溶解态磷酸酶与微生物活性在湖泊富营养化过程中的作用
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摘要
本文描述了长江中下游不同营养类型湖泊和池塘中溶解态磷酸酶的活性及其稳定性以及微生物活性的时空分布格局,探讨了溶解态磷酸酶与微生物在湖泊富营养化过程中的作用。长江中下游十余个湖泊溶解态磷酸酶在时间与空间方向上均具多样性,故在湖泊磷循环过程中可能具有特异的作用。武汉关桥池塘上覆水、间隙水与沉积物有机质能诱导具不同动力学特征的高活性溶解态磷酸酶,同时引发厌氧状态,这双重因素均有利于生物可利用性磷的迅速释放,从而促进水华的形成。因此,高活性的溶解态磷酸酶与水华的发生有关。溶解态磷酸酶行为的多变使其活性与稳定性的研究极具困难,胶团酶学方法的引入能有效避免微生物对溶解态磷酸酶活性与稳定性分析的干扰,且使酶活性的表现更具原始性。实验结果证实了该法用于湖泊溶解态磷酸酶研究的可行性。从酶在胶团中的动力学行为以及对温度、pH 与抑制剂的应答方式上看,东湖表层水与间隙水溶解态磷酸酶具有类似特征,而两者与上覆水中的溶解态磷酸酶明显不同,这种异质性可能因酶来源的差异所致。富营养化湖泊或湖区底层溶解态磷酸酶在胶团中的活性与稳定性明显较高。受W0、温度及pH 影响的稳定性的变化反映出酶分子大小、构象与活性基团等方面的特征,故不同营养水体溶解态磷酸酶可能互为同工酶,高且稳定的磷酸酶同工酶能通过对内源磷负荷的贡献促进湖泊富营养化过程。不同营养类型湖泊中细菌大小颗粒的磷酸酶活性均低,而藻类颗粒大小的磷酸酶活性通常占有较大比例,这种现象的可能解释是细菌附着在藻类大小的颗粒上,且表现高酶活性。另一方面,与湖水相比,太湖各采样点沉积物在细菌形态上更具多样性。湖水与沉积物中的细菌均主要以自由生活的方式存在,水中的附着细菌极少,而沉积物中的附着细菌明显较多。自由生活菌的胞外酶活性往往偏低,故其数量虽多,但相应大小的颗粒所表现的酶活性却低。相反,附着菌的数量虽少,但其酶活性甚高,与此相联系的大颗粒则随之表现出高酶活性。太湖未疏浚区表现出明显的富营养化特征。不同湖区的磷酸酶活性与富营养化程度密切相关,高且稳定的溶解态磷酸酶以及好气性细菌、无机磷与有机磷细菌等微生物种群的变
In this thesis, temporal and spatial variations in activity and stability of dissolved alkaline phosphatase (DAP) and microbial activity in the lakes and ponds with the different trophic levels were described in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Catchment, the roles of DAP and microbes in the process of eutrophication were also explored.
The horizontal, vertical and temporal heterogeneities in DAP were observed in more than ten lakes, indicating its specific role in P cycling. Higher alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) with different kinetic characteristics and anoxic status, induced by organic matter in overlying, interstitial water and sediment, accelerated the release of bioavailable phosphorus and initiated bloom in the suburb ponds of Wuhan. Hence, high APA was closely related with the occurrence of bloom.
The study on stability of DAP is difficult because of its lability. Introduction of micellar enzymological method can effectively avoid the microbial disturbance when studying the activity and stability of DAP. This method was experimentally proven to be feasible in studies on ecological enzymology of lakes. In term of the kinetics and responding modes to varying temperature, pH and inhibitors in micelle, DAP showed
the similarity in surface and interstitial water of Lake Donghu, which was markedly different from that in overlying water, probably due to difference in the origin of the enzyme. In the lakes and some hypolimnion with higher trophic levels, DAP showed higher activity and stability. The variations in DAP stability in micelle, as affected by different W0, temperature and pH conditions, reflected the characteristics of molecular size, conformation and active residues of the enzyme, suggesting the existence of isozymes in different lakes. With higher activity and stability, it could accelerate the eutrophication by stimulating the release of internal phosphorus loading. The APA in bacterial sizes fraction was usually very lower in all lake studied, while the algae one accounted for the majority of total APA. On the other hand, the shape of bacteria was more diversiform in sediments than in water column. Free-living bacteria were dominant in water column and sediment, while the attached one was more abundant in sediment than in water column. Bacteria attached to larger particles, even with less abundance, may show significantly higher APA than that given by the dominant free-living bacteria in water column. In Lake Taihu, the undredged zone had the eutrophic symptoms. The activity of DAP was closely related with the degree of eutrophication. DAP with higher activity and stability, coupled with the mobility of aerobic, inorganic and organic bacteria, promoted the formation and fluxes of the internal loading, supporting the excess growth of algae (including the microcystic bloom). The changes in content of organic matter caused by dredging influenced the growth of different microbial functional groups, consequently regulating the nutrient level of water column. An observation on the microbial morphology indicated a sharp decrease of bacilliform bacteria in water column and sediments after dredging. Dredging removed a great deal of attached bacteria, resulting in decreases of the microbial decomposition and nutrient releases. This provided an explanation for the lower nutrient level in water column shortly after dredging. However, microbial community, in terms of shapes, living states and composition would recover by some time after dredging, which would determine its ultimate effectiveness.
In short, activity and stability of DAP and microbial community and activity play a crucial role in the process of lake eutrophication.
In this thesis, temporal and spatial variations in activity and stability of dissolved alkaline phosphatase (DAP) and microbial activity in the lakes and ponds with the different trophic levels were described in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Catchment, the roles of DAP and microbes in the process of eutrophication were also explored.
The horizontal, vertical and temporal heterogeneities in DAP were observed in more than ten lakes, indicating its specific role in P cycling. Higher alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) with different kinetic characteristics and anoxic status, induced by organic matter in overlying, interstitial water and sediment, accelerated the release of bioavailable phosphorus and initiated bloom in the suburb ponds of Wuhan. Hence, high APA was closely related with the occurrence of bloom.
The study on stability of DAP is difficult because of its lability. Introduction of micellar enzymological method can effectively avoid the microbial disturbance when studying the activity and stability of DAP. This method was experimentally proven to be feasible in studies on ecological enzymology of lakes. In term of the kinetics and responding modes to varying temperature, pH and inhibitors in micelle, DAP showed
the similarity in surface and interstitial water of Lake Donghu, which was markedly different from that in overlying water, probably due to difference in the origin of the enzyme. In the lakes and some hypolimnion with higher trophic levels, DAP showed higher activity and stability. The variations in DAP stability in micelle, as affected by different W0, temperature and pH conditions, reflected the characteristics of molecular size, conformation and active residues of the enzyme, suggesting the existence of isozymes in different lakes. With higher activity and stability, it could accelerate the eutrophication by stimulating the release of internal phosphorus loading. The APA in bacterial sizes fraction was usually very lower in all lake studied, while the algae one accounted for the majority of total APA. On the other hand, the shape of bacteria was more diversiform in sediments than in water column. Free-living bacteria were dominant in water column and sediment, while the attached one was more abundant in sediment than in water column. Bacteria attached to larger particles, even with less abundance, may show significantly higher APA than that given by the dominant free-living bacteria in water column. In Lake Taihu, the undredged zone had the eutrophic symptoms. The activity of DAP was closely related with the degree of eutrophication. DAP with higher activity and stability, coupled with the mobility of aerobic, inorganic and organic bacteria, promoted the formation and fluxes of the internal loading, supporting the excess growth of algae (including the microcystic bloom). The changes in content of organic matter caused by dredging influenced the growth of different microbial functional groups, consequently regulating the nutrient level of water column. An observation on the microbial morphology indicated a sharp decrease of bacilliform bacteria in water column and sediments after dredging. Dredging removed a great deal of attached bacteria, resulting in decreases of the microbial decomposition and nutrient releases. This provided an explanation for the lower nutrient level in water column shortly after dredging. However, microbial community, in terms of shapes, living states and composition would recover by some time after dredging, which would determine its ultimate effectiveness.
In short, activity and stability of DAP and microbial community and activity play a crucial role in the process of lake eutrophication.
引文
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