初中生体育活动风险认知研究
|
摘要
对初中生的多种体育活动的风险认知进行全面的定量判断。本研究运用问卷调查法、专家访谈法、数理统计法和逻辑分析法对初中生体育活动的风险认知进行研究,探讨他们对体育活动项目风险认知的程度。以太原市为例抽取18所初中的学生,另外还对部分体育教师、专家也进行了调查,通过统计处理得出以下结论:
(1)在体育活动风险认知理论建构的基础上,初步完成了《学生体育活动风险认知调查表》的编制。对其信效度检验,该调查表同质性信度较好,达到了心理测量学的要求;通过因子分析来检验建构效度,表明自编调查表具有较好的效度。
(2)初中生对所选取的14项体育活动的认知程度表现为,武术和单双杠这两项活动的风险最高;其次是足球、游泳和篮球;跑、有氧健身操与舞蹈、羽毛球和乒乓球的风险最低。使用心理测量范式,对体育活动的6个风险认知特征进行分析,得出了体育活动风险认知特征的两个基本维度,即“恐惧性”和“已知性”。体育活动风险的自愿性、知识性和新奇性这3个特征属于“已知性”维度,体育活动风险的一般恐惧性、可控性和结果严重性属于“恐惧性”维度。武术、单双杠、支撑跳跃等属于“恐惧性”维度;乒乓球、羽毛球等属于“已知性”维度。
(3)通过帕累托分析对体育活动风险认知的7个影响因素进行排序,前四位是主要因素,分别是参与活动的知识经验、体育器械实施的管理和使用、认知收益和认知风险以及媒介传播。今后还需要从多角度来发掘潜在的没有被重视的其它影响因素。
(4)人们对体育活动风险的判断受过去活动事件的可想象性和可记忆性影响,初中教师和专家对体育活动的风险认知与客观实际密切相关并保持一致,而初中生有时低估了对体育活动风险的判断。为使初中生认识体育活动的风险并正确做出决策,将合理的体育活动风险认知信息告知他们是至关重要的。
A variety of physical activities for junior high school students perception of risk to conduct a comprehensive quantitative judgments. Based on the questionnaire, expert interview, mathematical statistics and logical analysis, study on the physical activities for junior high school students perception of risk, discuss the degree of cognitive of the projects. To Taiyuan city as an example, random 18 junior high schools' students, in addition, this paper survey on some PE teachers and experts, gain the following conclusions through the statistic disposal:
(1)Basic on the physical activities perception of risk theory construction, finished the student physical activities perception of risk questionnaire initially. Study on the reliability and the validity shows that this questionnaire has better homogeneity reliability, and it met the requirements of psychometric to test the construct validity, and it with good validity
(2)For the selected 14 physical activities, the degree of junior high school students' cognitive performance that Martial and single parallel bars in the highest risk; Followed by soccer, swimming and basketball; Running, aerobics, dance, badminton and table tennis in the lowest risk. Used the psychometric paradigm, analysis the 6 characteristics of perception of risk in physical activities, and obtained two basic dimensions, that is "dread" and "unknown". Voluntariness, knowledge and newness of physical activities risk belong to the dimension of "unknown", and commmon-dread, controllability andseverrity of consequences belong to the "dread". Martial, single parallel bars, support jumps belong to "dread"; ping pang, badminton belong to "known sexual".
(3) Through Pareto analysis, conduct sort on the 7 influence factors of perceptions of risk of physical activities, first four are the main factors, include knowledge and experience to participate in activities, sports equipment to implement the management and use, cognitive benefits and perception of risk, as well as media. We need to explore other potential influence factors from multi-angle in future, which is not concerned.
(4)There exist deviation on the perception of risk of physical activities among the junior high school students, PE teachers of middle school and sports experts. Imaginary and memory of the past activities influence people judgment on the risk of physical activities. On PE teachers of middle school and sports experts, the perception of risk of physical activities is closely related to the objective reality and consistent and junior high school students have underestimated the judgment of the risk of physical activities, sometimes it would be twist. To make for the junior high school students aware of the risk of physical activities, and make decision rightly, it is crucial to tell them the cognitive information of physical activities reasonable.
(1)在体育活动风险认知理论建构的基础上,初步完成了《学生体育活动风险认知调查表》的编制。对其信效度检验,该调查表同质性信度较好,达到了心理测量学的要求;通过因子分析来检验建构效度,表明自编调查表具有较好的效度。
(2)初中生对所选取的14项体育活动的认知程度表现为,武术和单双杠这两项活动的风险最高;其次是足球、游泳和篮球;跑、有氧健身操与舞蹈、羽毛球和乒乓球的风险最低。使用心理测量范式,对体育活动的6个风险认知特征进行分析,得出了体育活动风险认知特征的两个基本维度,即“恐惧性”和“已知性”。体育活动风险的自愿性、知识性和新奇性这3个特征属于“已知性”维度,体育活动风险的一般恐惧性、可控性和结果严重性属于“恐惧性”维度。武术、单双杠、支撑跳跃等属于“恐惧性”维度;乒乓球、羽毛球等属于“已知性”维度。
(3)通过帕累托分析对体育活动风险认知的7个影响因素进行排序,前四位是主要因素,分别是参与活动的知识经验、体育器械实施的管理和使用、认知收益和认知风险以及媒介传播。今后还需要从多角度来发掘潜在的没有被重视的其它影响因素。
(4)人们对体育活动风险的判断受过去活动事件的可想象性和可记忆性影响,初中教师和专家对体育活动的风险认知与客观实际密切相关并保持一致,而初中生有时低估了对体育活动风险的判断。为使初中生认识体育活动的风险并正确做出决策,将合理的体育活动风险认知信息告知他们是至关重要的。
A variety of physical activities for junior high school students perception of risk to conduct a comprehensive quantitative judgments. Based on the questionnaire, expert interview, mathematical statistics and logical analysis, study on the physical activities for junior high school students perception of risk, discuss the degree of cognitive of the projects. To Taiyuan city as an example, random 18 junior high schools' students, in addition, this paper survey on some PE teachers and experts, gain the following conclusions through the statistic disposal:
(1)Basic on the physical activities perception of risk theory construction, finished the student physical activities perception of risk questionnaire initially. Study on the reliability and the validity shows that this questionnaire has better homogeneity reliability, and it met the requirements of psychometric to test the construct validity, and it with good validity
(2)For the selected 14 physical activities, the degree of junior high school students' cognitive performance that Martial and single parallel bars in the highest risk; Followed by soccer, swimming and basketball; Running, aerobics, dance, badminton and table tennis in the lowest risk. Used the psychometric paradigm, analysis the 6 characteristics of perception of risk in physical activities, and obtained two basic dimensions, that is "dread" and "unknown". Voluntariness, knowledge and newness of physical activities risk belong to the dimension of "unknown", and commmon-dread, controllability andseverrity of consequences belong to the "dread". Martial, single parallel bars, support jumps belong to "dread"; ping pang, badminton belong to "known sexual".
(3) Through Pareto analysis, conduct sort on the 7 influence factors of perceptions of risk of physical activities, first four are the main factors, include knowledge and experience to participate in activities, sports equipment to implement the management and use, cognitive benefits and perception of risk, as well as media. We need to explore other potential influence factors from multi-angle in future, which is not concerned.
(4)There exist deviation on the perception of risk of physical activities among the junior high school students, PE teachers of middle school and sports experts. Imaginary and memory of the past activities influence people judgment on the risk of physical activities. On PE teachers of middle school and sports experts, the perception of risk of physical activities is closely related to the objective reality and consistent and junior high school students have underestimated the judgment of the risk of physical activities, sometimes it would be twist. To make for the junior high school students aware of the risk of physical activities, and make decision rightly, it is crucial to tell them the cognitive information of physical activities reasonable.
引文
[1]LAI,J,C.L.,TAO,J.Perception of environmental hazards in Hong Kong Chinese[J].Risk Analysis,2003,23(4):669-684.
[2]于清源,谢晓非.环境中的风险认知特征[J].心理科学,2006,29(2):362-365.
[3]时勘,范红霞,贾建民,等.我国民众对SARS信息的风险认知及心理行为[J].心理学报,2003,35(4):546-554.[4]SUNHO MUN.The Perception of Risk in Sport Activities[D].Doctor Dissertation,College of Education,The Florida State University.2004:29-37,45.
[1]BALL,D.W.What the action is:A cross-cultural approach[J].Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior,1972,2,121-143.
[2]谢晓非,徐联仓.风险认知研究概况及理论框架[J].心理学动态,1995,3(2):17-22.
[3]MORRONE,M.The relationship of values,trust,and knowledge to perception of risk and behavior at the low-level radioactive waste public hearings in Ohio[M].Doctor Dissertation,College of Education,The Ohio State University.1994:36.
[4]SLOVIC,P.Perception of risk[J].Science,1987,236:280-285.
[5]石岩.体育活动风险研究之思考[J].体育与科学,2008,29(2):4-6.
[6]刘红,石岩.我国中小学生“公路跑操”现状、成因及对策[J].山西大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2007,30(5):135-139.
[7]秦巍峰.学校体育活动中潜在风险因素分析及对策[J].体育科技,2007,28(1):25-27.
[8]王苗,石岩.小学生体育活动的安全问题与风险防范理论研究[J].体育与科学,2006,27(6):36-40.
[1]APPENZELLER,H.Risk management in sport:Issues and strategies[M].Durham,NC:Carolina Academic Press.1998:120.
[2]王苗,石岩.小学生体育活动的安全问题与风险防范理论研究[J].体育与科学,2006,27(6):36-40.
[3]RAMSEY,P.H.Power differences between par wise multiple comparisons[J].Journal of the American Statistical Association,1978,73,479-485.
[4]编委会.辞海[M].上海:上海辞书出版社,1980:1213,493,1319.
[5]STARR,C.Social Benefit v.Technological Risk[J].Science,1969.165:1232-1238.
[1]SUMMALA H.Risk Control is not Risk Adjustment:The Zero-Risk Theory of Driver Behavior and its Implications [J].Ergonomics,1988,31(4):491-506.
[2]WILDE G J S.Risk Homeostasis Theory and Traffic Accidents:Propositions,Deductions and Discussion on Dissension in Recent Reactions[J].Ergonomics,1988,31(4):441-468.
[3]DOUGLAS,M.and A.WILDAVSKY.Risk and Culture[M].California Press Berkeley,CA.1982.
[1]NENA L.Consumers' perceived risk:sources versus consequences[J].Electronic Commerce Research and Applications,2003,2(1):216-228.
[1]KEOWN,C.F.Risk perceptions of Hong Konges vs.American[J].Risk Analysis,1989,9(3),401-405.
[1]LINDELL,M.K.,& EARLE,T.C.How close is close enough:Public perceptions of the risks of industrial facilities[J].Risk Analysis,1983,3,245-253.
[1]Joseph F.Hair,Rolph E.Anderson,Ronald L.Tatham,William C.Black(1998).Multivariate data analysis.Fifth edition.Upper Saddle River.
[1]Raykow T.Marcoulides G A.A first course in structural equation modeling Mahwah,NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,2000.
[1]Kleinhesselink,R.R.,& Rosa,E.A.Cognitive representation of risk perception:A comparison of Japan and the United Stated.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,1991,22(1),11-28.
[2]Slovic,P.,Fischhoff,B.,& Lichtenstein,S.Rating the risks.Environment,1979,21(3),14-39.
[1]Finucane,M.Improving quarantine risk communication:Understanding public risk perceptions.Report[J].Decision Research:Eugene,Oregon.2000.
[1]弗里蒙特·E·卡斯特等.组织与管理[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1985:8.
[1]赵少雄,陈凡.黎族乡村中学生参加课外体育活动动机的调查与分析[J].体育学刊,2007,11(4):111-113.
[2]OENE WIEGMAN and JAN M.GUTTELING,Risk appraisal and risk communication:some empirical data from the Netherlands Reviewed[J].Basic and Applied Social psychology,1995,16(1&2):227-249.
[1]FISCHHOFF,B.,WATSON,S.,& HOPE,C.Defining risk[J].Policy Sciences,1984,17,123-139.
[1]石岩,郭显德,钱民辉,等.用SSS量表对运动员感觉寻求人格特征的测量与分析[J].心理科学,1994,11:249-251.
[1]PAUL SLOVIC.The Perception of Risk[M].Earthscan Publications Ltd,London and Sterling,VA.2000:250-263.
[2]WILDE,G.J.S.Risk homeostasis theory and traffic accidents:propositions,deductions and discussion on dissension in recent reactions[J].Ergonomics,1988,31(4):441-468.
[3]ORTWIN RENN,BERND ROHRMANN.赵延东,张虎彪译.跨文化的风险感知研究:经验研究的总结[M].北京:北京出版社,2007:116.
[4]SIEGRIST,M.,CVETKOVICH,G.Perception of hazards:the role of social trust and knowledge[J].Risk Analysis,2000,20(5):713-719.
[5]OENE WIEGMAN,JAN M.GUTTELING,Risk appraisal and risk communication:some empirical data from the Netherlands reviewed[J].Basic and Applied Social Psychology,1995,16(1&2):227-249.
[6]PAUL SLOVIC.The Perception of Risk[M].Earthscan Publications Ltd,London and Sterling,VA.2000:250-263.
[1]PHILLIP L RICE.Health Psychology[M].Pacific Grove:Brooks/Cole Publishing Company,1999:66.
[1]编委会.辞海[M].上海:上海辞书出版社,1980:1213,493,1319.
[2]井淼.网上购物的感知风险研究--基于上海大学生的实证分析[M].上海:上海财经大学出版社,2006:74-77.
[3]刘红,石岩.我国中小学生“公路跑操”现状、成因及对策[J].山西大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2007,30(5):135-139.
[4]刘金平,周广亚,黄宏强.风险认知的结构、因素及其研究方法[J].心理科学,2006,29(2):370-372.
[5]秦巍峰.学校体育活动中潜在风险因素分析及对策[J].体育科技,2007,28(1):25-27.
[6]时勘,范红霞,贾建民,等.我国民众对SARS信息的风险认知及心理行为[J].心理学报,2003,35(4):546-554.
[7]石岩.体育活动风险研究之思考[J].体育与科学,2008,29(2):4-6.
[8]石岩,郭显德,钱民辉,等.用SSS量表对运动员感觉寻求人格特征的测量与分析[J].心理科学,1994,11(3):249-251.
[9]石岩,岳宝华.运动员认知观念的界定、理论建构及测评方法[J].体育科学,2007,27(4):48-54,63.
[10]王苗,石岩.小学生体育活动的安全问题与风险防范理论研究[J].体育与科学,2006,27(6):36-40.
[11]谢晓非,徐联仓.风险认知研究概况及理论框架[J].心理学动态,1995,3(2):17-22.
[12]于清源,谢晓非.环境中的风险认知特征[J].心理科学,2006,29(2):362-365.
[13]ORTWIN RENN,BERND ROHRMANN.赵延东,张虎彪译.跨文化的风险感知研究:经验研究的总结[M].北京:北京出版社,2007:116.
[14]侯雪艳,时勘.驾驶员风险认知模型的研究概况[J].人类工效学,2007,13(4):58-59;63.
[15]弗里蒙特·E·卡斯特等.组织与管理[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1985:8.
[16]谢晓非,徐联仓.风险认知研究概况及理论框架[J].心理学动态,1995,3(2):17-22.
[17]黄煜峰,雷雳.初中生心理学[M].杭州:浙江教育出版社,1993.
[18]张红川,王耘,孙燕青,等.初中阶段青少年健康行为的因素结构特点分析[J].心理发展与教育,2001(2):19-25.
[19]赵少雄,陈凡.黎族乡村中学生参加课外体育活动动机的调查与分析[J].体育学刊, 2007,11 (4):111-113.
[20] APPENZELLER, H. Risk management in sport: issues and strategies[M]. NC: Carolina Academic Press. 1998:120.
[21] BALL, D. W. What the action is: a cross-cultural approach[J]. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior,1972,2:121-143.
[22] BAUER,R. A. Consumer behavior as risk raking[C]. In Hancock, R.S.(Ed.) ,Dynamic Marketing for Changing World, Proceedings of the 43rd Conference of the American Marketing Association. 1960:389-398.
[23] DOUGLAS, M., A. WILDAVSKY. Risk and culture[M]. CA: University of California Press ( Berkeley). 1982.
[24] FISCHHOFF, B., SLOVIC, P., Lichtenstein, S., Read, S., Combs, B. How safe is safe enough? A psychometric study of attitudes towards technological risks and benefits [J]. Policy Sciences, 1978, 9:127-152.
[25] FISCHHOFF, B., WATSON, S., HOPE, C. Defining risk[J]. Policy Sciences, 1984,17: 123-139.
[26]FINUCANE, M. Improving quarantine risk communication: Understanding public risk perceptions. Report[J]. Decision Research: Eugene, Oregon. 2000.
[27] KEOWN, C. F. Risk perceptions of Hong Konges vs. American[J]. Risk Analysis, 1989,9(3):401-405.
[28]KLEINHESSELINK, R. R., & Rosa, E. A. Cognitive representation of risk perception: A comparison of Japan and the United Stated[J]. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 1991,22(1),11-28.
[29] LAI, J. C. L., TAO, J. Perception of environmental hazards in Hong Kong Chinese[J]. Risk Analysis,2003,23(4):669-684.
[30] LINDELL, M. K., EARLE, T. C. How close is close enough: public perceptions of the risks of industrial facilities[J].Risk Analysis,1983,3:245-253.
[31] MORRONE, M. The relationship of values, trust, and knowledge to perception of risk and behavior at the low-level radioactive waste public hearings in Ohio[D]. Doctor Dissertation, College of Education, The Ohio State University. 1994:36.
[32] NENA, L. Consumers' perceived risk: sources versus consequences[J].Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 2003,2(1):216-228.
[33]Netherlands reviewed[J].Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 1995,16(1&2):227-249.
[34] OENE WIEGMAN, JAN M. GUTTELING, Risk appraisal and risk communication: some empirical data from the Netherlands reviewed[J] .Basic and Applied Social Psychology,1995,16(1&2):227-249.
[35] PAUL SLOVIC. The Perception of Risk[M]. Earthscan Publications Ltd, London and Sterling,VA.2000:250-263.
[36] PHILLIP L RICE. Health Psychology[M]. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 1999:66.
[37]RAYKOW T.Marcoulides G A .A first course in structural equation modeling Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,2000.
[38] RAMSEY,P.H. Power differences between par wise multiple comparisons[J]. Journal of the American Statistical Association.l978,73:479-485.
[39]SIEGRIST, M.,CVETKOVICH, G. Perception of hazards: the role of social trust and knowledge[J] .Risk Analysis,2000,20(5):713-719.
[40]Slovic, P., Fischhoff, B., & Lichtenstein, S. Rating the risks[J]. Environment. 1979, 21 (3),14-39.
[41] SLOVIC, P. Perception of risk[J]. Science,1987,236:280-285.
[42] STARR,C. Social benefit versus technological risk[J].Science,1969,165:1232-1238.
[43] SUMMALA, H. Risk control is not risk adjustment: the zero-risk theory of driver behavior and its Implications[J].Ergonomics,1988,31(4):491-506.
[44] SUNHO MUN.The Perception of Risk in Sport Activities[D]. Doctor Dissertation, College of Education, The Florida State University.2004:29-37, 45.
[45]WILDE,G.J.S. Risk homeostasis theory and traffic accidents: propositions, deductions and discussion on dissension in recent reactions [J].Ergonomics,1988,31(4): 441-468.
[46]ZUCKERMAN, M. (1964). Dimensions of sensation seeking[J].Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 36,45-52.
[2]于清源,谢晓非.环境中的风险认知特征[J].心理科学,2006,29(2):362-365.
[3]时勘,范红霞,贾建民,等.我国民众对SARS信息的风险认知及心理行为[J].心理学报,2003,35(4):546-554.[4]SUNHO MUN.The Perception of Risk in Sport Activities[D].Doctor Dissertation,College of Education,The Florida State University.2004:29-37,45.
[1]BALL,D.W.What the action is:A cross-cultural approach[J].Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior,1972,2,121-143.
[2]谢晓非,徐联仓.风险认知研究概况及理论框架[J].心理学动态,1995,3(2):17-22.
[3]MORRONE,M.The relationship of values,trust,and knowledge to perception of risk and behavior at the low-level radioactive waste public hearings in Ohio[M].Doctor Dissertation,College of Education,The Ohio State University.1994:36.
[4]SLOVIC,P.Perception of risk[J].Science,1987,236:280-285.
[5]石岩.体育活动风险研究之思考[J].体育与科学,2008,29(2):4-6.
[6]刘红,石岩.我国中小学生“公路跑操”现状、成因及对策[J].山西大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2007,30(5):135-139.
[7]秦巍峰.学校体育活动中潜在风险因素分析及对策[J].体育科技,2007,28(1):25-27.
[8]王苗,石岩.小学生体育活动的安全问题与风险防范理论研究[J].体育与科学,2006,27(6):36-40.
[1]APPENZELLER,H.Risk management in sport:Issues and strategies[M].Durham,NC:Carolina Academic Press.1998:120.
[2]王苗,石岩.小学生体育活动的安全问题与风险防范理论研究[J].体育与科学,2006,27(6):36-40.
[3]RAMSEY,P.H.Power differences between par wise multiple comparisons[J].Journal of the American Statistical Association,1978,73,479-485.
[4]编委会.辞海[M].上海:上海辞书出版社,1980:1213,493,1319.
[5]STARR,C.Social Benefit v.Technological Risk[J].Science,1969.165:1232-1238.
[1]SUMMALA H.Risk Control is not Risk Adjustment:The Zero-Risk Theory of Driver Behavior and its Implications [J].Ergonomics,1988,31(4):491-506.
[2]WILDE G J S.Risk Homeostasis Theory and Traffic Accidents:Propositions,Deductions and Discussion on Dissension in Recent Reactions[J].Ergonomics,1988,31(4):441-468.
[3]DOUGLAS,M.and A.WILDAVSKY.Risk and Culture[M].California Press Berkeley,CA.1982.
[1]NENA L.Consumers' perceived risk:sources versus consequences[J].Electronic Commerce Research and Applications,2003,2(1):216-228.
[1]KEOWN,C.F.Risk perceptions of Hong Konges vs.American[J].Risk Analysis,1989,9(3),401-405.
[1]LINDELL,M.K.,& EARLE,T.C.How close is close enough:Public perceptions of the risks of industrial facilities[J].Risk Analysis,1983,3,245-253.
[1]Joseph F.Hair,Rolph E.Anderson,Ronald L.Tatham,William C.Black(1998).Multivariate data analysis.Fifth edition.Upper Saddle River.
[1]Raykow T.Marcoulides G A.A first course in structural equation modeling Mahwah,NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,2000.
[1]Kleinhesselink,R.R.,& Rosa,E.A.Cognitive representation of risk perception:A comparison of Japan and the United Stated.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,1991,22(1),11-28.
[2]Slovic,P.,Fischhoff,B.,& Lichtenstein,S.Rating the risks.Environment,1979,21(3),14-39.
[1]Finucane,M.Improving quarantine risk communication:Understanding public risk perceptions.Report[J].Decision Research:Eugene,Oregon.2000.
[1]弗里蒙特·E·卡斯特等.组织与管理[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1985:8.
[1]赵少雄,陈凡.黎族乡村中学生参加课外体育活动动机的调查与分析[J].体育学刊,2007,11(4):111-113.
[2]OENE WIEGMAN and JAN M.GUTTELING,Risk appraisal and risk communication:some empirical data from the Netherlands Reviewed[J].Basic and Applied Social psychology,1995,16(1&2):227-249.
[1]FISCHHOFF,B.,WATSON,S.,& HOPE,C.Defining risk[J].Policy Sciences,1984,17,123-139.
[1]石岩,郭显德,钱民辉,等.用SSS量表对运动员感觉寻求人格特征的测量与分析[J].心理科学,1994,11:249-251.
[1]PAUL SLOVIC.The Perception of Risk[M].Earthscan Publications Ltd,London and Sterling,VA.2000:250-263.
[2]WILDE,G.J.S.Risk homeostasis theory and traffic accidents:propositions,deductions and discussion on dissension in recent reactions[J].Ergonomics,1988,31(4):441-468.
[3]ORTWIN RENN,BERND ROHRMANN.赵延东,张虎彪译.跨文化的风险感知研究:经验研究的总结[M].北京:北京出版社,2007:116.
[4]SIEGRIST,M.,CVETKOVICH,G.Perception of hazards:the role of social trust and knowledge[J].Risk Analysis,2000,20(5):713-719.
[5]OENE WIEGMAN,JAN M.GUTTELING,Risk appraisal and risk communication:some empirical data from the Netherlands reviewed[J].Basic and Applied Social Psychology,1995,16(1&2):227-249.
[6]PAUL SLOVIC.The Perception of Risk[M].Earthscan Publications Ltd,London and Sterling,VA.2000:250-263.
[1]PHILLIP L RICE.Health Psychology[M].Pacific Grove:Brooks/Cole Publishing Company,1999:66.
[1]编委会.辞海[M].上海:上海辞书出版社,1980:1213,493,1319.
[2]井淼.网上购物的感知风险研究--基于上海大学生的实证分析[M].上海:上海财经大学出版社,2006:74-77.
[3]刘红,石岩.我国中小学生“公路跑操”现状、成因及对策[J].山西大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2007,30(5):135-139.
[4]刘金平,周广亚,黄宏强.风险认知的结构、因素及其研究方法[J].心理科学,2006,29(2):370-372.
[5]秦巍峰.学校体育活动中潜在风险因素分析及对策[J].体育科技,2007,28(1):25-27.
[6]时勘,范红霞,贾建民,等.我国民众对SARS信息的风险认知及心理行为[J].心理学报,2003,35(4):546-554.
[7]石岩.体育活动风险研究之思考[J].体育与科学,2008,29(2):4-6.
[8]石岩,郭显德,钱民辉,等.用SSS量表对运动员感觉寻求人格特征的测量与分析[J].心理科学,1994,11(3):249-251.
[9]石岩,岳宝华.运动员认知观念的界定、理论建构及测评方法[J].体育科学,2007,27(4):48-54,63.
[10]王苗,石岩.小学生体育活动的安全问题与风险防范理论研究[J].体育与科学,2006,27(6):36-40.
[11]谢晓非,徐联仓.风险认知研究概况及理论框架[J].心理学动态,1995,3(2):17-22.
[12]于清源,谢晓非.环境中的风险认知特征[J].心理科学,2006,29(2):362-365.
[13]ORTWIN RENN,BERND ROHRMANN.赵延东,张虎彪译.跨文化的风险感知研究:经验研究的总结[M].北京:北京出版社,2007:116.
[14]侯雪艳,时勘.驾驶员风险认知模型的研究概况[J].人类工效学,2007,13(4):58-59;63.
[15]弗里蒙特·E·卡斯特等.组织与管理[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1985:8.
[16]谢晓非,徐联仓.风险认知研究概况及理论框架[J].心理学动态,1995,3(2):17-22.
[17]黄煜峰,雷雳.初中生心理学[M].杭州:浙江教育出版社,1993.
[18]张红川,王耘,孙燕青,等.初中阶段青少年健康行为的因素结构特点分析[J].心理发展与教育,2001(2):19-25.
[19]赵少雄,陈凡.黎族乡村中学生参加课外体育活动动机的调查与分析[J].体育学刊, 2007,11 (4):111-113.
[20] APPENZELLER, H. Risk management in sport: issues and strategies[M]. NC: Carolina Academic Press. 1998:120.
[21] BALL, D. W. What the action is: a cross-cultural approach[J]. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior,1972,2:121-143.
[22] BAUER,R. A. Consumer behavior as risk raking[C]. In Hancock, R.S.(Ed.) ,Dynamic Marketing for Changing World, Proceedings of the 43rd Conference of the American Marketing Association. 1960:389-398.
[23] DOUGLAS, M., A. WILDAVSKY. Risk and culture[M]. CA: University of California Press ( Berkeley). 1982.
[24] FISCHHOFF, B., SLOVIC, P., Lichtenstein, S., Read, S., Combs, B. How safe is safe enough? A psychometric study of attitudes towards technological risks and benefits [J]. Policy Sciences, 1978, 9:127-152.
[25] FISCHHOFF, B., WATSON, S., HOPE, C. Defining risk[J]. Policy Sciences, 1984,17: 123-139.
[26]FINUCANE, M. Improving quarantine risk communication: Understanding public risk perceptions. Report[J]. Decision Research: Eugene, Oregon. 2000.
[27] KEOWN, C. F. Risk perceptions of Hong Konges vs. American[J]. Risk Analysis, 1989,9(3):401-405.
[28]KLEINHESSELINK, R. R., & Rosa, E. A. Cognitive representation of risk perception: A comparison of Japan and the United Stated[J]. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 1991,22(1),11-28.
[29] LAI, J. C. L., TAO, J. Perception of environmental hazards in Hong Kong Chinese[J]. Risk Analysis,2003,23(4):669-684.
[30] LINDELL, M. K., EARLE, T. C. How close is close enough: public perceptions of the risks of industrial facilities[J].Risk Analysis,1983,3:245-253.
[31] MORRONE, M. The relationship of values, trust, and knowledge to perception of risk and behavior at the low-level radioactive waste public hearings in Ohio[D]. Doctor Dissertation, College of Education, The Ohio State University. 1994:36.
[32] NENA, L. Consumers' perceived risk: sources versus consequences[J].Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 2003,2(1):216-228.
[33]Netherlands reviewed[J].Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 1995,16(1&2):227-249.
[34] OENE WIEGMAN, JAN M. GUTTELING, Risk appraisal and risk communication: some empirical data from the Netherlands reviewed[J] .Basic and Applied Social Psychology,1995,16(1&2):227-249.
[35] PAUL SLOVIC. The Perception of Risk[M]. Earthscan Publications Ltd, London and Sterling,VA.2000:250-263.
[36] PHILLIP L RICE. Health Psychology[M]. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 1999:66.
[37]RAYKOW T.Marcoulides G A .A first course in structural equation modeling Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,2000.
[38] RAMSEY,P.H. Power differences between par wise multiple comparisons[J]. Journal of the American Statistical Association.l978,73:479-485.
[39]SIEGRIST, M.,CVETKOVICH, G. Perception of hazards: the role of social trust and knowledge[J] .Risk Analysis,2000,20(5):713-719.
[40]Slovic, P., Fischhoff, B., & Lichtenstein, S. Rating the risks[J]. Environment. 1979, 21 (3),14-39.
[41] SLOVIC, P. Perception of risk[J]. Science,1987,236:280-285.
[42] STARR,C. Social benefit versus technological risk[J].Science,1969,165:1232-1238.
[43] SUMMALA, H. Risk control is not risk adjustment: the zero-risk theory of driver behavior and its Implications[J].Ergonomics,1988,31(4):491-506.
[44] SUNHO MUN.The Perception of Risk in Sport Activities[D]. Doctor Dissertation, College of Education, The Florida State University.2004:29-37, 45.
[45]WILDE,G.J.S. Risk homeostasis theory and traffic accidents: propositions, deductions and discussion on dissension in recent reactions [J].Ergonomics,1988,31(4): 441-468.
[46]ZUCKERMAN, M. (1964). Dimensions of sensation seeking[J].Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 36,45-52.