风力机叶片流固耦合数值模拟
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摘要
为了从风中汲取更多的风能,风力机大型化是必然趋势。随着风力机尺寸的增加,风轮叶片将越来越细长,更具柔性。风力机经常运行于随机变动的自然大气环境中,变化的载荷与柔性结构耦合作用,使风轮叶片变形和结构振动不可避免,并且可能使叶片振动过大,或振动失稳,甚至导致疲劳破坏。此外,为了降低风力发电成本,许多新型叶片设计方法被提出,其研究都必须建立在叶片气动弹性特性的研究基础上,需要考虑气动力、弹性力以及惯性力的耦合作用,因此,建立准确、可靠的风力机叶片流固耦合分析方法,研究叶片气动载荷与结构变形之间的相互作用,对叶片的设计和性能分析非常必要,具有重要的工程实用意义。
流体域中翼型及风力机叶片的定常和非定常气动特性是流固耦合特性研究的基础。首先着眼于截面翼型的迎角变化,分析全方位迎角变化对翼型气动特性的影响,以及叶片外型的改变对截面迎角以及叶片气动特性的影响。翼型的振荡运动引起当地迎角不断变化,而且复杂的运动可以看做是简单运动的叠加,因此研究了不同形式的振荡翼型的非定常气动特性,为三维叶片流固耦合特性研究奠定基础。
对于流固耦合数值方法,弱耦合方式以其可将流体和结构计算分别看成独立模块、耦合界面的网格不需要完全一致、可以直接利用现有成熟的商业流体软件和结构软件等特点,被广泛应用于流固耦合特性的研究中。因此,本文采用弱耦合方式,连接商用CFD与CSD软件,建立流固耦合数值模拟方法,以标准算例AGARD445.6机翼为例,通过机翼颤振边界的计算确认了流固耦合方法。在此基础上,以三叶片2.5MW上风向风力机DF90为研究对象,研究了不同风速下叶片的流固耦合特性,分析了叶片变形与载荷及分布的相互影响机理,结果显示：流固耦合计算的各项性能参数均呈周期性震荡,震荡幅值随时间快速减小,收敛到稳定值；当来流低于额定风速时,考虑流固耦合对功率值的影响较小,超过额定风速后,流固耦合计算的功率值有明显的降低。轴向推力与其保持相同的变化规律。流固耦合作用改变当地扭角,影响截面压力分布,从而影响整个叶片的载荷分布；叶片在挥舞、摆振和展向三个方向的变形均呈现出一阶振动形态,从叶根到叶尖逐渐增大,其中,挥舞变形最为显著。高风速下挥舞变形减小,而摆振方向变形随风速增大而增大,扭转变形在高风速明显增大。应力主要集中在中叶展附近,沿弦向应力主要集中在最大厚度位置附近。最大应力值出现在额定风速下。
进一步研究了不同轮毂风速下风切变对风轮气动弹性特性的影响规律。对比分析了风速、风切变以及切变和叶片变形的叠加效应对风轮流固耦合特性的影响机理,结果显示：切变来流的影响：切变使来流风速均值减小,是导致载荷降低的原因之一；整个风轮的气弹载荷仍然显示出3p波动；单个叶片载荷和流动参数随方位角呈近似余弦函数型式的周期性波动,在整个风轮旋转平面内呈上下不对称式分布；耦合的影响：风轮载荷和叶片变形呈周期性震荡,但耦合作用对风轮整体载荷及其振幅影响较小；耦合作用使内叶展扭角减小,载荷增加；外叶展扭角增大,载荷减小,从而减小了轴向载荷极值；风轮旋转平面内,叶片载荷极值方位角与风速极值方位角不对应：在内叶展,滞后于风速极值方位角；在外叶展,气动计算值逐渐超前,而气弹计算值更加滞后；风速的影响：与均匀来流条件下流固耦合的影响保持相同的规律,当来流速度超过额定风速后,考虑流固耦合作用的功率值有明显的降低。这是由于高风速对应叶片桨距角比较大,使叶尖截面迎角降至负攻角,压力系数分布曲线出现交叉,形成使截面翼型低头的力矩,而扭转变形又加剧了攻角的降低,从而使载荷在外叶展区域出现了明显的下降。
In order to absorb more wind energy, wind turbines become larger and larger, the blades become slender and more flexible. Wind turbines often operate in the stochastically changed natural atmosphere, which would lead to load fluctuations on the rotor blades. Consequently, coupling effects of variable loads on the flexible structure will easily induce unavoidable deformation and vibration of the rotor structure. In addition, for low cost of wind power, new type wind turbine blades were developed base on the study methods of aeroelastic characteristics, which need to consider the coupled effects of the aerodynamic, elastic and inertia force together. Therefore, it is very necessary to establish accurate and reliable methods to analyze fluid-structure coupling effects of wind turbine rotors, and to better reveal the interaction between aerodynamic loads and the structural deformations, for the blades design and Analyze, which has important practical meaning in project.
In fluid domain, steady and unsteady aerodynamic characteristics is the foundation of the fluid-structure coupling characteristics of airfoils and wind turbine blades. Firstly, with a view of the attack angle of section airfoil, the analyse of the influences of the attack angle variation in0～360°range of2D airfoils, and by the blade profile modification were carried out. Oscillating movements of the airfoils could also cause the local attack angle variation. Moreover, complex motion can be regarded as the superposition of simple movements, therefor, the study of the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of oscillating airfoil in particular forms is the basis of the fluid-structure coupling characteristics of wind turbine blades.
In loosely coupled approach, the fluid and structure equations are solved separately using different solvers and the information exchanged at the interface or the boundary. This approach gives us the flexibility of choosing different commercial codes for each of the modules. Therefore, we employ MpCCI code as a loosely coupled data exchanging platform, which coupling commercial CFD and CSD codes. On the basis of the verification of the coupling approach through the standard example of AGARD445.6flutter boundary simulation, a full3D fluid-structure coupled simulation of a megawatt wind rotor in different wind speed condition is performed, and the results reveal that:The performance parameters of the fluid-structure coupling simulation show periodic oscillation, and the oscillation amplitudes decrease rapidly and converge to a stable value. When the inflow speed is lower than the rated wind speed, fluid-structure interaction has little effects on the blade power. If the inflow exceeds the rated wind speed, the fluid-structure coupling power value decreases significantly. The thrusts are the same. Fluid structure interactions effect the local attack angle, the pressure distribution of the section airfoils and the loads distribution along the whole blades. The displacements in the flapwise, edgewise and spanwise direction show the first order shape, that large at root and small at tip. In the case of high wind speed, flapwise deformation decreases while edgewise grow larger. Stress focus at the middle section along blade span, and maximum thickness position chordwise. Maximum stress presents at the rated wind speed.
Furthermore, fluid structure coupling characteristics of wind rotor in shear inflow condition is studied. Comparison of the variable wind speed, the shear inflow effects, and the interaction of the blades deformation and the shear inflow effects show that:Due to wind shear inflow, the aeroelastic loads keep the same characteristics to aerodynamic loads as the decrease in value due to the average wind speed decrease, and the3p pulsation in loads in a rotating circle, flow parameters of one blade present as a cosine curve in a rotating circle. the up-down asymmetric characteristic appears in the rotating plane because of the wind shear inflow. For the coupling effects, the performance parameters show periodic oscillations, fluid structure coupling has little effect on the periodic oscillations and their amplitude. Blade torsion decreases at inner span, while loads increase, and the outer part of the blades is on the contrary. The tangential and normal force extreme values are not corresponding to the wind speed extreme values, and the spanwise distributions are quite different between the aeroelastic and aerodynamic loads mainly due to the torsion of the blades.
流体域中翼型及风力机叶片的定常和非定常气动特性是流固耦合特性研究的基础。首先着眼于截面翼型的迎角变化,分析全方位迎角变化对翼型气动特性的影响,以及叶片外型的改变对截面迎角以及叶片气动特性的影响。翼型的振荡运动引起当地迎角不断变化,而且复杂的运动可以看做是简单运动的叠加,因此研究了不同形式的振荡翼型的非定常气动特性,为三维叶片流固耦合特性研究奠定基础。
对于流固耦合数值方法,弱耦合方式以其可将流体和结构计算分别看成独立模块、耦合界面的网格不需要完全一致、可以直接利用现有成熟的商业流体软件和结构软件等特点,被广泛应用于流固耦合特性的研究中。因此,本文采用弱耦合方式,连接商用CFD与CSD软件,建立流固耦合数值模拟方法,以标准算例AGARD445.6机翼为例,通过机翼颤振边界的计算确认了流固耦合方法。在此基础上,以三叶片2.5MW上风向风力机DF90为研究对象,研究了不同风速下叶片的流固耦合特性,分析了叶片变形与载荷及分布的相互影响机理,结果显示：流固耦合计算的各项性能参数均呈周期性震荡,震荡幅值随时间快速减小,收敛到稳定值；当来流低于额定风速时,考虑流固耦合对功率值的影响较小,超过额定风速后,流固耦合计算的功率值有明显的降低。轴向推力与其保持相同的变化规律。流固耦合作用改变当地扭角,影响截面压力分布,从而影响整个叶片的载荷分布；叶片在挥舞、摆振和展向三个方向的变形均呈现出一阶振动形态,从叶根到叶尖逐渐增大,其中,挥舞变形最为显著。高风速下挥舞变形减小,而摆振方向变形随风速增大而增大,扭转变形在高风速明显增大。应力主要集中在中叶展附近,沿弦向应力主要集中在最大厚度位置附近。最大应力值出现在额定风速下。
进一步研究了不同轮毂风速下风切变对风轮气动弹性特性的影响规律。对比分析了风速、风切变以及切变和叶片变形的叠加效应对风轮流固耦合特性的影响机理,结果显示：切变来流的影响：切变使来流风速均值减小,是导致载荷降低的原因之一；整个风轮的气弹载荷仍然显示出3p波动；单个叶片载荷和流动参数随方位角呈近似余弦函数型式的周期性波动,在整个风轮旋转平面内呈上下不对称式分布；耦合的影响：风轮载荷和叶片变形呈周期性震荡,但耦合作用对风轮整体载荷及其振幅影响较小；耦合作用使内叶展扭角减小,载荷增加；外叶展扭角增大,载荷减小,从而减小了轴向载荷极值；风轮旋转平面内,叶片载荷极值方位角与风速极值方位角不对应：在内叶展,滞后于风速极值方位角；在外叶展,气动计算值逐渐超前,而气弹计算值更加滞后；风速的影响：与均匀来流条件下流固耦合的影响保持相同的规律,当来流速度超过额定风速后,考虑流固耦合作用的功率值有明显的降低。这是由于高风速对应叶片桨距角比较大,使叶尖截面迎角降至负攻角,压力系数分布曲线出现交叉,形成使截面翼型低头的力矩,而扭转变形又加剧了攻角的降低,从而使载荷在外叶展区域出现了明显的下降。
In order to absorb more wind energy, wind turbines become larger and larger, the blades become slender and more flexible. Wind turbines often operate in the stochastically changed natural atmosphere, which would lead to load fluctuations on the rotor blades. Consequently, coupling effects of variable loads on the flexible structure will easily induce unavoidable deformation and vibration of the rotor structure. In addition, for low cost of wind power, new type wind turbine blades were developed base on the study methods of aeroelastic characteristics, which need to consider the coupled effects of the aerodynamic, elastic and inertia force together. Therefore, it is very necessary to establish accurate and reliable methods to analyze fluid-structure coupling effects of wind turbine rotors, and to better reveal the interaction between aerodynamic loads and the structural deformations, for the blades design and Analyze, which has important practical meaning in project.
In fluid domain, steady and unsteady aerodynamic characteristics is the foundation of the fluid-structure coupling characteristics of airfoils and wind turbine blades. Firstly, with a view of the attack angle of section airfoil, the analyse of the influences of the attack angle variation in0～360°range of2D airfoils, and by the blade profile modification were carried out. Oscillating movements of the airfoils could also cause the local attack angle variation. Moreover, complex motion can be regarded as the superposition of simple movements, therefor, the study of the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of oscillating airfoil in particular forms is the basis of the fluid-structure coupling characteristics of wind turbine blades.
In loosely coupled approach, the fluid and structure equations are solved separately using different solvers and the information exchanged at the interface or the boundary. This approach gives us the flexibility of choosing different commercial codes for each of the modules. Therefore, we employ MpCCI code as a loosely coupled data exchanging platform, which coupling commercial CFD and CSD codes. On the basis of the verification of the coupling approach through the standard example of AGARD445.6flutter boundary simulation, a full3D fluid-structure coupled simulation of a megawatt wind rotor in different wind speed condition is performed, and the results reveal that:The performance parameters of the fluid-structure coupling simulation show periodic oscillation, and the oscillation amplitudes decrease rapidly and converge to a stable value. When the inflow speed is lower than the rated wind speed, fluid-structure interaction has little effects on the blade power. If the inflow exceeds the rated wind speed, the fluid-structure coupling power value decreases significantly. The thrusts are the same. Fluid structure interactions effect the local attack angle, the pressure distribution of the section airfoils and the loads distribution along the whole blades. The displacements in the flapwise, edgewise and spanwise direction show the first order shape, that large at root and small at tip. In the case of high wind speed, flapwise deformation decreases while edgewise grow larger. Stress focus at the middle section along blade span, and maximum thickness position chordwise. Maximum stress presents at the rated wind speed.
Furthermore, fluid structure coupling characteristics of wind rotor in shear inflow condition is studied. Comparison of the variable wind speed, the shear inflow effects, and the interaction of the blades deformation and the shear inflow effects show that:Due to wind shear inflow, the aeroelastic loads keep the same characteristics to aerodynamic loads as the decrease in value due to the average wind speed decrease, and the3p pulsation in loads in a rotating circle, flow parameters of one blade present as a cosine curve in a rotating circle. the up-down asymmetric characteristic appears in the rotating plane because of the wind shear inflow. For the coupling effects, the performance parameters show periodic oscillations, fluid structure coupling has little effect on the periodic oscillations and their amplitude. Blade torsion decreases at inner span, while loads increase, and the outer part of the blades is on the contrary. The tangential and normal force extreme values are not corresponding to the wind speed extreme values, and the spanwise distributions are quite different between the aeroelastic and aerodynamic loads mainly due to the torsion of the blades.
引文
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