斜拉索系统的耐久性探索研究
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摘要
近几十年来,斜拉桥因其在经济、结构及建筑造型等诸多方面的独特优点成为大跨度桥梁中的主流桥型。但是,许多的斜拉桥在竣工后几年或十几年就要换索,这不仅直接耗用大量的换索费用,而且必须要实行交通管制,减少交通量甚至封闭交通,这对运营中的大型桥梁来说,严重影响其服务水平,会造成很大的经济损失,严重的会对社会产生恶劣影响。所以,斜拉索耐久性不足问题必须引起足够的重视。以某斜拉桥为例,对桥梁斜拉索结构及其耐久性进行了全面的探索研究。主要内容有：
调研了近几十年来国内外斜拉桥运营中拉索的病害情况,针对斜拉索的失效问题,结合斜拉索的生产制作,提出开展斜拉桥耐久性分析是非常重要的。
分析了斜拉索防护系统的防护水平和斜拉索损伤的主要原因,探讨了斜拉索腐蚀机理,结合我国大气腐蚀区域的划分,研究了斜拉索的防护方法及措施。从引起斜拉索疲劳的非线性振动形式入手,提出了斜拉索疲劳损伤的机理与特性。针对斜拉索的振动和疲劳,研究了斜拉索的减振措施,选择了合适的减振装置。
依托沿海某斜拉桥利用桥梁通用软件建立了计算模型,进行静动力分析,重点研究了该桥斜拉索的抗疲劳性能和参数振动,找到耐久性不良的斜拉索。对斜拉索选取合适的损伤变量,研究不同位置、不同程度拉索损伤下的主梁线形和索力变化。了解不同斜拉索破坏对全桥结构的不同影响,利于对关键斜拉索进行防护和监控。
对于斜拉索换索频繁的问题,研究了FRP、CFRP等复合材料的特性和优点,提出新型材料用以替换目前的钢筋材料,更是可能从根本上解决斜拉索系统耐久性的问题,延长桥梁寿命。
ABSTRACT:In recent decades, the cable-stayed bridge, with many particular advantages such as economic, reasonable structure style and attractive appearance, has become a dominant bridge style among long span bridges. However, many cables of cable-stayed bridges should be replaced in several years after construction. It not only costs much fee to replace the cables, but also results in the traffic control to reduce traffic jam or even traffic block during the replacement work. These serious results may influence the service level of bridge, cause big economic loss, and even produce a bad influence in society in the operation process of bridge structure, so more attention should be paid on the durability of cable. Taking the Quanzhou Bay Bridge as an analysis example in this thesis, broad exploration and research on the durability of cable-stayed bridge are taken. The main contents include:
Firstly, the development history of concrete cable-stayed bridge in the last decades is reviewed. Then, to solve the problem of cable failure, the manufacture course of cable is researched, and the significance to analyze the durability of cable-stayed bridge is addressed.
Secondly, the level of prevention system for cable and main reasons result in cable damage are analyzed, and the corrosion mechanism of cable is introduced. Combining with the area division of atmospheric corrosion in China, protection methods for cable and some current problems are researched. By the analysis of nonlinear vibration form which may induce the cable fatigue, the damage mechanism and characteristic of cable are proposed. To solve the problems of vibration and fatigue of cable, the research on measurements to reduce the vibration is taken, and the suitable device is selected.
Then, relying on a cable-stayed bridge constructed in coast area, finite element model of the bridge is established, and static and dynamic calculation are taken respectively. To this bridge, main research is focused on the anti-fatigue properties of cables, parametric vibrations and finding out the cables with bad durability. In addition, change regulations of girder alignments and cable tensions are researched when cables damage in different locations at different levels. Obtaining the influence of the damages of different cables to whole structure is benefit to protect and monitor the key cables of bridge.
Finally, to solve the problem of frequent replacement of cable, the characteristic and advantages of FRP, CFRP and other multiple materials are researched. Searching for new material to replace current steel is the best solution to enhance the durability of cable and extend the structural life.
调研了近几十年来国内外斜拉桥运营中拉索的病害情况,针对斜拉索的失效问题,结合斜拉索的生产制作,提出开展斜拉桥耐久性分析是非常重要的。
分析了斜拉索防护系统的防护水平和斜拉索损伤的主要原因,探讨了斜拉索腐蚀机理,结合我国大气腐蚀区域的划分,研究了斜拉索的防护方法及措施。从引起斜拉索疲劳的非线性振动形式入手,提出了斜拉索疲劳损伤的机理与特性。针对斜拉索的振动和疲劳,研究了斜拉索的减振措施,选择了合适的减振装置。
依托沿海某斜拉桥利用桥梁通用软件建立了计算模型,进行静动力分析,重点研究了该桥斜拉索的抗疲劳性能和参数振动,找到耐久性不良的斜拉索。对斜拉索选取合适的损伤变量,研究不同位置、不同程度拉索损伤下的主梁线形和索力变化。了解不同斜拉索破坏对全桥结构的不同影响,利于对关键斜拉索进行防护和监控。
对于斜拉索换索频繁的问题,研究了FRP、CFRP等复合材料的特性和优点,提出新型材料用以替换目前的钢筋材料,更是可能从根本上解决斜拉索系统耐久性的问题,延长桥梁寿命。
ABSTRACT:In recent decades, the cable-stayed bridge, with many particular advantages such as economic, reasonable structure style and attractive appearance, has become a dominant bridge style among long span bridges. However, many cables of cable-stayed bridges should be replaced in several years after construction. It not only costs much fee to replace the cables, but also results in the traffic control to reduce traffic jam or even traffic block during the replacement work. These serious results may influence the service level of bridge, cause big economic loss, and even produce a bad influence in society in the operation process of bridge structure, so more attention should be paid on the durability of cable. Taking the Quanzhou Bay Bridge as an analysis example in this thesis, broad exploration and research on the durability of cable-stayed bridge are taken. The main contents include:
Firstly, the development history of concrete cable-stayed bridge in the last decades is reviewed. Then, to solve the problem of cable failure, the manufacture course of cable is researched, and the significance to analyze the durability of cable-stayed bridge is addressed.
Secondly, the level of prevention system for cable and main reasons result in cable damage are analyzed, and the corrosion mechanism of cable is introduced. Combining with the area division of atmospheric corrosion in China, protection methods for cable and some current problems are researched. By the analysis of nonlinear vibration form which may induce the cable fatigue, the damage mechanism and characteristic of cable are proposed. To solve the problems of vibration and fatigue of cable, the research on measurements to reduce the vibration is taken, and the suitable device is selected.
Then, relying on a cable-stayed bridge constructed in coast area, finite element model of the bridge is established, and static and dynamic calculation are taken respectively. To this bridge, main research is focused on the anti-fatigue properties of cables, parametric vibrations and finding out the cables with bad durability. In addition, change regulations of girder alignments and cable tensions are researched when cables damage in different locations at different levels. Obtaining the influence of the damages of different cables to whole structure is benefit to protect and monitor the key cables of bridge.
Finally, to solve the problem of frequent replacement of cable, the characteristic and advantages of FRP, CFRP and other multiple materials are researched. Searching for new material to replace current steel is the best solution to enhance the durability of cable and extend the structural life.
引文
[1]林元培.斜拉桥.北京：人民交通出版社.1994
[2]蔡国宏译.斜拉桥的发展经验和展望.国外公路.1997(4)
[3]周胜利.长大斜拉桥的结构特性和抗风稳定性.国外桥梁.1982(3)
[4]邹小燕李闯黎世彬.斜拉桥换索工程的思考[C].2005年全国公路科技青年论坛论文集2005.11
[5]王力力易伟建.斜拉索的腐蚀案例与分析[J].中南公路工程.2007(1)
[6]Tang,M.C. Cable-stayed bridges in North America. Cable-stayed Bridge. Elsevier Science Publisher.1991
[7]Virlogeux,M. Normandie Bridge design and construction. International Symposium on Cable-Stayed Bridges. Shanghai.1994
[8]严国敏劳远昌.现代斜拉桥.成都：西南交通大学出版社.1996
[9]陈务军关富玲.我国斜拉桥的发展.华东公路.1996.101(4)
[10]王伯惠.斜拉桥结构发展和中国经验.北京：人民交通出版社.2003.9
[11]叶觉明钟建驰.大桥斜拉索腐蚀防护技术的应用和探讨.腐蚀和防护.2003(5)
[12]F.Leonhardt. Past Present and future of cable-stayed bridges. Proceedings of the Seminar of Cable-Stayed Bridges Recent Developments and Their Future. Japan: Yokohama.1991
[13]雷俊卿.大跨度桥梁结构理论与应用.北京：清华大学出版社.2007
[14]张菊辉胡世德.桥梁地震易损性分析的研究现状[J].结构工程师,2005.21(5)
[15]Tang MC. The 40-year evolution of cable-stayed bridges.1994年斜拉桥国际学术讨论会论文集.上海千鹤宾馆.1994
[16]王伯惠.斜拉桥结构发展和中国经验.北京：人民交通出版社.2004
[17]楼庄鸿.多跨斜拉桥.公路交通科技.2002.19(2)
[18]王伯惠.斜拉桥结构发展和中国经验.北京：人民交通出版社.2003
[19]范立础.再论世界斜拉桥的新进展.重庆交通学院学报.1988.7(3)
[20]陈金华.四方台斜拉桥结构耐久性预测性分析[D].哈尔滨工业大学.2005
[21]叶觉明.热挤HDPE护套在桥梁缆索防护中的应用.工程塑料应用.2005(3)
[22]周孟波.斜拉桥手册[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2004.
[23]任必年.公路钢桥腐蚀与防护[M].北京：人民交通出版社.2002.
[24]邹小燕.斜拉桥拉索制作技术及其耐久性探索[C].交通青年专家论坛论文集.2004.9
[25]叶觉明钟建驰.吊索结构件的防腐蚀保护技术.材料保护.2002(9)
[26]叶觉明钟建驰.大桥斜拉索防腐蚀技术.腐蚀与防护.2003(3)
[27]黄勇.斜拉索下锚头防腐研究.1999年公路桥梁学术研讨会论文集.北京：人民交通出版社.2000
[28]项海帆.现代桥梁抗风理论与实践.北京：人民交通出版社.2005
[29]李国豪.桥梁稳定与振动.北京：中国铁道出版社.1997
[30]P Kumar Mehta, Richard W Burrows. Building Durable Structures in the 21st Century[J]. Concrete International.2001.23(3)
[31]V Malhotra. Making Concrete Greener with Fly Ash[J]. Concrete International. 1999(5)
[32]Yonghong Xie. Study on Durability of Fly Ash Concrete. Concrete and Cement. 1996(2)
[33]Krauss, J Vorio. Reducing the Environment Impact of Concrete. Concrete.2001(2)
[34]汪至刚孙炳楠.斜拉桥参数振动引起的拉索大幅振动[J].工程力学.2001(1)
[35]任淑淡.斜拉桥拉索参数振动研究.同济大学博士学位论文.2007
[36]谭长建.斜拉索参数振动及斜拉桥有限元分析.西南交通大学硕士学位论文.2006
[37]何晓鸣.斜拉索减振措施探讨.世界桥梁.2003(2)
[38]向雅娟.斜拉桥大直径斜拉索的疲劳强度[J].国外桥梁.1994(1)
[39]杨美良李波黄立浦.部分斜拉桥拉索疲劳可靠度分析[J].长沙交通学院学报.2007.3(1)
[40]刘洪天熊峻江高镇同.疲劳线性累积损伤理论的a值实验验证[J].力学与实践.2002.24(4)
[41]姚卫星杨晓华.疲劳裂纹随机扩展模型进展[J].力学与实践.1995.17(3).
[42]方同薛璞.振动理论及应用.西安：西北工业大学出版社.1998
[43]黄安基.非线性振动.西南交通大学出版社.1993
[44]魏建东.斜拉桥拉索的参数振动及其控制.西南交通大学博士学位论文.1999
[45]章关永史家钧.杨浦大桥主桥自振特性测试与研究.汕头.第十一届全国桥梁学术会议.1994
[46]公路工程结构可靠度设计统一标准(GB／T50283-1999).北京：中国计划出版社.1999
[47]李兆霞.损伤力学及其应用[M].北京：科学出版社.2002.
[48]王军.损伤力学的理论和应用[M].北京：科学出版社.1997.
[49]臧华 刘钊 吕志涛 梅葵花.CFRP筋用作斜拉桥拉索的研究与应用进展[J].公路交通科技.2006.23(10)
[50]吕志涛 梅葵花.国内首座CFRP索斜拉桥的研究[J].土木工程学报.2007.40(1)
[51]苟昌焕谢旭.应用碳纤维索的大跨度斜拉桥静力学特性分析.浙江大学学报(工学版).2005(1)
[52]李正仁.关于在直布罗陀海峡最窄处建造碳纤维强化复合材料桥的建议[J].国外桥梁.1990(4)
[53]张锡祥,顾安邦.复合材料用于大跨度斜拉桥发展展望[J].重庆交通学院学报.1995(1)
[2]蔡国宏译.斜拉桥的发展经验和展望.国外公路.1997(4)
[3]周胜利.长大斜拉桥的结构特性和抗风稳定性.国外桥梁.1982(3)
[4]邹小燕李闯黎世彬.斜拉桥换索工程的思考[C].2005年全国公路科技青年论坛论文集2005.11
[5]王力力易伟建.斜拉索的腐蚀案例与分析[J].中南公路工程.2007(1)
[6]Tang,M.C. Cable-stayed bridges in North America. Cable-stayed Bridge. Elsevier Science Publisher.1991
[7]Virlogeux,M. Normandie Bridge design and construction. International Symposium on Cable-Stayed Bridges. Shanghai.1994
[8]严国敏劳远昌.现代斜拉桥.成都：西南交通大学出版社.1996
[9]陈务军关富玲.我国斜拉桥的发展.华东公路.1996.101(4)
[10]王伯惠.斜拉桥结构发展和中国经验.北京：人民交通出版社.2003.9
[11]叶觉明钟建驰.大桥斜拉索腐蚀防护技术的应用和探讨.腐蚀和防护.2003(5)
[12]F.Leonhardt. Past Present and future of cable-stayed bridges. Proceedings of the Seminar of Cable-Stayed Bridges Recent Developments and Their Future. Japan: Yokohama.1991
[13]雷俊卿.大跨度桥梁结构理论与应用.北京：清华大学出版社.2007
[14]张菊辉胡世德.桥梁地震易损性分析的研究现状[J].结构工程师,2005.21(5)
[15]Tang MC. The 40-year evolution of cable-stayed bridges.1994年斜拉桥国际学术讨论会论文集.上海千鹤宾馆.1994
[16]王伯惠.斜拉桥结构发展和中国经验.北京：人民交通出版社.2004
[17]楼庄鸿.多跨斜拉桥.公路交通科技.2002.19(2)
[18]王伯惠.斜拉桥结构发展和中国经验.北京：人民交通出版社.2003
[19]范立础.再论世界斜拉桥的新进展.重庆交通学院学报.1988.7(3)
[20]陈金华.四方台斜拉桥结构耐久性预测性分析[D].哈尔滨工业大学.2005
[21]叶觉明.热挤HDPE护套在桥梁缆索防护中的应用.工程塑料应用.2005(3)
[22]周孟波.斜拉桥手册[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2004.
[23]任必年.公路钢桥腐蚀与防护[M].北京：人民交通出版社.2002.
[24]邹小燕.斜拉桥拉索制作技术及其耐久性探索[C].交通青年专家论坛论文集.2004.9
[25]叶觉明钟建驰.吊索结构件的防腐蚀保护技术.材料保护.2002(9)
[26]叶觉明钟建驰.大桥斜拉索防腐蚀技术.腐蚀与防护.2003(3)
[27]黄勇.斜拉索下锚头防腐研究.1999年公路桥梁学术研讨会论文集.北京：人民交通出版社.2000
[28]项海帆.现代桥梁抗风理论与实践.北京：人民交通出版社.2005
[29]李国豪.桥梁稳定与振动.北京：中国铁道出版社.1997
[30]P Kumar Mehta, Richard W Burrows. Building Durable Structures in the 21st Century[J]. Concrete International.2001.23(3)
[31]V Malhotra. Making Concrete Greener with Fly Ash[J]. Concrete International. 1999(5)
[32]Yonghong Xie. Study on Durability of Fly Ash Concrete. Concrete and Cement. 1996(2)
[33]Krauss, J Vorio. Reducing the Environment Impact of Concrete. Concrete.2001(2)
[34]汪至刚孙炳楠.斜拉桥参数振动引起的拉索大幅振动[J].工程力学.2001(1)
[35]任淑淡.斜拉桥拉索参数振动研究.同济大学博士学位论文.2007
[36]谭长建.斜拉索参数振动及斜拉桥有限元分析.西南交通大学硕士学位论文.2006
[37]何晓鸣.斜拉索减振措施探讨.世界桥梁.2003(2)
[38]向雅娟.斜拉桥大直径斜拉索的疲劳强度[J].国外桥梁.1994(1)
[39]杨美良李波黄立浦.部分斜拉桥拉索疲劳可靠度分析[J].长沙交通学院学报.2007.3(1)
[40]刘洪天熊峻江高镇同.疲劳线性累积损伤理论的a值实验验证[J].力学与实践.2002.24(4)
[41]姚卫星杨晓华.疲劳裂纹随机扩展模型进展[J].力学与实践.1995.17(3).
[42]方同薛璞.振动理论及应用.西安：西北工业大学出版社.1998
[43]黄安基.非线性振动.西南交通大学出版社.1993
[44]魏建东.斜拉桥拉索的参数振动及其控制.西南交通大学博士学位论文.1999
[45]章关永史家钧.杨浦大桥主桥自振特性测试与研究.汕头.第十一届全国桥梁学术会议.1994
[46]公路工程结构可靠度设计统一标准(GB／T50283-1999).北京：中国计划出版社.1999
[47]李兆霞.损伤力学及其应用[M].北京：科学出版社.2002.
[48]王军.损伤力学的理论和应用[M].北京：科学出版社.1997.
[49]臧华 刘钊 吕志涛 梅葵花.CFRP筋用作斜拉桥拉索的研究与应用进展[J].公路交通科技.2006.23(10)
[50]吕志涛 梅葵花.国内首座CFRP索斜拉桥的研究[J].土木工程学报.2007.40(1)
[51]苟昌焕谢旭.应用碳纤维索的大跨度斜拉桥静力学特性分析.浙江大学学报(工学版).2005(1)
[52]李正仁.关于在直布罗陀海峡最窄处建造碳纤维强化复合材料桥的建议[J].国外桥梁.1990(4)
[53]张锡祥,顾安邦.复合材料用于大跨度斜拉桥发展展望[J].重庆交通学院学报.1995(1)