H, Okabe T. Titanium in dentistry: development and research in the U.S.A.[J]. Dent Mater J, 1996, 15(2): 77-90.
[11] Mclean J W, Hughes T H. The reinforcement of dental porcelain withceramic oxides.[J]. Br Dent J, 1965, 119(6): 251-267.
[12] Mclean J W. The alumina reinforced porcelain jacket crown.[J]. J Am Dent Assoc, 1967, 75(3): 621-628.
[13] Rosenblum M A, Schulman A. A review of all-ceramic restorations[J]. J Am Dent Assoc, 1997, 128(3): 297-307.
[14]牟雁东.陶瓷全冠与陶瓷熔附瓷核全冠的折裂强度[J].国外医学.口腔医学分册, 1995(06): 362.
[15] Cattell M J, Clarke R L, Lynch E J. The transverse strength, reliability and microstructural features of four dental ceramics--Part I.[J]. J Dent, 1997, 25(5): 399-407.
[16] Conrad H J, Seong W J, Pesun I J. Current ceramic materials and systems with clinical recommendations: a systematic review.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 2007, 98(5): 389-404.
[17] Felden A, Schmalz G, Federlin M, et al. Retrospective clinical investigation and survival analysis on ceramic inlays and partial ceramic crowns: results up to 7 years.[J]. Clin Oral Investig, 1998, 2(4): 161-167.
[18] Mclaughlin G. Porcelain veneers.[J]. Dent Clin North Am, 1998, 42(4): 653-656.
[19] Campbell S D, Pelletier L B, Pober R L, et al. Dimensional and formation analysis of a restorative ceramic and how it works.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 1995, 74(4): 332-340.
[20] Giordano R N, Campbell S, Pober R. Flexural strength of feldspathic porcelain treated with ion exchange, overglaze, and polishing.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 1994, 71(5): 468-472.
[21]程金树编著.微晶玻璃[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 2006.
[22]周敏,杨觉明,周建军,等.玻璃陶瓷的研究与发展[J].西安工业学院学报, 2001, 21(04): 343-348.
[23] Dong J K, Luthy H, Wohlwend A, et al. Heat-pressed ceramics: technology and strength.[J]. Int J Prosthodont, 1992, 5(1): 9-16.
[24] H Land W, Frank M, Rheinberger V. Surface crystallization of leucite in glasses[J]. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 1995, 180(2-3): 292-307.
[25] Grossman D G. Cast glass ceramics.[J]. Dent Clin North Am, 1985, 29(4): 725-739.
[26] Thompson J Y, Bayne S C, Heymann H O. Mechanical properties of a new mica-based machinable glass ceramic for CAD/CAM restorations.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 1996, 76(6): 619-623.
[27] Grossman D G. Machinable Glass-Ceramics Based on Tetrasilicic Mica[J]. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 1972, 55(9): 446-449.
[28] Tinschert J, Zwez D, Marx R, et al. Structural reliability of alumina-, feldspar-, leucite-, mica- and zirconia-based ceramics.[J]. J Dent, 2000, 28(7): 529-535.
[29] Malament K A, Socransky S S. Survival of Dicor glass-ceramic dental restorations over 14 years: Part I. Survival of Dicor complete coverage restorations and effect of internal surface acid etching, tooth position, gender, and age.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 1999, 81(1): 23-32.
[30] Oh S C, Dong J K, Luthy H, et al. Strength and microstructure of IPS Empress 2 glass-ceramic after different treatments.[J]. Int J Prosthodont, 2000, 13(6): 468-472.
[31] Nakamura T, Ohyama T, Imanishi A, et al. Fracture resistance of pressable glass-ceramic fixed partial dentures.[J]. J Oral Rehabil, 2002, 29(10): 951-955.
[32] Holand W, Schweiger M, Frank M, et al. A comparison of the microstructure and properties of the IPS Empress 2 and the IPS Empress glass-ceramics.[J]. J Biomed Mater Res, 2000, 53(4): 297-303.
[33] Esquivel-Upshaw J F, Chai J, Sansano S, et al. Resistance to staining, flexural strength, and chemical solubility of core porcelains for all-ceramic crowns.[J]. Int J Prosthodont, 2001, 14(3): 284-288.
[34] Stappert C F, Att W, Gerds T, et al. Fracture resistance of different partial-coverage ceramic molar restorations: An in vitro investigation.[J]. J Am Dent Assoc, 2006, 137(4): 514-522.
[35] Kelly J R, Nishimura I, Campbell S D. Ceramics in dentistry: historical roots and current perspectives.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 1996, 75(1): 18-32.
[36] Haselton D R, Diaz-Arnold A M, Hillis S L. Clinical assessment of high-strength all-ceramic crowns.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 2000, 83(4): 396-401.
[37] Heffernan M J, Aquilino S A, Diaz-Arnold A M, et al. Relative translucency of six all-ceramic systems. Part II: core and veneer materials.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 2002, 88(1): 10-15.
[38] Magne P, Belser U. Esthetic improvements and in vitro testing of In-Ceram Alumina and Spinell ceramic.[J]. Int J Prosthodont, 1997, 10(5): 459-466.
[39] Sundh A, Sjogren G. A comparison of fracture strength of yttrium-oxide- partially-stabilized zirconia ceramic crowns with varying core thickness, shapes and veneer ceramics.[J]. J Oral Rehabil, 2004, 31(7): 682-688.
[40] Andersson M, Oden A. A new all-ceramic crown. A dense-sintered, high-purity alumina coping with porcelain.[J]. Acta Odontol Scand, 1993, 51(1): 59-64.
[41] Fradeani M, D'Amelio M, Redemagni M, et al. Five-year follow-up with Procera all-ceramic crowns.[J]. Quintessence Int, 2005, 36(2): 105-113.
[42] Oden A, Andersson M, Krystek-Ondracek I, et al. Five-year clinical evaluation of Procera AllCeram crowns.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 1998, 80(4):450-456.
[43] Christel P, Meunier A, Dorlot J M, et al. Biomechanical compatibility and design of ceramic implants for orthopedic surgery.[J]. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1988, 523: 234-256.
[44] Piwowarczyk A, Ottl P, Lauer H C, et al. A clinical report and overview of scientific studies and clinical procedures conducted on the 3M ESPE Lava All-Ceramic System.[J]. J Prosthodont, 2005, 14(1): 39-45.
[45] Raigrodski A J. Contemporary materials and technologies for all-ceramic fixed partial dentures: a review of the literature.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 2004, 92(6): 557-562.
[46] Raigrodski A J. Contemporary all-ceramic fixed partial dentures: a review.[J]. Dent Clin North Am, 2004, 48(2): 531-544.
[47] Lazar D R, Bottino M C, Ozcan M, et al. Y-TZP ceramic processing from coprecipitated powders: a comparative study with three commercial dental ceramics.[J]. Dent Mater, 2008, 24(12): 1676-1685.
[48] Gupta T K, Bechtold J H, Kuznicki R C, et al. Stabilization of tetragonal phase in polycrystalline zirconia[J]. Journal of Materials Science, 1977, 12(12): 2421-2426.
[49] Piconi C, Maccauro G. Zirconia as a ceramic biomaterial.[J]. Biomaterials, 1999, 20(1): 1-25.
[50]谭建国,周永胜.牙科陶瓷材料[J].中国实用口腔科杂志, 2009(07): 395-397.
[51] Piche P W, O'Brien W J, Groh C L, et al. Leucite content of selected dental porcelains.[J]. J Biomed Mater Res, 1994, 28(5): 603-609.
[52] Hoard R J, Hom J J, Hewlett E R, et al. Comparison of casting ability of castable ceramic and type III gold.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 1989, 61(1): 45-47.
[53] Nahara Y, Sadamori S, Hamada T. Clinical evaluation of castable apatiteceramic crowns.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 1991, 66(6): 754-758.
[54] Sorensen J A, Choi C, Fanuscu M I, et al. IPS Empress crown system: three-year clinical trial results.[J]. J Calif Dent Assoc, 1998, 26(2): 130-136.
[55] Bindl A, Mormann W H. An up to 5-year clinical evaluation of posterior in-ceram CAD/CAM core crowns.[J]. Int J Prosthodont, 2002, 15(5): 451-456.
[56] Scotti R, Catapano S, D'Elia A. A clinical evaluation of In-Ceram crowns.[J]. Int J Prosthodont, 1995, 8(4): 320-323.
[57] Mormann W H, Bindl A. The new creativity in ceramic restorations: dental CAD-CIM.[J]. Quintessence Int, 1996, 27(12): 821-828.
[58] Denissen H, Dozic A, van der Zel J, et al. Marginal fit and short-term clinical performance of porcelain-veneered CICERO, CEREC, and Procera onlays.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 2000, 84(5): 506-513.
[59] Chai J, Takahashi Y, Sulaiman F, et al. Probability of fracture of all-ceramic crowns.[J]. Int J Prosthodont, 2000, 13(5): 420-424.
[60] May K B, Russell M M, Razzoog M E, et al. Precision of fit: the Procera AllCeram crown.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 1998, 80(4): 394-404.
[61] Itinoche K M, Ozcan M, Bottino M A, et al. Effect of mechanical cycling on the flexural strength of densely sintered ceramics.[J]. Dent Mater, 2006, 22(11): 1029-1034.
[62] Stephenj.口腔美学比色[M].北京:人民军医出版社, 2008: 154.
[63] Munsell A H. A Grammar of Color...a Basic Treatise on the Color System (Hardcover)[M]. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1969.
[64]李宏光,吴宝宁,施浣芳,等.几种颜色测量方法的比较[J].应用光学, 2005(03): 60-63.
[65]郑宇锋.颜色测量仪器[J].仪表技术与传感器, 1994(04): 17-20.
[66]吴继宗,叶关荣主编.光辐射测量[M].北京:机械工业出版社, 1994: 324-354.
[67]蒋月娟.分光测色仪的设计研究[J].光学技术, 2001(03): 281-283.
[68]徐海松.印染测色配色技术与设备的进展[J].印染, 2003(12): 41-43.
[69]片山伊九右卫门.牙齿颜色的测定与表示法[J].中华口腔医学杂志, 1999, 34(05): 307-309.
[70]汤顺青主编.色度学[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社, 1990: 156-157.
[71] Vichi A, Ferrari M, Davidson C L. Influence of ceramic and cement thickness on the masking of various types of opaque posts.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 2000, 83(4): 412-417.
[72] Dozic A, Kleverlaan C J, Meegdes M, et al. The influence of porcelain layer thickness on the final shade of ceramic restorations.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 2003, 90(6): 563-570.
[73] O'Brien W J, Johnston W M, Fanian F. Double-layer color effects in porcelain systems.[J]. J Dent Res, 1985, 64(6): 940-943.
[74] Barath V S, Faber F J, Westland S, et al. Spectrophotometric analysis of all-ceramic materials and their interaction with luting agents and different backgrounds.[J]. Adv Dent Res, 2003, 17: 55-60.
[75] Nakamura T, Saito O, Fuyikawa J, et al. Influence of abutment substrate and ceramic thickness on the colour of heat-pressed ceramic crowns.[J]. J Oral Rehabil, 2002, 29(9): 805-809.
[76]邓斌,刘洪臣,伊元夫,等.背景颜色对3种牙科全瓷底层材料颜色的影响[J].口腔医学研究, 2005, 21(1): 53-55.
[77]阮丹平,张修银.全瓷修复体色彩学影响因素[J].口腔材料器械杂志, 2006, 15(4): 207-210.
[78] Shinya A, Ooe Y, Komatsu H, et al. [Influence of firing times and temperature on color stability of low-fusing porcelains for high-functionalgold alloys][J]. Kokubyo Gakkai Zasshi, 1999, 66(4): 406-412.
[79]邓再喜,贾俊,张艺权,等.新型热压铸陶瓷E-max全瓷贴面的美容修复[J].中国美容医学, 2008, 17(7): 1071-1072.
[80] Johnston W M, Ma T, Kienle B H. Translucency parameter of colorants for maxillofacial prostheses.[J]. Int J Prosthodont, 1995, 8(1): 79-86.
[81]王婷婷,李少敏,任柏林,等.厚度及处理方法对氧化铝玻璃渗透陶瓷色度的影响[J].实用口腔医学杂志, 2008, 24(3): 331-334.
[82] Ozturk O, Uludag B, Usumez A, et al. The effect of ceramic thickness and number of firings on the color of two all-ceramic systems.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 2008, 100(2): 99-106.
[83] Crispin B J, Okamoto S K, Globe H. Effect of porcelain crown substructures on visually perceivable value.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 1991, 66(2): 209-212.
[84] Heffernan M J, Aquilino S A, Diaz-Arnold A M, et al. Relative translucency of six all-ceramic systems. Part I: core materials.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 2002, 88(1): 4-9.
[85] Seghi R R, Sorensen J A. Relative flexural strength of six new ceramic materials.[J]. Int J Prosthodont, 1995, 8(3): 239-246.
[86] Wagner W C, Chu T M. Biaxial flexural strength and indentation fracture toughness of three new dental core ceramics.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 1996, 76(2): 140-144.
[87] Touati B, Miara P. Light transmission in bonded ceramic restorations.[J]. J Esthet Dent, 1993, 5(1): 11-18.
[88] Wee A G, Monaghan P, Johnston W M. Variation in color between intended matched shade and fabricated shade of dental porcelain.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 2002, 87(6): 657-666.
[89] Isgro G, Pallav P, van der Zel J M, et al. The influence of the veneeringporcelain and different surface treatments on the biaxial flexural strength of a heat-pressed ceramic.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 2003, 90(5): 465-473.
[90] Jacobs S H, Goodacre C J, Moore B K, et al. Effect of porcelain thickness and type of metal-ceramic alloy on color.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 1987, 57(2): 138-145.
[91] Jorgenson M W, Goodkind R J. Spectrophotometric study of five porcelain shades relative to the dimensions of color, porcelain thickness, and repeated firings.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 1979, 42(1): 96-105.
[92] Shokry T E, Shen C, Elhosary M M, et al. Effect of core and veneer thicknesses on the color parameters of two all-ceramic systems.[J]. J Prosthet Dent, 2006, 95(2): 124-129.
[93] Brainard D H, Maloney L T. Perception of color and material properties in complex scenes.[J]. J Vis, 2004, 4(9): ii-iv.
[94] Lee Y K, Lim B S, Kim C W, et al. Color characteristics of low-chroma and high-translucence dental resin composites by different measuring modes.[J]. J Biomed Mater Res, 2001, 58(6): 613-621.
[95] Lee Y K, Yoon T H, Lim B S, et al. Effects of colour measuring mode and light source on the colour of shade guides.[J]. J Oral Rehabil, 2002, 29(11): 1099-1107.
[96] Lee Y K, Powers J M. Color difference of four esthetic restorative materials by the illuminant.[J]. Am J Dent, 2005, 18(5): 359-363.
[97] Ahn J S, Lee Y K. Difference in the translucency of all-ceramics by the illuminant.[J]. Dent Mater, 2008, 24(11): 1539-1544.
[98] Lee Y K. Changes in the translucency of porcelain and repairing resin composite by the illumination.[J]. Dent Mater, 2007, 23(4): 492-497.