中国普氏野马保护遗传学研究及保护对策
|
摘要
普氏野马(Equus przewalskii)是欧亚大陆草原和荒漠地带的代表性物种,野生种群于上世纪60年代灭绝,现存种群是19世纪末少数野外捕捉并圈养个体的后嗣。普氏野马圈养种群经历了严重的瓶颈效应和近交。迄今有关该物种的遗传多样性研究仅限于部分圈养种群。自2001年以来,中国先后在新疆和甘肃实施了普氏野马重引入,这是濒危物种保护的重大科学实践。然而,中国普氏野马的遗传多样性本底并不清楚,缺乏圈养和放归种群的遗传多样性研究及监测,由此严重制约了该物种重引入的后续推进。
鉴于此,本研究以2个圈养种群(新疆野马繁育中心,略为WHBC;甘肃濒危物种研究中心,略为GESRC)和1个放归种群(卡拉麦里自然保护区,略为KNR)为研究样本,于2011-2013年利用线粒体DNA控制区(mtDNA)、微卫星、谱系和计算机模拟技术,分析和评价了普氏野马的种群遗传多样性。本研究得到的主要结果为：
1. mtDNA控制区扩增的总体成功率达到96.2%(93.8%-100%),表明粪便DNA应用于马科动物遗传多样性研究具有较高的可行性。
2.分析了105匹野马的粪便DNA,获得了普氏野马的2个mtDNA控制区单倍型(PR1, PR2),2个单倍型的核苷酸差异为1.63%,2个单倍型的频率在3个研究种群中分布不均匀。单倍型PRl在三个种群中均为优势单倍型,达到76.2%(60-91.9%),但放归的KNR种群的PR2仅占8.1%。甘肃圈养种群(GESRC)和放归种群(KNR)存在显著遗传分化(P=0.00267)。线粒体单倍型系的个体相似性概率(PI)高于母系分支,表明单倍型系是衡量母系遗传多样性的良好指标。
3.分析了126匹普氏野马的粪便DNA,在10个微卫星座位上共检测到45个等位基因。WHBC、GESRC和KNR种群的等位基因丰富度分别为3.77,3.39,3.33,平均值为3.49。KNR的等位基因丰富度均显著低于WHBC (P=0.007)和GESRC(P=0.047)。WHBC和GESRC的平均期望杂合度分别为0.485(介于0.447到0.521)和0.460(介于0.392到0.532),均高于KNR的0.439(介于0.320到0.537)。亲缘关系系数(IR)与基于谱系的近交系数(fp)呈正相关(r=0.50,P=0.005),且fp和基于微卫星的近交系数(fm)也为正相关(r=0.34,P=0.014)。
4.根据微卫星计算的FST,WHBC和KNR种群间的遗传分化最高(FsT为0.115,P<0.05),而两个圈养种群WHBC和GESRC的遗传分化程度最低(FsT为0.063,P<0.05)。应用STRUCTURE软件对群体基于Bayesian或然率数学模型的类群划分,在所分析的8个假设类群中,根据Ln P(D)最大值为-2359.02时,K=3,可判断126匹普氏野马可划分为3个遗传结构有差异的类群。
5.采用计算机模拟程序,预测了普氏野马种群未来的遗传多样性水平。Bottlesim预测表明若要在未来100年内保持普氏野马种群90%的遗传多样性,种群数量的阈值须不低于100；AlleleRetain预测表明若要达到保留90%稀有等位基因的目标,当设定初始放归数量(startN)为20,则需要每隔5年引入20个新个体.
6.依据本论文的研究结果,提出普氏野马圈养和放归种群的保护建议：
首先,须做好谱系登录工作,确保完整性和准确性,及时上传谱系数据到国际野马谱系登录系统。定期结合谱系和分子标记数据评价圈养种群的遗传多样性,以此为基础调整繁殖群的结构,避免圈养种群的遗传多样性丧失。
其次,选择圈养个体作为放归的建群者时,应选择亲缘关系较远且遗传变异高的个体组建放归群。既要保留原圈养种群的遗传多样性,又不能破坏其遗传结构。同时需确保放归群体的遗传代表性,减少遗传漂变的影响,避免种群分化。
再者,在选择放归地点时,应考虑选择承载量大的放归地,以满足放归最少的建群者,节约放归成本。放归初期,应加强监测,确保种群数量的稳定和增长利于稀有等位基因的保留。同时还需定期监测种群近交情况,加强世界范围内各种群的交流,并且严格避免同域家马和野马杂家现象的发生。
The Przewalski's horse (Equus przewalskii) is a flagship species for conservation that once inhabited the Eurasian steppes, but was extirpated in the wild in the mid1960s. The present-day Przewalski's horse population originated from individuals captured at the turn of the19th century. The captive population went through a severe bottleneck and suffered from inbreeding. Studies of genetic diversity within Przewalski's horses have been sparse and limited to the captive population. Starting in2001, reintroduction programs were initiated in Xinjiang and Gansu provinces and proved to be one important practice in worldwide conservation biology. However, knowledge on genetic diversity in China's horse populations is limited, but would help improving the genetic management and assess the success of the reintroduction.
This aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity in two captive (Wild Horse Breeding Center, WHBC; Gansu Endangered Species Research Center, GESRC) and one released population (Kalameili Nature Reserve, KNR) of Przewalski horse populations in China using mtDNA, microsatellite, pedigree data and computer simulations during2011-2013. Main results are as listed below:
1. The mean PCR success rate of mtDNA control region was96.2%(93.8%-100%) in fecal DNA of Przewalski's horse, which indicated a high feasibility of using non-invasive sampling approach in the genetic studies on the equids.
2. Two mtDNA haplotypes were obtained (PR1, PR2) with a nucleotide difference of1.63%based on105Przewalski's horses, but quite unequal in regards of haplotype frequency among populations. The PR1was dominant haplotype in three populations, averaging76.2%(60～1.9%), but PR2only accounted for8.1%in KNR population. The analysis of differentiation coefficient test revealed that
GESRC and KNR differentiated significantly (P=0.00267). Probability of Identity (PI) based on haplotypic information was higher than that from dam lines, indicating haplotypic information could be used to evaluate materinal diversity.
3. A total of45alleles were identified for the10microsatellite loci in the126fecal DNA samples. Allelic richness (AR) in WHBC, GESRC and KNR was3.77,3.39,3.33, with mean number of3.49. AR in KNR population was lower than that of its founding WHBC population (the Wilcoxon's signed rank test, P=0.01). The mean expected heterozygosity (HE) was0.49(ranging from0.45to0.52) and0.46(ranging from0.39to0.53) in the WHBC and GESRC respectively, as compared to0.44(ranging from0.32to0.54) in the KNR. When testing the relationship between fp and IR, fm, there was a positive relationship between fp and IR (r=0.50, R2=0.25, P=0.005) and fp was positively correlated with fm (r=0.34, R2=0.12, P=0.014).
4. Based on FST, the highest genetic differentiation was estimated between populations in WHBC and KNR (FST=0.115, p<0.05), and the lowest between WHBC and GESRC (FST=0.063, p<0.05). The STRUCTURE Bayesian clustering yielded the most support for three, albeit admixed, genetic subpopulations within8simulated populations of126individuals (Ln P(D)=-2359.02, K=3).
5. By means of simulation, a population size of100is required to retain90%of the genetic diversity in the reintroduced population (KNR) over the next100years; The number of immigrants needed to retain90%of rare alleles increased to20every5years, when the starting population was20.
6. According to the results above, implications for conservation of Przewalski's horse are listed below:
(1) Managers should make complete and accurate studbook documentation, and timely upload local pedigree information to the International Studbook System of Przewalski's horse. Molecular and pedigree approaches should be applied. Based on genetic analysis, the structure of the herd could be adjusted to avoid loss of genetic diversity.
(2) When founding a released population, it is necessary to select the most distantly related individuals but with appropriate genetic structure. Another important issue to note is to maintain the genetic diversity of original captive population, and meanwhile, to ensure the genetic representation of the released population to minimize the genetic drift and avoid population subdividation.
(3) Release sites with a larger carrying capacity should be selected in order to immigrate less individuals to retain rare alleles and save reintroduction cost. Upon release, temporal monitoring is crucial to ensure population maintainance and growth, which are beneficial to retain rare allels. Future reintroduction efforts should determine levels and directions of inbreeding of reintroduction projections and utilize multiple source populations, meanwhile avoiding hybridization with domestic horses.
鉴于此,本研究以2个圈养种群(新疆野马繁育中心,略为WHBC;甘肃濒危物种研究中心,略为GESRC)和1个放归种群(卡拉麦里自然保护区,略为KNR)为研究样本,于2011-2013年利用线粒体DNA控制区(mtDNA)、微卫星、谱系和计算机模拟技术,分析和评价了普氏野马的种群遗传多样性。本研究得到的主要结果为：
1. mtDNA控制区扩增的总体成功率达到96.2%(93.8%-100%),表明粪便DNA应用于马科动物遗传多样性研究具有较高的可行性。
2.分析了105匹野马的粪便DNA,获得了普氏野马的2个mtDNA控制区单倍型(PR1, PR2),2个单倍型的核苷酸差异为1.63%,2个单倍型的频率在3个研究种群中分布不均匀。单倍型PRl在三个种群中均为优势单倍型,达到76.2%(60-91.9%),但放归的KNR种群的PR2仅占8.1%。甘肃圈养种群(GESRC)和放归种群(KNR)存在显著遗传分化(P=0.00267)。线粒体单倍型系的个体相似性概率(PI)高于母系分支,表明单倍型系是衡量母系遗传多样性的良好指标。
3.分析了126匹普氏野马的粪便DNA,在10个微卫星座位上共检测到45个等位基因。WHBC、GESRC和KNR种群的等位基因丰富度分别为3.77,3.39,3.33,平均值为3.49。KNR的等位基因丰富度均显著低于WHBC (P=0.007)和GESRC(P=0.047)。WHBC和GESRC的平均期望杂合度分别为0.485(介于0.447到0.521)和0.460(介于0.392到0.532),均高于KNR的0.439(介于0.320到0.537)。亲缘关系系数(IR)与基于谱系的近交系数(fp)呈正相关(r=0.50,P=0.005),且fp和基于微卫星的近交系数(fm)也为正相关(r=0.34,P=0.014)。
4.根据微卫星计算的FST,WHBC和KNR种群间的遗传分化最高(FsT为0.115,P<0.05),而两个圈养种群WHBC和GESRC的遗传分化程度最低(FsT为0.063,P<0.05)。应用STRUCTURE软件对群体基于Bayesian或然率数学模型的类群划分,在所分析的8个假设类群中,根据Ln P(D)最大值为-2359.02时,K=3,可判断126匹普氏野马可划分为3个遗传结构有差异的类群。
5.采用计算机模拟程序,预测了普氏野马种群未来的遗传多样性水平。Bottlesim预测表明若要在未来100年内保持普氏野马种群90%的遗传多样性,种群数量的阈值须不低于100；AlleleRetain预测表明若要达到保留90%稀有等位基因的目标,当设定初始放归数量(startN)为20,则需要每隔5年引入20个新个体.
6.依据本论文的研究结果,提出普氏野马圈养和放归种群的保护建议：
首先,须做好谱系登录工作,确保完整性和准确性,及时上传谱系数据到国际野马谱系登录系统。定期结合谱系和分子标记数据评价圈养种群的遗传多样性,以此为基础调整繁殖群的结构,避免圈养种群的遗传多样性丧失。
其次,选择圈养个体作为放归的建群者时,应选择亲缘关系较远且遗传变异高的个体组建放归群。既要保留原圈养种群的遗传多样性,又不能破坏其遗传结构。同时需确保放归群体的遗传代表性,减少遗传漂变的影响,避免种群分化。
再者,在选择放归地点时,应考虑选择承载量大的放归地,以满足放归最少的建群者,节约放归成本。放归初期,应加强监测,确保种群数量的稳定和增长利于稀有等位基因的保留。同时还需定期监测种群近交情况,加强世界范围内各种群的交流,并且严格避免同域家马和野马杂家现象的发生。
The Przewalski's horse (Equus przewalskii) is a flagship species for conservation that once inhabited the Eurasian steppes, but was extirpated in the wild in the mid1960s. The present-day Przewalski's horse population originated from individuals captured at the turn of the19th century. The captive population went through a severe bottleneck and suffered from inbreeding. Studies of genetic diversity within Przewalski's horses have been sparse and limited to the captive population. Starting in2001, reintroduction programs were initiated in Xinjiang and Gansu provinces and proved to be one important practice in worldwide conservation biology. However, knowledge on genetic diversity in China's horse populations is limited, but would help improving the genetic management and assess the success of the reintroduction.
This aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity in two captive (Wild Horse Breeding Center, WHBC; Gansu Endangered Species Research Center, GESRC) and one released population (Kalameili Nature Reserve, KNR) of Przewalski horse populations in China using mtDNA, microsatellite, pedigree data and computer simulations during2011-2013. Main results are as listed below:
1. The mean PCR success rate of mtDNA control region was96.2%(93.8%-100%) in fecal DNA of Przewalski's horse, which indicated a high feasibility of using non-invasive sampling approach in the genetic studies on the equids.
2. Two mtDNA haplotypes were obtained (PR1, PR2) with a nucleotide difference of1.63%based on105Przewalski's horses, but quite unequal in regards of haplotype frequency among populations. The PR1was dominant haplotype in three populations, averaging76.2%(60～1.9%), but PR2only accounted for8.1%in KNR population. The analysis of differentiation coefficient test revealed that
GESRC and KNR differentiated significantly (P=0.00267). Probability of Identity (PI) based on haplotypic information was higher than that from dam lines, indicating haplotypic information could be used to evaluate materinal diversity.
3. A total of45alleles were identified for the10microsatellite loci in the126fecal DNA samples. Allelic richness (AR) in WHBC, GESRC and KNR was3.77,3.39,3.33, with mean number of3.49. AR in KNR population was lower than that of its founding WHBC population (the Wilcoxon's signed rank test, P=0.01). The mean expected heterozygosity (HE) was0.49(ranging from0.45to0.52) and0.46(ranging from0.39to0.53) in the WHBC and GESRC respectively, as compared to0.44(ranging from0.32to0.54) in the KNR. When testing the relationship between fp and IR, fm, there was a positive relationship between fp and IR (r=0.50, R2=0.25, P=0.005) and fp was positively correlated with fm (r=0.34, R2=0.12, P=0.014).
4. Based on FST, the highest genetic differentiation was estimated between populations in WHBC and KNR (FST=0.115, p<0.05), and the lowest between WHBC and GESRC (FST=0.063, p<0.05). The STRUCTURE Bayesian clustering yielded the most support for three, albeit admixed, genetic subpopulations within8simulated populations of126individuals (Ln P(D)=-2359.02, K=3).
5. By means of simulation, a population size of100is required to retain90%of the genetic diversity in the reintroduced population (KNR) over the next100years; The number of immigrants needed to retain90%of rare alleles increased to20every5years, when the starting population was20.
6. According to the results above, implications for conservation of Przewalski's horse are listed below:
(1) Managers should make complete and accurate studbook documentation, and timely upload local pedigree information to the International Studbook System of Przewalski's horse. Molecular and pedigree approaches should be applied. Based on genetic analysis, the structure of the herd could be adjusted to avoid loss of genetic diversity.
(2) When founding a released population, it is necessary to select the most distantly related individuals but with appropriate genetic structure. Another important issue to note is to maintain the genetic diversity of original captive population, and meanwhile, to ensure the genetic representation of the released population to minimize the genetic drift and avoid population subdividation.
(3) Release sites with a larger carrying capacity should be selected in order to immigrate less individuals to retain rare alleles and save reintroduction cost. Upon release, temporal monitoring is crucial to ensure population maintainance and growth, which are beneficial to retain rare allels. Future reintroduction efforts should determine levels and directions of inbreeding of reintroduction projections and utilize multiple source populations, meanwhile avoiding hybridization with domestic horses.
引文
王海,何志清,王红军,等.敦煌西湖国家级自然保护区普氏野马放归生存状况[J].甘肃林业科技,2012,37(3)：44-46.
王墨清等.普氏野马染色体核型及多态性的研究[J].甘肃农业大学学报,1995,30(3)：214-218.
于丽娟,恩特马克,凌英会,等.普氏野马与两种新疆地方品种马的ELA-DRA * exon2的多态性分析[J].畜牧兽医学报.2011,42(3)：369-374.
安丽萍,李正先,于景文,等.从细胞色素b基因序列探讨普氏野马与蒙古马的遗传多态性[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2007,41(5)：10-13.
何志清,李岩,张万福,等.我国普氏野马的保护机构及发展情况[J].中国畜牧兽医文摘,2013,(1)：33-35.
何陆平.朱鹮多态性微卫星位点的筛选及物种的遗传多样性研究[D].浙江,2007,浙江大学.
李凯,吴专,胡德夫,等.中国区普氏野马Equus przewalskii)胃蝇蛆病新病原体(Gasterophilusspp.)报道[J].畜牧兽医学报,2007,38(8)：837-840.
李湘涛.野马放归大自然[J].大自然,2001,(6)：30-32.
刘刚,胡德夫.普氏野马粪便DNA方法优化及应用的可行性研究[D].北京,2012,北京林业大学,
肖方,邱幼祥.普氏野马与家马的头骨比较[J].动物学杂志,1990,25(6)：37-39.
胡德夫,曹杰,张峰.野马毙命车轮下的反思[J].大自然,2011,(5)：58-59.
唐勇清,胡德夫.中国区普氏野马ELA-DQA*exon2遗传多样性分析[D].北京,2012,北京林业大学.
刘姝.卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区放归普氏野马生境选择及社区保护意识调查研究[D].新疆,2013,新疆大学.
张峰,胡德夫,李凯,等.普氏野马繁殖群在组建和放归初期的争斗行为与社群等级建立[J].动物学杂志,2009,44(4)：58-63.
张赫凡,孙立程.新疆栏养野马的繁殖状况[J].动物学杂志,2002,37(006)：70-72.
艳丽,黄炎,张保卫,等.卧龙圈养大熊猫遗传多样性现状及预测[J].兽类学报,2006,26(4)：317-324.
蒋志刚,李春旺,曾岩.麇鹿的配偶制度,交配计策与有效种群[J].生态学报,2006,26(7)：2255-2260.
陈金良,胡德夫,曹杰,等.普氏野马雄性杀婴行为及其对野马放归的影响[J].生物学通报,2007,42(2)：6-8.
黄艳,初红军,兰文旭,等.重引入普氏野马,蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚的秋季营养生态位[J].干旱区研究,2011,28(6)：1045-1050.
Zimmermann W.普氏野马能否真正回归自然[J].人与生物圈,2013,(5)：71-72.
Acevedo-Whitehouse K, Gulland F, Greig D, Amos W. Inbreeding:disease susceptibility in California sea lions [J]. Nature,2003,422(6927):35-35.
Acevedo-Whitehouse K, Spraker T R, Lyons E, Melin S R, Gulland F, Delong R L, Amos W. Contrasting effects of heterozygosity on survival and hookworm resistance in California sea lion pups [J]. Molecular ecology,2006,15(7):1973-1982.
Adams J, Kelly B, Waits L. Using faecal DNA sampling and GIS to monitor hybridization between red wolves (Canis rufus) and coyotes (Canis latrans) [J]. Molecular Ecology,2003,12(8):2175-2186.
Ahrens E, Stranzinger G. Comparative chromosomal studies of E. caballus (ECA) and E. przewalskii (EPR) in a female Fl hybrid [J]. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics,2005,122(sl):97-102.
Allendorf F W. Genetic drift and the loss of alleles versus heterozygosity [J]. Zoo Biology,1986,5(2): 181-190.
Allendorf F W, Hohenlohe P A, Luikart G. Genomics and the future of conservation genetics [J]. Nature Reviews Genetics,2010,11(10):697-709.
Allendorf F W, Leary R F, Spruell P, Wenburg J K. The problems with hybrids:setting conservation guidelines [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2001,16(11):613-622.
Alvarez I, Fernandez I, Lorenzo L, Payeras L, Cuervo M, Goyache F. Founder and present maternal diversity in two endangered Spanish horse breeds assessed via pedigree and mitochondrial DNA information [J]. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics,2012,129(4):271-279.
Amos W, Wilmer J W, Fullard K, Burg T, Croxall J, Bloch D, Coulson T. The influence of parental relatedness on reproductive success [J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences,2001,268(1480):2021-2027.
Anderson C N, Ramakrishnan U, Chan Y L, Hadly E A. Serial SimCoal:a population genetics model for data from multiple populations and points in time [J]. Bioinformatics,2005,21(8):1733-1734.
Anna W, Jozwiakowska-Nitka M, SZABLEWSKI P, Szwaczkowski T. Inbreeding in captive bred Przewalski horses from local populations [J]. Folia Zool,2008,57(3):300-307.
Aparicio J, Ortego J, Cordero P. What should we weigh to estimate heterozygosity, alleles or loci? [J]. Molecular ecology,2006,15(14):4659-4665.
Araki H, Schmid C. Is hatchery stocking a help or harm?:evidence, limitations and future directions in ecological and genetic surveys [J]. Aquaculture,2010,308:S2-S11.
Armbruster P, Reed D H. Inbreeding depression in benign and stressful environments [J]. Heredity, 2005,95:235-242.
Armstrong D P, Seddon P J. Directions in reintroduction biology [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 2008,23(1):20-25.
Ashley M, Laipis P, Hauswirth W. Rapid segregation of heteroplasmic bovine mitodiondria [J]. Nucleic acids research,1989,17(18):7325-7331.
Ashley M V, Melnick D J, Western D. Conservation genetics of the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis), I:Evidence from the mitochondrial DNA of three populations [J]. Conservation Biology,1990,4(1): 71-77.
Avise J C. Molecular markers, natural history and evolution [C].1994, Springer.
Avise J C. Perspective:conservation genetics enters the genomics era [J]. Conservation Genetics,2010, 11(2):665-669.
Avise J C, Arnold J, Ball R M, Bermingham E, Lamb T, Neigel J E, Reeb C A, Saunders N C. Intraspecific phylogeography:the mitochondrial DNA bridge between population genetics and systematics [J]. Annual review of ecology and systematics,1987,18(1):489-522.
Ballou J. Calculating inbreeding coefficients from pedigrees [J]. Genetics and conservation:a reference for managing wild animal and plant populations,1983:509-520.
Ballou J, Lacy R, Pollak J. PMx:Software for Demographic and Genetic Analysis and Management of Pedigreed Populations (Version 1.0) [J]. Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield, Illinois. http://www. vortex9. org/PMx. html,2011.
Ballou J D, Foose T J. Demographic and genetic management of captive populations [J]. Wild Mammals in Captivity:Principles and Techniques for Zoo Management,1995:219.
Ballou J D, Lacy R C. Identifying genetically important individuals for management of genetic variation in pedigreed populations [J]. Population management for survival and recovery,1995:76-111.
Balloux F. EASYPOP (version 1.7):a computer program for population genetics simulations [J]. Journal of Heredity,2001,92(3):301-302.
Balloux F, Amos W, Coulson T. Does heterozygosity estimate inbreeding in real populations? [J]. Molecular ecology,2004,13(10):3021-3031.
Beck B, Rapaport L, Price M S, Wilson A C (1994). Reintroduction of captive-born animals. Creative conservation, Springer:265-286.
Beckmann J S, Weber J L. Survey of human and rat microsatellites [J]. Genomics,1992,12(4): 627-631.
Bellinger M R, Johnson J A, Toepfer J, Dunn P. Loss of genetic variation in greater prairie chickens following a population bottleneck in Wisconsin, USA [J]. Conservation Biology,2003,17(3): 717-724.
Belyaev D K (1980). Destabilizing selection as a factor of domestication. Well-being of mankind and genetics. Proceedings of the XIV International Congress of Genetics, Moscow,21-30 August 1978. Volume I, Book One, Mir.
Benirschke K, Malouf N, Low R J, Heck H. Chromosome Complement:Differences between Equus caballus and Equus przewalskii, Poliakoff [J]. Science,1965,148(3668):382-383.
Bensch S, Andren H, Hansson B, Pedersen H C, Sand H, Sejberg D, Wabakken P, Akesson M, Liberg O. Selection for heterozygosity gives hope to a wild population of inbred wolves [J]. PLoS One, 2006,1(1):e72.
Bergner L M, Jamieson I G, Robertson B C. Combining genetic data to identify relatedness among founders in a genetically depauperate parrot, the Kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) [J]. Conservation Genetics,2014:1-8.
Bijlsma R, Bundgaard J, Boerema A C. Does inbreeding affect the extinction risk of small populations? Predictions from Drosophila [J]. J Evol Biol,2000,13:502-513.
Boakes E, Wang J, Amos W. An investigation of inbreeding depression and purging in captive pedigreed populations [J]. Heredity,2007,98(3):172-182.
Bonin A, Bellemain E, Eidesen P, Pompanon F, Brochmann C, Taberlet P. How to track and assess genotyping errors in population genetics studies [J]. Molecular Ecology,2004,13(11):3261-3273.
Botstein D, White R L, Skolnick M, Davis R W. Construction of a genetic linkage map in man using restriction fragment length polymorphisms [J]. American journal of human genetics,1980,32(3): 314.
Bouman I, Bouman J. The history of Przewalski's Horse [J]. Przewalski's Horse:The history and biology of an endangered species. BOYD L.; HOUPT KA (Eds),1994:5-38.
Bouman J. The future of Przewalski horses(Equus przewalskii) in captivity [J]. International Zoo Yearbook,1977,17(1):62-68.
Bouman J, Bos H. Two symptoms of inbreeding depression in Przewalski horses living in captivity [J]. Genetics and hereditary diseases of the Przewalski horse. Rotterdam (The Netherlands):Foundation for the Preservation and Protection of the Przewalski horse,1979:165-168.
Bouzat J L. Conservation genetics of population bottlenecks:the role of chance, selection, and history [J]. Conservation Genetics,2010,11(2):463-478.
Bowling A, Del Valle A, Bowling M. A pedigree-based study of mitochondrial d-loop DNA sequence variation among Arabian horses [J]. Animal Genetics,2000,31(1):1-7.
Bowling A T, Ryder O A. Genetic studies of blood markers in Przewalski's horses [J]. Journal of Heredity,1987,78(2):75.
Bowling A T, Zimmermann W, Ryder O, Penado C, Peto S, Chemnick L, Yasinetskaya N, Zharkikh T. Genetic variation in Przewalski's horses, with special focus on the last wild caught mare,231 Orlitza Ⅲ [J]. Cytogenet Genome Res,2003,102(1-4):226-234.
Box G E, Cox D R. An analysis of transformations [J]. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B, 1964,26(2):211-252.
Boyd L E, Carbonaro D A, Houpt K A. The 24-hour time budget of Przewalski horses [J]. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,1988,21(1):5-17.
Breen M, Downs P, Irvin Z, Bell K. Intrageneric amplification of horse microsatellite markers with emphasis on the Przewalski's horse (E. przewalskii) [J]. Animal Genetics,1994,25(6):401-405.
Brekke P, Bennett P M, Santure A W, Ewen J G. High genetic diversity in the remnant island population of hihi and the genetic consequences of re-introduction [J]. Molecular ecology,2011,20(1):29-45.
Brook B W, Tonkyn D W, O'Grady J J, Frankham R. Contribution of inbreeding to extinction risk in threatened species [J]. Conservation Ecology,2002,6(1):16.
Broquet T, Menard N, Petit E. Noninvasive population genetics:a review of sample source, diet, fragment length and microsatellite motif effects on amplification success and genotyping error rates [J]. Conservation Genetics,2007,8(1):249-260.
Chadeau-Hyam M, Hoggart C J, O'Reilly P F, Whittaker J C, De Iorio M, Balding D J. Fregene: simulation of realistic sequence-level data in populations and ascertained samples [J]. Bmc Bioinformatics,2008,9(1):364-374.
Charlesworth D. Effects of inbreeding on the genetic diversity of populations [J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B:Biological Sciences,2003,358(1434):1051.
Charlesworth D, Willis J H. The genetics of inbreeding depression [J]. Nature Reviews Genetics,2009, 10(11):783-796.
Chen J, Weng Q, Chao J, Hu D, Taya K. Reproduction and Development of the Released Przewalski's Horses (Equus przewalskii) in Xinjiang, China [J]. Journal of Equine Science,2008,19(1):1-7.
Chivers D J. Guidelines for re-introductions:procedures and problems. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London. London,1991.
Cieslak M, Pruvost M, Benecke N, Hofreiter M, Morales A, Reissmann M, Ludwig A. Origin and history of mitochondrial DNA lineages in domestic horses [J]. PloS one,2010,5(12):e15311.
Collins C W, Songsasen N S, Vick M M, Wolfe B A, Weiss R B, Keefer C L, Monfort S L. Abnormal reproductive patterns in Przewalski's mares are associated with a loss in gene diversity [J]. Biology of reproduction,2012,86(2):28.
Coltman D, Bancroft D, Robertson A, Smith J, Clutton-brock T, Pemberton J. Male reproductive success in a promiscuous mammal:behavioural estimates compared with genetic paternity [J]. Molecular ecology,1999,8(7):1199-1209.
Coltman D, Slate J. Microsatellite measures of inbreeding:A meta-analysis [J]. Evolution,2003,57(5): 971-983.
Coltman D W, Bowen W D, Wright J M. Birth weight and neonatal survival of harbour seal pups are positively correlated with genetic variation measured by microsatellites [J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B:Biological Sciences,1998,265(1398):803-809.
Coltman D W, Pilkington J G, Smith J A, Pemberton J M. Parasite-mediated selection against inbred Soay sheep in a free-living, island population [J]. Evolution,1999:1259-1267.
Coombs J A, Letcher B, Nislow K. pedagog:software for simulating eco-evolutionary population dynamics [J]. Molecular Ecology Resources,2010,10(3):558-563.
Cordingley J, Sundaresan S, Fischhoff I, Shapiro B, Ruskey J, Rubenstein D. Is the endangered Grevy's zebra threatened by hybridization? [J]. Animal Conservation,2009,12(6):505-513.
Corti P, Shafer A B, Coltman D W, Festa-Bianchet M. Past bottlenecks and current population fragmentation of endangered huemul deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus):implications for preservation of genetic diversity [J]. Conservation Genetics,2011,12(1):119-128.
Crow J F, Kimura M. An introduction to population genetics theory [J]. An introduction to population genetics theory.,1970.
Cunningham E, Dooley J, Splan R, Bradley D. Microsatellite diversity, pedigree relatedness and the contributions of founder lineages to thoroughbred horses [J]. Animal Genetics,2001,32(6):360-364.
Curik I, Zechner P, S Ikner J, Achmann R, Bodo I, Dove P, Kavar T, Marti E, Brem G. Inbreeding, microsatellite heterozygosity, and morphological traits in Lipizzan horses [J]. Journal of Heredity, 2003,94(2):125-132.
Currat M, Ray N, Excoffier L. SPLATCHE:a program to simulate genetic diversity taking into account environmental heterogeneity [J]. Molecular Ecology Notes,2004,4(1):139-142.
D O'Connor K, B Marr A, Arcese P, F Keller L, J Jeffery K, W Bruford M. Extra-pair fertilization and effective population size in the song sparrow Melospiza melodia [J]. Journal of Avian Biology,2006, 37(6):572-578.
David P. Heterozygosity-fitness correlations:new perspectives on old problems [J]. Heredity,1998, 80(5):531-537.
Dawson D A, Horsburgh G J, KUePPER C, Stewart I R K, Ball A D, Durrant K L, Hansson B, Bacon I, Bird S, Klein A. New methods to identify conserved microsatellite loci and develop primer sets of high cross-species utilities demonstrated for birds [J]. Molecular Ecology Resources,2010,10(3): 475-494.
Day S B, Bryant E H, Meffert L M. The influence of variable rates of inbreeding on fitness, environmental responsiveness and evolutionary potential [J]. Evolution,2003,57:1314-1324.
De Barba M, Waits L, Garton E, Genovesi P, Randi E, Mustoni A, Groff C. The power of genetic monitoring for studying demography, ecology and genetics of a reintroduced brown bear population [J]. Molecular ecology,2010,19(18):3938-3951.
Dolan J. Przewalski's horse, Equus przewalskii Poliakov 1881, in the United States prior to 1940 and its influence on present breeding [J]. Zool. Garten NF, Jena,1982,52:49-65.
Dupanloup I, Schneider S, Excoffier L. A simulated annealing approach to define the genetic structure of populations [J]. Molecular ecology,2002,11(12):2571-2581.
Dratch P, Gogan P. Bison Conservation Initiative:Bison Conservation Genetics Workshop:report and recommendations [J]. Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/BRMD/NRR-2010/XXX. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado,2010.
DUYNE C, Ras E, VOS A E, BOER W F, Henkens R J, Usukhjargal D. Wolf predation among reintroduced Przewalski horses in Hustai National Park, Mongolia [J]. The Journal of Wildlife Management,2009,73(6):836-843.
Earl D A. STRUCTURE HARVESTER:a website and program for visualizing STRUCTURE output and implementing the Evanno method [J]. Conservation Genetics Resources,2012,4(2):359-361.
Ekblom R, Galindo J. Applications of next generation sequencing in molecular ecology of non-model organisms [J]. Heredity,2011,107(1):1-15.
El Alqamy H, Senn H, Roberts M-F, McEwing R, Ogden R. Genetic assessment of the Arabian oryx founder population in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, UAE:an example of evaluating unmanaged captive stocks for reintroduction [J]. Conservation Genetics,2012,13(1):79-88.
England P R, Osler G H, Woodworth L M, Montgomery M E, Briscoe D A, Frankham R. Effects of intense versus diffuse population bottlenecks on microsatellite genetic diversity and evolutionary potential [J]. Conservation Genetics,2003,4(5):595-604.
Estoup A, Baird S J, Ray N, Currat M, CORNUET J, Santos F, Beaumont M A, Excoffier L. Combining genetic, historical and geographical data to reconstruct the dynamics of bioinvasions:application to the cane toad Bufo marinus [J]. Molecular Ecology Resources,2010,10(5):886-901.
Estoup A, Jarne P, Cornuet J M. Homoplasy and mutation model at microsatellite loci and their consequences for population genetics analysis [J]. Molecular ecology,2002,11(9):1591-1604.
Excoffier L, Heckel G. Computer programs for population genetics data analysis:a survival guide [J]. Nature Reviews Genetics,2006,7(10):745-758.
Feh C. Social behaviour and relationships of Prezewalski horses in Dutch semi-reserves [J]. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,1988,21(1):71-87.
Fernando P, Vidya T, Rajapakse C, Dangolla A, Melnick D. Reliable noninvasive genotyping:fantasy or reality? [J]. Journal of Heredity,2003,94(2):115.
Flagstad, R ed K, Stacy J, Jakobsen K. Reliable noninvasive genotyping based on excremental PCR of nuclear DNA purified with a magnetic bead protocol [J]. Molecular Ecology,1999,8(5):879-883.
Fleischer R C, Perry E A, Muralidharan K, Stevens E E, Wemmer C M. Phylogeography of the Asian elephant(Elephas maximus) based on mitochondrial DNA [J]. Evolution,2001,55(9):1882-1892.
Ford M J. Selection in captivity during supportive breeding may reduce fitness in the wild [J]. Conservation Biology,2002,16(3):815-825.
Frankel O, Soule M. Conservation and evolution.1981, Cambridge University Press.
Frankham R. Conservation genetics [J]. Annual review of genetics,1995,29(1):305-327.
Frankham R. Effective population size/adult population size ratios in wildlife:a review [J]. Genetical Research,1995,66(02):95-107.
Frankham R. Genetics and extinction [J]. Biological Conservation,2005,126(2):131-140.
Frankham R. Genetic adaptation to captivity in species conservation programs [J]. Molecular ecology, 2008,17(1):325-333.
Frankham R. Genetic Considerations in Reintroduction Programmes for Top-Order, Terrestrial Predators [J]. Reintroduction of Top-Order Predators,2009:371.
Frankham R. Where are we in conservation genetics and where do we need to go? [J]. Conservation Genetics,2010,11(2):661-663.
Frankham R, Briscoe D A, Ballou J D. Introduction to conservation genetics.2002, Cambridge University Press.
Franklin I R. Evolutionary change in small populations [J]. Conservation biology:an evolutionary-ecological perspective. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts,1980:135-149.
Frantzen M, Silk J, Ferguson J, Wayne R, Kohn M. Empirical evaluation of preservation methods for faecal DNA [J]. Molecular Ecology,1998,7(10):1423-1428.
Gaillard J M, Yoccoz N G, Lebreton J D, Bonenfant C, Devillard S, Loison A, Pontier D, Allaine D. Generation time:a reliable metric to measure life-history variation among mammalian populations [J]. The American Naturalist,2005,166(1):119-123.
Garbe J R, Da Y. Pedigraph user manual version 2.4 [J]. Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota,2008.
Gautschi B, Jacob G, Negro J J, Godoy J A, Muller J P, Schmid B. Analysis of relatedness and determination of the source of founders in the captive bearded vulture, Gypaetus barbatus, population [J]. Conservation Genetics,2003,4(4):479-490.
Geyer C J, Thompson E A, Ryder O A.. Gene Survival in the Asian Wild Horse (Equus przewalski)-Gene Survival in the Whole Population,in Subgroups,and through history [J]. Zoo Biology,1989,7(4):313-329.
Gilbert M T P, Drautz D I, Lesk A M, Ho S Y, Qi J, Ratan A, Hsu C-H, Sher A, Dalen L, Gotherstrom A. Intraspecific phylogenetic analysis of Siberian woolly mammoths using complete mitochondrial genomes [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2008,105(24):8327-8332.
Gill P, Ivanov P L, Kimpton C, Piercy R, Benson N, Tully G, Evett I, Hagelberg E, Sullivan K. Identification of the remains of the Romanov family by DNA analysis [J]. Nature genetics,1994,6(2): 130-135.
Gilligan D M, Briscoe D A, Frankham R. Dynamics of genetic adaption to captivity [J]. Conserv Genet, 2003,4:189-197.
Gilligan D M, Frankham R. Dynamics of genetic adaptation to captivity [J]. Conservation Genetics, 2003,4(2):189-197.
Goodman S J. RST Calc:a collection of computer programs for calculating estimates of genetic differentiation from microsatellite data and determining their significance [J]. Molecular ecology, 1997,6(9):881-885.
Goto H, Ryder O A, Fisher A R, Schultz B, Pond S L K, Nekrutenko A, Makova K D.A massively parallel sequencing approach uncovers ancient origins and high genetic variability of endangered Przewalski's horses [J]. Genome biology and evolution,2011,3:1096-1106.
Goudet J. FSTAT (version 1.2):a computer program to calculate F-statistics [J]. Journal of Heredity, 1995,86(6):485-486.
Grant P R, Grant B R, Petren K (2001). A population founded by a single pair of individuals: establishment, expansion, and evolution. Microevolution Rate, Pattern, Process, Springer:359-382.
Grueber C E, Wallis G P, Jamieson I G. Heterozygosity-fitness correlations and their relevance to studies on inbreeding depression in threatened species [J]. Molecular ecology,2008,17(18): 3978-3984.
Hajkova P, Zemanova B, Roche K, Hajek B. An evaluation of field and noninvasive genetic methods for estimating Eurasian otter population size [J]. Conservation Genetics,2009,10(6):1667-1681.
HAJkovA P, ZemanovA B, Bryja J, HAJek B, Roche K, Tkadlec E, Zima J. Factors affecting success of PCR amplification of microsatellite loci from otter faeces [J]. Molecular Ecology Notes,2006,6(2): 559-562.
Hall T A. BioEdit:a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic acids symposium series.1999.
Hansson B, Westerberg L. On the correlation between heterozygosity and fitness in natural populations [J]. Molecular ecology,2002,11(12):2467-2474.
Hansson B, Westerdahl H, Hasselquist D, Akesson M, Bensch S. Does linkage disequilibrium generate heterozygosity-fitness correlations in great reed warblers? [J]. Evolution,2004,58(4):870-879.
Hardy O J, Vekemans X. SPAGeDi:a versatile computer program to analyse spatial genetic structure at the individual or population levels [J]. Molecular Ecology Notes,2002,2(4):618-620.
Hare M P. Prospects for nuclear gene phylogeography [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2001,16(12): 700-706.
Harrison R G. Animal mitochondrial DNA as a genetic marker in population and evolutionary biology [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,1989,4(1):6-11.
Hartl D L, Clark A G (1997). Principles of population genetics, Sinauer associates Sunderland.
Hauswirth W W, Laipis P J. Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism in a maternal lineage of Holstein cows [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,1982,79(15):4686-4690.
Hedrick P, Gutierrez-Espeleta G, Lee R. Founder effect in an island population of bighorn sheep [J]. Molecular ecology,2001,10(4):851-857.
Hedrick P W. Purging inbreeding depression and the probability of extinction:full-sib mating [J]. Heredity,1994,73(4):363-372.
Hedrick P W. Conservation genetics and North American bison (Bison bison) [J]. Journal of Heredity, 2009,100(4):411-420.
Hedrick P W, Miller P S. Conservation genetics:techniques and fundamentals [J]. Ecological Applications,1992,2(1):30-46.
Hedrick P W, Parker K M, Miller E L, Miller P S. Major histocompatibility complex variation in the endangered Przewalski's horse [J]. Genetics,1999,152(4):1701-1710.
Hein E W, Jennings M, Csuti B, Scott J, Jules E, Dietsch T, Dudley J, Jacobson S, Marynowski S. Improving translation programs J]. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY-BOSTON MASSACHUSETTS-,1997,11:1270-1270.
Helyar S, HEMMER-HANSEN J, Bekkevold D, Taylor M, Ogden R, Limborg M, Cariani A, Maes G, Diopere E, Carvalho G. Application of SNPs for population genetics of nonmodel organisms:new opportunities and challenges [J]. Molecular Ecology Resources,2011,11 (s1):123-136.
Henkel J R, Jones K L, Hereford S G, Savoie M L, Leibo S, Howard J J. Integrating microsatellite and pedigree analyses to facilitate the captive management of the endangered Mississippi sandhill crane (Grus canadensis pulla) [J]. Zoo Biology,2012,31(3):322-335.
Hill E, Bradley D, Al-Barody M, Ertugrul O, Splan R, Zakharov I, Cunningham E. History and integrity of thoroughbred dam lines revealed in equine mtDNA variation [J]. Animal Genetics,2002, 33(4):287-294.
Hoban S, Bertorelle G, Gaggiotti O E. Computer simulations:tools for population and evolutionary genetics [J]. Nature Reviews Genetics,2012,13(2):110-122.
Hoelzel A, Halley J, O'brien S, Campagna C, Arnborm T, Le Boeuf B, Rails K, Dover G. Elephant seal genetic variation and the use of simulation models to investigate historical population bottlenecks [J]. Journal of Heredity,1993,84(6):443-449.
Hundertmark K J, Shields G F, Udina I G, Bowyer R T, Danilkin A A, Schwartz C C. Mitochondrial Phylogeography of Moose (Alces alces):Late Pleistocene Divergence and Population Expansion [J]. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution,2002,22(3):375-387.
Hung C, Li S, Lee L. Faecal DNA typing to determine the abundance and spatial organisation of otters (Lutra lutra) along two stream systems in Kinmen [J]. Animal Conservation,2004,7(3):301-311.
Ishida N, Oyunsuren T, Mashima S, Mukoyama H, Saitou N. Mitochondrial DNA sequences of various species of the genus Equus with special reference to the phylogenetic relationship between Przewalskii's wild horse and domestic horse [J]. Journal of Molecular Evolution,1995,41(2): 180-188.
Ito H, Hayano A, Langenhorst T, Sakamoto H, Inoue-Murayama M. Using next generation sequencing to develop microsatellite markers for the endangered Grevy's zebra (Equus grevyi) [J]. Conservation Genetics Resources,2013,5(2):507-510.
Jansen T, Forster P, Levine M A, Oelke H, Hurles M, Renfrew C, Weber J, Olek K. Mitochondrial DNA and the origins of the domestic horse [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2002, 99(16):10905-10910
Jensen H, Bremset E M, Ringsby T H, S/ETHER B E. Multilocus heterozygosity and inbreeding depression in an insular house sparrow metapopulation [J]. Molecular ecology,2007,16(19): 4066-4078.
Jones K L, Glenn T C, Lacy R C, Pierce J R, Unruh N, Mirande C M, Chavez-Ramirez F. Refining the Whooping Crane Studbook by Incorporating Microsatellite DNA and Leg-Banding Analyses [J]. Conservation Biology,2002,16(3):789-799.
Kaczensky P, Ganbataar O, Altansukh N, Enkhsaikhan N, Stauffer C, Walzer C. The Danger of Having All Your Eggs in One Basket-Winter Crash of the Re-Introduced Przewalski's Horses in the Mongolian Gobi [J]. PLoS One,2011,6(12):e28057.
Kaczensky P, Kuehn R, Lhagvasuren B, Pietsch S, Yang W, Walzer C. Connectivity of the Asiatic wild ass population in the Mongolian Gobi [J]. Biological conservation,2011,144(2):920-929.
Kalinowski S T, Hedrick P W. Inbreeding depression in captive bighorn sheep [J]. Anim Conserv,2001, 4:319-324.
Kalinowski S T, Hedrick P W, Miller P S. Inbreeding depression in the Speke's gazelle captive breeding program [J]. Conservation Biology,2000,14(5):1375-1384.
Kamath P L, Getz W M. Unraveling the Effects of Selection and Demography on Immune Gene Variation in Free-Ranging Plains Zebra (Equus quagga) Populations [J]. PLoS One,2012,7(12): e50971.
Kavar T, Brem G, Habe F, Solkner J, Dove P. History of Lipizzan horse maternal lines as revealed by mtDNA analysis [J]. Genetics Selection Evolution,2002,34(5):635.
Keller L F, Arcese P. No evidence for inbreeding avoidance in a natural population of song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) [J]. The American Naturalist,1998,152(3):380-392.
Keller L F, Waller D M. Inbreeding effects in wild populations [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 2002,17(5):230-241.
Kidd K, Cavalli-Sforza L. The role of genetic drift in the differentiation of Icelandic and Norwegian cattle [J]. Evolution,1974,28(3):381.
Kimura M, Crow J F. The number of alleles that can be maintained in a finite population [J]. Genetics, 1964,49(4):725.
Kimura M, Ohta T. Stepwise mutation model and distribution of allelic frequencies in a finite population [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,1978,75(6):2868-2872.
Kleiman D G. Reintroduction of captive mammals for conservation [J]. BioScience,1989:152-161.
Kleiman D G, Beck B B, Dietz J M, Dietz L A, Ballou J D, Coimbra-Filho A F. Conservation program for the golden lion tamarin:captive research and management, ecological studies, educational strategies, and reintroduction [J]. Primates:the road to self-sustaining populations. Springer-Verlag, New York,1986:959-979.
Kruuk L E, Sheldon B C, Merila J. Severe inbreeding depression in collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis) [J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B:Biological Sciences,2002, 269(1500):1581-1589.
Kuo C H, Janzen F. bottlesim:a bottleneck simulation program for long-lived species with overlapping generations [J]. Molecular Ecology Notes,2003,3(4):669-673.
Lacy R C. Loss of genetic diversity from managed populations:interacting effects of drift, mutation, immigration, selection, and population subdivision [J]. Conservation Biology,1987,1(2):143-158.
Lacy R C. Analysis of founder representation in pedigrees:founder equivalents and founder genome equivalents [J]. Zoo Biology,1989,8(2):111-123.
Lacy R C. Clarification of genetic terms and their use in the management of captive populations [J]. Zoo Biology,1995,14(6):565-577.
Laikre L. Genetic diversity is overlooked in international conservation policy implementation [J]. Conservation Genetics,2010,11(2):349-354.
Lalitha S. Primer premier 5 [J]. Biotech Software & Internet Report:The Computer Software Journal for Scient,2000,1(6):270-272.
Lange K (2002). Mathematical and statistical methods for genetic analysis, Springer.
Lau A N, Peng L, Goto H, Chemnick L, Ryder O A, Makova K D. Horse domestication and conservation genetics of Przewalski's horse inferred from sex chromosomal and autosomal sequences [J]. Molecular Biology and Evolution,2009,26(1):199.
Lindgren G, Swinburne J, Breen M, Mariat D, Sandberg K, Guerin G, Ellegren H, Binns M. Physical anchorage and orientation of equine linkage groups by FISH mapping BAC clones containing microsatellite markers [J]. Animal Genetics,2001,32(1):37-39.
Linklater W L, Cameron E Z, Stafford K J, Veltman C J. Social and spatial structure and range use by Kaimanawa wild horses (Equus caballus:Equidae) [J]. New Zealand Journal of Ecology,2000,24(2): 139-152.
Lister A M, Kadwell M, Kaagan L M, Jordan W C, Richards M B, Stanley H F. Ancient and modern DNA in a study of horse domestication [J]. Ancient Biomolecules,1998,2:267-280.
Low B, Sundaresan S R, Fischhoff I R, Rubenstein D I. Partnering with local communities to identify conservation priorities for endangered Grevy's zebra [J]. Biological conservation,2009,142(7): 1548-1555.
Luis C, Bastos-Silveira C, Cothran E, Oom M. Variation in the mitochondrial control region sequence between the two maternal lines of the Sorraia horse breed [J]. Genetics and Molecular Biology,2002, 25(3):309-311.
Lutaaya B E, Misztal I, Bertrand J, Mabry J. Inbreeding in populations with incomplete pedigrees [J]. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics,1999,116(6):475-480.
MacCluer J W, VandeBerg J L, Read B, Ryder O A. Pedigree analysis by computer simulation [J]. Zoo Biology,1986,5(2):147-160.
Margan S H, Nurthen R K, Montgomery M E, Woodworth L M, Lowe E H, Briscoe D A, Frankham R. Single large or several small? Population fragmentation in the captive management of endangered species [J]. Zoo Biology,1998,17(6):467-480.
Markert J, Grant P, Grant B, Keller L, Coombs J, Petren K. Neutral locus heterozygosity, inbreeding, and survival in Darwin's ground finches (Geospiza fortis and G. scandens) [J]. Heredity,2004,92(4): 306-315.
Marsden C, Verberkmoes H, Thomas R, Wayne R, Mable B. Pedigrees, MHC and microsatellites:an integrated approach for genetic management of captive African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) [J]. Conservation Genetics,2013,14(1):171-183.
Marshall T, Coltman D, Pemberton J, Slate J, Spalton J, Guinness F, Smith J, Pilkington J, Clutton-Brock T. Estimating the prevalence of inbreeding from incomplete pedigrees [J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B:Biological Sciences,2002,269(1500): 1533-1539.
Maudet C, Miller C, Bassano B, Breitenmoser-Wursten C, Gauthier D, Obexer-Ruff G, Michallet J, Taberlet P, Luikart G. Microsatellite DNA and recent statistical methods in wildlife conservation management:applications in Alpine ibex(Capra ibex) [J]. Molecular ecology,2002,11(3):421-436.
Mayr E. Animal species and evolution [J]. Animal species and their evolution.,1963.
Miles L G, Lance S L, Isberg S R, Moran C, Glenn T C. Cross-species amplification of microsatellites in crocodilians:assessment and applications for the future [J]. Conservation Genetics,2009,10(4): 935-954.
Miller J R, Groom M, Hess G R, Steelman T, Stokes D L, Thompson J, Bowman T, Fricke L, King B, Marquardt R. Biodiversity conservation in local planning [J]. Conservation Biology,2009,23(1): 53-63.
Miller P S. Selective breeding programs for rare alleles:examples from the Przewalski's horse and California condor pedigrees [J]. Conservation Biology,1995,9(5):1262-1273.
Miller P S, Hedrick P W. Purging of inbreeding depression and fitness decline in bottlenecked populations of Drosophila melanogaster [J]. J Evol Biol,2001,14:595-601.
Milot E, Perrier C, Papillon L, Dodson J J, Bernatchez L. Reduced fitness of Atlantic salmon released in the wild after one generation of captive breeding [J]. Evolutionary Applications,2013,6(3):472-485.
Mohr E (1971). The Asiatic Wild Horse:Eguus Przevalskii Poliakoff,1881, JA Allen.
Monfort S, Arthur N, Wildt D. Monitoring ovarian function and pregnancy by evaluating excretion of urinary oestrogen conjugates in semi-free-ranging Przewalski's horses (Equus przewalskii) [J]. Reproduction,1991,91(1):155.
Moodley Y, Harley E H. Population structuring in mountain zebras (Equus zebra):the molecular consequences of divergent demographic histories [J]. Conservation Genetics,2005,6(6):953-968.
Moritz C. Defining' evolutionarily significant units' for conservation [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,1994,9(10):373-375.
Murphy M, Waits L, Kendall K. Quantitative evaluation of fecal drying methods for brown bear DNA analysis [J]. Wildlife Society Bulletin,2000,28(4):951-957.
Murphy M, Waits L, Kendall K. The influence of diet on faecal DNA amplification and sex identification in brown bears (Ursus arctos) [J]. Molecular Ecology,2003,12(8):2261-2265.
Murphy M A, Waits L P, Kendall K C, Wasser S K, Higbee J A, Bogden R. An evaluation of long-term preservation methods for brown bear (Ursus arctos) faecal DNA samples [J]. Conservation Genetics, 2002,3(4):435-440.
Myka J L, Lear T L, Houck M L, Ryder O A, Bailey E. FISH analysis comparing genome organization in the domestic horse (EQUUS CABALLUS) to that of the Mongolian wild horse (E. PRZEWALSKII) [J]. Cytogenet Genome Res,2003,102(1-4):222-225.
Neff B D, Gross M R. Microsatellite evolution in vertebrates:inference from AC dinucleotide repeats [J]. Evolution,2001,55(9):1717-1733.
Nei M. Molecular population genetics and evolution.1975, North-Holland Publishing Company.
Nei M. Molecular evolutionary genetics.1987, Columbia University Press.
Nei M. Bottlenecks, genetic polymorphism and speciation [J]. Genetics,2005,170(1):1.
Neveu H, Hafen T, Zimmermann E, Rumpler Y. Comparison of the genetic diversity of wild and captive groups of Microcebus murinus using the random amplified polymorphic DNA method [J]. Folia Primatologica,1998,69(Suppl.1):127-135.
Newman D, Pilson D. Increased probability of extinction due to decreased genetic effective population size:experimental populations of Clarkia pulchella [J]. Evolution,1997:354-362.
Nichols J D, Williams B K. Monitoring for conservation [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2006, 21(12):668-673.
Oakenfull E, Ryder O. Mitochondrial control region and 12S rRNA variation in Przewalski's horse (Equus przewalskii) [J]. Animal Genetics,1998,29(6):456-459.
Oakenfull E A, Lim H N, Ryder O A. A survey of equid mitochondrial DNA:Implications for the evolution, genetic diversity and conservation of Equus [J]. Conservation Genetics,2000,1(4): 341-355
Ortego J, Yannic G, Shafer A, Mainguy J, FESTA-BIANCHET M, Coltman D W, Cote S D. Temporal dynamics of genetic variability in a mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus) population [J]. Molecular ecology,2011,20(8):1601-1611.
Outram A K, Stear N A, Bendrey R, Olsen S, Kasparov A, Zaibert V, Thorpe N, Evershed R P. The earliest horse harnessing and milking [J]. Science,2009,323(5919):1332-1335.
Overall A, Byrne K, Pilkington J, Pemberton J. Heterozygosity, inbreeding and neonatal traits in Soay sheep on St Kilda [J]. Molecular ecology,2005,14(11):3383-3393.
Pacifici M, Santini L, Di Marco M, Baisero D, Francucci L, Marasini G G, Visconti P, Rondinini C. Generation length for mammals [J]. Nature Conservation,2013,5:89-94.
Paetkau D, Strobeck C. The molecular basis and evolutionary history of a microsatellite null allele in bears [J]. Molecular Ecology,1995,4(4):519-520.
Palsboll P J, Berube M, Allendorf F W. Identification of management units using population genetic data [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2007,22(1):11-16.
Park S. The Excel microsatellite toolkit [J]. Trypanotolerance in West African Cattle and the Population Genetic Effects of Selection,2001.
Pelletier F, Reale D, Watters J, Boakes E H, Garant D. Value of captive populations for quantitative genetics research [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2009,24(5):263-270.
Pemberton J. Measuring inbreeding depression in the wild:the old ways are the best [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2004,19(12):613-615.
Pemberton J. Wild pedigrees:the way forward [J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,2008,275(1635):613-621.
Peng B, Kimmel M. simuPOP:a forward-time population genetics simulation environment [J]. Bioinformatics,2005,21(18):3686-3687.
Piggott M. Effect of sample age and season of collection on the reliability of microsatellite genotyping of faecal DNA [J]. Wildlife Research,2004,31(5):485-493.
Piggott M, Taylor A. Extensive evaluation of faecal preservation and DNA extraction methods in Australian native and introduced species [J]. Australian journal of Zoology,2003,51(4):341-356.
Pompanon F, Bonin A, Bellemain E, Taberlet P. Genotyping errors:causes, consequences and solutions [J]. Nature Reviews Genetics,2005,6(11):847.
PRICE M S, Soorae P. Reintroductions:whence and whither? [J]. International Zoo Yearbook,2003, 38(1):61-75.
Primmer C R, Borge T, Lindell J, Saetre G P. Single nucleotide polymorphism characterization in species with limited available sequence information:high nucleotide diversity revealed in the avian genome [J]. Mol Ecol,2002,11:603-612.
Pritchard J K, Stephens M, Donnelly P. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data [J]. Genetics,2000,155(2):945-959.
Rails K, Ballou J. Extinction:Lessons from zoos [J]. BIOL. CONSERV. SER.,1983:164-184.
Rails K, Ballou J. Captive breeding programs for populations with a small number of founders [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,1986,1(1):19-22.
Rails K, Ballou J D. Captive breeding programs for populations with a small number of founders [J]. Trends Ecol Evol,1986,1:19-22.
Reed D H, Lowe E H, Briscoe D A, Frankham R. Inbreeding and extinction:effects of rate of inbreeding [J]. Conservation Genetics,2003,4(3):405-410.
Rice W R. Analyzing tables of statistical tests [J]. Evolution,1989:223-225.
Richard M, Thorpe R S. Can Microsatellites Be Used to Infer Phylogenies? Evidence from Population Affinities of the Western Canary Island Lizard(Gallotia galloti) [J]. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution,2001,20(3):351-360.
Robert A. Captive breeding genetics and reintroduction success [J]. Biological Conservation,2009, 142(12):2915-2922.
Robert N, Walzer C, Riiegg S R, Kaczensky P, Ganbaatar O, Stauffer C. Pathologic findings in reintroduced Przewalski's horses(Equus caballus przewalskii) in Southwestern Mongolia [J]. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine,2005,36(2):273-285.
Roca A L, Georgiadis N, O'Brien S J. Cytonuclear genomic dissociation in African elephant species [J]. Nature genetics,2005,37(1):96-100.
Romesburg H C. Wildlife science:gaining reliable knowledge [J]. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 1981:293-313.
Rosenberg N A. DISTRUCT:a program for the graphical display of population structure [J]. Molecular Ecology Notes,2004,4(1):137-138.
Rosenbom S, Costa V, Steck B, Moehlman P, Beja-Pereira A. Cross-species genetic markers:a useful tool to study the world's most threatened wild equid-Equus africanus [J]. European Journal of Wildlife Research,2012,58(3):609-613.
Rozas J, Sanchez-DelBarrio J C, Messeguer X, Rozas R. DnaSP, DNA polymorphism analyses by the coalescent and other methods [J]. Bioinformatics,2003,19(18):2496-2497.
RUIZ-LOPEZ M J, Roldan E R, Espeso G, Gomendio M. Pedigrees and microsatellites among endangered ungulates:what do they tell us? [J]. Molecular ecology,2009,18(7):1352-1364.
Ryder O A. Founder effects and endangered species [J]. Nature,1988,331(6155):396-396.
Saccheri I, Kuussaari M, Kankare M, Vikman P, Fortelius W, Hanski I. Inbreeding and extinction in a butterfly metapopulation [J]. Nature,1998,392(6675):491-494.
Sasaki M, Endo H, Yamagiwa D, Yamamoto M, Arishima K, Hayashi Y. Morphological character of the shoulder and leg skeleton in Przewalski's horse(Equus przewalskii) [J]. Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger,1999,181(4):403-407.
Sasaki M, Hayashi Y, Koie H, Yamaya Y, Kimura J, Manglai D, Kawashima S, Endo H, Yamamoto M. CT examination of the guttural pouch (auditory tube diverticulum) in Przewalski's horse (Equus
przewalskii) [J]. Journal of veterinary medical science,1999,61:1019-1022.
Sasidharan S P, Ludwig A, Harper C, Moodley Y, Bertschinger H J, Guthrie A J. Comparative genetics of sarcoid tumour-affected and non-affected mountain zebra (Equus zebra) populations [J]. South African Journal of Wildlife Research,2011,41(1):36-49.
Schneider S, Roessli D, Excoffier L. Arlequin:a software for population genetics data analysis [J]. User manual ver,2000,2:2496-2497.
Seddon P J, Armstrong D P, Maloney R F. Developing the science of reintroduction biology [J]. Conservation Biology,2007,21(2):303-312.
Seddon P J, Soorae P S, Launay F. Taxonomic bias in reintroduction projects [J]. Animal Conservation, 2005,8(1):51-58.
Slade R, McCallum H. Overdominant vs. frequency-dependent selection at MHC loci [J]. Genetics, 1992,132(3):861.
Slate J, David P, Dodds K, Veenvliet B, Glass B, Broad T, McEwan J. Understanding the relationship between the inbreeding coefficient and multilocus heterozygosity:theoretical expectations and empirical data [J]. Heredity,2004,93(3):255-265.
Slate J, Kruuk L, Marshall T, Pemberton J, Clutton-Brock T. Inbreeding depression influences lifetime breeding success in a wild population of red deer (Cervus elaphus) [J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B:Biological Sciences,2000,267(1453):1657-1662.
Slotta-Bachmayr L, Boegel R, Kaczensky P, Stauffer C, Walzer C. Use of population viability analysis to identify management priorities and success in reintroducing Przewalski's horses to Southwestern Mongolia [J]. Journal of Wildlife Management,2004,68(4):790-798.
Snyder N F, Derrickson S R, Beissinger S R, Wiley J W, Smith T B, Toone W D, Miller B. Limitations of captive breeding in endangered species recovery [J]. Conservation Biology,1996,10(2):338-348.
Sommer S. The importance of immune gene variability (MHC) in evolutionary ecology and conservation [J]. Frontiers in Zoology,2005,2(1):16.
Spevak E M. Population Analysis and Breeding Plan-Przewalski's Horse Species Survival Plan [J]. American Zoo and Aquarium Association April,2004.
Stewart Jr C N, Porter D M. RAPD profiling in biological conservation:An application to estimating clonal variation in rare and endangered (Iliamnain Virginia) [J]. Biological conservation,1995,74(2): 135-142.
Stinchcombe J, Hoekstra H. Combining population genomics and quantitative genetics:finding the genes underlying ecologically important traits [J]. Heredity,2008,100(2):158-170.
Sundaresan S R, Fischhoff I R, Rubenstein D. Male harassment influences female movements and associations in Grevy's zebra (Equus grevyi) [J]. Behavioral Ecology,2007,18(5):860-865.
Sunnucks P. Efficient genetic markers for population biology [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2000, 15(5):199-203.
Sutton J T, Nakagawa S, Robertson B C, Jamieson I G. Disentangling the roles of natural selection and genetic drift in shaping variation at MHC immunity genes [J]. Molecular ecology,2011,20(21): 4408-4420.
Taberlet P, Griffin S, Goossens B, Questiau S, Manceau V, Escaravage N, Waits L, Bouvet J. Reliable genotyping of samples with very low DNA quantities using PCR [J]. Nucleic Acids Research,1996, 24(16):3189.
Taylor S S, Jamieson I G. No evidence for loss of genetic variation following sequential translocations in extant populations of a genetically depauperate species [J]. Molecular ecology,2008,17(2): 545-556.
Tear T H, Scott J M, Hayward P H, Griffith B. Status and Prospects for Success of the Endangered Species Act [J]. Science,1993,262:12.
Templeton A R, Read B. Factors eliminating inbreeding depression in a captive herd of Speke's gazelle (Gazella spekei) [J]. Zoo Biology,1984,3(3):177-199.
Thomas M A, Klaper R. Genomics for the ecological toolbox [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2004, 19(8):439-445.
Thompson J D, Gibson T, Higgins D G. Multiple sequence alignment using ClustalW and ClustalX [J]. Current protocols in bioinformatics,2002:2.3.1-2.3.22.
Townsend S, Jamieson I. Molecular and pedigree measures of relatedness provide similar estimates of inbreeding depression in a bottlenecked population [J]. Journal of Evolutionary Biology,2013,26(4): 889-899.
Tracy L, Wallis G, Efford M, Jamieson I. Preserving genetic diversity in threatened species reintroductions:how many individuals should be released? [J]. Animal Conservation,2011,14(4): 439-446.
Van Dierendonck M C, Wallis de Vries M F. Ungulate Reintroductions:Experiences with the Takhi or Przewalski Horse (Equus ferus przewalskii) in Mongolia [J]. Conservation Biology,1996,10(3): 728-740.
Van Dyke F (2008). Conservation biology:foundations, concepts, applications, Springer,
van Oosterhout C, Hutchinson W, WILLS D, Shipley P. MICRO-CHECKER:software for identifying and correcting genotyping errors in microsatellite data [J]. Molecular Ecology Notes,2004,4(3): 535-538.
Vigilant L, Pennington R, Harpending H, Kocher T, Wilson A. Mitochondrial DNA sequences in single hairs from a southern African population [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,1989,86(23):9350.
Vila C, Leonard J A, Gotherstrom A, Marklund S, Sandberg K, Liden K, Wayne R K, Ellegren H. Widespread origins of domestic horse lineages [J]. Science,2001,291(5503):474-477.
Volf J. Pedigree book of the Przewalski horse [J]. Zoological Garden, Prague,1988:1207-1213.
Volf J, Kus E, Prokopova L. General studbook of the Przewalski horse [J]. Zoological Garden Prague, Prague,1991.
Vos P, Hogers R, Bleeker M, Reijans M, van De Lee T, Homes M, Friters A, Pot J, Paleman J, Kuiper M. AFLP:a new technique for DNA fingerprinting [J]. Nucleic acids research,1995,23(21):4407-4414.
Wade C, Giulotto E, Sigurdsson S, Zoli M, Gnerre S, Imsland F, Lear T, Adelson D, Bailey E, Bellone R. Genome sequence, comparative analysis, and population genetics of the domestic horse [J]. Science, 2009,326(5954):865-867.
Waits L. Using noninvasive genetic sampling to detect and estimate abundance of rare wildlife species [J]. Sampling rare or elusive species:Concepts, designs, and techniques for estimating population parameters,2004:211-228.
Waits L, Paetkau D. Noninvasive genetic sampling tools for wildlife biologists:a review of applications and recommendations for accurate data collection [J]. Journal of Wildlife Management,2005,69(4): 1419-1433.
Wakefield S, Knowles J, Zimmermann W, van Dierendonck M. Status and action plan for the Przewalski's Horse (Equus ferus przewalskii) [D]. Equids:zebras, asses and horses. Status survey and conservation action plan,2002:82-92.
Wallner B, Brem G, Muller M, Achmann R. Fixed nucleotide differences on the Y chromosome indicate clear divergence between Equus przewalskii and Equus caballus [J]. Animal Genetics,2003,34(6): 453-456.
Wallner B, Piumi F, Brem G, Muller M, Achmann R. Isolation of Y chromosome-specific microsatellites in the horse and cross-species amplification in the genus Equus [J]. Journal of Heredity,2004,95(2): 158.
Walzer C, Kaczensky P, Zimmermann W, Stauffer C. Przewalski's Horse Reintroduction to Mongolia: Status and Outlook [J]. Markus Gussetl & Gerald Dick2,2012,366:3.
Wang J. CO ANCESTRY:a program for simulating, estimating and analysing relatedness and inbreeding coefficients [J]. Molecular Ecology Resources,2011,11(1):141-145.
Weeks A R, Sgro C M, Young A G, Frankham R, Mitchell N J, Miller K A, Byrne M, Coates D J, Eldridge M D, Sunnucks P. Assessing the benefits and risks of translocations in changing environments:a genetic perspective [J]. Evolutionary Applications,2011,4(6):709-725.
Weir B S, Cockerham C C. Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure [J]. Evolution, 1984:1358-1370.
Weiser E, Grueber C, Jamieson I. AlleleRetain:a program to assess management options for conserving allelic diversity in small, isolated populations [J]. Molecular Ecology Resources,2012,12(6): 1161-1167.
Weiser E L, Grueber C E, Jamieson I G. Simulating Retention of Rare Alleles in Small Populations to Assess Management Options for Species with Different Life Histories [J]. Conservation Biology, 2013.
Whitehouse A M, Harley E H. Post-bottleneck genetic diversity of elephant populations in South Africa, revealed using microsatellite analysis [J]. Molecular ecology,2001,10(9):2139-2149.
Willi Y, Van Buskirk J, Schmid B, Fischer M. Genetic isolation of fragmented populations is exacerbated by drift and selection [J]. Journal of Evolutionary Biology,2007,20(2):534-542.
Williams B K, Nichols J D, Conroy M J (2002). Analysis and management of animal populations: modeling, estimation, and decision making, Academic Press.
Williams S E, Hoffman E A. Minimizing genetic adaptation in captive breeding programs:a review [J]. Biological conservation,2009,142(11):2388-2400.
Witzenberger K A, Hochkirch A. Ex situ conservation genetics:a review of molecular studies on the genetic consequences of captive breeding programmes for endangered animal species [J]. Biodiversity and Conservation,2011,20(9):1843-1861.
Wright S. Coefficients of inbreeding and relationship [J]. Am. Nat,1922,56:330-338.
Xu S, Luosang J, Hua S, He J, Ciren A, Wang W, Tong X, Liang Y, Wang J, Zheng X. High altitude adaptation and phylogenetic analysis of Tibetan horse based on the mitochondrial genome [J]. Journal of Genetics and Genomics,2007,34(8):720-729.
Yang F, Fu B, O'Brien P C M, Robinson T J, Ryder O A, Ferguson-Smith M A. Karyotypic relationships of horses and zebras:results of cross-species chromosome painting [J]. Cytogenet Genome Res,2003, 102(1-4):235-243.
Yang Y H, Kim K. I, Cothran E G, Flannery A R. Genetic Diversity of Cheju Horses (Equus caballus) Determined by Using Mitochondrial DNA D-loop Polymorphism [J]. Biochemical Genetics,2002, 40(5):175-186.
Yeh F, Yang R, Boyle T, Ye Z, Mao J. POPGEN Ver.1.32. The user-friendly software for population genetic analysis [J]. Molecular Biology and Bio-technology Center, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada,1997.
Zeng Y, Jiang Z, Li C. Genetic variability in relocated Pere David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus) populations-Implications to reintroduction program [J]. Conservation Genetics,2007,8(5): 1051-1059.
Zhang D X, Hewitt G M. Nuclear DNA analyses in genetic studies of populations:practice, problems and prospects [J]. Molecular ecology,2003,12(3):563-584.
Zimmermann W. Feasibility study, site selection and development of a reintroduction project of the Przewalski's horse(Equus ferus przewalskii) in the Dzuungari Gobi in Mongolia in:GERKEN, B.& M [J]. Europaische Landschaftsentwicklung mit Grossen Weidetieren-Geschichte, Modelle und Perspektiven. Natur-und Kulturlandschaft, Hoxter/Jena,1999,3:322-331.
王墨清等.普氏野马染色体核型及多态性的研究[J].甘肃农业大学学报,1995,30(3)：214-218.
于丽娟,恩特马克,凌英会,等.普氏野马与两种新疆地方品种马的ELA-DRA * exon2的多态性分析[J].畜牧兽医学报.2011,42(3)：369-374.
安丽萍,李正先,于景文,等.从细胞色素b基因序列探讨普氏野马与蒙古马的遗传多态性[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2007,41(5)：10-13.
何志清,李岩,张万福,等.我国普氏野马的保护机构及发展情况[J].中国畜牧兽医文摘,2013,(1)：33-35.
何陆平.朱鹮多态性微卫星位点的筛选及物种的遗传多样性研究[D].浙江,2007,浙江大学.
李凯,吴专,胡德夫,等.中国区普氏野马Equus przewalskii)胃蝇蛆病新病原体(Gasterophilusspp.)报道[J].畜牧兽医学报,2007,38(8)：837-840.
李湘涛.野马放归大自然[J].大自然,2001,(6)：30-32.
刘刚,胡德夫.普氏野马粪便DNA方法优化及应用的可行性研究[D].北京,2012,北京林业大学,
肖方,邱幼祥.普氏野马与家马的头骨比较[J].动物学杂志,1990,25(6)：37-39.
胡德夫,曹杰,张峰.野马毙命车轮下的反思[J].大自然,2011,(5)：58-59.
唐勇清,胡德夫.中国区普氏野马ELA-DQA*exon2遗传多样性分析[D].北京,2012,北京林业大学.
刘姝.卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区放归普氏野马生境选择及社区保护意识调查研究[D].新疆,2013,新疆大学.
张峰,胡德夫,李凯,等.普氏野马繁殖群在组建和放归初期的争斗行为与社群等级建立[J].动物学杂志,2009,44(4)：58-63.
张赫凡,孙立程.新疆栏养野马的繁殖状况[J].动物学杂志,2002,37(006)：70-72.
艳丽,黄炎,张保卫,等.卧龙圈养大熊猫遗传多样性现状及预测[J].兽类学报,2006,26(4)：317-324.
蒋志刚,李春旺,曾岩.麇鹿的配偶制度,交配计策与有效种群[J].生态学报,2006,26(7)：2255-2260.
陈金良,胡德夫,曹杰,等.普氏野马雄性杀婴行为及其对野马放归的影响[J].生物学通报,2007,42(2)：6-8.
黄艳,初红军,兰文旭,等.重引入普氏野马,蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚的秋季营养生态位[J].干旱区研究,2011,28(6)：1045-1050.
Zimmermann W.普氏野马能否真正回归自然[J].人与生物圈,2013,(5)：71-72.
Acevedo-Whitehouse K, Gulland F, Greig D, Amos W. Inbreeding:disease susceptibility in California sea lions [J]. Nature,2003,422(6927):35-35.
Acevedo-Whitehouse K, Spraker T R, Lyons E, Melin S R, Gulland F, Delong R L, Amos W. Contrasting effects of heterozygosity on survival and hookworm resistance in California sea lion pups [J]. Molecular ecology,2006,15(7):1973-1982.
Adams J, Kelly B, Waits L. Using faecal DNA sampling and GIS to monitor hybridization between red wolves (Canis rufus) and coyotes (Canis latrans) [J]. Molecular Ecology,2003,12(8):2175-2186.
Ahrens E, Stranzinger G. Comparative chromosomal studies of E. caballus (ECA) and E. przewalskii (EPR) in a female Fl hybrid [J]. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics,2005,122(sl):97-102.
Allendorf F W. Genetic drift and the loss of alleles versus heterozygosity [J]. Zoo Biology,1986,5(2): 181-190.
Allendorf F W, Hohenlohe P A, Luikart G. Genomics and the future of conservation genetics [J]. Nature Reviews Genetics,2010,11(10):697-709.
Allendorf F W, Leary R F, Spruell P, Wenburg J K. The problems with hybrids:setting conservation guidelines [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2001,16(11):613-622.
Alvarez I, Fernandez I, Lorenzo L, Payeras L, Cuervo M, Goyache F. Founder and present maternal diversity in two endangered Spanish horse breeds assessed via pedigree and mitochondrial DNA information [J]. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics,2012,129(4):271-279.
Amos W, Wilmer J W, Fullard K, Burg T, Croxall J, Bloch D, Coulson T. The influence of parental relatedness on reproductive success [J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences,2001,268(1480):2021-2027.
Anderson C N, Ramakrishnan U, Chan Y L, Hadly E A. Serial SimCoal:a population genetics model for data from multiple populations and points in time [J]. Bioinformatics,2005,21(8):1733-1734.
Anna W, Jozwiakowska-Nitka M, SZABLEWSKI P, Szwaczkowski T. Inbreeding in captive bred Przewalski horses from local populations [J]. Folia Zool,2008,57(3):300-307.
Aparicio J, Ortego J, Cordero P. What should we weigh to estimate heterozygosity, alleles or loci? [J]. Molecular ecology,2006,15(14):4659-4665.
Araki H, Schmid C. Is hatchery stocking a help or harm?:evidence, limitations and future directions in ecological and genetic surveys [J]. Aquaculture,2010,308:S2-S11.
Armbruster P, Reed D H. Inbreeding depression in benign and stressful environments [J]. Heredity, 2005,95:235-242.
Armstrong D P, Seddon P J. Directions in reintroduction biology [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 2008,23(1):20-25.
Ashley M, Laipis P, Hauswirth W. Rapid segregation of heteroplasmic bovine mitodiondria [J]. Nucleic acids research,1989,17(18):7325-7331.
Ashley M V, Melnick D J, Western D. Conservation genetics of the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis), I:Evidence from the mitochondrial DNA of three populations [J]. Conservation Biology,1990,4(1): 71-77.
Avise J C. Molecular markers, natural history and evolution [C].1994, Springer.
Avise J C. Perspective:conservation genetics enters the genomics era [J]. Conservation Genetics,2010, 11(2):665-669.
Avise J C, Arnold J, Ball R M, Bermingham E, Lamb T, Neigel J E, Reeb C A, Saunders N C. Intraspecific phylogeography:the mitochondrial DNA bridge between population genetics and systematics [J]. Annual review of ecology and systematics,1987,18(1):489-522.
Ballou J. Calculating inbreeding coefficients from pedigrees [J]. Genetics and conservation:a reference for managing wild animal and plant populations,1983:509-520.
Ballou J, Lacy R, Pollak J. PMx:Software for Demographic and Genetic Analysis and Management of Pedigreed Populations (Version 1.0) [J]. Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield, Illinois. http://www. vortex9. org/PMx. html,2011.
Ballou J D, Foose T J. Demographic and genetic management of captive populations [J]. Wild Mammals in Captivity:Principles and Techniques for Zoo Management,1995:219.
Ballou J D, Lacy R C. Identifying genetically important individuals for management of genetic variation in pedigreed populations [J]. Population management for survival and recovery,1995:76-111.
Balloux F. EASYPOP (version 1.7):a computer program for population genetics simulations [J]. Journal of Heredity,2001,92(3):301-302.
Balloux F, Amos W, Coulson T. Does heterozygosity estimate inbreeding in real populations? [J]. Molecular ecology,2004,13(10):3021-3031.
Beck B, Rapaport L, Price M S, Wilson A C (1994). Reintroduction of captive-born animals. Creative conservation, Springer:265-286.
Beckmann J S, Weber J L. Survey of human and rat microsatellites [J]. Genomics,1992,12(4): 627-631.
Bellinger M R, Johnson J A, Toepfer J, Dunn P. Loss of genetic variation in greater prairie chickens following a population bottleneck in Wisconsin, USA [J]. Conservation Biology,2003,17(3): 717-724.
Belyaev D K (1980). Destabilizing selection as a factor of domestication. Well-being of mankind and genetics. Proceedings of the XIV International Congress of Genetics, Moscow,21-30 August 1978. Volume I, Book One, Mir.
Benirschke K, Malouf N, Low R J, Heck H. Chromosome Complement:Differences between Equus caballus and Equus przewalskii, Poliakoff [J]. Science,1965,148(3668):382-383.
Bensch S, Andren H, Hansson B, Pedersen H C, Sand H, Sejberg D, Wabakken P, Akesson M, Liberg O. Selection for heterozygosity gives hope to a wild population of inbred wolves [J]. PLoS One, 2006,1(1):e72.
Bergner L M, Jamieson I G, Robertson B C. Combining genetic data to identify relatedness among founders in a genetically depauperate parrot, the Kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) [J]. Conservation Genetics,2014:1-8.
Bijlsma R, Bundgaard J, Boerema A C. Does inbreeding affect the extinction risk of small populations? Predictions from Drosophila [J]. J Evol Biol,2000,13:502-513.
Boakes E, Wang J, Amos W. An investigation of inbreeding depression and purging in captive pedigreed populations [J]. Heredity,2007,98(3):172-182.
Bonin A, Bellemain E, Eidesen P, Pompanon F, Brochmann C, Taberlet P. How to track and assess genotyping errors in population genetics studies [J]. Molecular Ecology,2004,13(11):3261-3273.
Botstein D, White R L, Skolnick M, Davis R W. Construction of a genetic linkage map in man using restriction fragment length polymorphisms [J]. American journal of human genetics,1980,32(3): 314.
Bouman I, Bouman J. The history of Przewalski's Horse [J]. Przewalski's Horse:The history and biology of an endangered species. BOYD L.; HOUPT KA (Eds),1994:5-38.
Bouman J. The future of Przewalski horses(Equus przewalskii) in captivity [J]. International Zoo Yearbook,1977,17(1):62-68.
Bouman J, Bos H. Two symptoms of inbreeding depression in Przewalski horses living in captivity [J]. Genetics and hereditary diseases of the Przewalski horse. Rotterdam (The Netherlands):Foundation for the Preservation and Protection of the Przewalski horse,1979:165-168.
Bouzat J L. Conservation genetics of population bottlenecks:the role of chance, selection, and history [J]. Conservation Genetics,2010,11(2):463-478.
Bowling A, Del Valle A, Bowling M. A pedigree-based study of mitochondrial d-loop DNA sequence variation among Arabian horses [J]. Animal Genetics,2000,31(1):1-7.
Bowling A T, Ryder O A. Genetic studies of blood markers in Przewalski's horses [J]. Journal of Heredity,1987,78(2):75.
Bowling A T, Zimmermann W, Ryder O, Penado C, Peto S, Chemnick L, Yasinetskaya N, Zharkikh T. Genetic variation in Przewalski's horses, with special focus on the last wild caught mare,231 Orlitza Ⅲ [J]. Cytogenet Genome Res,2003,102(1-4):226-234.
Box G E, Cox D R. An analysis of transformations [J]. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B, 1964,26(2):211-252.
Boyd L E, Carbonaro D A, Houpt K A. The 24-hour time budget of Przewalski horses [J]. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,1988,21(1):5-17.
Breen M, Downs P, Irvin Z, Bell K. Intrageneric amplification of horse microsatellite markers with emphasis on the Przewalski's horse (E. przewalskii) [J]. Animal Genetics,1994,25(6):401-405.
Brekke P, Bennett P M, Santure A W, Ewen J G. High genetic diversity in the remnant island population of hihi and the genetic consequences of re-introduction [J]. Molecular ecology,2011,20(1):29-45.
Brook B W, Tonkyn D W, O'Grady J J, Frankham R. Contribution of inbreeding to extinction risk in threatened species [J]. Conservation Ecology,2002,6(1):16.
Broquet T, Menard N, Petit E. Noninvasive population genetics:a review of sample source, diet, fragment length and microsatellite motif effects on amplification success and genotyping error rates [J]. Conservation Genetics,2007,8(1):249-260.
Chadeau-Hyam M, Hoggart C J, O'Reilly P F, Whittaker J C, De Iorio M, Balding D J. Fregene: simulation of realistic sequence-level data in populations and ascertained samples [J]. Bmc Bioinformatics,2008,9(1):364-374.
Charlesworth D. Effects of inbreeding on the genetic diversity of populations [J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B:Biological Sciences,2003,358(1434):1051.
Charlesworth D, Willis J H. The genetics of inbreeding depression [J]. Nature Reviews Genetics,2009, 10(11):783-796.
Chen J, Weng Q, Chao J, Hu D, Taya K. Reproduction and Development of the Released Przewalski's Horses (Equus przewalskii) in Xinjiang, China [J]. Journal of Equine Science,2008,19(1):1-7.
Chivers D J. Guidelines for re-introductions:procedures and problems. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London. London,1991.
Cieslak M, Pruvost M, Benecke N, Hofreiter M, Morales A, Reissmann M, Ludwig A. Origin and history of mitochondrial DNA lineages in domestic horses [J]. PloS one,2010,5(12):e15311.
Collins C W, Songsasen N S, Vick M M, Wolfe B A, Weiss R B, Keefer C L, Monfort S L. Abnormal reproductive patterns in Przewalski's mares are associated with a loss in gene diversity [J]. Biology of reproduction,2012,86(2):28.
Coltman D, Bancroft D, Robertson A, Smith J, Clutton-brock T, Pemberton J. Male reproductive success in a promiscuous mammal:behavioural estimates compared with genetic paternity [J]. Molecular ecology,1999,8(7):1199-1209.
Coltman D, Slate J. Microsatellite measures of inbreeding:A meta-analysis [J]. Evolution,2003,57(5): 971-983.
Coltman D W, Bowen W D, Wright J M. Birth weight and neonatal survival of harbour seal pups are positively correlated with genetic variation measured by microsatellites [J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B:Biological Sciences,1998,265(1398):803-809.
Coltman D W, Pilkington J G, Smith J A, Pemberton J M. Parasite-mediated selection against inbred Soay sheep in a free-living, island population [J]. Evolution,1999:1259-1267.
Coombs J A, Letcher B, Nislow K. pedagog:software for simulating eco-evolutionary population dynamics [J]. Molecular Ecology Resources,2010,10(3):558-563.
Cordingley J, Sundaresan S, Fischhoff I, Shapiro B, Ruskey J, Rubenstein D. Is the endangered Grevy's zebra threatened by hybridization? [J]. Animal Conservation,2009,12(6):505-513.
Corti P, Shafer A B, Coltman D W, Festa-Bianchet M. Past bottlenecks and current population fragmentation of endangered huemul deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus):implications for preservation of genetic diversity [J]. Conservation Genetics,2011,12(1):119-128.
Crow J F, Kimura M. An introduction to population genetics theory [J]. An introduction to population genetics theory.,1970.
Cunningham E, Dooley J, Splan R, Bradley D. Microsatellite diversity, pedigree relatedness and the contributions of founder lineages to thoroughbred horses [J]. Animal Genetics,2001,32(6):360-364.
Curik I, Zechner P, S Ikner J, Achmann R, Bodo I, Dove P, Kavar T, Marti E, Brem G. Inbreeding, microsatellite heterozygosity, and morphological traits in Lipizzan horses [J]. Journal of Heredity, 2003,94(2):125-132.
Currat M, Ray N, Excoffier L. SPLATCHE:a program to simulate genetic diversity taking into account environmental heterogeneity [J]. Molecular Ecology Notes,2004,4(1):139-142.
D O'Connor K, B Marr A, Arcese P, F Keller L, J Jeffery K, W Bruford M. Extra-pair fertilization and effective population size in the song sparrow Melospiza melodia [J]. Journal of Avian Biology,2006, 37(6):572-578.
David P. Heterozygosity-fitness correlations:new perspectives on old problems [J]. Heredity,1998, 80(5):531-537.
Dawson D A, Horsburgh G J, KUePPER C, Stewart I R K, Ball A D, Durrant K L, Hansson B, Bacon I, Bird S, Klein A. New methods to identify conserved microsatellite loci and develop primer sets of high cross-species utilities demonstrated for birds [J]. Molecular Ecology Resources,2010,10(3): 475-494.
Day S B, Bryant E H, Meffert L M. The influence of variable rates of inbreeding on fitness, environmental responsiveness and evolutionary potential [J]. Evolution,2003,57:1314-1324.
De Barba M, Waits L, Garton E, Genovesi P, Randi E, Mustoni A, Groff C. The power of genetic monitoring for studying demography, ecology and genetics of a reintroduced brown bear population [J]. Molecular ecology,2010,19(18):3938-3951.
Dolan J. Przewalski's horse, Equus przewalskii Poliakov 1881, in the United States prior to 1940 and its influence on present breeding [J]. Zool. Garten NF, Jena,1982,52:49-65.
Dupanloup I, Schneider S, Excoffier L. A simulated annealing approach to define the genetic structure of populations [J]. Molecular ecology,2002,11(12):2571-2581.
Dratch P, Gogan P. Bison Conservation Initiative:Bison Conservation Genetics Workshop:report and recommendations [J]. Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/BRMD/NRR-2010/XXX. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado,2010.
DUYNE C, Ras E, VOS A E, BOER W F, Henkens R J, Usukhjargal D. Wolf predation among reintroduced Przewalski horses in Hustai National Park, Mongolia [J]. The Journal of Wildlife Management,2009,73(6):836-843.
Earl D A. STRUCTURE HARVESTER:a website and program for visualizing STRUCTURE output and implementing the Evanno method [J]. Conservation Genetics Resources,2012,4(2):359-361.
Ekblom R, Galindo J. Applications of next generation sequencing in molecular ecology of non-model organisms [J]. Heredity,2011,107(1):1-15.
El Alqamy H, Senn H, Roberts M-F, McEwing R, Ogden R. Genetic assessment of the Arabian oryx founder population in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, UAE:an example of evaluating unmanaged captive stocks for reintroduction [J]. Conservation Genetics,2012,13(1):79-88.
England P R, Osler G H, Woodworth L M, Montgomery M E, Briscoe D A, Frankham R. Effects of intense versus diffuse population bottlenecks on microsatellite genetic diversity and evolutionary potential [J]. Conservation Genetics,2003,4(5):595-604.
Estoup A, Baird S J, Ray N, Currat M, CORNUET J, Santos F, Beaumont M A, Excoffier L. Combining genetic, historical and geographical data to reconstruct the dynamics of bioinvasions:application to the cane toad Bufo marinus [J]. Molecular Ecology Resources,2010,10(5):886-901.
Estoup A, Jarne P, Cornuet J M. Homoplasy and mutation model at microsatellite loci and their consequences for population genetics analysis [J]. Molecular ecology,2002,11(9):1591-1604.
Excoffier L, Heckel G. Computer programs for population genetics data analysis:a survival guide [J]. Nature Reviews Genetics,2006,7(10):745-758.
Feh C. Social behaviour and relationships of Prezewalski horses in Dutch semi-reserves [J]. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,1988,21(1):71-87.
Fernando P, Vidya T, Rajapakse C, Dangolla A, Melnick D. Reliable noninvasive genotyping:fantasy or reality? [J]. Journal of Heredity,2003,94(2):115.
Flagstad, R ed K, Stacy J, Jakobsen K. Reliable noninvasive genotyping based on excremental PCR of nuclear DNA purified with a magnetic bead protocol [J]. Molecular Ecology,1999,8(5):879-883.
Fleischer R C, Perry E A, Muralidharan K, Stevens E E, Wemmer C M. Phylogeography of the Asian elephant(Elephas maximus) based on mitochondrial DNA [J]. Evolution,2001,55(9):1882-1892.
Ford M J. Selection in captivity during supportive breeding may reduce fitness in the wild [J]. Conservation Biology,2002,16(3):815-825.
Frankel O, Soule M. Conservation and evolution.1981, Cambridge University Press.
Frankham R. Conservation genetics [J]. Annual review of genetics,1995,29(1):305-327.
Frankham R. Effective population size/adult population size ratios in wildlife:a review [J]. Genetical Research,1995,66(02):95-107.
Frankham R. Genetics and extinction [J]. Biological Conservation,2005,126(2):131-140.
Frankham R. Genetic adaptation to captivity in species conservation programs [J]. Molecular ecology, 2008,17(1):325-333.
Frankham R. Genetic Considerations in Reintroduction Programmes for Top-Order, Terrestrial Predators [J]. Reintroduction of Top-Order Predators,2009:371.
Frankham R. Where are we in conservation genetics and where do we need to go? [J]. Conservation Genetics,2010,11(2):661-663.
Frankham R, Briscoe D A, Ballou J D. Introduction to conservation genetics.2002, Cambridge University Press.
Franklin I R. Evolutionary change in small populations [J]. Conservation biology:an evolutionary-ecological perspective. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts,1980:135-149.
Frantzen M, Silk J, Ferguson J, Wayne R, Kohn M. Empirical evaluation of preservation methods for faecal DNA [J]. Molecular Ecology,1998,7(10):1423-1428.
Gaillard J M, Yoccoz N G, Lebreton J D, Bonenfant C, Devillard S, Loison A, Pontier D, Allaine D. Generation time:a reliable metric to measure life-history variation among mammalian populations [J]. The American Naturalist,2005,166(1):119-123.
Garbe J R, Da Y. Pedigraph user manual version 2.4 [J]. Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota,2008.
Gautschi B, Jacob G, Negro J J, Godoy J A, Muller J P, Schmid B. Analysis of relatedness and determination of the source of founders in the captive bearded vulture, Gypaetus barbatus, population [J]. Conservation Genetics,2003,4(4):479-490.
Geyer C J, Thompson E A, Ryder O A.. Gene Survival in the Asian Wild Horse (Equus przewalski)-Gene Survival in the Whole Population,in Subgroups,and through history [J]. Zoo Biology,1989,7(4):313-329.
Gilbert M T P, Drautz D I, Lesk A M, Ho S Y, Qi J, Ratan A, Hsu C-H, Sher A, Dalen L, Gotherstrom A. Intraspecific phylogenetic analysis of Siberian woolly mammoths using complete mitochondrial genomes [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2008,105(24):8327-8332.
Gill P, Ivanov P L, Kimpton C, Piercy R, Benson N, Tully G, Evett I, Hagelberg E, Sullivan K. Identification of the remains of the Romanov family by DNA analysis [J]. Nature genetics,1994,6(2): 130-135.
Gilligan D M, Briscoe D A, Frankham R. Dynamics of genetic adaption to captivity [J]. Conserv Genet, 2003,4:189-197.
Gilligan D M, Frankham R. Dynamics of genetic adaptation to captivity [J]. Conservation Genetics, 2003,4(2):189-197.
Goodman S J. RST Calc:a collection of computer programs for calculating estimates of genetic differentiation from microsatellite data and determining their significance [J]. Molecular ecology, 1997,6(9):881-885.
Goto H, Ryder O A, Fisher A R, Schultz B, Pond S L K, Nekrutenko A, Makova K D.A massively parallel sequencing approach uncovers ancient origins and high genetic variability of endangered Przewalski's horses [J]. Genome biology and evolution,2011,3:1096-1106.
Goudet J. FSTAT (version 1.2):a computer program to calculate F-statistics [J]. Journal of Heredity, 1995,86(6):485-486.
Grant P R, Grant B R, Petren K (2001). A population founded by a single pair of individuals: establishment, expansion, and evolution. Microevolution Rate, Pattern, Process, Springer:359-382.
Grueber C E, Wallis G P, Jamieson I G. Heterozygosity-fitness correlations and their relevance to studies on inbreeding depression in threatened species [J]. Molecular ecology,2008,17(18): 3978-3984.
Hajkova P, Zemanova B, Roche K, Hajek B. An evaluation of field and noninvasive genetic methods for estimating Eurasian otter population size [J]. Conservation Genetics,2009,10(6):1667-1681.
HAJkovA P, ZemanovA B, Bryja J, HAJek B, Roche K, Tkadlec E, Zima J. Factors affecting success of PCR amplification of microsatellite loci from otter faeces [J]. Molecular Ecology Notes,2006,6(2): 559-562.
Hall T A. BioEdit:a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic acids symposium series.1999.
Hansson B, Westerberg L. On the correlation between heterozygosity and fitness in natural populations [J]. Molecular ecology,2002,11(12):2467-2474.
Hansson B, Westerdahl H, Hasselquist D, Akesson M, Bensch S. Does linkage disequilibrium generate heterozygosity-fitness correlations in great reed warblers? [J]. Evolution,2004,58(4):870-879.
Hardy O J, Vekemans X. SPAGeDi:a versatile computer program to analyse spatial genetic structure at the individual or population levels [J]. Molecular Ecology Notes,2002,2(4):618-620.
Hare M P. Prospects for nuclear gene phylogeography [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2001,16(12): 700-706.
Harrison R G. Animal mitochondrial DNA as a genetic marker in population and evolutionary biology [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,1989,4(1):6-11.
Hartl D L, Clark A G (1997). Principles of population genetics, Sinauer associates Sunderland.
Hauswirth W W, Laipis P J. Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism in a maternal lineage of Holstein cows [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,1982,79(15):4686-4690.
Hedrick P, Gutierrez-Espeleta G, Lee R. Founder effect in an island population of bighorn sheep [J]. Molecular ecology,2001,10(4):851-857.
Hedrick P W. Purging inbreeding depression and the probability of extinction:full-sib mating [J]. Heredity,1994,73(4):363-372.
Hedrick P W. Conservation genetics and North American bison (Bison bison) [J]. Journal of Heredity, 2009,100(4):411-420.
Hedrick P W, Miller P S. Conservation genetics:techniques and fundamentals [J]. Ecological Applications,1992,2(1):30-46.
Hedrick P W, Parker K M, Miller E L, Miller P S. Major histocompatibility complex variation in the endangered Przewalski's horse [J]. Genetics,1999,152(4):1701-1710.
Hein E W, Jennings M, Csuti B, Scott J, Jules E, Dietsch T, Dudley J, Jacobson S, Marynowski S. Improving translation programs J]. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY-BOSTON MASSACHUSETTS-,1997,11:1270-1270.
Helyar S, HEMMER-HANSEN J, Bekkevold D, Taylor M, Ogden R, Limborg M, Cariani A, Maes G, Diopere E, Carvalho G. Application of SNPs for population genetics of nonmodel organisms:new opportunities and challenges [J]. Molecular Ecology Resources,2011,11 (s1):123-136.
Henkel J R, Jones K L, Hereford S G, Savoie M L, Leibo S, Howard J J. Integrating microsatellite and pedigree analyses to facilitate the captive management of the endangered Mississippi sandhill crane (Grus canadensis pulla) [J]. Zoo Biology,2012,31(3):322-335.
Hill E, Bradley D, Al-Barody M, Ertugrul O, Splan R, Zakharov I, Cunningham E. History and integrity of thoroughbred dam lines revealed in equine mtDNA variation [J]. Animal Genetics,2002, 33(4):287-294.
Hoban S, Bertorelle G, Gaggiotti O E. Computer simulations:tools for population and evolutionary genetics [J]. Nature Reviews Genetics,2012,13(2):110-122.
Hoelzel A, Halley J, O'brien S, Campagna C, Arnborm T, Le Boeuf B, Rails K, Dover G. Elephant seal genetic variation and the use of simulation models to investigate historical population bottlenecks [J]. Journal of Heredity,1993,84(6):443-449.
Hundertmark K J, Shields G F, Udina I G, Bowyer R T, Danilkin A A, Schwartz C C. Mitochondrial Phylogeography of Moose (Alces alces):Late Pleistocene Divergence and Population Expansion [J]. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution,2002,22(3):375-387.
Hung C, Li S, Lee L. Faecal DNA typing to determine the abundance and spatial organisation of otters (Lutra lutra) along two stream systems in Kinmen [J]. Animal Conservation,2004,7(3):301-311.
Ishida N, Oyunsuren T, Mashima S, Mukoyama H, Saitou N. Mitochondrial DNA sequences of various species of the genus Equus with special reference to the phylogenetic relationship between Przewalskii's wild horse and domestic horse [J]. Journal of Molecular Evolution,1995,41(2): 180-188.
Ito H, Hayano A, Langenhorst T, Sakamoto H, Inoue-Murayama M. Using next generation sequencing to develop microsatellite markers for the endangered Grevy's zebra (Equus grevyi) [J]. Conservation Genetics Resources,2013,5(2):507-510.
Jansen T, Forster P, Levine M A, Oelke H, Hurles M, Renfrew C, Weber J, Olek K. Mitochondrial DNA and the origins of the domestic horse [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2002, 99(16):10905-10910
Jensen H, Bremset E M, Ringsby T H, S/ETHER B E. Multilocus heterozygosity and inbreeding depression in an insular house sparrow metapopulation [J]. Molecular ecology,2007,16(19): 4066-4078.
Jones K L, Glenn T C, Lacy R C, Pierce J R, Unruh N, Mirande C M, Chavez-Ramirez F. Refining the Whooping Crane Studbook by Incorporating Microsatellite DNA and Leg-Banding Analyses [J]. Conservation Biology,2002,16(3):789-799.
Kaczensky P, Ganbataar O, Altansukh N, Enkhsaikhan N, Stauffer C, Walzer C. The Danger of Having All Your Eggs in One Basket-Winter Crash of the Re-Introduced Przewalski's Horses in the Mongolian Gobi [J]. PLoS One,2011,6(12):e28057.
Kaczensky P, Kuehn R, Lhagvasuren B, Pietsch S, Yang W, Walzer C. Connectivity of the Asiatic wild ass population in the Mongolian Gobi [J]. Biological conservation,2011,144(2):920-929.
Kalinowski S T, Hedrick P W. Inbreeding depression in captive bighorn sheep [J]. Anim Conserv,2001, 4:319-324.
Kalinowski S T, Hedrick P W, Miller P S. Inbreeding depression in the Speke's gazelle captive breeding program [J]. Conservation Biology,2000,14(5):1375-1384.
Kamath P L, Getz W M. Unraveling the Effects of Selection and Demography on Immune Gene Variation in Free-Ranging Plains Zebra (Equus quagga) Populations [J]. PLoS One,2012,7(12): e50971.
Kavar T, Brem G, Habe F, Solkner J, Dove P. History of Lipizzan horse maternal lines as revealed by mtDNA analysis [J]. Genetics Selection Evolution,2002,34(5):635.
Keller L F, Arcese P. No evidence for inbreeding avoidance in a natural population of song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) [J]. The American Naturalist,1998,152(3):380-392.
Keller L F, Waller D M. Inbreeding effects in wild populations [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 2002,17(5):230-241.
Kidd K, Cavalli-Sforza L. The role of genetic drift in the differentiation of Icelandic and Norwegian cattle [J]. Evolution,1974,28(3):381.
Kimura M, Crow J F. The number of alleles that can be maintained in a finite population [J]. Genetics, 1964,49(4):725.
Kimura M, Ohta T. Stepwise mutation model and distribution of allelic frequencies in a finite population [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,1978,75(6):2868-2872.
Kleiman D G. Reintroduction of captive mammals for conservation [J]. BioScience,1989:152-161.
Kleiman D G, Beck B B, Dietz J M, Dietz L A, Ballou J D, Coimbra-Filho A F. Conservation program for the golden lion tamarin:captive research and management, ecological studies, educational strategies, and reintroduction [J]. Primates:the road to self-sustaining populations. Springer-Verlag, New York,1986:959-979.
Kruuk L E, Sheldon B C, Merila J. Severe inbreeding depression in collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis) [J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B:Biological Sciences,2002, 269(1500):1581-1589.
Kuo C H, Janzen F. bottlesim:a bottleneck simulation program for long-lived species with overlapping generations [J]. Molecular Ecology Notes,2003,3(4):669-673.
Lacy R C. Loss of genetic diversity from managed populations:interacting effects of drift, mutation, immigration, selection, and population subdivision [J]. Conservation Biology,1987,1(2):143-158.
Lacy R C. Analysis of founder representation in pedigrees:founder equivalents and founder genome equivalents [J]. Zoo Biology,1989,8(2):111-123.
Lacy R C. Clarification of genetic terms and their use in the management of captive populations [J]. Zoo Biology,1995,14(6):565-577.
Laikre L. Genetic diversity is overlooked in international conservation policy implementation [J]. Conservation Genetics,2010,11(2):349-354.
Lalitha S. Primer premier 5 [J]. Biotech Software & Internet Report:The Computer Software Journal for Scient,2000,1(6):270-272.
Lange K (2002). Mathematical and statistical methods for genetic analysis, Springer.
Lau A N, Peng L, Goto H, Chemnick L, Ryder O A, Makova K D. Horse domestication and conservation genetics of Przewalski's horse inferred from sex chromosomal and autosomal sequences [J]. Molecular Biology and Evolution,2009,26(1):199.
Lindgren G, Swinburne J, Breen M, Mariat D, Sandberg K, Guerin G, Ellegren H, Binns M. Physical anchorage and orientation of equine linkage groups by FISH mapping BAC clones containing microsatellite markers [J]. Animal Genetics,2001,32(1):37-39.
Linklater W L, Cameron E Z, Stafford K J, Veltman C J. Social and spatial structure and range use by Kaimanawa wild horses (Equus caballus:Equidae) [J]. New Zealand Journal of Ecology,2000,24(2): 139-152.
Lister A M, Kadwell M, Kaagan L M, Jordan W C, Richards M B, Stanley H F. Ancient and modern DNA in a study of horse domestication [J]. Ancient Biomolecules,1998,2:267-280.
Low B, Sundaresan S R, Fischhoff I R, Rubenstein D I. Partnering with local communities to identify conservation priorities for endangered Grevy's zebra [J]. Biological conservation,2009,142(7): 1548-1555.
Luis C, Bastos-Silveira C, Cothran E, Oom M. Variation in the mitochondrial control region sequence between the two maternal lines of the Sorraia horse breed [J]. Genetics and Molecular Biology,2002, 25(3):309-311.
Lutaaya B E, Misztal I, Bertrand J, Mabry J. Inbreeding in populations with incomplete pedigrees [J]. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics,1999,116(6):475-480.
MacCluer J W, VandeBerg J L, Read B, Ryder O A. Pedigree analysis by computer simulation [J]. Zoo Biology,1986,5(2):147-160.
Margan S H, Nurthen R K, Montgomery M E, Woodworth L M, Lowe E H, Briscoe D A, Frankham R. Single large or several small? Population fragmentation in the captive management of endangered species [J]. Zoo Biology,1998,17(6):467-480.
Markert J, Grant P, Grant B, Keller L, Coombs J, Petren K. Neutral locus heterozygosity, inbreeding, and survival in Darwin's ground finches (Geospiza fortis and G. scandens) [J]. Heredity,2004,92(4): 306-315.
Marsden C, Verberkmoes H, Thomas R, Wayne R, Mable B. Pedigrees, MHC and microsatellites:an integrated approach for genetic management of captive African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) [J]. Conservation Genetics,2013,14(1):171-183.
Marshall T, Coltman D, Pemberton J, Slate J, Spalton J, Guinness F, Smith J, Pilkington J, Clutton-Brock T. Estimating the prevalence of inbreeding from incomplete pedigrees [J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B:Biological Sciences,2002,269(1500): 1533-1539.
Maudet C, Miller C, Bassano B, Breitenmoser-Wursten C, Gauthier D, Obexer-Ruff G, Michallet J, Taberlet P, Luikart G. Microsatellite DNA and recent statistical methods in wildlife conservation management:applications in Alpine ibex(Capra ibex) [J]. Molecular ecology,2002,11(3):421-436.
Mayr E. Animal species and evolution [J]. Animal species and their evolution.,1963.
Miles L G, Lance S L, Isberg S R, Moran C, Glenn T C. Cross-species amplification of microsatellites in crocodilians:assessment and applications for the future [J]. Conservation Genetics,2009,10(4): 935-954.
Miller J R, Groom M, Hess G R, Steelman T, Stokes D L, Thompson J, Bowman T, Fricke L, King B, Marquardt R. Biodiversity conservation in local planning [J]. Conservation Biology,2009,23(1): 53-63.
Miller P S. Selective breeding programs for rare alleles:examples from the Przewalski's horse and California condor pedigrees [J]. Conservation Biology,1995,9(5):1262-1273.
Miller P S, Hedrick P W. Purging of inbreeding depression and fitness decline in bottlenecked populations of Drosophila melanogaster [J]. J Evol Biol,2001,14:595-601.
Milot E, Perrier C, Papillon L, Dodson J J, Bernatchez L. Reduced fitness of Atlantic salmon released in the wild after one generation of captive breeding [J]. Evolutionary Applications,2013,6(3):472-485.
Mohr E (1971). The Asiatic Wild Horse:Eguus Przevalskii Poliakoff,1881, JA Allen.
Monfort S, Arthur N, Wildt D. Monitoring ovarian function and pregnancy by evaluating excretion of urinary oestrogen conjugates in semi-free-ranging Przewalski's horses (Equus przewalskii) [J]. Reproduction,1991,91(1):155.
Moodley Y, Harley E H. Population structuring in mountain zebras (Equus zebra):the molecular consequences of divergent demographic histories [J]. Conservation Genetics,2005,6(6):953-968.
Moritz C. Defining' evolutionarily significant units' for conservation [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,1994,9(10):373-375.
Murphy M, Waits L, Kendall K. Quantitative evaluation of fecal drying methods for brown bear DNA analysis [J]. Wildlife Society Bulletin,2000,28(4):951-957.
Murphy M, Waits L, Kendall K. The influence of diet on faecal DNA amplification and sex identification in brown bears (Ursus arctos) [J]. Molecular Ecology,2003,12(8):2261-2265.
Murphy M A, Waits L P, Kendall K C, Wasser S K, Higbee J A, Bogden R. An evaluation of long-term preservation methods for brown bear (Ursus arctos) faecal DNA samples [J]. Conservation Genetics, 2002,3(4):435-440.
Myka J L, Lear T L, Houck M L, Ryder O A, Bailey E. FISH analysis comparing genome organization in the domestic horse (EQUUS CABALLUS) to that of the Mongolian wild horse (E. PRZEWALSKII) [J]. Cytogenet Genome Res,2003,102(1-4):222-225.
Neff B D, Gross M R. Microsatellite evolution in vertebrates:inference from AC dinucleotide repeats [J]. Evolution,2001,55(9):1717-1733.
Nei M. Molecular population genetics and evolution.1975, North-Holland Publishing Company.
Nei M. Molecular evolutionary genetics.1987, Columbia University Press.
Nei M. Bottlenecks, genetic polymorphism and speciation [J]. Genetics,2005,170(1):1.
Neveu H, Hafen T, Zimmermann E, Rumpler Y. Comparison of the genetic diversity of wild and captive groups of Microcebus murinus using the random amplified polymorphic DNA method [J]. Folia Primatologica,1998,69(Suppl.1):127-135.
Newman D, Pilson D. Increased probability of extinction due to decreased genetic effective population size:experimental populations of Clarkia pulchella [J]. Evolution,1997:354-362.
Nichols J D, Williams B K. Monitoring for conservation [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2006, 21(12):668-673.
Oakenfull E, Ryder O. Mitochondrial control region and 12S rRNA variation in Przewalski's horse (Equus przewalskii) [J]. Animal Genetics,1998,29(6):456-459.
Oakenfull E A, Lim H N, Ryder O A. A survey of equid mitochondrial DNA:Implications for the evolution, genetic diversity and conservation of Equus [J]. Conservation Genetics,2000,1(4): 341-355
Ortego J, Yannic G, Shafer A, Mainguy J, FESTA-BIANCHET M, Coltman D W, Cote S D. Temporal dynamics of genetic variability in a mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus) population [J]. Molecular ecology,2011,20(8):1601-1611.
Outram A K, Stear N A, Bendrey R, Olsen S, Kasparov A, Zaibert V, Thorpe N, Evershed R P. The earliest horse harnessing and milking [J]. Science,2009,323(5919):1332-1335.
Overall A, Byrne K, Pilkington J, Pemberton J. Heterozygosity, inbreeding and neonatal traits in Soay sheep on St Kilda [J]. Molecular ecology,2005,14(11):3383-3393.
Pacifici M, Santini L, Di Marco M, Baisero D, Francucci L, Marasini G G, Visconti P, Rondinini C. Generation length for mammals [J]. Nature Conservation,2013,5:89-94.
Paetkau D, Strobeck C. The molecular basis and evolutionary history of a microsatellite null allele in bears [J]. Molecular Ecology,1995,4(4):519-520.
Palsboll P J, Berube M, Allendorf F W. Identification of management units using population genetic data [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2007,22(1):11-16.
Park S. The Excel microsatellite toolkit [J]. Trypanotolerance in West African Cattle and the Population Genetic Effects of Selection,2001.
Pelletier F, Reale D, Watters J, Boakes E H, Garant D. Value of captive populations for quantitative genetics research [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2009,24(5):263-270.
Pemberton J. Measuring inbreeding depression in the wild:the old ways are the best [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2004,19(12):613-615.
Pemberton J. Wild pedigrees:the way forward [J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,2008,275(1635):613-621.
Peng B, Kimmel M. simuPOP:a forward-time population genetics simulation environment [J]. Bioinformatics,2005,21(18):3686-3687.
Piggott M. Effect of sample age and season of collection on the reliability of microsatellite genotyping of faecal DNA [J]. Wildlife Research,2004,31(5):485-493.
Piggott M, Taylor A. Extensive evaluation of faecal preservation and DNA extraction methods in Australian native and introduced species [J]. Australian journal of Zoology,2003,51(4):341-356.
Pompanon F, Bonin A, Bellemain E, Taberlet P. Genotyping errors:causes, consequences and solutions [J]. Nature Reviews Genetics,2005,6(11):847.
PRICE M S, Soorae P. Reintroductions:whence and whither? [J]. International Zoo Yearbook,2003, 38(1):61-75.
Primmer C R, Borge T, Lindell J, Saetre G P. Single nucleotide polymorphism characterization in species with limited available sequence information:high nucleotide diversity revealed in the avian genome [J]. Mol Ecol,2002,11:603-612.
Pritchard J K, Stephens M, Donnelly P. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data [J]. Genetics,2000,155(2):945-959.
Rails K, Ballou J. Extinction:Lessons from zoos [J]. BIOL. CONSERV. SER.,1983:164-184.
Rails K, Ballou J. Captive breeding programs for populations with a small number of founders [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,1986,1(1):19-22.
Rails K, Ballou J D. Captive breeding programs for populations with a small number of founders [J]. Trends Ecol Evol,1986,1:19-22.
Reed D H, Lowe E H, Briscoe D A, Frankham R. Inbreeding and extinction:effects of rate of inbreeding [J]. Conservation Genetics,2003,4(3):405-410.
Rice W R. Analyzing tables of statistical tests [J]. Evolution,1989:223-225.
Richard M, Thorpe R S. Can Microsatellites Be Used to Infer Phylogenies? Evidence from Population Affinities of the Western Canary Island Lizard(Gallotia galloti) [J]. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution,2001,20(3):351-360.
Robert A. Captive breeding genetics and reintroduction success [J]. Biological Conservation,2009, 142(12):2915-2922.
Robert N, Walzer C, Riiegg S R, Kaczensky P, Ganbaatar O, Stauffer C. Pathologic findings in reintroduced Przewalski's horses(Equus caballus przewalskii) in Southwestern Mongolia [J]. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine,2005,36(2):273-285.
Roca A L, Georgiadis N, O'Brien S J. Cytonuclear genomic dissociation in African elephant species [J]. Nature genetics,2005,37(1):96-100.
Romesburg H C. Wildlife science:gaining reliable knowledge [J]. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 1981:293-313.
Rosenberg N A. DISTRUCT:a program for the graphical display of population structure [J]. Molecular Ecology Notes,2004,4(1):137-138.
Rosenbom S, Costa V, Steck B, Moehlman P, Beja-Pereira A. Cross-species genetic markers:a useful tool to study the world's most threatened wild equid-Equus africanus [J]. European Journal of Wildlife Research,2012,58(3):609-613.
Rozas J, Sanchez-DelBarrio J C, Messeguer X, Rozas R. DnaSP, DNA polymorphism analyses by the coalescent and other methods [J]. Bioinformatics,2003,19(18):2496-2497.
RUIZ-LOPEZ M J, Roldan E R, Espeso G, Gomendio M. Pedigrees and microsatellites among endangered ungulates:what do they tell us? [J]. Molecular ecology,2009,18(7):1352-1364.
Ryder O A. Founder effects and endangered species [J]. Nature,1988,331(6155):396-396.
Saccheri I, Kuussaari M, Kankare M, Vikman P, Fortelius W, Hanski I. Inbreeding and extinction in a butterfly metapopulation [J]. Nature,1998,392(6675):491-494.
Sasaki M, Endo H, Yamagiwa D, Yamamoto M, Arishima K, Hayashi Y. Morphological character of the shoulder and leg skeleton in Przewalski's horse(Equus przewalskii) [J]. Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger,1999,181(4):403-407.
Sasaki M, Hayashi Y, Koie H, Yamaya Y, Kimura J, Manglai D, Kawashima S, Endo H, Yamamoto M. CT examination of the guttural pouch (auditory tube diverticulum) in Przewalski's horse (Equus
przewalskii) [J]. Journal of veterinary medical science,1999,61:1019-1022.
Sasidharan S P, Ludwig A, Harper C, Moodley Y, Bertschinger H J, Guthrie A J. Comparative genetics of sarcoid tumour-affected and non-affected mountain zebra (Equus zebra) populations [J]. South African Journal of Wildlife Research,2011,41(1):36-49.
Schneider S, Roessli D, Excoffier L. Arlequin:a software for population genetics data analysis [J]. User manual ver,2000,2:2496-2497.
Seddon P J, Armstrong D P, Maloney R F. Developing the science of reintroduction biology [J]. Conservation Biology,2007,21(2):303-312.
Seddon P J, Soorae P S, Launay F. Taxonomic bias in reintroduction projects [J]. Animal Conservation, 2005,8(1):51-58.
Slade R, McCallum H. Overdominant vs. frequency-dependent selection at MHC loci [J]. Genetics, 1992,132(3):861.
Slate J, David P, Dodds K, Veenvliet B, Glass B, Broad T, McEwan J. Understanding the relationship between the inbreeding coefficient and multilocus heterozygosity:theoretical expectations and empirical data [J]. Heredity,2004,93(3):255-265.
Slate J, Kruuk L, Marshall T, Pemberton J, Clutton-Brock T. Inbreeding depression influences lifetime breeding success in a wild population of red deer (Cervus elaphus) [J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B:Biological Sciences,2000,267(1453):1657-1662.
Slotta-Bachmayr L, Boegel R, Kaczensky P, Stauffer C, Walzer C. Use of population viability analysis to identify management priorities and success in reintroducing Przewalski's horses to Southwestern Mongolia [J]. Journal of Wildlife Management,2004,68(4):790-798.
Snyder N F, Derrickson S R, Beissinger S R, Wiley J W, Smith T B, Toone W D, Miller B. Limitations of captive breeding in endangered species recovery [J]. Conservation Biology,1996,10(2):338-348.
Sommer S. The importance of immune gene variability (MHC) in evolutionary ecology and conservation [J]. Frontiers in Zoology,2005,2(1):16.
Spevak E M. Population Analysis and Breeding Plan-Przewalski's Horse Species Survival Plan [J]. American Zoo and Aquarium Association April,2004.
Stewart Jr C N, Porter D M. RAPD profiling in biological conservation:An application to estimating clonal variation in rare and endangered (Iliamnain Virginia) [J]. Biological conservation,1995,74(2): 135-142.
Stinchcombe J, Hoekstra H. Combining population genomics and quantitative genetics:finding the genes underlying ecologically important traits [J]. Heredity,2008,100(2):158-170.
Sundaresan S R, Fischhoff I R, Rubenstein D. Male harassment influences female movements and associations in Grevy's zebra (Equus grevyi) [J]. Behavioral Ecology,2007,18(5):860-865.
Sunnucks P. Efficient genetic markers for population biology [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2000, 15(5):199-203.
Sutton J T, Nakagawa S, Robertson B C, Jamieson I G. Disentangling the roles of natural selection and genetic drift in shaping variation at MHC immunity genes [J]. Molecular ecology,2011,20(21): 4408-4420.
Taberlet P, Griffin S, Goossens B, Questiau S, Manceau V, Escaravage N, Waits L, Bouvet J. Reliable genotyping of samples with very low DNA quantities using PCR [J]. Nucleic Acids Research,1996, 24(16):3189.
Taylor S S, Jamieson I G. No evidence for loss of genetic variation following sequential translocations in extant populations of a genetically depauperate species [J]. Molecular ecology,2008,17(2): 545-556.
Tear T H, Scott J M, Hayward P H, Griffith B. Status and Prospects for Success of the Endangered Species Act [J]. Science,1993,262:12.
Templeton A R, Read B. Factors eliminating inbreeding depression in a captive herd of Speke's gazelle (Gazella spekei) [J]. Zoo Biology,1984,3(3):177-199.
Thomas M A, Klaper R. Genomics for the ecological toolbox [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2004, 19(8):439-445.
Thompson J D, Gibson T, Higgins D G. Multiple sequence alignment using ClustalW and ClustalX [J]. Current protocols in bioinformatics,2002:2.3.1-2.3.22.
Townsend S, Jamieson I. Molecular and pedigree measures of relatedness provide similar estimates of inbreeding depression in a bottlenecked population [J]. Journal of Evolutionary Biology,2013,26(4): 889-899.
Tracy L, Wallis G, Efford M, Jamieson I. Preserving genetic diversity in threatened species reintroductions:how many individuals should be released? [J]. Animal Conservation,2011,14(4): 439-446.
Van Dierendonck M C, Wallis de Vries M F. Ungulate Reintroductions:Experiences with the Takhi or Przewalski Horse (Equus ferus przewalskii) in Mongolia [J]. Conservation Biology,1996,10(3): 728-740.
Van Dyke F (2008). Conservation biology:foundations, concepts, applications, Springer,
van Oosterhout C, Hutchinson W, WILLS D, Shipley P. MICRO-CHECKER:software for identifying and correcting genotyping errors in microsatellite data [J]. Molecular Ecology Notes,2004,4(3): 535-538.
Vigilant L, Pennington R, Harpending H, Kocher T, Wilson A. Mitochondrial DNA sequences in single hairs from a southern African population [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,1989,86(23):9350.
Vila C, Leonard J A, Gotherstrom A, Marklund S, Sandberg K, Liden K, Wayne R K, Ellegren H. Widespread origins of domestic horse lineages [J]. Science,2001,291(5503):474-477.
Volf J. Pedigree book of the Przewalski horse [J]. Zoological Garden, Prague,1988:1207-1213.
Volf J, Kus E, Prokopova L. General studbook of the Przewalski horse [J]. Zoological Garden Prague, Prague,1991.
Vos P, Hogers R, Bleeker M, Reijans M, van De Lee T, Homes M, Friters A, Pot J, Paleman J, Kuiper M. AFLP:a new technique for DNA fingerprinting [J]. Nucleic acids research,1995,23(21):4407-4414.
Wade C, Giulotto E, Sigurdsson S, Zoli M, Gnerre S, Imsland F, Lear T, Adelson D, Bailey E, Bellone R. Genome sequence, comparative analysis, and population genetics of the domestic horse [J]. Science, 2009,326(5954):865-867.
Waits L. Using noninvasive genetic sampling to detect and estimate abundance of rare wildlife species [J]. Sampling rare or elusive species:Concepts, designs, and techniques for estimating population parameters,2004:211-228.
Waits L, Paetkau D. Noninvasive genetic sampling tools for wildlife biologists:a review of applications and recommendations for accurate data collection [J]. Journal of Wildlife Management,2005,69(4): 1419-1433.
Wakefield S, Knowles J, Zimmermann W, van Dierendonck M. Status and action plan for the Przewalski's Horse (Equus ferus przewalskii) [D]. Equids:zebras, asses and horses. Status survey and conservation action plan,2002:82-92.
Wallner B, Brem G, Muller M, Achmann R. Fixed nucleotide differences on the Y chromosome indicate clear divergence between Equus przewalskii and Equus caballus [J]. Animal Genetics,2003,34(6): 453-456.
Wallner B, Piumi F, Brem G, Muller M, Achmann R. Isolation of Y chromosome-specific microsatellites in the horse and cross-species amplification in the genus Equus [J]. Journal of Heredity,2004,95(2): 158.
Walzer C, Kaczensky P, Zimmermann W, Stauffer C. Przewalski's Horse Reintroduction to Mongolia: Status and Outlook [J]. Markus Gussetl & Gerald Dick2,2012,366:3.
Wang J. CO ANCESTRY:a program for simulating, estimating and analysing relatedness and inbreeding coefficients [J]. Molecular Ecology Resources,2011,11(1):141-145.
Weeks A R, Sgro C M, Young A G, Frankham R, Mitchell N J, Miller K A, Byrne M, Coates D J, Eldridge M D, Sunnucks P. Assessing the benefits and risks of translocations in changing environments:a genetic perspective [J]. Evolutionary Applications,2011,4(6):709-725.
Weir B S, Cockerham C C. Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure [J]. Evolution, 1984:1358-1370.
Weiser E, Grueber C, Jamieson I. AlleleRetain:a program to assess management options for conserving allelic diversity in small, isolated populations [J]. Molecular Ecology Resources,2012,12(6): 1161-1167.
Weiser E L, Grueber C E, Jamieson I G. Simulating Retention of Rare Alleles in Small Populations to Assess Management Options for Species with Different Life Histories [J]. Conservation Biology, 2013.
Whitehouse A M, Harley E H. Post-bottleneck genetic diversity of elephant populations in South Africa, revealed using microsatellite analysis [J]. Molecular ecology,2001,10(9):2139-2149.
Willi Y, Van Buskirk J, Schmid B, Fischer M. Genetic isolation of fragmented populations is exacerbated by drift and selection [J]. Journal of Evolutionary Biology,2007,20(2):534-542.
Williams B K, Nichols J D, Conroy M J (2002). Analysis and management of animal populations: modeling, estimation, and decision making, Academic Press.
Williams S E, Hoffman E A. Minimizing genetic adaptation in captive breeding programs:a review [J]. Biological conservation,2009,142(11):2388-2400.
Witzenberger K A, Hochkirch A. Ex situ conservation genetics:a review of molecular studies on the genetic consequences of captive breeding programmes for endangered animal species [J]. Biodiversity and Conservation,2011,20(9):1843-1861.
Wright S. Coefficients of inbreeding and relationship [J]. Am. Nat,1922,56:330-338.
Xu S, Luosang J, Hua S, He J, Ciren A, Wang W, Tong X, Liang Y, Wang J, Zheng X. High altitude adaptation and phylogenetic analysis of Tibetan horse based on the mitochondrial genome [J]. Journal of Genetics and Genomics,2007,34(8):720-729.
Yang F, Fu B, O'Brien P C M, Robinson T J, Ryder O A, Ferguson-Smith M A. Karyotypic relationships of horses and zebras:results of cross-species chromosome painting [J]. Cytogenet Genome Res,2003, 102(1-4):235-243.
Yang Y H, Kim K. I, Cothran E G, Flannery A R. Genetic Diversity of Cheju Horses (Equus caballus) Determined by Using Mitochondrial DNA D-loop Polymorphism [J]. Biochemical Genetics,2002, 40(5):175-186.
Yeh F, Yang R, Boyle T, Ye Z, Mao J. POPGEN Ver.1.32. The user-friendly software for population genetic analysis [J]. Molecular Biology and Bio-technology Center, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada,1997.
Zeng Y, Jiang Z, Li C. Genetic variability in relocated Pere David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus) populations-Implications to reintroduction program [J]. Conservation Genetics,2007,8(5): 1051-1059.
Zhang D X, Hewitt G M. Nuclear DNA analyses in genetic studies of populations:practice, problems and prospects [J]. Molecular ecology,2003,12(3):563-584.
Zimmermann W. Feasibility study, site selection and development of a reintroduction project of the Przewalski's horse(Equus ferus przewalskii) in the Dzuungari Gobi in Mongolia in:GERKEN, B.& M [J]. Europaische Landschaftsentwicklung mit Grossen Weidetieren-Geschichte, Modelle und Perspektiven. Natur-und Kulturlandschaft, Hoxter/Jena,1999,3:322-331.