基于RS和DEM数据的活动断裂提取
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摘要
川滇地区位于青藏高原东南缘,新生代以来受青藏高原地壳物质向东侧运移和阿萨姆顶点楔入的共同作用,构造变形结构复杂,断裂活动强烈,随时发生强震的可能性很大。详细探查该地区的断裂特别是活动断裂的分布情况及断裂性质具有重要意义。传统的野外地质工作方法比较费时、费力,同时遥感图像具有概括作用,采用遥感和GIS技术来提取断裂为准确、快速解译断裂构造提供指导,提高传统地质构造解译的精度与速度。本文选取四川西南部西昌—米易地区为研究区,探讨研究活动断裂分布及性质的方法。
本文总结了构造地貌的研究进展以及运用遥感与GIS手段来提取断裂和研究其性质的方法。通过DEM分析地形地貌来提取断裂的研究还比较少,是本文的主要创新点。
通过分析断裂及其所控制、改造和影响的地质体、地貌、水体、植被等相关地物在遥感影像上构成的不同色调和形态特征的影像特征,总结断裂的标志。
通过比较分析在众多图像增强方法中选取ETM743波段进行彩色合成,地物的形态特征和内部结构细节得以充分展示,断裂的影像信息得到突出。利用ArcGIS对研究区的DEM数据提取山体阴影图,突出了图像的线性影纹;地表坡度分析,突出呈线状分布的坡度突变带及坡度较大地区;利用Arc Hydro Tools自动提取水系,反映了受构造运动控制的研究区的水系展布特征和地形信息。结合断裂解译标志将多种方法结合起来相互验证综合分析提取断裂,并将ETM影像与DEM数据、提取的断裂进行叠加,进行三维显示和分析验证,并有助于更精确地判断断裂的延伸方向。
本次研究共提取162条断裂,主要有南北向、北西向、北西西向、北东向、北东向和东西向五组。根据分析断裂性质的判读标志在之前数据处理的基础上研究断裂的活动性、水平运动特征和垂直运动特征研究,对主要断裂分组进行总结。结合该地区的1:20万地质报告和地质图对解译断裂进行查证,多数断裂得到证实,证明运用遥感技术提取断裂的可行性,同时发现新的断裂,需要进一步野外验证,是对传统野外地质工作的补充。运用遥感与GIS手段来提取断裂对自然、构造环境相似的川滇其他地区的断裂情况研究有重要借鉴意义。
The Sichuan-Yunnan region is situated in the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Since Cenozoic time, the jointed affection of eastward motion of the Tibetan plateau and indentation of the Assam wedge cause complex tectonic deformation and intense fault activities in this region. The occurrence of a great earthquake at any time is quite possible. Detailed exploration of the region's fault, in particular, the distribution and the character of active faults have important value. The traditional methods of geological work need more time and laborious. At the same time, remote sensing images have the function of summary. Using remote sensing and GIS technology can provide guidance to extract fault structure interpreted information accurate and rapidly. The accuracy and speed of traditional interpretation of geological can be improved. The study take the area of Xichang-Miyi which located in the southwest of Sichuan province as example , and the method of using DEM data and RS to study the distribution of active faults and property is discussed.
The paper summarizes the study progress of tectonic landform and the method of the extraction of fracture and the study of nature by RS and GIS. There are less research to extract the fracture by analysis topography and geomorphology with the DEM data, which is the innovative points of the study.
The symbol of the fault is summarized by analyzing the characteristics of the image features composed of different colors and morphology of faults and geological, geomorphologic, water, vegetation and related surface features controlled, reformed and effected by the faults in Remote sensing images.
Among lots of methods of image enhancement, ETM743 band are selected for color composite to fully display the morphological characteristics of surface features and internal structural details, and the image information of the fault is outstanding. At the same time, the image of shadow of mountain is extracted by ArcGIS with the DEM data, which highlights the linear texture of the image; Analysis of the surface slope is used to highlights the area of mutation and steep slope linearly distributed; extract water system automatically by Arc Hydro Tools. The water system fully reflect the water distribution characteristics and topographic information, in the study area, which is controlled by the tectonic movement. According to the fault interpretation signs, combine several methods, verify mutually, analyze comprehensively and extract fault. Display the three-dimensional effect by stacking the ETM image, DEM data and the extracted faults, and verify the faults by three-dimensional analysis. Help to determine the direction of fracture extension more accurately.
Total 162 faults are extracted in this research. These faults contain five groups of NS trending, NW trending, NWW trending, NE trending and EW trending. According to the interpretation signs for the analysis of the character of fault, study the activity, horizontal movement features and vertical movement features of faults based on the processed data, and then summarize the features of these faults by group. Check the extracted faults combined with the 1:20 0000 geological report and geological map of this region. Most of the faults are confirmed, so it is feasible to extract fault by RS data and especially the DEM data. New faults are found and the further field verification is required. These new fractures are the supplement to the traditional field geological work. Extract fracture by RS and GIS measure have important reference to the study of the fracture of the other parts of Sichuan-Yunnan region which have similar nature environment and tectonic setting.
本文总结了构造地貌的研究进展以及运用遥感与GIS手段来提取断裂和研究其性质的方法。通过DEM分析地形地貌来提取断裂的研究还比较少,是本文的主要创新点。
通过分析断裂及其所控制、改造和影响的地质体、地貌、水体、植被等相关地物在遥感影像上构成的不同色调和形态特征的影像特征,总结断裂的标志。
通过比较分析在众多图像增强方法中选取ETM743波段进行彩色合成,地物的形态特征和内部结构细节得以充分展示,断裂的影像信息得到突出。利用ArcGIS对研究区的DEM数据提取山体阴影图,突出了图像的线性影纹;地表坡度分析,突出呈线状分布的坡度突变带及坡度较大地区;利用Arc Hydro Tools自动提取水系,反映了受构造运动控制的研究区的水系展布特征和地形信息。结合断裂解译标志将多种方法结合起来相互验证综合分析提取断裂,并将ETM影像与DEM数据、提取的断裂进行叠加,进行三维显示和分析验证,并有助于更精确地判断断裂的延伸方向。
本次研究共提取162条断裂,主要有南北向、北西向、北西西向、北东向、北东向和东西向五组。根据分析断裂性质的判读标志在之前数据处理的基础上研究断裂的活动性、水平运动特征和垂直运动特征研究,对主要断裂分组进行总结。结合该地区的1:20万地质报告和地质图对解译断裂进行查证,多数断裂得到证实,证明运用遥感技术提取断裂的可行性,同时发现新的断裂,需要进一步野外验证,是对传统野外地质工作的补充。运用遥感与GIS手段来提取断裂对自然、构造环境相似的川滇其他地区的断裂情况研究有重要借鉴意义。
The Sichuan-Yunnan region is situated in the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Since Cenozoic time, the jointed affection of eastward motion of the Tibetan plateau and indentation of the Assam wedge cause complex tectonic deformation and intense fault activities in this region. The occurrence of a great earthquake at any time is quite possible. Detailed exploration of the region's fault, in particular, the distribution and the character of active faults have important value. The traditional methods of geological work need more time and laborious. At the same time, remote sensing images have the function of summary. Using remote sensing and GIS technology can provide guidance to extract fault structure interpreted information accurate and rapidly. The accuracy and speed of traditional interpretation of geological can be improved. The study take the area of Xichang-Miyi which located in the southwest of Sichuan province as example , and the method of using DEM data and RS to study the distribution of active faults and property is discussed.
The paper summarizes the study progress of tectonic landform and the method of the extraction of fracture and the study of nature by RS and GIS. There are less research to extract the fracture by analysis topography and geomorphology with the DEM data, which is the innovative points of the study.
The symbol of the fault is summarized by analyzing the characteristics of the image features composed of different colors and morphology of faults and geological, geomorphologic, water, vegetation and related surface features controlled, reformed and effected by the faults in Remote sensing images.
Among lots of methods of image enhancement, ETM743 band are selected for color composite to fully display the morphological characteristics of surface features and internal structural details, and the image information of the fault is outstanding. At the same time, the image of shadow of mountain is extracted by ArcGIS with the DEM data, which highlights the linear texture of the image; Analysis of the surface slope is used to highlights the area of mutation and steep slope linearly distributed; extract water system automatically by Arc Hydro Tools. The water system fully reflect the water distribution characteristics and topographic information, in the study area, which is controlled by the tectonic movement. According to the fault interpretation signs, combine several methods, verify mutually, analyze comprehensively and extract fault. Display the three-dimensional effect by stacking the ETM image, DEM data and the extracted faults, and verify the faults by three-dimensional analysis. Help to determine the direction of fracture extension more accurately.
Total 162 faults are extracted in this research. These faults contain five groups of NS trending, NW trending, NWW trending, NE trending and EW trending. According to the interpretation signs for the analysis of the character of fault, study the activity, horizontal movement features and vertical movement features of faults based on the processed data, and then summarize the features of these faults by group. Check the extracted faults combined with the 1:20 0000 geological report and geological map of this region. Most of the faults are confirmed, so it is feasible to extract fault by RS data and especially the DEM data. New faults are found and the further field verification is required. These new fractures are the supplement to the traditional field geological work. Extract fracture by RS and GIS measure have important reference to the study of the fracture of the other parts of Sichuan-Yunnan region which have similar nature environment and tectonic setting.
引文
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[2] Chen,Y.C.,Sung,Q.C.,Cheng,K.Y. Along-strike variations of morphotectonic features in the Western Foothills of Taiwan: tectonic implications based on stream-gradient and hypsometric analysis. Geomorpholog, 2003(56):109～137
[3] WuYongqiu,CuiZhiiiu,LiuGengnian,etal. Quaternary geomorphological evolution of the kunlun pass area and uplift of the Qinghai一Xizang Tibet Plateau. Geomorphology,2001,36(3-4):203～216
[4] Yoeli P. Shadowed contours with computer and plotter. The American Cartographer,1983,10(2): 101～110
[5] Band L.E,Topographic partition of watersheds, with digital elevation models. Water Resources Research,1986,22(1):15～24
[6] O’Callaghan F.,Mark D.. The extraction of drainage networks from digital elevation data. Computer Vision Graphics Image Process,1984,28:323～344
[7] Briggs I. Water flow using desity of area[R].[s.l.]:[s.n].1989,5(3):1～11
[8] Moore I D,O’Loughlin E M,BURCH G J. A contour-based topographic model for hydrological and ecological application. Earth Surface Processing and Landforms,1988,13(3):305～320
[9] Mark D.M. Automated detection of drainage networks from digital elevation models. Cartographica,1984(21):168～178
[10] Yoeli P. Computer-assisted determination of the valley and ridge lines of digital terrain models. International Yearbook Cartographica,1984(24):197～205
[11]李勇,A.L.Densmore,周荣军等.青藏高原东缘数字高程剖面及其对晚新生代河流下切深度和下切速率的约束.第四纪研究,2006,26(2):236～243
[12]苏有锦,秦嘉政.川滇地区强地震活动与区域新构造运动的关系.中国地震,2001,17(1):24～34
[13]石绍先,曹刻,和宏伟等.川滇地区成组强震活动的基本特征.地震研究,2003,26(增刊):55～61
[14]张培震.青藏高原东缘川西地区的现今构造变形、应变分配与深部动力过程.中国科学(D辑:地球科学),2008,38(9):1041～1056
[15]王金辉,王纪存,刘福魁.遥感在活动断裂研究中的应用.西部探矿工程,2007(3):117～119
[16]朱亮璞.遥感地质学.北京:地质出版社,2001.130～139
[17]陈文凯,张景发,姜文亮等.基于TM和DEM的茅山地区断裂构造解译.见:地壳构造与地壳应力文集.北京:地震出版社,2007.67-75
[18]杜国云,王竹华,李晓燕.构造地貌分析体系及相关的构造地貌标志.烟台师范学院学报,2002,18(2):105～112
[19]王乃樑，韩慕康.构造地貌学的理论、方法、应用与动向.见:中国地理学会地貌专业委员会.中国地理学会第一次构造地貌学术讨论会论文选集.北京:科学出版社,1984.1～9
[20]杨景春.地貌学教程.北京:高等教育出版社,1985:196～242
[21]韩慕康.构造地貌学.地球科学进展,1992,7(5):61～62
[22]韩恒悦,米丰收,刘海云.渭河盆地带地貌结构与新构造运动.地震研究,2001,24(3):251～257
[23]施美凤,李亚林,于学政.西藏冈底斯地区水系格局与新构造活动关系的遥感研究.国土资源遥感,2008(3):69～73
[24]崔之久,高全洲,刘耕年.夷平面、古岩溶与青藏高原隆升.中国科学(D辑),1996,26(4):378～385
[25]张会平,杨农,刘少峰.数字高程模型(DEM)在构造地貌研究中的应用新进展.地质通报,2006,25(6):660～669
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