斯里兰卡藏中国古代文物研究
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摘要
古代中国与斯里兰卡至迟到汉代便有了来往,此后一直到殖民时期以前,中斯两国在政治、贸易、宗教及文化等各方面都保持着密切的交流,尤其是在贸易方面。古代中国地大物博,其出产的丝绸及瓷器闻名于世,斯里兰卡也以其珍贵的宝石、珍珠、象牙等吸引着各国商人前来。此外,斯里兰卡位于东西方海路航线的中间位置,是由中国前往波斯、罗马、阿拉伯、北非以至于欧洲等地的一个重要的中转站及货物集散地。
中国、斯里兰卡以及希腊、波斯等国的古代文献中有不少关于古代中斯贸易往来的记载,为本文的研究提供了文献依据。斯里兰卡陆续出土了大量中国古代钱币及瓷器,则是古代中斯贸易往来的实证。这些钱币及瓷器在斯里兰卡内陆及沿海地区均有发现,此外还有一些其它的中国文物,如郑和下西洋时立于栋德拉的《布施锡兰山佛寺碑》、铜镜、铜铃以及近年发现的汉代所制丝绸残片等。通过研究斯里兰卡遗留下来的中国文物,主要是钱币和瓷器,断定它们所属的年代,可以补充文献记载的不足,为古代中斯贸易往来的研究提供依据。
本文第一章为引言,介绍本文的研究背景、缘起、前辈学者的相关研究成果及本文的研究方法。第二章简要介绍中国与斯里兰卡的历史。第三章介绍中国文献、斯里兰卡文献以及其它国家如波斯、希腊、阿拉伯等国的文献中有关古代中斯两国交往的记载。第四章是本文的主要研究成果,即对斯里兰卡发现的中国文物进行了研究,主要研究了中国钱币及瓷器的年代和真伪,介绍了郑和《布施锡兰山佛寺碑》的发现、碑文及相关问题等。第五章也是本文重要研究成果,介绍了斯里兰卡作为东西方海上贸易中的货物集散地的地位以及古代中斯两国贸易的时代背景。最后为结论。
Economics are essential to the understanding of history. World history proves that economic changes continually affect the political and cultural nature of a country. Local exchanges based on requirements later on spread across borders and are transformed to an international trade based on money and profits.
Such International trade first began overland and developed along with human knowledge, attitudes, and technical skills. International maritime trade began later, with the prime objectives of achieving more profitable exchanges, through more efficient exchange of innovative new products and materials, which are important criteria in money-based economies.
Due to the natural location of Sri Lanka, western and eastern mariners arrived there for water, food and other necessities. Documentary evidence has shown that, due to the arrival of international traders from both East and West, they accepted the country as a very important center of maritime trade. According to historical artifacts and the above mentioned reasons, the Chinese came to Sri Lanka as a key hub in their international trade. This led to economic, political, social and cultural changes in both countries. Therefore, this research study aims to investigate reasons for above changes based on maritime trade and their economic relationships.
With the intention of establishing the reality of a trade relationship between China and Sri Lanka, the paper is titled:"A Critical Examination of Ancient Economic Relationships between China and Sri Lanka based on Sri Lankan Artifacts."
The discussion has been mainly carried out in six chapters. In the first chapter, the selection of the topic, exploration of empirical research studies, and research methodology have been examined. Most previous research has been based on historical documents. Researchers have used materials translated from Chinese to English in those studies and have repeated mistakes made by the translators.
Ceramics-based research on archaeological digs have usually been undertaken by foreign researchers with their main focus to identify the technology and time period, and they were not much concerned with identifying the inter-relationship between countries.
When considering Chinese coins they demonstrated only a weak relationship between the various trading countries. Although more than 100 years has passed, all Chinese coins found in archaeological sites have not yet been examined. Only selected coin groups have been identified by foreign researchers. Consequently, there is no detailed description on China-Sri Lanka trade relationship, although there is some mention of the discovery of Chinese coins in the book, Ancient Ruhuna (Part II). (2008), by Hans-Joachim Weisshar, which is one of the key research books on ancient Sri Lanka. Furthermore, research has discovered many historical documents which have not yet been examined.
Because of these gaps in our knowledge, this research study will focus on identifying the Ancient economical relationship between China and Sri Lanka based on archeological evidence.
The second chapter discusses Chinese and Sri Lankan political and economic history. It aims to present a better understanding of history, time periods and contacts between both countries. This should also help us to understand the missing or not recorded parts in the documents of both countries.
This will help avoid the patchy historical understanding and problems encountered with previous research and emphasize the effectiveness of newer research. The period from the beginning of Sri Lankan history until the Kotte kingdom dynasties, is described in this chapter with special focus on developments such as Buddhism, cultural changes, etc., related to social, traditional, economic and political facts. Also, when presenting Chinese history, the evolution of Chinese dynasties has to be taken into account. More importantly, the situation on the economy and international trade of both countries has been carefully analyzed here.
The third chapter has focused on the documentary evidence used for the research. Special consideration has been given to Chinese documents from the Han dynasty to the Ming dynasty. Additionally, Sri Lankan historical documents and other foreign information has discussed in this chapter. Archeological evidence has been considered in more detail than the evidence in literature, with separate examinations of conservation, and the scientific findings of the excavations. Numismatics, epigraphic and other evidence and artifacts are reexamined.
The fourth chapter discusses Chinese historical artifacts found in Sri Lanka. These are primarily coin finds are discussed, especially those which have not yet been examined. For the first time, this research study has revealed that large collections of Chinese coins found in the south Asian region came from Sri Lanka, particularly various types of coins produced in Han period.
Further, the chapter also discusses ceramics. A very large number of ceramics have been found in Sri Lanka and a specially selected sample has been used for this research. Moreover, this chapter also discusses a Chinese inscription found from Sri Lanka. This is going to be tested in the very first time by a Sri Lankan. The readings used so far by scholars are corrected and new definitions added which present a critical point in Chinese-Sri Lankan relationships. Pre-reading and re-reading of the inscription has been discussed and problems faced during the research are dealt with at the end of the chapter.
Chinese and Sri Lankan trade relationships in the Indian Ocean are discussed in the fifth chapter. Definitions of trade are taken into consideration and the importance of the geographical location of Sri Lanka with its harbors. The foreign trade of Sri Lanka and traded items are also discussed in this chapter. Although previous researchers have focused their attention on limited trading items, this research has quantified them and identified local productions. For example, five types of cloths are discussed in this chapter for the first time.
The sixth chapter is the conclusion. The core new findings and new historical evidence which helps to rebuild the history of China and Sri Lanka is outlined here.
Based on Chinese sources, there are 35 other names which were used to refer to Sri Lanka, and this research has revealed 50 names which are most important when studying the history of Sri Lanka. Also, Chinese coins found 100 years ago from Yapahuwa are considered in this study. Moreover, research discloses for the first time that wu zhu and ban liang coins from the South Asian region have also been found in Sri Lanka. Further, ancient Sri Lankan import and export trade, trade instruments and special information on trade in Indian Ocean have also been discussed. The Dissertation concludes with an appendix and coin reports.
中国、斯里兰卡以及希腊、波斯等国的古代文献中有不少关于古代中斯贸易往来的记载,为本文的研究提供了文献依据。斯里兰卡陆续出土了大量中国古代钱币及瓷器,则是古代中斯贸易往来的实证。这些钱币及瓷器在斯里兰卡内陆及沿海地区均有发现,此外还有一些其它的中国文物,如郑和下西洋时立于栋德拉的《布施锡兰山佛寺碑》、铜镜、铜铃以及近年发现的汉代所制丝绸残片等。通过研究斯里兰卡遗留下来的中国文物,主要是钱币和瓷器,断定它们所属的年代,可以补充文献记载的不足,为古代中斯贸易往来的研究提供依据。
本文第一章为引言,介绍本文的研究背景、缘起、前辈学者的相关研究成果及本文的研究方法。第二章简要介绍中国与斯里兰卡的历史。第三章介绍中国文献、斯里兰卡文献以及其它国家如波斯、希腊、阿拉伯等国的文献中有关古代中斯两国交往的记载。第四章是本文的主要研究成果,即对斯里兰卡发现的中国文物进行了研究,主要研究了中国钱币及瓷器的年代和真伪,介绍了郑和《布施锡兰山佛寺碑》的发现、碑文及相关问题等。第五章也是本文重要研究成果,介绍了斯里兰卡作为东西方海上贸易中的货物集散地的地位以及古代中斯两国贸易的时代背景。最后为结论。
Economics are essential to the understanding of history. World history proves that economic changes continually affect the political and cultural nature of a country. Local exchanges based on requirements later on spread across borders and are transformed to an international trade based on money and profits.
Such International trade first began overland and developed along with human knowledge, attitudes, and technical skills. International maritime trade began later, with the prime objectives of achieving more profitable exchanges, through more efficient exchange of innovative new products and materials, which are important criteria in money-based economies.
Due to the natural location of Sri Lanka, western and eastern mariners arrived there for water, food and other necessities. Documentary evidence has shown that, due to the arrival of international traders from both East and West, they accepted the country as a very important center of maritime trade. According to historical artifacts and the above mentioned reasons, the Chinese came to Sri Lanka as a key hub in their international trade. This led to economic, political, social and cultural changes in both countries. Therefore, this research study aims to investigate reasons for above changes based on maritime trade and their economic relationships.
With the intention of establishing the reality of a trade relationship between China and Sri Lanka, the paper is titled:"A Critical Examination of Ancient Economic Relationships between China and Sri Lanka based on Sri Lankan Artifacts."
The discussion has been mainly carried out in six chapters. In the first chapter, the selection of the topic, exploration of empirical research studies, and research methodology have been examined. Most previous research has been based on historical documents. Researchers have used materials translated from Chinese to English in those studies and have repeated mistakes made by the translators.
Ceramics-based research on archaeological digs have usually been undertaken by foreign researchers with their main focus to identify the technology and time period, and they were not much concerned with identifying the inter-relationship between countries.
When considering Chinese coins they demonstrated only a weak relationship between the various trading countries. Although more than 100 years has passed, all Chinese coins found in archaeological sites have not yet been examined. Only selected coin groups have been identified by foreign researchers. Consequently, there is no detailed description on China-Sri Lanka trade relationship, although there is some mention of the discovery of Chinese coins in the book, Ancient Ruhuna (Part II). (2008), by Hans-Joachim Weisshar, which is one of the key research books on ancient Sri Lanka. Furthermore, research has discovered many historical documents which have not yet been examined.
Because of these gaps in our knowledge, this research study will focus on identifying the Ancient economical relationship between China and Sri Lanka based on archeological evidence.
The second chapter discusses Chinese and Sri Lankan political and economic history. It aims to present a better understanding of history, time periods and contacts between both countries. This should also help us to understand the missing or not recorded parts in the documents of both countries.
This will help avoid the patchy historical understanding and problems encountered with previous research and emphasize the effectiveness of newer research. The period from the beginning of Sri Lankan history until the Kotte kingdom dynasties, is described in this chapter with special focus on developments such as Buddhism, cultural changes, etc., related to social, traditional, economic and political facts. Also, when presenting Chinese history, the evolution of Chinese dynasties has to be taken into account. More importantly, the situation on the economy and international trade of both countries has been carefully analyzed here.
The third chapter has focused on the documentary evidence used for the research. Special consideration has been given to Chinese documents from the Han dynasty to the Ming dynasty. Additionally, Sri Lankan historical documents and other foreign information has discussed in this chapter. Archeological evidence has been considered in more detail than the evidence in literature, with separate examinations of conservation, and the scientific findings of the excavations. Numismatics, epigraphic and other evidence and artifacts are reexamined.
The fourth chapter discusses Chinese historical artifacts found in Sri Lanka. These are primarily coin finds are discussed, especially those which have not yet been examined. For the first time, this research study has revealed that large collections of Chinese coins found in the south Asian region came from Sri Lanka, particularly various types of coins produced in Han period.
Further, the chapter also discusses ceramics. A very large number of ceramics have been found in Sri Lanka and a specially selected sample has been used for this research. Moreover, this chapter also discusses a Chinese inscription found from Sri Lanka. This is going to be tested in the very first time by a Sri Lankan. The readings used so far by scholars are corrected and new definitions added which present a critical point in Chinese-Sri Lankan relationships. Pre-reading and re-reading of the inscription has been discussed and problems faced during the research are dealt with at the end of the chapter.
Chinese and Sri Lankan trade relationships in the Indian Ocean are discussed in the fifth chapter. Definitions of trade are taken into consideration and the importance of the geographical location of Sri Lanka with its harbors. The foreign trade of Sri Lanka and traded items are also discussed in this chapter. Although previous researchers have focused their attention on limited trading items, this research has quantified them and identified local productions. For example, five types of cloths are discussed in this chapter for the first time.
The sixth chapter is the conclusion. The core new findings and new historical evidence which helps to rebuild the history of China and Sri Lanka is outlined here.
Based on Chinese sources, there are 35 other names which were used to refer to Sri Lanka, and this research has revealed 50 names which are most important when studying the history of Sri Lanka. Also, Chinese coins found 100 years ago from Yapahuwa are considered in this study. Moreover, research discloses for the first time that wu zhu and ban liang coins from the South Asian region have also been found in Sri Lanka. Further, ancient Sri Lankan import and export trade, trade instruments and special information on trade in Indian Ocean have also been discussed. The Dissertation concludes with an appendix and coin reports.
引文
①中国社会科学院考古研究所：《新中国的考古发现和研究》,文物出版社1984年版,第214页。
①[清]王先谦：《庄子集解》,上海书店1986年据世界书局《诸子集成》影印本,第71页。
②北京大学《荀子》注释组：《荀子新注》,中华书局1979年版,第442页。
③王国维：《今本竹书纪年疏证》,中州古籍出版社1989年《古本竹书纪年译注》附本,第227页。
①孙玉琴：《中国对外贸易史教程》,对外经济贸易大学出版社2005年版,第4-5页。
②同上,第5页。
③同上,第6-7页。
④所标为在位时间,下同。
①“伽摩”(Gama)即村庄的意思。
② Hema Chandra Ray,Nicholas Attygalle,(ed).History of Ceylon, Vol.Ⅰ,part.Ⅰ, Ceylon University Press,1973, p107.
③有的书记载摩哂陀是阿育王的兄弟,但据斯里兰卡史书Mahavansa,摩哂陀乃是阿育王的儿子。
④[唐]姚思廉：《梁书·诸夷列传》,中华书局1973年版,第800页。
① W. Geiger, trans., The Mahavamsa or the Great Chronicle of Ceylon, London, Oxford University Press,1912, pp.55-56.
② S.Paranavitana, Inscriptions of Ceylon, Vol. I, Colombo.Department of Archaeology,1970, No.10,77,86,225-227.
③ Ibid.No.1131.
④ Hema Chandra Ray,Nicholas Attygalle,(ed). History of Ceylon,Vol.l,part.Ⅰ, Ceylon University Press,1973,p.141.
⑤ S.Paranavitana, Inscriptions ofCeylon,Vol.Ⅰ, Colombo,Department of Archaeology,1970,pp.54-56. W. Geiger, trans., The Mahavamsa or the Great Chronicle of Ceylon, London, Oxford University Press, 1912, pp.142-143.
①孙玉琴：《中国对外贸易史教程》,对外经济贸易大学出版社2005年版,第25-31页。
②[东汉]班固：《汉书·地理志》,中华书局1962年版,第1671页。
① Mahinda Werake, A New Date for the Beginning of Sino-Sri Lankan Relations, The Sri Lanka Journal of the Humanities, Colombo,1978, Vol.IV, pp.1-2.
②孙玉琴：《中国对外贸易史教程》,对外经济贸易大学出版社2005年版,第32-35页。
③ W. Geiger, trans., The Mahavamsa or the Great Chronicle of Ceylon, London, Oxford University Press, 1912, p.223.
① W. Geiger, trans.,The Mahavamsa or the Great Chronicle of Ceylon, London, Oxford University Press,1912, p.226.
③ Ibid p.254.
② Ibid, p.240-241.
④ Ibid.
⑤ Ibid.
⑥ Ibid, p.255.
① Durga Prasad, Rajatarangani, Bombay,1892, p.294-297.
② Nagendra Kr Singh, Encyclopaedia of Jainism, Vol.1, Anmol Publications, India,2007, p.1269.
③ W. Geiger, trans., The Mahavamsa or the Great Chronicle of Ceylon, London, Oxford University Press,1912, p.157.
④ Siri Siddhartha thera,(ed),Rasavahini,Wijayasagara Press,1898, p.88.
⑤ Ibid, p.93.
⑥ Hema Chandra Ray,Nicholas Attygalle,(ed). History of Ceylon, Vol. Ⅰ,part.Ⅰ, Ceylon University Press,1973, pp.223-227.
⑦ S.Paranavitana,Inscriptions of Ceylon, Vol.Ⅰ,part,Ⅱ, Colombo,Department of Archaeology,1983,p.101.
① S.Paranavitana,Inscriptions of Ceylon, Vol.Ⅰ,part,Ⅱ, Colombo,Department of Archaeology,1983,p.13.
② W. Geiger, trans., The Mahavamsa or the Great Chronicle of Ceylon, London, Oxford University Press, 1912, p.256.
③ Pliny, Natural History, Vol.Ⅵ, pp.84-91.[罗马]普林尼：《自然史》,中华书局1987年《希腊拉丁作家远东古文献辑录》本,第11-12页。
④ Rasanayagam, Ancient Jaffna, New delhi,1984,pp.112-115.
⑤ Gan Fuxi,Robert Brill,Tian Shouyun:Ancient Glass Research along the Silk Road,Singapore,2009,pp.81-82.
⑥ Prickett, Martha, Sri Lanka's Foreign Trade Before A.D.600:Archaeological Evidence, Kingsley M. de Silva, Sirima Kiribamune and Chandra R. de Silva (Eds), Asian Panorama:Essays in Asian History. Past and Present, New Delhi, Vikas Publishing House,1990,pp.162
⑦ S.Paranavitana,Lipimala, no. Ⅰ,Colombo,1972, p.5.
⑧ Carswell, J., and Pricket, M., The Excavation of Mantai 1980:A Preliminary Investigation, Ancient Ceylon, Vol Ⅴ:3-80, Prickett,1990,p.162.
⑨ Ray, Himanshu Prabha, The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia, Cambridge University Press,2003, p.193.
①孙玉琴：《中国对外贸易史教程》,对外经济贸易大学出版社2005年版,第39-62页。
② W. Geiger, trans.,The Mahavamsa or the Great Chronicle of Ceylon, London, Oxford University Press,1912, p.258.
③ Ibid, p.263.
④ Ibid, pp.267-271.
⑤ Hema Chandra Ray,Nicholas Attygalle,(ed). History of Ceylon, Vol. I.part.I, Ceylon University Press,1973,p.244.
⑥ Ibid,p.362.
⑦ Ibid.
①[唐]释道宣：《续高僧传·唐京师大慈恩寺释玄奘》,上海古籍出版社1991年版。
②[梁]沈约：《宋书》,中华书局1974年版,第79页。
③[北齐]魏收：《魏书》,中华书局1974年版,第3036页。
④ S.Paranavitana, Sigiri Graffiti, Vols. Ⅰ & Ⅱ, Oxford University Press,1956, Introductions xxi-vi.
①即国王的贴身侍卫。
②[唐]姚思廉：《梁书·诸夷列传》,中华书局1973年版,第800页。
③ Weissharr, H.J. Wijeyapala, W. and Roth, H. (ed.) Ancient Ruhuna. Sri Lankan-German Archaeological Project in the Southern Province, Vol.Ⅰ., KAVA Institute, Bonn,2001,pp.317-318.
④ Bastianpillei:China-Sri Lanka:Trade and Diplomatic Relations Including Voyages of Cheng ho, Ancient Ceylon, No.14, Colombo,1990, p.2.
⑤ Procopius, H. B. Dewing (trans):History of the Wars, Books I and II, Harvard University Press,1914, p.47.
③[东晋]法显撰,章巽校注：《法显传校注》,中华书局2008年版,第140-142页。
⑦ A Study in Locating Places Named in Ancient Foreign Coins, Hitherto Unknown Sri Lanka Contex, pp.127-139.
① Cosmas Indicopleustes, J. W.McCrindle (ed):The Christian Topography of Cosmas, an Egyptian Monk, Cambridge University Press,2010, pp.364-366.
①孙玉琴：《中国对外贸易史教程》,对外经济贸易大学出版社2005年版,第55-70页。
②同上,第70-90页。
①孙玉琴：《中国对外贸易史教程》,对外经济贸易大学出版社2005年版,第64-88页。
② Hema Chandra Ray,Nicholas Attygalle,(ed). History of Ceylon,Vol.Ⅰ,part.Ⅰ, Ceylon University Press,1973, pp.306.
① Hema Chandra Ray,Nicholas Attygalle,(ed). History of Ceylon, Vol.Ⅰ, partⅠ, Ceylon University Press,1973, pp.328-330.
② Prickett, Martha, Sri Lanka's Foreign Trade Before A.D.600:Archaeological Evidence, Kingsley M. de Silva, Sirima Kiribamune and Chandra R. de Silva (Eds) Asian Panorama:Essays in Asian History. Past and Present, New Delhi, Vikas Publishing House,1990, pp.62.
③ Archaeological Report(1982-1984),Department of Archaeology, Colombo.
①[唐]李肇：《唐国史补》,上海古籍出版社1957年版,第63页。
①孙玉琴：《中国对外贸易史教程》,对外经济贸易大学出版社2005年版,第90-109页。
② Hema Chandra Ray,NicholasAttygalle,(ed). History of Ceylon, Vol.Ⅰ,part.Ⅰ, Ceylon University Press,1973, pp.344-350.
① W. Geiger, trans., The Mahavamsa or the Great Chronicle of Ceylon, London, Oxford University Press,1912,p.85
② Frances Gies(ed), Al-Idrisi and Roger's book, Arabian American Oil Co.,1977.pp.1-7.
②[宋]赵汝适撰,杨博文校释：《诸蕃志校释》,中华书局1996年版,第52页。
①孙玉琴：《中国对外贸易史教程》,对外经济贸易大学出版社2005年版,第111-149页。
① Paul E. Walker, Exploring an Islamic Empire:Fatimid History and its Sources.London, I.B. Tauris,2002, p.164. (The material for updating this article is taken from Walker's account of al-Maqrizi.)
②[明]宋濂等：《元史》,中华书局1976年版,第148页。
③[意大利]马克-波罗口述,鲁斯蒂谦诺笔录,余前帆译注：《马可·波罗游记》,中国书籍出版社2009年版,第419页。
③ Ross E. Dunn,The adventures of Ibn Battuta, A Muslim traveler of the fourteenth century, University of California Press,1986,pp.229,241,242,246,261.
③ S.Paranavitana,The Shrine of Upulvan at Devundara, Memories of the Archaeological Survey of Ceylon, Vol. Ⅵ,Colombo,1953, pp.78-79.
③[明]马欢：《瀛涯胜览》,中华书局1985年《丛书集成初编》影印本,第50页。
①Ross E. Dunn,The adventures oflbn Battuta, A Muslim traveler of the fourteenth century, University of California Press,1986,pp.229,241,242,246,261.
②S.Paranavitana,The Shrine of Upulvan at Devundara, Memories of the Archaeological Survey of Ceylon, Vol. VI,Colombo,1953, pp.78-79.
③[明]马欢：《瀛涯胜览》,中华书局1985年《丛书集成初编》影印本,第50页。
①朱延沣：《古师子国释名》,《史学年报》1934年第2卷第1期,第147-154页。耿引曾：《以佛教为中心的中斯文化交流》,河南人民出版社1987年《中外文化交流史》,第475-476页。
②[东汉]班固：《汉书》,中华书局1962年版,第1671页。
①[唐]姚思廉：《梁书·诸夷列传》,中华书局1973年版,第800页。
②[梁]沈约：《宋书》,中华书局1974年版,第2384页。
③[梁]沈约：《宋书》,中华书局1974年版,第79页。
④[唐]姚思廉：《梁书·诸夷列传》,中华书局1973年版,第800页。
①[东晋]法显撰,章巽校注：《法显传校注》,中华书局2008年版,第140-142页。
②[梁]宝唱撰、王孺童校注：《比丘尼传校注释·广陵僧果尼传》,中华书局2006年版.第88页。
③[北齐]魏收：《魏书》,中华书局1974年版,第3036页。
④[唐]姚思廉：《梁书·诸夷列传》,中华书局1973年版,第800页。
⑤[北魏]贾思勰撰,缪启愉校释：《齐民要术》,农业出版社1982年版,第708页。
⑥[宋]李昉等修：《太平御览》,上海古籍出版社2008年据文渊阁《四库全书》影印本,第8册316页。
①[北魏]杨街之撰,杨勇校笺：《洛阳伽蓝记校笺》,中华书局2006年版,第200页。
②[宋]李昉等修：《太平御览》,上海古籍出版社2008年据文渊阁《四库全书》影印本,第8册68页。
③狼牙修实为马来西亚,参见何平《马来半岛的封建割据》,《东南亚》1990年第1期。
④[明]张燮：《东西洋考》卷九,文渊阁《四库全书》本。
⑤[宋]欧阳修、宋祁：《新唐书》,中华书局1975年版,第6258页。
⑥[宋]王钦若等修：《册府元龟》,凤凰出版社2006年校订本,第11235页。
⑦[宋]欧阳修、宋祁：《新唐书》,中华书局1975年版,第6258页。
⑧[宋]王钦若等修：《册府元龟》,凤凰出版社2006年校订本,第11243页。
⑨同上,第11244页。
①[宋]赞宁：《宋高僧传》,中华书局1986年版,第722页。
②[唐]义净撰、王邦维校注：《大唐西域求法高僧传》卷上《明远传》,中华书局1988年版,第67-68页。
③同上,第73、84、88、182页。
④关于不空的祖籍,中国文献记载有分歧,详见索毕德《古代中国与斯里兰卡的文化交流研究——以佛教文化为中心》,山东大学2010年博士学位论文,第46-47页。
⑤[清]董诰等修：《全唐文·唐大兴善寺故大宏教大辩正三藏和尚影堂碣铭》,中华书局1983年影印本,第3782-3783页。
⑥同上,第3337页下。
⑦[唐]杜佑：《通典》,浙江古籍出版社2000年影印本,第761页。
⑧[唐]张彦远：《历代名画记》卷九《叙历代能画人名》,文渊阁《四库全书》本。
⑨[唐]李肇：《唐国史补》,上海古籍出版社1957年版,第63页。
①[宋]李防等修：《文苑英华》卷二七六,文渊阁《四库全书》本。
②[唐]杜佑：《通典》,浙江古籍出版社2000年影印本,第1041页。
③[北宋]王溥：《唐会要》卷九十九,文渊阁《四库全书》本。
④[北宋]王溥：《唐会要》卷一百,文渊阁《四库全书》本。
⑤[元]脱脱等修：《辽史》,中华书局1974年版,第133页。
⑥[元]脱脱等修：《辽史》,中华书局1974年版,第429-431页。
①[宋]洪适：《盘洲文集》卷六十六,文渊阁《四库全书》本。
②[南宋]李昂英：《文溪稿》,暨南大学出版社1994年版,第378页。
③[宋]周去非：《岭外代答》卷二,乾隆38年刻《知不足斋丛书》本。
④[宋]赵汝适撰,杨博文校释：《诸蕃志校释》,中华书局1996年版,第125页。
⑤[元]脱脱等修：《宋史》卷四八九,文渊阁《四库全书》本。
⑥[明]谢肇淛：《滇略》卷六,文渊阁《四库全书》本。
⑦[明]宋濂等：《元史》,中华书局1976年版,第148页。
⑧[明]宋濂等：《元史》,中华书局1976年版,第3198页。
①同上,第292页。
②同上,第374页。
③[元]汪大渊撰,苏继庼校释：《岛夷志略》,中华书局1981年版,第243-244页。
④[元]汪大渊撰,苏继庼校释：《岛夷志略》,中华书局1981年版,第270页。
①周绍泉、文实：《郑和与锡兰》,《南亚研究》1986年02期,第4页。
②[元]陶安：《陶学士集》,书目文献出版社《北京图书馆古籍珍本丛刊》影印明弘治刻本,第100页上。
③[明]严从简：《殊域周咨录》,中华书局1993年版,第312页。
④同上。
⑤[明]严从简：《殊域周咨录》,中华书局1993年版,第313页。
⑥[清]张廷玉等修：《明史》,中华书局1974年版,第8445页。
⑦[明]严从简：《殊域周咨录》,中华书局1993年版,第313页。
①[明]马欢：《瀛涯胜览》,中华书局1985年《丛书集成初编》影印本,第50页。
②[明]王圻：《续文献通考》卷三十三《土贡考》,浙江古籍出版社2000年版,第173页。
③[明]李时珍：《本草纲目》,人民卫生出版社1979年版,第1844页。
① Ahungalle wimalakitti mahathero, Dipawansa,Vidyavilasi Press,1939,pp.i-xv.
② W. Geiger, trans., The Mahavamsa or the Great Chronicle of Ceylon, London, Oxford University Press, 1912, chapter 73,84gatha.
①R. Morris. London,(ed), Pali Text Society, Buddhavamsa Atthakatha,PTS,London,1882, p.240.
②Anandamaitriya maha thera,(ed).Milindapanha,Anula Press,Colombo,1962, pp.1-21
③Akuratiye Amarawamsa&Hemachandra disanayake(ed), Vamstthappakasiniya, colombo,1994,pp.1-13
④[罗马]普林尼：《自然史》,中华书局1987年《希腊拉丁作家远东古文献辑录》本,第11-12页。
① A.P.Buddhadatta thera,(ed),Sahassavatthuppakarana, Anula Press,Colombo,1959,pp.1-9.
② W. Geiger, trans., The Mahavamsa or the Great Chronicle of Ceylon, London, Oxford University Press,1912, pp.157.
③ S.G.M.Weerasinghe:A History of the Cultural Relations Between Sri Lanka and China, CCF, Colombo 7,1995, p33.
④[梁]宝唱撰、王孺童校注：《比丘尼传校注释·广陵僧果尼传》,中华书局2006年版,第88页。
⑤ S.GM.Weerasinghe:A History of the Cultural Relations Between Sri Lanka and China, CCF, Colombo 7,1995, p33,57.
①“二十七”误,应为第七十二篇故事。
②索毕德：《古代中国与斯里兰卡的文化交流研究——以佛教文化为中心》,山东大学博士学位论文。
③ Romila Thapar, Ancient Indian Social History:Some Interpretations, Orient Blackswan, India,1978, pp.137-172.
④ Polwatte Buddadattathero,(ed), Sihalavattuppakarana, Anula Press,1959,p.136.
①李静：《佛教初传入华的几种说法》,《佛教文化》2005年第5期,第31页。
② Weragoda Amaramoli thera,(ed),Pujavaliya,Ratnakara Press,Colombo,1953, pp.108-109.
③ Ibid.
④ S.G.M. Weerasinghe:A History ofthe Cultural Relations Between Sri Lanka and China, CCF,Colombo 7,1995, p57
⑤ D.D. Ranasinghe, (ed), Dambadeni Asna, Colombo,1917, pp.2,15.
⑥ Charls de silva (ed), Parakumba Sirita,Gunasena &co.,Colombo,1970, p.85.
① M.E.Femando,(ed), Kustantinu Hatana, Colombo,1933, pp.1-4.
② A.V.Suraweera, (ed),Rajavaliyar,Colombo,1976, p.207.
③ Gananatha obesekara(ed), Vannirajavaliya,International Centre for Ethnic Studies,2005.p.45.
④ Bhishagratna, K.K. (ed)., The SusrutaSamhita,Vol.1, India,1963,p.1176.
⑤ Monaragammana thera (ed),Yogaratnakaraya,Colombo,1939,introduction.
⑥ Lankananda thero (ed),Buthsarana,Gunasena &co,1968, introduction.
① Gnanananda thera (ed),Dahamsarana,Colombo,1929,introduction.
② Charls Godakumbure,(ed). Janakiharana, Government Press,Colombo,1969,p.xvi.
①[明]费信：《星槎胜览》,中华书局1954年版,第29页。
①S.Paranavitana,The Tamil Inscription on the Galle Trilingual Slab,Epigraphia zeylanica,Vol.Ⅲ,London, 1928-1933,pp.331-340.
②S.Paranavitana:Sigiri Grafiti,Oxford University Press,vol.Ⅰ-Ⅱ.pp.xi-ⅹⅷ.
③Ibid,Poem No.399.
① S.G.M Weerasinghe:A History of the Cultural Relations Between Sri Lanka and China, CCF, Colombo 7, 1995,p.73.
② Ibid.
③ Somapala Javawardhana:Hela Asisriva.Sri Devi Printers Pvt.Ltd.,1988.pp.34-36.
④ D.P.Ponnamperuma:Videshin Dutu Lankawa,Kandy,1961,pp.20-21.
⑤ S.G.M Weerasinghe:A History of the Cultural Relations Between Sri Lanka and China, CCF, Colombo 7,1995, pp.73-74.
⑥ S.Paranavitana, Inscriptions of Ceylon,Vol.Ⅰ, Colombo,Department of Archaeology,1970,p.Xci.
⑦ Ibid, p.Xci.p.42.
⑧ Ibid, pp.76,83.
① Ibid, no.1131.
①[明]宋濂等：《元史》,中华书局1976年版,第148页。
③ S.G.M Weerasinghe:A History of the Cultural Relations Between Sri Lanka and China, CCF, Colombo 7,1995, P.65
④ Ibid.p.68.
⑤ Ibid
⑥ S.G.M Weerasinghe:A History of the Cultural Relations Between Sri Lanka and China, CCF, Colombo 7,1995, pp.67-70.
⑦ (Ⅰ)The Sararthasamgraha,Ⅲ.65,Department of National Museum,1987,pp.102-103. (Ⅱ) The Atthakatha on the Sutta Nipata,verse No.239.
⑧ (Ⅰ)Sinhala Sabdakosaya,Vol.9,Department of Cultural Affairs,Sri Lanka,p.4092. (Ⅱ)Desiya Vaidya Sabdakosaya,p.ⅴ.
⑨ Sinhala Sabdakosaya,vol.10,DCA,Sri Lanka,p.4858.
① S.G.M Weerasinghe:A History of the Cultural Relations Between Sri Lanka and China, CCF, Colombo 7,1995, p.68.
② Ibid, p.67.
③ Ibid, p.68.
④ Ibid, p.69.
⑤ Ibid, p.70.
⑥ S.G.M Weerasinghe:A History of the Cultural Relations Between Sri Lanka and China, CCF, Colombo 7,1995, p.76.
⑦ Ibid.p.67.
⑧ Ibid.p.68.
⑨ Ibid. p.77.
⑩ Ibid.
11 Ibid.
① Ibid.p.78.
② Ibid.
③ Ibid.
④ Ibid. p.81.
①[罗马]普林尼：《自然史》,中华书局1987年《希腊拉丁作家远东古文献辑录》本,第11-12页。
① McCrindle, J. W., (trans), The Commerce and Navigation of the Erythraean Sea, Being a Translation of the Periplus Maris Erythraei, London,1879,pp.1-39.
② McCrindle.J. W. TheChristianTopography of Cosmos Indicopleustes, Hakluyt Society, London,1897,pp.i-xxvii
③[希腊]科斯马斯：《基督教世界风土记,中华书局1987年《希腊拉丁作家远东古文献辑录》本.第101页。
④[阿拉伯]苏莱曼撰,穆根来、汶江、黄悼汉译：《中国印度见闻录》,中华书局1983年版,第109页。
①即斯里兰卡国王。
②[阿拉伯]埃德里奇：《诸国风土记》,中华书局1989年《阿拉伯波斯突厥人东方文献辑注》本,第199页。
③[意大利]马克·波罗口述,鲁斯蒂谦诺笔录,余前帆译注：《马可·波罗游记》,中国书籍出版社,第419页。
④ Henry Yule,Cathay and the way thither:being a collection of medieval notices of Chinayol.Ⅰ, Hakluyt Society, London,1866, p.192.
⑤Ibid, p.150.
①Rose E.Dunn, Ibn Batuta Travels in Asia and Africa,University of California Press,2005,pp.241,248,357.
①[东汉]班固：《汉书》,中华书局1962年版,第1671页。
②[明]巩珍撰,向达校注：《西洋番国志》,中华书局1961年版,第24页。
① Reichert Verlag, Coins and Tokens from Ancient Ceylon:Ancient Ruhuna, Sri Lanka-German Archaeological Project in the Southern Province, Vol.2,Wiesbaden, Reichert Verlag,2008, p.368.
② H.W.Codrington, Ceylon Coins and Currency, Memoirs of Colombo Museum, Series A,No.3,Colombo,1924.
① Osmund Bopearachchi, D. P. M. Weerakkody, (Ed),Origin, Evolution, and Circulation of Foreign Coins in the Indian Ocean:Proceedings of the Numismatic Workshop, Origin and Evolution of Coins and the International Seminar Circulation of Foreign Coins in Sri Lanka and Ancient Sea Routes in the Indian Ocean, Colombo,8-10 September 1994,Manohar,1998, pp.191-197.
②戴志强：《古代中国的钱币》,《中国钱币》2003年第2期,第5页。
①关汉亨：《浅谈“半两”》,《中国钱币》2006年第3期,第88页。
②[汉]司马迁：《史记》,中华书局1982年版,第1442页。
③唐石父等：《中国古钱币》,上海古籍出版社2001年版,第60页。
④ Wang Helen, Metallurgical Analysis of Chinese Coins at the British Museum, London,2005, p.11.
④毛振伟等：《汉郡国金五铢的成份分析》,《考古与文物》2002年第2期,第80页。
①高英民、张金乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第147页。
②唐石父等：《中国古钱币》,上海古籍出版社2001年版,第173-186页。
③高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第196页。
④同上,第163-165页。
①高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第167-169页。
①高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第198页。
②同上,第207页。
①张燕；《试论宋代货币与钱币文化》,中央民族大学2006年硕士学位论文,第4页。
②同上。
①高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第210页。
②张燕：《试论宋代货币与钱币文化》,中央民族大学2006年硕士学位论文,第4页。
①张燕：《试论宋代货币与钱币文化》,中央民族大学2006年硕士学位论文,第4页。
②高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第212页。
③张燕：《试论宋代货币与钱币文化》,中央民族大学2006年硕士学位论文,第4页。
①昭明、马利清：《中国古代货币》,百花文艺出版社2007年版,第193页。
②高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第213页。
①张泽松：《明道元宝背文钱》,《中国钱币》1991年第2期,第39页.
②高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第215页。
①昭明、马利清：《中国古代货币》,百花文艺出版社2007年版,第196页。
②高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第216页。
①昭明、马利清：《中国古代货币》,百花文艺出版社2007年版,第196页。
②高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第218页。
①高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第218页。
②同上。
①高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第218页。
②同上。
①高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第220-222页。
①高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第222-225页。
①昭明、马利清：《中国古代货币》,百花文艺出版社2007年版,第200页。
②同上,第205页.
①高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第225页。
②昭明、马利清：《中国古代货币》,百花文艺出版社2007年版,第205页。
①高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第228页。
①昭明、马利清：《中国古代货币》,百花文艺出版社2007年版,第208页。
①金元时期亦曾铸行大观通宝。
②昭明、马利清：《中国古代货币》,百花文艺出版社2007年版,第208页。
③同上,第208-213页.’
①昭明、马利清：《中国古代货币》,百花文艺出版社2007年版,第208-213页.
①昭明、马利清：《中国古代货币》,百花文艺出版社2007年版,第217页。
②同上。
①昭明、马利清：《中国古代货币》,百花文艺出版社2007年版,第217-220页。
①高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第247页。
②同上。
①昭明、马利清：《中国古代货币》,百花文艺出版社2007年版,第220页。
②高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第252页。
③同上,第253页。
①昭明、马利清：《中国古代货币》,百花文艺出版社2007年版,第224页。
②高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第256页。
①高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第260页。
②同上。
①高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第260页。
②同上,第267页.
①高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第273页。
②同上,第274页.
①高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第274页。
②同上。
①高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第274页。
② Francois Thierry, Chinese Coins from the Yaphuwa Site in the Collection at the Anuradhapura Museum,Origin, Evolution and Circulation of Foreign Coins in the Indian Ocean,1998,Paris,pp.205-210.
③ Neville A.Ritchie, Stuart Park, Chinese Coins Down Under:Their Role on the New Zealand Goldfields, Australian Historical Archaeology,1987,Vol.pp.41-48.
④ Francois Thierry, Chinese Coins from the Yaphuwa Site in the Collection at the Anuradhapura Museum,Origin, Evolution and Circulation of Foreign Coins in the Indian Ocean,1998,Paris,p.210.
①广东省博物馆：《西沙文物》,文物出版社1975年版,第16页。
②秦雪：《耀县土桥唐代窖藏钱》,《陕西金融》1988年第4期,第68-70页。
③ Francois Thierry,Maritime Silk Routes and Chinese Coins Hoards, Origin, Evolution and Circulation of Foreign Coins in the Indian Ocean,Colombo,1998,p.211.
①[明]马欢：《瀛涯胜览》,中华书局1985年《丛书集成初编》影印本,第50页.
①李知宴：《中国古代陶瓷的对外传播(一)》,《中国文物报》2002年01月09日第005版。
① Weisshaar, H'J', Wijeyapala, W.,1993. Ancient Ruhuna (Sri Lanka), The Tissamaharama Project Excavation at Akurugoda 1992-1993, Betrage Zur Allgemeinen and Vergleichenden Archaeologie,2001,p'213'
② Kanazawa Yoh, Chinese Trade Cermics Discovered in Sri Lanka,In Search of Chinese Ceramic Sherds in South India and Sri Lanka, Noboru Karashima (ed.), Taisho University Press, Japan,2004,p'54'
①印度东南端的达努什科迪和斯里兰卡的塔莱曼纳尔之间的一串珊瑚礁和浅滩。北濒保克海峡,南临马纳尔湾。
④ McCrindle.J.W. TheChristianTopography of Cosmas Indicopleustes, Hakluyt Society, London,1897, pp.363-373.
①Lalith Chaminda:Chinese in Sri Lanka, Divaina,2011-01-09, p.18.
① M.Aberatne, and Wickremasinghe,O.C, Emission spectroscopy in determining the origin and the composition of ancient glazed tiles found during the excavations at abhayagiri vihara,Anuradhapura, Ancient Ceylon, Vol.Ⅴ, Department of Archaeology,1990,pp.1-8.
② Ibid.
③ Ibid.
① Ibid.
② M.Aberatne, and Wickremasinghe,O.C, Emission spectroscopy in determining the origin and the composition of ancient glazed tiles found during the excavations at abhayagiri vihara,Anuradhapura, Ancient Ceylon, Vol.Ⅴ, Department of Archaeology,1990,pp.1-8.
③周绍泉、文实：《郑和与锡兰》,《南亚研究》1986年02期,第4页。
①[明]费信：《星槎胜览》,中华书局1954年,第29页。
② S.Paranavitana, The Tamil Inscription on the Galle Trilingual Slab, Epigraphia zeylanica, London,1928-1933, Vol.Ⅲ, pp.331-340.
③ H.-J. Weisshaar, H. Roth and W.Wijeyapala (eds.), Ancient Ruhuna,The Chinese Inscription on the Trilingual Slab stone from Galle Reconsidered:A Case Study in Early Ming-Chinese Diplomatics, Sri Lankan-German Archaeological Project in the Southern Province, Mainzam Rhein, Verlag Phillip von Zabem, Germany,2001, pp.385-468.
②吴之洪在《郑和<布施锡兰山佛寺碑>碑文考》中将“马德拉斯”(Madras)误作“马德里”(Madrid)。
①详细考证过程参见拙文《郑和锡兰碑新考》,《东南文化》2011年第1期,第72-78页。
② S.Paranavitana, The Tamil Inscription on the Galle Trilingual Slab, Epigraphia zeylanica, London,1928-1933, Vol.Ⅲ, pp.331-340.
①国王达普拉一世建造了Uppalawanna Rajamaha Vihara(当时名为Kehireli Vihara)寺庙及毗湿奴神庙,国王Parakramabahu二世是这两座寺庙的主要资助者,在他统治期间,栋德拉成为了一个繁荣的港口和贸易中心。国王Parakramabahu一世Nissankamalla及后来的几个国王和其他皇室成员都曾资助过那里的印度教和佛教寺庙。Kehireli Vihara寺庙中除了有毗湿奴神庙,还有其它一些印度教的神庙,如Ganesha神庙,Nagarisa神庙及后来的KataRajatarangani,1892.Durga Prasad, Bombay,p'294-297'ma神庙和Pattini神庙.国王们对佛教寺庙和印度教寺庙一视同仁。此庙被葡萄牙殖民者毁坏,葡萄牙殖民时期结束后重建。
② James Emerson Tennent, An Account of the Island, Physical, Historical, and Topographical,Asian Educational Service, Madras, India,1999,Vol.Ⅰ-Ⅱ, p.625.
③ Fern-ao de Queyroz,S.G.Perera(trans),The temporal and spiritual conquest of Ceylon, Colombo,1930,p.35.
④[意大利]艾儒略撰,谢方校释：《职方外纪》,中华书局1996年版,第58页。
①[清]陈忠倚：《皇朝经世文三编》,台北文海出版社1972年版,第1122页。
②[明]罗曰装：《咸宾录》,中华书局1983年版,第156页。
③[清]张廷玉等：《明史》,中华书局1974年版,第101、103页。
④向达整理：《郑和航海图》,中华书局1961年版,第55、64、65页。
⑤ S.Paranavitana, The Tamil Inscription on the Galle Trilingual Slab, Epigraphia zeylanica, London,1928-1933, Vol.Ⅲ, pp.331-340.
①波斯碑文残缺较为严重,仅能将可辨认的词句翻译出来。南京大学刘迎胜教授在《明初中国与亚洲中西部地区交往的外交语言问题》一文中亦据S.Paranavitana的英文译文翻译为中文。
① Rohan Gunaratne, Sino-Lankan Connection,2000 Years of Cultural Relations, Department of Information-ministry of State,Colombo,1987, p.87.
①[美]马歇尔·萨林斯著,张经纬、郑少雄、张帆译：《石器时代经济学》,三联书店2009年版,第226-228页。
① McCrindle.J W. TheChristianTopography of Cosmas Indicopleustes, Hakluyt Society, London,1897, pp.363-373.
①[东晋]法显撰,章巽校注：《法显传校注》,中华书局2008年版,第140-142页。
②[明]马欢：《瀛涯胜览》,中华书局1985年《丛书集成初编》影印本,第50页。
①[希腊]科斯马斯：《基督教世界风土记》,中华书局1987年《希腊拉丁作家远东古文献辑录》本,第100页。
② McCrindle.J.W.TheChristianTopography of Cosmas Indicopleustes,Hakluyt Society,London,1897, pp.366.
① W. Geieer. trans.. The Mahavamsa or the Great Chronicle of Ceylon, London, Oxford University Press,1912. Chapter 7,p.59.
② Ibid, pp.175-176.
③ Ibid, Chapter35,p.248.
④ Ibid, p.223.
⑤ Ibid.
① W.J.S.Boake:Tirukketisvaram,Mahatirtha,Matoddam,or Mantoddai, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Ceylon Branch),Vol.X,1887, pp.107-117.
② John Still:Archaeological Survey of Ceylon,Annual Report,1907,in Ceylon Sessional Papers,1911,Survey of the Northern Province, pp.26-30.
③ A.M.Hokart:Annual Report on the Archaeological Survey of Ceylon,1925-1926,pp.15,18,19;1926-1927,p.16.
④ C.P.Winzer:Annual Report on the Archaeological Survey of Ceylon.1927-1928,Ceylon Administration Reports for 1928,IV(J),pp.6,9.
⑤ S.Sanmuganathan:Report on the Archaeological Survey of Ceylon for 1950, Department of Archaeology, Colombo,1951,p89.
⑥ William Willetts:Ceylon and China,The Archaeological Society of South India,Silver Jubilee Volume, Madras, 1962, pp.97-119.
⑦ J.carswell and Martha pricket Fernando, Mantai 1980:A preliminary investigation, Ancient Ceylon, No.5,1984, pp.3-80; J.carswell,Excavations at the Port of Mantai, SriLanka, Symposium on India in the Roman Period, Archaeological Institute of America sanAntonio,1987, January; J.carswell,The Excavation of Mantai, Ancient Ceylon,No.7,1990, pp17-28;The Port of Mantai, V.Begley and R.de.Puma(ed.),Rome and India:The Ancient Sea Trade, Madison of University of Wisconsin Press,1991, pp.197-203;Moria Tampoe, Maritime Trade Between China and the West:An Archaeological Study of the Ceramic from Siraf(persian Gulf) 8th and 15th Centuries A.D,(British Archaeological Reports), International Series 555,Oxford,1989; Marta Pricket Fernando,Sri Lanka's Foreign Trade before 600 A.D:Archaeological Evidence, Asian Panorama.Essays in Asian History, Past and Present, eds,K.M. de Silva, S.Kiribamune and C.R de Silva,1990,pp.151-180; Martha pricket Fernando, Durable Goods the Archaeological Evidence of SriLanka's Role in the Indian Ocean Trade,SriLanka and the Silk Road of The Sea, pp.61-74; The grade port and Enter Port in Indian Trade, Ibid, pp.115-122; Roland Silva and Jan Bouzek, Mantai-A Second Arikamedu:A note on on Roman Finds,Ibid, pp.123-124; Sirima K.iribamune,The Role of the Port City of Mahatittha(Mantota) in the Trade Network of the Indian Ocean, The SriLanka Journal of the Humanities,Vol.xvii-xviii,No.1,No22,1991-1992, pp.171-192; Moria Tampoe, Ceramics and Other Evidence from the Partner Ports of the Western Indian Ocean(8th-10th AD),SriLanka and the Silk Road of The Sea, pp.85-103; The Spice Island Route:Sri Lanka's Participations in Maritime Trade and the Archaeological Evidence from Mantai and Galle Harbour, Sesquicentennial Commemorative Volume of the Royal Asiatic Society of Srilanka,1845-1995,Colombo,1995, pp.159-210.
①[元]汪大渊撰,苏继庼校释：《岛夷志略》,中华书局1981年版,第308页。
① AkuratiyeAmarawamsa&hemachandra disanayake(ed),Vamstthappakasiniya,Colombo,1994, p.530.
② John Bostock,Henry Thomas,(ed),The Natural History of Pliny, Vol.2, London,1855, pp.51-56.
③ H.-J. Weisshaar, H. Roth and W.Wijeyapala (eds.), Ancient Ruhuna,The Gadavaya Harbour Site, Sri Lankan-German Archaeological Project in the Southern Province, Mainzam Rhein, Verlag Phillip von Zabern, Germany, 2001,pp.291-327.
④ Ibid.,pp.317-318.
⑤ Ibid.,pp.265-267.
⑥ Rambavihara Archaeological Annual Report,2007,unpublished.
① Gerami and Devendra, Somasiri, Maritime Archaeology in Sri Lanka, The Gall Harbour Project 1992, ed.Jerami Green, The Archaeological Department of Sri Lanka The Central Cultural Fund, Western Australian Maritime Museum and Postgraduate Institute of Arachaeology, Kelaniya University,1993, p'65'
① Moria Tampoe,Ceramics and Other Evidence from the Partner Ports of the Western Indian Ocean(8th-10th AD), SriLanka and the Silk Road of The Sea, pp.85-103; The Spice Island Route:Sri Lanka's Participations in Maritime Trade and the Archaeological Evidence from Mantai and Galle Harbour, Sesquicentennial Commemorative Volume of the Royal Asiatic Society of Srilanka,1845-1995,Colombo,1995, pp.159-210.
② S.Paranavitana,The Shrine of Upulvan at Devundara, Memories of the Archaeological Survey of Ceylon,1953, p.69.
①[元]汪大渊撰,苏继庼校释：《岛夷志略》,中华书局1981年版,第270页。
③ Polwatte Buddhadatta Thero, Kalyani Shilalipi, Colombo,1928, p23.
①[明]巩珍撰,向达校注：《西洋番国志》,中华书局1961年版,第23页。
② S.Paranavitana,Three Chola Invasions not Recorded in the Mahavamsa, Vol. XXXI, No.82, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Ceylon Branch,1929, p385.
① S.paranavitana,.Inscriptions of Ceylon,Vol.Ⅱ, part.Ⅰ, Archaeology Survey of Ceylon,1983,p.61.
② Indrapala,K., The Nainative Tamil Inscription of Parakramabahu Ⅰ, University of Ceylon Revive, Vol. ⅩⅩⅪ, No.Ⅰ, 1963, p.64.
③ S.Paranavitana,The Shrine of Upulvan at Devundara, Memories of the Archaeological Survey of Ceylon,1953, p.69.
① S.Paranavitana. Inscriptions of Cevlon.Vol.Ⅰ. Colombo.Department of Archaeology.1970.No.473.
② Ibid.No.987.
③ J. W.McCrindle, Ancient India as Described by Megasthenes and Arrian, Maluka Publish,2008, p.156.
①严学窘：《释琉璃》,《安徽师范大学学报(自然科学版)》1978年Z1期,第109-110页。
② J.Carswell,Martha Pricket:The Excavation of Mantai 1980:A Preliminary Investigation, Ancient Ceylon,1984, Vol. V, pp.3-80.
③ Hema Ratnayake:The Jetavana treasure, Sri Lanka and the Silk Road of the Sea, Sri Lanka National Commission for Unesco and the Central Cultural Fund,2003, pp.37-46.
④ A. Lucas:Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, Kessinger Publishing,2003, pp.58-60,196,455-456.
① Osmund Bopearachchi:New Archaeological Evidence on Cultural and Commercial Relationships between Ancient Sri Lanka and Tamil Nadu, Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in History and Archaeology, Vol.1, No.l (Summer 2004), pp.60-72.
②John Bostock,Henry Thomas,(ed),The Natural History of Pliny, Vol.2, London,1855, pp.51-56.
① S.Paranavitana, Inscriptions of Ceylon, Vol.1, Colombo, Department of Archaeology,1970,No.1-8,10-15 at EZ.I, No.9 at ASCAR,1909, p.5.
② Polwatte Buddhadatta thero,(ed).Sahassavatthuppakarana, Colombo,1959, p.83.
① William F. Perrin, Bernd Wursig, J. G. M. Thewissen:Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, Academic Press,2008, pp.28-29.
② Ashutosh Prasad Patnaik:The Early Voyagers of the East:The Rise of Maritime Trade of the Kalingas in Ancient India, Vol.1, Pratibha Prakashan,2003, pp.198,291.
③ McCrindle.J.W.:TheChristianTopography of Cosmas Indicopleustes, Hakluyt Society, London,1897, pp.366.
④ James Emerson Tennent:Ceylon:An Account of the Island Physical, Historical and Topographical, with Notice of Its Natural History, Antiquities, and Productions, Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts, Oxford University Press,1858,p175.
①[宋]蔡绦：《铁围山丛谈》,中华书局1983年版,第97页。
① McCrindle.J.W.:TheChristianTopography of Cosmas Indicopleustes, Hakluyt Society, London,1897, p.366.
② James Emerson Tennent:Ceylon:An Account of the Island, Physical, Historical, and Topographical,with Notices of Its Natural History, Antiquities, and Productions, Oxford University Press,1858, p.175.
① Rajatarangani,Durga Prasad, Bombay,1892,pp.294-297.
①[清]樊彬：《燕都杂咏》,广陵书社2003年《中国风土志丛刊》本,第15册。
②黄景春：《神话、仙话与“五行”观念：火浣布的叙说》,中国社会科学报2009年12月31日,第009版。
③杨蕤：《五代、北宋时期陆上丝绸之路输入品辑考》,《丝绸之路》2009第6期,第93-94页。
④斯迈：《西洋布》,《宁波服装职业技术学院学报》2003年第1期,第11页。
⑤[明]陈诚撰,周连宽校注：《西域行程记西域番国志》,中华书局1991年版,第78页
① Jonathan Pereira:The Elements of Materia Medica and Therapeutics:Including Notices of Most of the Medical Substandces in Use in the Civilized World and Forming an Encyclopaedia of Materia Medica, Vol.2, London, 1857, pp.376-377.
② Herodotus of Halicarnassus (c.440 BC),Vol. III,p.107.
③ H. Panda:Herbal Soaps & Detergents Hand Book, National Institute Of Industrial Research, pp.96-97.
① James Emerson Tennent:Ceylon:An Account of the Island, Physical, Historical, and Topographical, with Notices of Its Natural History, Antiquities, and Productions, Oxford University Press,1858, pp.558-560.
[西汉]司马迁：《史记》,中华书局1982年版。
[东汉]班固：《汉书》,中华书局1962年版。
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[唐]魏征等修：《隋书》,中华书局1973年版。
[唐]李延寿：《南史》,中华书局1975年版。
[唐]李延寿：《北史》,中华书局1974年版。
[唐]李肇：《唐国史补》,上海古籍出版社1957年版。
[唐]释玄奘撰、季羡林等校注：《大唐西域记》,中华书局1985年版。
[唐]释义净撰、王邦维校注：《大唐西域求法高僧传》,中华书局1988年版。
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[唐]张彦远：《历代名画记》,文渊阁《四库全书》本。
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[唐]释道宣：《续高僧传》,上海古籍出版社1991年版。
[后晋]刘煦等修：《旧唐书》,中华书局1975年版。
[北宋]欧阳修、宋祁等修：《新唐书》,中华书局1975年版。
[北宋]王溥：《唐会要》,文渊阁《四库全书》本。
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[北宋]蔡绦：《铁围山丛谈》,中华书局1983年版。
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[元]陶安：《陶学士集》,书目文献出版社《北京图书馆古籍珍本丛刊》影印明弘治刻本。
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[明]马欢：《瀛涯胜览》,中华书局1985年《丛书集成初编》影印本。
[明]张燮：《东西洋考》,文渊阁《四库全书》本。
[明]陈诚撰,周连宽校注：《西域行程记西域番国志》,中华书局1991年版。
[明]谢肇淛：《滇略》,文渊阁《四库全书》本。
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[明]马欢：《瀛涯胜览》,中华书局1985年《丛书集成初编》影印本。
[明]王圻：《续文献通考》,浙江古籍出版社2000年版。
[明]李时珍：《本草纲目》,人民卫生出版社1979年版。
[明]费信：《星槎胜览》,中华书局1954年版。
[明]巩珍撰,向达校注：《西洋番国志》,中华书局1961年版。
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[清]张廷玉等修：《明史》,中华书局1974年版。
[清]董诰等修：《全唐文》,中华书局1983年影印本。
[清]王先谦：《庄子集解》,上海书店1986年据世界书局《诸子集成》影印本。
[清]樊彬：《燕都杂咏》,广陵书社2003年《中国风土志从刊》本。
[清]陈忠倚：《皇朝经世文三编》,台北文海出版社1972年版。
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耿引曾：《以佛教为中心的中斯文化交流》,河南人民出版社1987年《中外文化交流史》。
关汉亨：《浅谈“半两”》,《中国钱币》2006年第3期。
黄慧珍：《郑和碑铭的史料价值》,《思想战线》1988年第1期。
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李静：《佛教初传入华的几种说法》,《佛教文化》2005年第5期。
李知宴：《中国古代陶瓷的对外传播(一)》,《中国文物报》2002年01月09日第005版。
毛振伟等：《汉郡国金五铢的成份分析》,《考古与文物》2002年第2期。
秦雪：《耀县土桥唐代窖藏钱》,《陕西金融》1988年第4期。
斯迈：《西洋布》,《宁波服装职业技术学院学报》2003年第1期。
吴聿明：《有关郑和的碑石及其他》,《文史杂志》1985年第2期。
吴之洪：《郑和<布施锡兰山佛寺碑>碑文考》,《黑龙江史志》2009年第20期。
严学窘：《释琉璃》,《安徽师范大学学报(自然科学版)》1978年Z1期。
杨蕤：《五代、北宋时期陆上丝绸之路输入品辑考》,《丝绸之路》2009第6期。
朱延沣：《古师子国释名》,《史学年报》1934年第2卷第1期。
周绍泉、文实：《郑和与锡兰》,《南亚研究》1986年02期。
张泽松：《明道元宝背文钱》,《中国钱币》1991年第2期。
张燕：《试论宋代货币与钱币文化》,中央民族大学2006年硕士学位论文。
索毕德：《古代中国与斯里兰卡的文化交流研究——以佛教文化为中心》,山东大 学2010年博士学位论文。
[罗马]普林尼：《自然史》,中华书局1987年《希腊拉丁作家远东古文献辑录》本。
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[意大利]马克·波罗口述,鲁斯蒂谦诺笔录,余前帆译注：《马可·波罗游记》,中国书籍出版社2009年版。
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[美]马歇尔·萨林斯撰,张经纬、郑少雄、张帆译：《石器时代经济学》,三联书店2009年版。
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Wolters, O. W. (1967). Early Indonesian Commerce, A Study of the Orgins of Sri Vijaya, Ithaca, New York.
Yapahuwa, (2001) (archaeological exploration report). Archaeological survey department Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Yusuf, S. M., (1970). Studies in Islamic History and Culture, Lahore.
①[清]王先谦：《庄子集解》,上海书店1986年据世界书局《诸子集成》影印本,第71页。
②北京大学《荀子》注释组：《荀子新注》,中华书局1979年版,第442页。
③王国维：《今本竹书纪年疏证》,中州古籍出版社1989年《古本竹书纪年译注》附本,第227页。
①孙玉琴：《中国对外贸易史教程》,对外经济贸易大学出版社2005年版,第4-5页。
②同上,第5页。
③同上,第6-7页。
④所标为在位时间,下同。
①“伽摩”(Gama)即村庄的意思。
② Hema Chandra Ray,Nicholas Attygalle,(ed).History of Ceylon, Vol.Ⅰ,part.Ⅰ, Ceylon University Press,1973, p107.
③有的书记载摩哂陀是阿育王的兄弟,但据斯里兰卡史书Mahavansa,摩哂陀乃是阿育王的儿子。
④[唐]姚思廉：《梁书·诸夷列传》,中华书局1973年版,第800页。
① W. Geiger, trans., The Mahavamsa or the Great Chronicle of Ceylon, London, Oxford University Press,1912, pp.55-56.
② S.Paranavitana, Inscriptions of Ceylon, Vol. I, Colombo.Department of Archaeology,1970, No.10,77,86,225-227.
③ Ibid.No.1131.
④ Hema Chandra Ray,Nicholas Attygalle,(ed). History of Ceylon,Vol.l,part.Ⅰ, Ceylon University Press,1973,p.141.
⑤ S.Paranavitana, Inscriptions ofCeylon,Vol.Ⅰ, Colombo,Department of Archaeology,1970,pp.54-56. W. Geiger, trans., The Mahavamsa or the Great Chronicle of Ceylon, London, Oxford University Press, 1912, pp.142-143.
①孙玉琴：《中国对外贸易史教程》,对外经济贸易大学出版社2005年版,第25-31页。
②[东汉]班固：《汉书·地理志》,中华书局1962年版,第1671页。
① Mahinda Werake, A New Date for the Beginning of Sino-Sri Lankan Relations, The Sri Lanka Journal of the Humanities, Colombo,1978, Vol.IV, pp.1-2.
②孙玉琴：《中国对外贸易史教程》,对外经济贸易大学出版社2005年版,第32-35页。
③ W. Geiger, trans., The Mahavamsa or the Great Chronicle of Ceylon, London, Oxford University Press, 1912, p.223.
① W. Geiger, trans.,The Mahavamsa or the Great Chronicle of Ceylon, London, Oxford University Press,1912, p.226.
③ Ibid p.254.
② Ibid, p.240-241.
④ Ibid.
⑤ Ibid.
⑥ Ibid, p.255.
① Durga Prasad, Rajatarangani, Bombay,1892, p.294-297.
② Nagendra Kr Singh, Encyclopaedia of Jainism, Vol.1, Anmol Publications, India,2007, p.1269.
③ W. Geiger, trans., The Mahavamsa or the Great Chronicle of Ceylon, London, Oxford University Press,1912, p.157.
④ Siri Siddhartha thera,(ed),Rasavahini,Wijayasagara Press,1898, p.88.
⑤ Ibid, p.93.
⑥ Hema Chandra Ray,Nicholas Attygalle,(ed). History of Ceylon, Vol. Ⅰ,part.Ⅰ, Ceylon University Press,1973, pp.223-227.
⑦ S.Paranavitana,Inscriptions of Ceylon, Vol.Ⅰ,part,Ⅱ, Colombo,Department of Archaeology,1983,p.101.
① S.Paranavitana,Inscriptions of Ceylon, Vol.Ⅰ,part,Ⅱ, Colombo,Department of Archaeology,1983,p.13.
② W. Geiger, trans., The Mahavamsa or the Great Chronicle of Ceylon, London, Oxford University Press, 1912, p.256.
③ Pliny, Natural History, Vol.Ⅵ, pp.84-91.[罗马]普林尼：《自然史》,中华书局1987年《希腊拉丁作家远东古文献辑录》本,第11-12页。
④ Rasanayagam, Ancient Jaffna, New delhi,1984,pp.112-115.
⑤ Gan Fuxi,Robert Brill,Tian Shouyun:Ancient Glass Research along the Silk Road,Singapore,2009,pp.81-82.
⑥ Prickett, Martha, Sri Lanka's Foreign Trade Before A.D.600:Archaeological Evidence, Kingsley M. de Silva, Sirima Kiribamune and Chandra R. de Silva (Eds), Asian Panorama:Essays in Asian History. Past and Present, New Delhi, Vikas Publishing House,1990,pp.162
⑦ S.Paranavitana,Lipimala, no. Ⅰ,Colombo,1972, p.5.
⑧ Carswell, J., and Pricket, M., The Excavation of Mantai 1980:A Preliminary Investigation, Ancient Ceylon, Vol Ⅴ:3-80, Prickett,1990,p.162.
⑨ Ray, Himanshu Prabha, The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia, Cambridge University Press,2003, p.193.
①孙玉琴：《中国对外贸易史教程》,对外经济贸易大学出版社2005年版,第39-62页。
② W. Geiger, trans.,The Mahavamsa or the Great Chronicle of Ceylon, London, Oxford University Press,1912, p.258.
③ Ibid, p.263.
④ Ibid, pp.267-271.
⑤ Hema Chandra Ray,Nicholas Attygalle,(ed). History of Ceylon, Vol. I.part.I, Ceylon University Press,1973,p.244.
⑥ Ibid,p.362.
⑦ Ibid.
①[唐]释道宣：《续高僧传·唐京师大慈恩寺释玄奘》,上海古籍出版社1991年版。
②[梁]沈约：《宋书》,中华书局1974年版,第79页。
③[北齐]魏收：《魏书》,中华书局1974年版,第3036页。
④ S.Paranavitana, Sigiri Graffiti, Vols. Ⅰ & Ⅱ, Oxford University Press,1956, Introductions xxi-vi.
①即国王的贴身侍卫。
②[唐]姚思廉：《梁书·诸夷列传》,中华书局1973年版,第800页。
③ Weissharr, H.J. Wijeyapala, W. and Roth, H. (ed.) Ancient Ruhuna. Sri Lankan-German Archaeological Project in the Southern Province, Vol.Ⅰ., KAVA Institute, Bonn,2001,pp.317-318.
④ Bastianpillei:China-Sri Lanka:Trade and Diplomatic Relations Including Voyages of Cheng ho, Ancient Ceylon, No.14, Colombo,1990, p.2.
⑤ Procopius, H. B. Dewing (trans):History of the Wars, Books I and II, Harvard University Press,1914, p.47.
③[东晋]法显撰,章巽校注：《法显传校注》,中华书局2008年版,第140-142页。
⑦ A Study in Locating Places Named in Ancient Foreign Coins, Hitherto Unknown Sri Lanka Contex, pp.127-139.
① Cosmas Indicopleustes, J. W.McCrindle (ed):The Christian Topography of Cosmas, an Egyptian Monk, Cambridge University Press,2010, pp.364-366.
①孙玉琴：《中国对外贸易史教程》,对外经济贸易大学出版社2005年版,第55-70页。
②同上,第70-90页。
①孙玉琴：《中国对外贸易史教程》,对外经济贸易大学出版社2005年版,第64-88页。
② Hema Chandra Ray,Nicholas Attygalle,(ed). History of Ceylon,Vol.Ⅰ,part.Ⅰ, Ceylon University Press,1973, pp.306.
① Hema Chandra Ray,Nicholas Attygalle,(ed). History of Ceylon, Vol.Ⅰ, partⅠ, Ceylon University Press,1973, pp.328-330.
② Prickett, Martha, Sri Lanka's Foreign Trade Before A.D.600:Archaeological Evidence, Kingsley M. de Silva, Sirima Kiribamune and Chandra R. de Silva (Eds) Asian Panorama:Essays in Asian History. Past and Present, New Delhi, Vikas Publishing House,1990, pp.62.
③ Archaeological Report(1982-1984),Department of Archaeology, Colombo.
①[唐]李肇：《唐国史补》,上海古籍出版社1957年版,第63页。
①孙玉琴：《中国对外贸易史教程》,对外经济贸易大学出版社2005年版,第90-109页。
② Hema Chandra Ray,NicholasAttygalle,(ed). History of Ceylon, Vol.Ⅰ,part.Ⅰ, Ceylon University Press,1973, pp.344-350.
① W. Geiger, trans., The Mahavamsa or the Great Chronicle of Ceylon, London, Oxford University Press,1912,p.85
② Frances Gies(ed), Al-Idrisi and Roger's book, Arabian American Oil Co.,1977.pp.1-7.
②[宋]赵汝适撰,杨博文校释：《诸蕃志校释》,中华书局1996年版,第52页。
①孙玉琴：《中国对外贸易史教程》,对外经济贸易大学出版社2005年版,第111-149页。
① Paul E. Walker, Exploring an Islamic Empire:Fatimid History and its Sources.London, I.B. Tauris,2002, p.164. (The material for updating this article is taken from Walker's account of al-Maqrizi.)
②[明]宋濂等：《元史》,中华书局1976年版,第148页。
③[意大利]马克-波罗口述,鲁斯蒂谦诺笔录,余前帆译注：《马可·波罗游记》,中国书籍出版社2009年版,第419页。
③ Ross E. Dunn,The adventures of Ibn Battuta, A Muslim traveler of the fourteenth century, University of California Press,1986,pp.229,241,242,246,261.
③ S.Paranavitana,The Shrine of Upulvan at Devundara, Memories of the Archaeological Survey of Ceylon, Vol. Ⅵ,Colombo,1953, pp.78-79.
③[明]马欢：《瀛涯胜览》,中华书局1985年《丛书集成初编》影印本,第50页。
①Ross E. Dunn,The adventures oflbn Battuta, A Muslim traveler of the fourteenth century, University of California Press,1986,pp.229,241,242,246,261.
②S.Paranavitana,The Shrine of Upulvan at Devundara, Memories of the Archaeological Survey of Ceylon, Vol. VI,Colombo,1953, pp.78-79.
③[明]马欢：《瀛涯胜览》,中华书局1985年《丛书集成初编》影印本,第50页。
①朱延沣：《古师子国释名》,《史学年报》1934年第2卷第1期,第147-154页。耿引曾：《以佛教为中心的中斯文化交流》,河南人民出版社1987年《中外文化交流史》,第475-476页。
②[东汉]班固：《汉书》,中华书局1962年版,第1671页。
①[唐]姚思廉：《梁书·诸夷列传》,中华书局1973年版,第800页。
②[梁]沈约：《宋书》,中华书局1974年版,第2384页。
③[梁]沈约：《宋书》,中华书局1974年版,第79页。
④[唐]姚思廉：《梁书·诸夷列传》,中华书局1973年版,第800页。
①[东晋]法显撰,章巽校注：《法显传校注》,中华书局2008年版,第140-142页。
②[梁]宝唱撰、王孺童校注：《比丘尼传校注释·广陵僧果尼传》,中华书局2006年版.第88页。
③[北齐]魏收：《魏书》,中华书局1974年版,第3036页。
④[唐]姚思廉：《梁书·诸夷列传》,中华书局1973年版,第800页。
⑤[北魏]贾思勰撰,缪启愉校释：《齐民要术》,农业出版社1982年版,第708页。
⑥[宋]李昉等修：《太平御览》,上海古籍出版社2008年据文渊阁《四库全书》影印本,第8册316页。
①[北魏]杨街之撰,杨勇校笺：《洛阳伽蓝记校笺》,中华书局2006年版,第200页。
②[宋]李昉等修：《太平御览》,上海古籍出版社2008年据文渊阁《四库全书》影印本,第8册68页。
③狼牙修实为马来西亚,参见何平《马来半岛的封建割据》,《东南亚》1990年第1期。
④[明]张燮：《东西洋考》卷九,文渊阁《四库全书》本。
⑤[宋]欧阳修、宋祁：《新唐书》,中华书局1975年版,第6258页。
⑥[宋]王钦若等修：《册府元龟》,凤凰出版社2006年校订本,第11235页。
⑦[宋]欧阳修、宋祁：《新唐书》,中华书局1975年版,第6258页。
⑧[宋]王钦若等修：《册府元龟》,凤凰出版社2006年校订本,第11243页。
⑨同上,第11244页。
①[宋]赞宁：《宋高僧传》,中华书局1986年版,第722页。
②[唐]义净撰、王邦维校注：《大唐西域求法高僧传》卷上《明远传》,中华书局1988年版,第67-68页。
③同上,第73、84、88、182页。
④关于不空的祖籍,中国文献记载有分歧,详见索毕德《古代中国与斯里兰卡的文化交流研究——以佛教文化为中心》,山东大学2010年博士学位论文,第46-47页。
⑤[清]董诰等修：《全唐文·唐大兴善寺故大宏教大辩正三藏和尚影堂碣铭》,中华书局1983年影印本,第3782-3783页。
⑥同上,第3337页下。
⑦[唐]杜佑：《通典》,浙江古籍出版社2000年影印本,第761页。
⑧[唐]张彦远：《历代名画记》卷九《叙历代能画人名》,文渊阁《四库全书》本。
⑨[唐]李肇：《唐国史补》,上海古籍出版社1957年版,第63页。
①[宋]李防等修：《文苑英华》卷二七六,文渊阁《四库全书》本。
②[唐]杜佑：《通典》,浙江古籍出版社2000年影印本,第1041页。
③[北宋]王溥：《唐会要》卷九十九,文渊阁《四库全书》本。
④[北宋]王溥：《唐会要》卷一百,文渊阁《四库全书》本。
⑤[元]脱脱等修：《辽史》,中华书局1974年版,第133页。
⑥[元]脱脱等修：《辽史》,中华书局1974年版,第429-431页。
①[宋]洪适：《盘洲文集》卷六十六,文渊阁《四库全书》本。
②[南宋]李昂英：《文溪稿》,暨南大学出版社1994年版,第378页。
③[宋]周去非：《岭外代答》卷二,乾隆38年刻《知不足斋丛书》本。
④[宋]赵汝适撰,杨博文校释：《诸蕃志校释》,中华书局1996年版,第125页。
⑤[元]脱脱等修：《宋史》卷四八九,文渊阁《四库全书》本。
⑥[明]谢肇淛：《滇略》卷六,文渊阁《四库全书》本。
⑦[明]宋濂等：《元史》,中华书局1976年版,第148页。
⑧[明]宋濂等：《元史》,中华书局1976年版,第3198页。
①同上,第292页。
②同上,第374页。
③[元]汪大渊撰,苏继庼校释：《岛夷志略》,中华书局1981年版,第243-244页。
④[元]汪大渊撰,苏继庼校释：《岛夷志略》,中华书局1981年版,第270页。
①周绍泉、文实：《郑和与锡兰》,《南亚研究》1986年02期,第4页。
②[元]陶安：《陶学士集》,书目文献出版社《北京图书馆古籍珍本丛刊》影印明弘治刻本,第100页上。
③[明]严从简：《殊域周咨录》,中华书局1993年版,第312页。
④同上。
⑤[明]严从简：《殊域周咨录》,中华书局1993年版,第313页。
⑥[清]张廷玉等修：《明史》,中华书局1974年版,第8445页。
⑦[明]严从简：《殊域周咨录》,中华书局1993年版,第313页。
①[明]马欢：《瀛涯胜览》,中华书局1985年《丛书集成初编》影印本,第50页。
②[明]王圻：《续文献通考》卷三十三《土贡考》,浙江古籍出版社2000年版,第173页。
③[明]李时珍：《本草纲目》,人民卫生出版社1979年版,第1844页。
① Ahungalle wimalakitti mahathero, Dipawansa,Vidyavilasi Press,1939,pp.i-xv.
② W. Geiger, trans., The Mahavamsa or the Great Chronicle of Ceylon, London, Oxford University Press, 1912, chapter 73,84gatha.
①R. Morris. London,(ed), Pali Text Society, Buddhavamsa Atthakatha,PTS,London,1882, p.240.
②Anandamaitriya maha thera,(ed).Milindapanha,Anula Press,Colombo,1962, pp.1-21
③Akuratiye Amarawamsa&Hemachandra disanayake(ed), Vamstthappakasiniya, colombo,1994,pp.1-13
④[罗马]普林尼：《自然史》,中华书局1987年《希腊拉丁作家远东古文献辑录》本,第11-12页。
① A.P.Buddhadatta thera,(ed),Sahassavatthuppakarana, Anula Press,Colombo,1959,pp.1-9.
② W. Geiger, trans., The Mahavamsa or the Great Chronicle of Ceylon, London, Oxford University Press,1912, pp.157.
③ S.G.M.Weerasinghe:A History of the Cultural Relations Between Sri Lanka and China, CCF, Colombo 7,1995, p33.
④[梁]宝唱撰、王孺童校注：《比丘尼传校注释·广陵僧果尼传》,中华书局2006年版,第88页。
⑤ S.GM.Weerasinghe:A History of the Cultural Relations Between Sri Lanka and China, CCF, Colombo 7,1995, p33,57.
①“二十七”误,应为第七十二篇故事。
②索毕德：《古代中国与斯里兰卡的文化交流研究——以佛教文化为中心》,山东大学博士学位论文。
③ Romila Thapar, Ancient Indian Social History:Some Interpretations, Orient Blackswan, India,1978, pp.137-172.
④ Polwatte Buddadattathero,(ed), Sihalavattuppakarana, Anula Press,1959,p.136.
①李静：《佛教初传入华的几种说法》,《佛教文化》2005年第5期,第31页。
② Weragoda Amaramoli thera,(ed),Pujavaliya,Ratnakara Press,Colombo,1953, pp.108-109.
③ Ibid.
④ S.G.M. Weerasinghe:A History ofthe Cultural Relations Between Sri Lanka and China, CCF,Colombo 7,1995, p57
⑤ D.D. Ranasinghe, (ed), Dambadeni Asna, Colombo,1917, pp.2,15.
⑥ Charls de silva (ed), Parakumba Sirita,Gunasena &co.,Colombo,1970, p.85.
① M.E.Femando,(ed), Kustantinu Hatana, Colombo,1933, pp.1-4.
② A.V.Suraweera, (ed),Rajavaliyar,Colombo,1976, p.207.
③ Gananatha obesekara(ed), Vannirajavaliya,International Centre for Ethnic Studies,2005.p.45.
④ Bhishagratna, K.K. (ed)., The SusrutaSamhita,Vol.1, India,1963,p.1176.
⑤ Monaragammana thera (ed),Yogaratnakaraya,Colombo,1939,introduction.
⑥ Lankananda thero (ed),Buthsarana,Gunasena &co,1968, introduction.
① Gnanananda thera (ed),Dahamsarana,Colombo,1929,introduction.
② Charls Godakumbure,(ed). Janakiharana, Government Press,Colombo,1969,p.xvi.
①[明]费信：《星槎胜览》,中华书局1954年版,第29页。
①S.Paranavitana,The Tamil Inscription on the Galle Trilingual Slab,Epigraphia zeylanica,Vol.Ⅲ,London, 1928-1933,pp.331-340.
②S.Paranavitana:Sigiri Grafiti,Oxford University Press,vol.Ⅰ-Ⅱ.pp.xi-ⅹⅷ.
③Ibid,Poem No.399.
① S.G.M Weerasinghe:A History of the Cultural Relations Between Sri Lanka and China, CCF, Colombo 7, 1995,p.73.
② Ibid.
③ Somapala Javawardhana:Hela Asisriva.Sri Devi Printers Pvt.Ltd.,1988.pp.34-36.
④ D.P.Ponnamperuma:Videshin Dutu Lankawa,Kandy,1961,pp.20-21.
⑤ S.G.M Weerasinghe:A History of the Cultural Relations Between Sri Lanka and China, CCF, Colombo 7,1995, pp.73-74.
⑥ S.Paranavitana, Inscriptions of Ceylon,Vol.Ⅰ, Colombo,Department of Archaeology,1970,p.Xci.
⑦ Ibid, p.Xci.p.42.
⑧ Ibid, pp.76,83.
① Ibid, no.1131.
①[明]宋濂等：《元史》,中华书局1976年版,第148页。
③ S.G.M Weerasinghe:A History of the Cultural Relations Between Sri Lanka and China, CCF, Colombo 7,1995, P.65
④ Ibid.p.68.
⑤ Ibid
⑥ S.G.M Weerasinghe:A History of the Cultural Relations Between Sri Lanka and China, CCF, Colombo 7,1995, pp.67-70.
⑦ (Ⅰ)The Sararthasamgraha,Ⅲ.65,Department of National Museum,1987,pp.102-103. (Ⅱ) The Atthakatha on the Sutta Nipata,verse No.239.
⑧ (Ⅰ)Sinhala Sabdakosaya,Vol.9,Department of Cultural Affairs,Sri Lanka,p.4092. (Ⅱ)Desiya Vaidya Sabdakosaya,p.ⅴ.
⑨ Sinhala Sabdakosaya,vol.10,DCA,Sri Lanka,p.4858.
① S.G.M Weerasinghe:A History of the Cultural Relations Between Sri Lanka and China, CCF, Colombo 7,1995, p.68.
② Ibid, p.67.
③ Ibid, p.68.
④ Ibid, p.69.
⑤ Ibid, p.70.
⑥ S.G.M Weerasinghe:A History of the Cultural Relations Between Sri Lanka and China, CCF, Colombo 7,1995, p.76.
⑦ Ibid.p.67.
⑧ Ibid.p.68.
⑨ Ibid. p.77.
⑩ Ibid.
11 Ibid.
① Ibid.p.78.
② Ibid.
③ Ibid.
④ Ibid. p.81.
①[罗马]普林尼：《自然史》,中华书局1987年《希腊拉丁作家远东古文献辑录》本,第11-12页。
① McCrindle, J. W., (trans), The Commerce and Navigation of the Erythraean Sea, Being a Translation of the Periplus Maris Erythraei, London,1879,pp.1-39.
② McCrindle.J. W. TheChristianTopography of Cosmos Indicopleustes, Hakluyt Society, London,1897,pp.i-xxvii
③[希腊]科斯马斯：《基督教世界风土记,中华书局1987年《希腊拉丁作家远东古文献辑录》本.第101页。
④[阿拉伯]苏莱曼撰,穆根来、汶江、黄悼汉译：《中国印度见闻录》,中华书局1983年版,第109页。
①即斯里兰卡国王。
②[阿拉伯]埃德里奇：《诸国风土记》,中华书局1989年《阿拉伯波斯突厥人东方文献辑注》本,第199页。
③[意大利]马克·波罗口述,鲁斯蒂谦诺笔录,余前帆译注：《马可·波罗游记》,中国书籍出版社,第419页。
④ Henry Yule,Cathay and the way thither:being a collection of medieval notices of Chinayol.Ⅰ, Hakluyt Society, London,1866, p.192.
⑤Ibid, p.150.
①Rose E.Dunn, Ibn Batuta Travels in Asia and Africa,University of California Press,2005,pp.241,248,357.
①[东汉]班固：《汉书》,中华书局1962年版,第1671页。
②[明]巩珍撰,向达校注：《西洋番国志》,中华书局1961年版,第24页。
① Reichert Verlag, Coins and Tokens from Ancient Ceylon:Ancient Ruhuna, Sri Lanka-German Archaeological Project in the Southern Province, Vol.2,Wiesbaden, Reichert Verlag,2008, p.368.
② H.W.Codrington, Ceylon Coins and Currency, Memoirs of Colombo Museum, Series A,No.3,Colombo,1924.
① Osmund Bopearachchi, D. P. M. Weerakkody, (Ed),Origin, Evolution, and Circulation of Foreign Coins in the Indian Ocean:Proceedings of the Numismatic Workshop, Origin and Evolution of Coins and the International Seminar Circulation of Foreign Coins in Sri Lanka and Ancient Sea Routes in the Indian Ocean, Colombo,8-10 September 1994,Manohar,1998, pp.191-197.
②戴志强：《古代中国的钱币》,《中国钱币》2003年第2期,第5页。
①关汉亨：《浅谈“半两”》,《中国钱币》2006年第3期,第88页。
②[汉]司马迁：《史记》,中华书局1982年版,第1442页。
③唐石父等：《中国古钱币》,上海古籍出版社2001年版,第60页。
④ Wang Helen, Metallurgical Analysis of Chinese Coins at the British Museum, London,2005, p.11.
④毛振伟等：《汉郡国金五铢的成份分析》,《考古与文物》2002年第2期,第80页。
①高英民、张金乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第147页。
②唐石父等：《中国古钱币》,上海古籍出版社2001年版,第173-186页。
③高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第196页。
④同上,第163-165页。
①高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第167-169页。
①高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第198页。
②同上,第207页。
①张燕；《试论宋代货币与钱币文化》,中央民族大学2006年硕士学位论文,第4页。
②同上。
①高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第210页。
②张燕：《试论宋代货币与钱币文化》,中央民族大学2006年硕士学位论文,第4页。
①张燕：《试论宋代货币与钱币文化》,中央民族大学2006年硕士学位论文,第4页。
②高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第212页。
③张燕：《试论宋代货币与钱币文化》,中央民族大学2006年硕士学位论文,第4页。
①昭明、马利清：《中国古代货币》,百花文艺出版社2007年版,第193页。
②高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第213页。
①张泽松：《明道元宝背文钱》,《中国钱币》1991年第2期,第39页.
②高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第215页。
①昭明、马利清：《中国古代货币》,百花文艺出版社2007年版,第196页。
②高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第216页。
①昭明、马利清：《中国古代货币》,百花文艺出版社2007年版,第196页。
②高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第218页。
①高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第218页。
②同上。
①高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第218页。
②同上。
①高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第220-222页。
①高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第222-225页。
①昭明、马利清：《中国古代货币》,百花文艺出版社2007年版,第200页。
②同上,第205页.
①高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第225页。
②昭明、马利清：《中国古代货币》,百花文艺出版社2007年版,第205页。
①高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第228页。
①昭明、马利清：《中国古代货币》,百花文艺出版社2007年版,第208页。
①金元时期亦曾铸行大观通宝。
②昭明、马利清：《中国古代货币》,百花文艺出版社2007年版,第208页。
③同上,第208-213页.’
①昭明、马利清：《中国古代货币》,百花文艺出版社2007年版,第208-213页.
①昭明、马利清：《中国古代货币》,百花文艺出版社2007年版,第217页。
②同上。
①昭明、马利清：《中国古代货币》,百花文艺出版社2007年版,第217-220页。
①高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第247页。
②同上。
①昭明、马利清：《中国古代货币》,百花文艺出版社2007年版,第220页。
②高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第252页。
③同上,第253页。
①昭明、马利清：《中国古代货币》,百花文艺出版社2007年版,第224页。
②高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第256页。
①高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第260页。
②同上。
①高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第260页。
②同上,第267页.
①高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第273页。
②同上,第274页.
①高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第274页。
②同上。
①高英民、张新乾：《中国古代钱币略说》,地质出版社2002年版,第274页。
② Francois Thierry, Chinese Coins from the Yaphuwa Site in the Collection at the Anuradhapura Museum,Origin, Evolution and Circulation of Foreign Coins in the Indian Ocean,1998,Paris,pp.205-210.
③ Neville A.Ritchie, Stuart Park, Chinese Coins Down Under:Their Role on the New Zealand Goldfields, Australian Historical Archaeology,1987,Vol.pp.41-48.
④ Francois Thierry, Chinese Coins from the Yaphuwa Site in the Collection at the Anuradhapura Museum,Origin, Evolution and Circulation of Foreign Coins in the Indian Ocean,1998,Paris,p.210.
①广东省博物馆：《西沙文物》,文物出版社1975年版,第16页。
②秦雪：《耀县土桥唐代窖藏钱》,《陕西金融》1988年第4期,第68-70页。
③ Francois Thierry,Maritime Silk Routes and Chinese Coins Hoards, Origin, Evolution and Circulation of Foreign Coins in the Indian Ocean,Colombo,1998,p.211.
①[明]马欢：《瀛涯胜览》,中华书局1985年《丛书集成初编》影印本,第50页.
①李知宴：《中国古代陶瓷的对外传播(一)》,《中国文物报》2002年01月09日第005版。
① Weisshaar, H'J', Wijeyapala, W.,1993. Ancient Ruhuna (Sri Lanka), The Tissamaharama Project Excavation at Akurugoda 1992-1993, Betrage Zur Allgemeinen and Vergleichenden Archaeologie,2001,p'213'
② Kanazawa Yoh, Chinese Trade Cermics Discovered in Sri Lanka,In Search of Chinese Ceramic Sherds in South India and Sri Lanka, Noboru Karashima (ed.), Taisho University Press, Japan,2004,p'54'
①印度东南端的达努什科迪和斯里兰卡的塔莱曼纳尔之间的一串珊瑚礁和浅滩。北濒保克海峡,南临马纳尔湾。
④ McCrindle.J.W. TheChristianTopography of Cosmas Indicopleustes, Hakluyt Society, London,1897, pp.363-373.
①Lalith Chaminda:Chinese in Sri Lanka, Divaina,2011-01-09, p.18.
① M.Aberatne, and Wickremasinghe,O.C, Emission spectroscopy in determining the origin and the composition of ancient glazed tiles found during the excavations at abhayagiri vihara,Anuradhapura, Ancient Ceylon, Vol.Ⅴ, Department of Archaeology,1990,pp.1-8.
② Ibid.
③ Ibid.
① Ibid.
② M.Aberatne, and Wickremasinghe,O.C, Emission spectroscopy in determining the origin and the composition of ancient glazed tiles found during the excavations at abhayagiri vihara,Anuradhapura, Ancient Ceylon, Vol.Ⅴ, Department of Archaeology,1990,pp.1-8.
③周绍泉、文实：《郑和与锡兰》,《南亚研究》1986年02期,第4页。
①[明]费信：《星槎胜览》,中华书局1954年,第29页。
② S.Paranavitana, The Tamil Inscription on the Galle Trilingual Slab, Epigraphia zeylanica, London,1928-1933, Vol.Ⅲ, pp.331-340.
③ H.-J. Weisshaar, H. Roth and W.Wijeyapala (eds.), Ancient Ruhuna,The Chinese Inscription on the Trilingual Slab stone from Galle Reconsidered:A Case Study in Early Ming-Chinese Diplomatics, Sri Lankan-German Archaeological Project in the Southern Province, Mainzam Rhein, Verlag Phillip von Zabem, Germany,2001, pp.385-468.
②吴之洪在《郑和<布施锡兰山佛寺碑>碑文考》中将“马德拉斯”(Madras)误作“马德里”(Madrid)。
①详细考证过程参见拙文《郑和锡兰碑新考》,《东南文化》2011年第1期,第72-78页。
② S.Paranavitana, The Tamil Inscription on the Galle Trilingual Slab, Epigraphia zeylanica, London,1928-1933, Vol.Ⅲ, pp.331-340.
①国王达普拉一世建造了Uppalawanna Rajamaha Vihara(当时名为Kehireli Vihara)寺庙及毗湿奴神庙,国王Parakramabahu二世是这两座寺庙的主要资助者,在他统治期间,栋德拉成为了一个繁荣的港口和贸易中心。国王Parakramabahu一世Nissankamalla及后来的几个国王和其他皇室成员都曾资助过那里的印度教和佛教寺庙。Kehireli Vihara寺庙中除了有毗湿奴神庙,还有其它一些印度教的神庙,如Ganesha神庙,Nagarisa神庙及后来的KataRajatarangani,1892.Durga Prasad, Bombay,p'294-297'ma神庙和Pattini神庙.国王们对佛教寺庙和印度教寺庙一视同仁。此庙被葡萄牙殖民者毁坏,葡萄牙殖民时期结束后重建。
② James Emerson Tennent, An Account of the Island, Physical, Historical, and Topographical,Asian Educational Service, Madras, India,1999,Vol.Ⅰ-Ⅱ, p.625.
③ Fern-ao de Queyroz,S.G.Perera(trans),The temporal and spiritual conquest of Ceylon, Colombo,1930,p.35.
④[意大利]艾儒略撰,谢方校释：《职方外纪》,中华书局1996年版,第58页。
①[清]陈忠倚：《皇朝经世文三编》,台北文海出版社1972年版,第1122页。
②[明]罗曰装：《咸宾录》,中华书局1983年版,第156页。
③[清]张廷玉等：《明史》,中华书局1974年版,第101、103页。
④向达整理：《郑和航海图》,中华书局1961年版,第55、64、65页。
⑤ S.Paranavitana, The Tamil Inscription on the Galle Trilingual Slab, Epigraphia zeylanica, London,1928-1933, Vol.Ⅲ, pp.331-340.
①波斯碑文残缺较为严重,仅能将可辨认的词句翻译出来。南京大学刘迎胜教授在《明初中国与亚洲中西部地区交往的外交语言问题》一文中亦据S.Paranavitana的英文译文翻译为中文。
① Rohan Gunaratne, Sino-Lankan Connection,2000 Years of Cultural Relations, Department of Information-ministry of State,Colombo,1987, p.87.
①[美]马歇尔·萨林斯著,张经纬、郑少雄、张帆译：《石器时代经济学》,三联书店2009年版,第226-228页。
① McCrindle.J W. TheChristianTopography of Cosmas Indicopleustes, Hakluyt Society, London,1897, pp.363-373.
①[东晋]法显撰,章巽校注：《法显传校注》,中华书局2008年版,第140-142页。
②[明]马欢：《瀛涯胜览》,中华书局1985年《丛书集成初编》影印本,第50页。
①[希腊]科斯马斯：《基督教世界风土记》,中华书局1987年《希腊拉丁作家远东古文献辑录》本,第100页。
② McCrindle.J.W.TheChristianTopography of Cosmas Indicopleustes,Hakluyt Society,London,1897, pp.366.
① W. Geieer. trans.. The Mahavamsa or the Great Chronicle of Ceylon, London, Oxford University Press,1912. Chapter 7,p.59.
② Ibid, pp.175-176.
③ Ibid, Chapter35,p.248.
④ Ibid, p.223.
⑤ Ibid.
① W.J.S.Boake:Tirukketisvaram,Mahatirtha,Matoddam,or Mantoddai, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Ceylon Branch),Vol.X,1887, pp.107-117.
② John Still:Archaeological Survey of Ceylon,Annual Report,1907,in Ceylon Sessional Papers,1911,Survey of the Northern Province, pp.26-30.
③ A.M.Hokart:Annual Report on the Archaeological Survey of Ceylon,1925-1926,pp.15,18,19;1926-1927,p.16.
④ C.P.Winzer:Annual Report on the Archaeological Survey of Ceylon.1927-1928,Ceylon Administration Reports for 1928,IV(J),pp.6,9.
⑤ S.Sanmuganathan:Report on the Archaeological Survey of Ceylon for 1950, Department of Archaeology, Colombo,1951,p89.
⑥ William Willetts:Ceylon and China,The Archaeological Society of South India,Silver Jubilee Volume, Madras, 1962, pp.97-119.
⑦ J.carswell and Martha pricket Fernando, Mantai 1980:A preliminary investigation, Ancient Ceylon, No.5,1984, pp.3-80; J.carswell,Excavations at the Port of Mantai, SriLanka, Symposium on India in the Roman Period, Archaeological Institute of America sanAntonio,1987, January; J.carswell,The Excavation of Mantai, Ancient Ceylon,No.7,1990, pp17-28;The Port of Mantai, V.Begley and R.de.Puma(ed.),Rome and India:The Ancient Sea Trade, Madison of University of Wisconsin Press,1991, pp.197-203;Moria Tampoe, Maritime Trade Between China and the West:An Archaeological Study of the Ceramic from Siraf(persian Gulf) 8th and 15th Centuries A.D,(British Archaeological Reports), International Series 555,Oxford,1989; Marta Pricket Fernando,Sri Lanka's Foreign Trade before 600 A.D:Archaeological Evidence, Asian Panorama.Essays in Asian History, Past and Present, eds,K.M. de Silva, S.Kiribamune and C.R de Silva,1990,pp.151-180; Martha pricket Fernando, Durable Goods the Archaeological Evidence of SriLanka's Role in the Indian Ocean Trade,SriLanka and the Silk Road of The Sea, pp.61-74; The grade port and Enter Port in Indian Trade, Ibid, pp.115-122; Roland Silva and Jan Bouzek, Mantai-A Second Arikamedu:A note on on Roman Finds,Ibid, pp.123-124; Sirima K.iribamune,The Role of the Port City of Mahatittha(Mantota) in the Trade Network of the Indian Ocean, The SriLanka Journal of the Humanities,Vol.xvii-xviii,No.1,No22,1991-1992, pp.171-192; Moria Tampoe, Ceramics and Other Evidence from the Partner Ports of the Western Indian Ocean(8th-10th AD),SriLanka and the Silk Road of The Sea, pp.85-103; The Spice Island Route:Sri Lanka's Participations in Maritime Trade and the Archaeological Evidence from Mantai and Galle Harbour, Sesquicentennial Commemorative Volume of the Royal Asiatic Society of Srilanka,1845-1995,Colombo,1995, pp.159-210.
①[元]汪大渊撰,苏继庼校释：《岛夷志略》,中华书局1981年版,第308页。
① AkuratiyeAmarawamsa&hemachandra disanayake(ed),Vamstthappakasiniya,Colombo,1994, p.530.
② John Bostock,Henry Thomas,(ed),The Natural History of Pliny, Vol.2, London,1855, pp.51-56.
③ H.-J. Weisshaar, H. Roth and W.Wijeyapala (eds.), Ancient Ruhuna,The Gadavaya Harbour Site, Sri Lankan-German Archaeological Project in the Southern Province, Mainzam Rhein, Verlag Phillip von Zabern, Germany, 2001,pp.291-327.
④ Ibid.,pp.317-318.
⑤ Ibid.,pp.265-267.
⑥ Rambavihara Archaeological Annual Report,2007,unpublished.
① Gerami and Devendra, Somasiri, Maritime Archaeology in Sri Lanka, The Gall Harbour Project 1992, ed.Jerami Green, The Archaeological Department of Sri Lanka The Central Cultural Fund, Western Australian Maritime Museum and Postgraduate Institute of Arachaeology, Kelaniya University,1993, p'65'
① Moria Tampoe,Ceramics and Other Evidence from the Partner Ports of the Western Indian Ocean(8th-10th AD), SriLanka and the Silk Road of The Sea, pp.85-103; The Spice Island Route:Sri Lanka's Participations in Maritime Trade and the Archaeological Evidence from Mantai and Galle Harbour, Sesquicentennial Commemorative Volume of the Royal Asiatic Society of Srilanka,1845-1995,Colombo,1995, pp.159-210.
② S.Paranavitana,The Shrine of Upulvan at Devundara, Memories of the Archaeological Survey of Ceylon,1953, p.69.
①[元]汪大渊撰,苏继庼校释：《岛夷志略》,中华书局1981年版,第270页。
③ Polwatte Buddhadatta Thero, Kalyani Shilalipi, Colombo,1928, p23.
①[明]巩珍撰,向达校注：《西洋番国志》,中华书局1961年版,第23页。
② S.Paranavitana,Three Chola Invasions not Recorded in the Mahavamsa, Vol. XXXI, No.82, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Ceylon Branch,1929, p385.
① S.paranavitana,.Inscriptions of Ceylon,Vol.Ⅱ, part.Ⅰ, Archaeology Survey of Ceylon,1983,p.61.
② Indrapala,K., The Nainative Tamil Inscription of Parakramabahu Ⅰ, University of Ceylon Revive, Vol. ⅩⅩⅪ, No.Ⅰ, 1963, p.64.
③ S.Paranavitana,The Shrine of Upulvan at Devundara, Memories of the Archaeological Survey of Ceylon,1953, p.69.
① S.Paranavitana. Inscriptions of Cevlon.Vol.Ⅰ. Colombo.Department of Archaeology.1970.No.473.
② Ibid.No.987.
③ J. W.McCrindle, Ancient India as Described by Megasthenes and Arrian, Maluka Publish,2008, p.156.
①严学窘：《释琉璃》,《安徽师范大学学报(自然科学版)》1978年Z1期,第109-110页。
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③ Hema Ratnayake:The Jetavana treasure, Sri Lanka and the Silk Road of the Sea, Sri Lanka National Commission for Unesco and the Central Cultural Fund,2003, pp.37-46.
④ A. Lucas:Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, Kessinger Publishing,2003, pp.58-60,196,455-456.
① Osmund Bopearachchi:New Archaeological Evidence on Cultural and Commercial Relationships between Ancient Sri Lanka and Tamil Nadu, Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in History and Archaeology, Vol.1, No.l (Summer 2004), pp.60-72.
②John Bostock,Henry Thomas,(ed),The Natural History of Pliny, Vol.2, London,1855, pp.51-56.
① S.Paranavitana, Inscriptions of Ceylon, Vol.1, Colombo, Department of Archaeology,1970,No.1-8,10-15 at EZ.I, No.9 at ASCAR,1909, p.5.
② Polwatte Buddhadatta thero,(ed).Sahassavatthuppakarana, Colombo,1959, p.83.
① William F. Perrin, Bernd Wursig, J. G. M. Thewissen:Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, Academic Press,2008, pp.28-29.
② Ashutosh Prasad Patnaik:The Early Voyagers of the East:The Rise of Maritime Trade of the Kalingas in Ancient India, Vol.1, Pratibha Prakashan,2003, pp.198,291.
③ McCrindle.J.W.:TheChristianTopography of Cosmas Indicopleustes, Hakluyt Society, London,1897, pp.366.
④ James Emerson Tennent:Ceylon:An Account of the Island Physical, Historical and Topographical, with Notice of Its Natural History, Antiquities, and Productions, Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts, Oxford University Press,1858,p175.
①[宋]蔡绦：《铁围山丛谈》,中华书局1983年版,第97页。
① McCrindle.J.W.:TheChristianTopography of Cosmas Indicopleustes, Hakluyt Society, London,1897, p.366.
② James Emerson Tennent:Ceylon:An Account of the Island, Physical, Historical, and Topographical,with Notices of Its Natural History, Antiquities, and Productions, Oxford University Press,1858, p.175.
① Rajatarangani,Durga Prasad, Bombay,1892,pp.294-297.
①[清]樊彬：《燕都杂咏》,广陵书社2003年《中国风土志丛刊》本,第15册。
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③杨蕤：《五代、北宋时期陆上丝绸之路输入品辑考》,《丝绸之路》2009第6期,第93-94页。
④斯迈：《西洋布》,《宁波服装职业技术学院学报》2003年第1期,第11页。
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① Jonathan Pereira:The Elements of Materia Medica and Therapeutics:Including Notices of Most of the Medical Substandces in Use in the Civilized World and Forming an Encyclopaedia of Materia Medica, Vol.2, London, 1857, pp.376-377.
② Herodotus of Halicarnassus (c.440 BC),Vol. III,p.107.
③ H. Panda:Herbal Soaps & Detergents Hand Book, National Institute Of Industrial Research, pp.96-97.
① James Emerson Tennent:Ceylon:An Account of the Island, Physical, Historical, and Topographical, with Notices of Its Natural History, Antiquities, and Productions, Oxford University Press,1858, pp.558-560.
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耿引曾：《以佛教为中心的中斯文化交流》,河南人民出版社1987年《中外文化交流史》。
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秦雪：《耀县土桥唐代窖藏钱》,《陕西金融》1988年第4期。
斯迈：《西洋布》,《宁波服装职业技术学院学报》2003年第1期。
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严学窘：《释琉璃》,《安徽师范大学学报(自然科学版)》1978年Z1期。
杨蕤：《五代、北宋时期陆上丝绸之路输入品辑考》,《丝绸之路》2009第6期。
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