生物质在流化床中热解过程的动力学数值模拟
摘要
生物质热化学转化提供了一种经济有效的方法将生物质转化为常规气体、液体和固体燃料以替代化石燃料,缓解能源危机和温室气体污染问题。本文旨在建立生物质热解气化和热解液化过程的三维动力学模型,模拟并分析生物质热解转化过程不同操作条件对产物产率和分布的影响,为优化反应器设计和操作提供指导。近年来数值计算方法的进步和计算机计算性能的提高使计算流体动力学(CFD)数值模拟仿真应用到生物质热化学转化过程成为现实。通过CFD模拟生物质热化学转化在不同操作条件下的动力学过程,可以使发生在反应器内的动态过程实现可视化,有助于更好的理解和研究热化学转化过程的物理和化学现象。本文分别建立了不同生物质在流化床中空气气化制氢、水蒸汽气化制氢和快速热解制生物质油的过程的CFD模型,模型全面考虑了转化过程湍流、辐射传热、传质和化学反应的影响,研究分析了不同操作条件产物产率和分布,检验了模型的灵敏性和有效性。
本文通过建立废水污泥在流化床中热解气化过程的三维动力学模型,模拟并详细分析了污泥气化的动力学过程,根据温度场和产物浓度场分布信息分析,将反应器分为热解区、氧化区、气化区和干舷区,并通过分析不同操作温度和空气当量比ER对产物产率和分布以及温度场分布的影响,得出污泥气化为了得到更多的CO和H_2时适宜温度操作范围是1073～1273K,适宜ER取值范围是0.15～0.4,与文献总结的实验结果是一致的,证明了模型的灵敏度很高,有效性也很好。同时,通过考察合成气(H_2+CO)含量和H_2/CO摩尔比,分析了根据应用目的来提高合成气质量的可行条件。
通过构建生物质在流化床中气化动力学过程三维模型,模拟了松树屑在流化床中水蒸汽气化制氢气和稻壳在流化床中空气气化制氢气的过程,分析了气化剂的量和操作温度对氢气含量和分布的影响,并分析了实验操作设计的改进方法。
通过构建生物质在流化床中热解液化的三维动力学模型,再现了稻壳热解生物质油的过程。由于生物质热解生物质油机理复杂,缺乏足够精确的化学反应动力学实验数据,降低了模型的普适性,精确的动力学数据,对于模型完善和预测结果的准确性有决定性意义。
研究结果表明,计算流体动力学模型对于分析生物质热化学转化过程是一个有效的工具,包括分析实验操作条件选择、动力学过程可视化以及预测产物产率和分布方面,计算流体力学模型都显示出强大的功能。
Thermochemical conversion of biomass offers an efficient and economically process to provide gaseous, liquid and solid fuels and prepare chemicals derived from biomass. The main objective of this study is to develop comprehensive three-dimensional dynamic models capable of describing the biomass gasification or fast pyrolysis process in a fluidized bed and predicting the product and temperature distribution in the reactor. The model results can help to optimize the design and operation of thermochemical reactors. Recent progression in numerical techniques and computing efficacy has advanced Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) as a widely used approach to provide efficient design solutions in biomass thermochemical process. The model results help to show the dynamics process visible and give more insight within the reactor under different operating conditions, which is a benefit to better understanding of the chemical and physical process. In this study, the CFD models on biomass gasification or steam gasification for hydrogen and fast pyrolysis for bio-oil, are developed. Mathematical equations governing the fluid flow, heat and mass transfer and chemical reactions in thermochemical systems are considered and sub-models for turbulence, radiation and other individual processes are included. The product and temperature distributions are studied. The model results are proved to be sensitive and valid.
A three-dimensional CFD model of a fluidized bed for sewage sludge gasification is developed. According to the analysis of temperature and product distribution of simulations, the gasifier can be divided into four zones approximately, which are pyrolysis, oxidation, gasification and freeboard zone, respectively. The effects of temperature and Equivalent Ratio (ER) on product and temperature distributions show that the suitable temperatures are 1073-1273K and the suitable ER is 0.15-0.4 for higher content of CO and H_2. The predicted results are in good agreement with the experiment data, which proves the model is sensitive and valid. Simultaneity, with respect to the analysis of simulation data, the model provides possible conditions to get higher quality syngas with more H_2+CO and/or higher H_2/CO ratio according to the application intention.
The three-dimensional CFD models for steam gasification of pine waste and air gasification of rice husk in fluidized beds are developed, respectively. The effects of the gasification agency amount and operating temperature on hydrogen content and distribution are studied. The optimization of the reactor design is analyzed.
A three-dimensional CFD model of biomass fast pyrolysis for bio-oil in a fluidized bed is developed. The simulations give insight to the producing process of bio-oil. The mechanisms of biomass fast pyrolysis for bio-oil are very complex. The kinetics data of the process are difficult to determine. The accurate kinetics data is needed to optimize the model in the future.
The studies show that CFD is a powerful tool for biomass thermochemical process applications including operating conditions analysis, dynamics process visible and product prediction.
本文通过建立废水污泥在流化床中热解气化过程的三维动力学模型,模拟并详细分析了污泥气化的动力学过程,根据温度场和产物浓度场分布信息分析,将反应器分为热解区、氧化区、气化区和干舷区,并通过分析不同操作温度和空气当量比ER对产物产率和分布以及温度场分布的影响,得出污泥气化为了得到更多的CO和H_2时适宜温度操作范围是1073～1273K,适宜ER取值范围是0.15～0.4,与文献总结的实验结果是一致的,证明了模型的灵敏度很高,有效性也很好。同时,通过考察合成气(H_2+CO)含量和H_2/CO摩尔比,分析了根据应用目的来提高合成气质量的可行条件。
通过构建生物质在流化床中气化动力学过程三维模型,模拟了松树屑在流化床中水蒸汽气化制氢气和稻壳在流化床中空气气化制氢气的过程,分析了气化剂的量和操作温度对氢气含量和分布的影响,并分析了实验操作设计的改进方法。
通过构建生物质在流化床中热解液化的三维动力学模型,再现了稻壳热解生物质油的过程。由于生物质热解生物质油机理复杂,缺乏足够精确的化学反应动力学实验数据,降低了模型的普适性,精确的动力学数据,对于模型完善和预测结果的准确性有决定性意义。
研究结果表明,计算流体动力学模型对于分析生物质热化学转化过程是一个有效的工具,包括分析实验操作条件选择、动力学过程可视化以及预测产物产率和分布方面,计算流体力学模型都显示出强大的功能。
Thermochemical conversion of biomass offers an efficient and economically process to provide gaseous, liquid and solid fuels and prepare chemicals derived from biomass. The main objective of this study is to develop comprehensive three-dimensional dynamic models capable of describing the biomass gasification or fast pyrolysis process in a fluidized bed and predicting the product and temperature distribution in the reactor. The model results can help to optimize the design and operation of thermochemical reactors. Recent progression in numerical techniques and computing efficacy has advanced Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) as a widely used approach to provide efficient design solutions in biomass thermochemical process. The model results help to show the dynamics process visible and give more insight within the reactor under different operating conditions, which is a benefit to better understanding of the chemical and physical process. In this study, the CFD models on biomass gasification or steam gasification for hydrogen and fast pyrolysis for bio-oil, are developed. Mathematical equations governing the fluid flow, heat and mass transfer and chemical reactions in thermochemical systems are considered and sub-models for turbulence, radiation and other individual processes are included. The product and temperature distributions are studied. The model results are proved to be sensitive and valid.
A three-dimensional CFD model of a fluidized bed for sewage sludge gasification is developed. According to the analysis of temperature and product distribution of simulations, the gasifier can be divided into four zones approximately, which are pyrolysis, oxidation, gasification and freeboard zone, respectively. The effects of temperature and Equivalent Ratio (ER) on product and temperature distributions show that the suitable temperatures are 1073-1273K and the suitable ER is 0.15-0.4 for higher content of CO and H_2. The predicted results are in good agreement with the experiment data, which proves the model is sensitive and valid. Simultaneity, with respect to the analysis of simulation data, the model provides possible conditions to get higher quality syngas with more H_2+CO and/or higher H_2/CO ratio according to the application intention.
The three-dimensional CFD models for steam gasification of pine waste and air gasification of rice husk in fluidized beds are developed, respectively. The effects of the gasification agency amount and operating temperature on hydrogen content and distribution are studied. The optimization of the reactor design is analyzed.
A three-dimensional CFD model of biomass fast pyrolysis for bio-oil in a fluidized bed is developed. The simulations give insight to the producing process of bio-oil. The mechanisms of biomass fast pyrolysis for bio-oil are very complex. The kinetics data of the process are difficult to determine. The accurate kinetics data is needed to optimize the model in the future.
The studies show that CFD is a powerful tool for biomass thermochemical process applications including operating conditions analysis, dynamics process visible and product prediction.
引文
1.陆强;朱锡锋;李全新:郭庆祥:朱清时,生物质快速热解制备液体燃料,《化学进展》2007年Z2期。
2.http://cdm.ccchina.gov.cn/WebSite/CDM/UpFile/2008/20081216247639.pdf
3.http://www.cresp.org.cn/uploadfiles/89/611/biomass_power_generation_biom ass_power_generation_en.pdf
4.http://www.newenergy.org.cn/Html/0048/2004811_847.html
5.ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/coal-steel-rtd/docs/coal_steel_synopsis_2007_d ef_en.pdf
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2.http://cdm.ccchina.gov.cn/WebSite/CDM/UpFile/2008/20081216247639.pdf
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1.Blasi,C.D.,Modeling chemical and physical processes of wood and biomass pyrolysis.Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 2008,34,47-90.
2.Eaton,A.M.;Smoot,L.D.;Hill,S.C.;Eatough,C.N.,Components,formulations,solutions,evaluation,and application of comprehensive combustion models.Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 1999,25,387-436.
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4.Norton,T.;Sun,D.W.;Grant,J.;Fallon,R.;Dodd,V.,Applications of computational fluid dynamics(CFD)in the modelling and design of ventilation systems in the agricultural industry:A review.Bioresource Technology 2007,98,(12),2386-2414.
5.Moghtaderi,B.,The state-of-the-art in pyrolysis modelling of lignocellulosic solid fuels.Fire and Materials 2006,30,(1),1-34.
6.Wurzenberger,J.C.;Wallner,S.;Raupenstrauch,H.;Khinast,J.G.,Thermal conversion of biomass:Comprehensive reactor and particle modeling.Aiche Journal 2002,48,(10),2398-2411.
7.Babu,B.V.;Chaurasia,A.S.,Pyrolysis of biomass:improved models for simultaneous kinetics and transport of heat,mass and momentum.Energy Conversion and Management 2004,45,(9-10),1297-1327.
8.Corella,J.;Sanz,A.,Modeling circulating fluidized bed biomass gasifiers.A pseudo-rigorous model for stationary state.Fuel Processing Technology 2005,86,(9),1021-1053.
9.Sheng,C.D.;Azevedo,J.L.T.,Modeling biomass devolatilization using the chemical percolation devolatilization model for the main components.Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 2003,29,407-414.
10.Pallare's,J.;Arauzo,I.;Williams,A.,Integration of CFD codes and advanced combustion models for quantitative burnout determination.Fuel 2007,86,2283-2290.
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