斜井三维VSP多波射线正演方法及应用
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摘要
针对目前正在发展的斜井三维VSP勘探中的若干问题,研究了逐段迭代射线追踪进行斜井三维VSP多波正演模拟方法。通过正演模拟,不但可以得到斜井三维VSP多波记录,而且可得到反射点分布、叠加次数分布、入射角分布、AVA特征等参数,这些参数在三维斜井VSP观测系统设计、储层特征分析及参数反演等方面均有应用价值。
本研究分三方面内容:一是任意复杂的层状介质中射线正演模拟方法;二是复杂层状介质斜井三维VSP多波射线正演模拟;三是斜井三维VSP多波射线正演参数分析及应用。
文中从程函方程出发,研究了能适应任意复杂层状介质的逐段迭代射线正演方法。该方法是根据Snell定理和费马原理发展出的一种射线正演方法,其主要思路是将旅行时方程按泰勒级数展开,并忽略二次项,得到一个计算反射点(透射点)修正量的计算公式。从给定的初始路径出发,逐点计算射线路径与地层的交点,直到整个射线路径的总修正量达到精度要求为止。迭代计算式中只包含有加、减、乘、除计算,提高了计算效率。
在复杂层状介质斜井三维VSP多波射线正演模拟中,通过对水平层状介质模型、倾斜层状介质模型和任意起伏层状介质模型的正演模拟,验证逐段迭代射线正演方法在斜井三维VSP射线正演中的应用效果;通过射线路径和AVA能量特征来分析该方法在三维VSP射线正演中的可行性和有效性。
斜井三维VSP射线正演在得到VSP记录的同时,可以得到各反射层上反射点的覆盖范围、覆盖次数和入射角。这些参数对斜井三维VSP观测系统设计具有重要作用。通过研究炮点分布、炮点缺失、炮间距、检波点深度和检波距的变化对不同深度目的层的P波和P-SV波的反射点覆盖范围和覆盖次数的变化,为斜井三维VSP观测系统设计选择最佳参数提供依据。
最后,针对歧口18-2油田P6井地区的地层模型,使用该井的实测观测系统进行正演模拟,分析该模型的VSP波场特征,以及不同深度地层的覆盖次数和入射角分布特征,并分析其AVA特征。
Be aimed at a number of issues in the 3D-VSP seismic exploration, this paper uses iteration segment by segment to realize 3-D deviated well VSP ray tracing. Through numerical tests, not only the availability of 3-D well deviated well VSP multi-wave records, and obtain the distribution of reflection points, superimposed frequency distribution, the incident angle distribution, AVA characteristics and so on. All of these parameters have application value in 3-D deviated well VSP geometry designing, reservoir characterization analyzing and parameter inversion.
In this study, three aspects: First, any complex layered media-ray forward modeling methods; the second part is that a complex multi-layered media three-dimensional deviated VSP forward ray-tracing; the third part is analysis and application the parameters of 3-D deviated well VSP multi-wave forward ray-tracing From the Eikonal equation, this paper study iteration segment by segment ray tracing that can adapt to any complex layered media. This method is based on Snell theorem and Fermat's principle .The main idea is by use of one-order Taylor incomplete expansion to expand Travel time equation, and ignore the second entry point to get a computational reflection (transmission point) formula. Starting from an arbitrary given initial ray path, ray-t racing is iteratively calculated segment by segment. The procedure is kept on until the sum of adjustment quantity in the whole path is in the range of precision. Formula contains only include add, subtract, multiply, divide calculated to improve the computational efficiency.
In complex multi-layered media three-dimensional inclined VSP forward ray-tracing, through the horizontally layered model, tilted layered model and a random fluctuation layered media model modeling, iteration segment by segment to realize 3-D deviated well VSP ray tracing in the application of results; by using the ray path and the AVA to analyze the method’s feasibility and effectiveness in 3D VSP ray tracing forward.
3-D VSP ray-trace forwarding can get reflected point coverage of the reflective layer, the number of covering and angle of incidence. These parameters have a significant role on the 3D deviated VSP survey design. By studying the change of the distribution of shot, shot missing, shot distance, depth and distance of receiver points in the purpose of the different depth layers of the P wave and P-SV wave reflection point coverage and frequency of change, provide the basis for three-dimensional deviated VSP survey designing to select the best parameters.
Forward ray tracing applications: using P6 QK 18-2 oil field well’s 3D observation system, forward the stratigraphic model of this region, and analyze this model's VSP wave field characteristics, and different depth layer's covering of the frequency and incidence angle distribution, and characteristics of the AVA.
本研究分三方面内容:一是任意复杂的层状介质中射线正演模拟方法;二是复杂层状介质斜井三维VSP多波射线正演模拟;三是斜井三维VSP多波射线正演参数分析及应用。
文中从程函方程出发,研究了能适应任意复杂层状介质的逐段迭代射线正演方法。该方法是根据Snell定理和费马原理发展出的一种射线正演方法,其主要思路是将旅行时方程按泰勒级数展开,并忽略二次项,得到一个计算反射点(透射点)修正量的计算公式。从给定的初始路径出发,逐点计算射线路径与地层的交点,直到整个射线路径的总修正量达到精度要求为止。迭代计算式中只包含有加、减、乘、除计算,提高了计算效率。
在复杂层状介质斜井三维VSP多波射线正演模拟中,通过对水平层状介质模型、倾斜层状介质模型和任意起伏层状介质模型的正演模拟,验证逐段迭代射线正演方法在斜井三维VSP射线正演中的应用效果;通过射线路径和AVA能量特征来分析该方法在三维VSP射线正演中的可行性和有效性。
斜井三维VSP射线正演在得到VSP记录的同时,可以得到各反射层上反射点的覆盖范围、覆盖次数和入射角。这些参数对斜井三维VSP观测系统设计具有重要作用。通过研究炮点分布、炮点缺失、炮间距、检波点深度和检波距的变化对不同深度目的层的P波和P-SV波的反射点覆盖范围和覆盖次数的变化,为斜井三维VSP观测系统设计选择最佳参数提供依据。
最后,针对歧口18-2油田P6井地区的地层模型,使用该井的实测观测系统进行正演模拟,分析该模型的VSP波场特征,以及不同深度地层的覆盖次数和入射角分布特征,并分析其AVA特征。
Be aimed at a number of issues in the 3D-VSP seismic exploration, this paper uses iteration segment by segment to realize 3-D deviated well VSP ray tracing. Through numerical tests, not only the availability of 3-D well deviated well VSP multi-wave records, and obtain the distribution of reflection points, superimposed frequency distribution, the incident angle distribution, AVA characteristics and so on. All of these parameters have application value in 3-D deviated well VSP geometry designing, reservoir characterization analyzing and parameter inversion.
In this study, three aspects: First, any complex layered media-ray forward modeling methods; the second part is that a complex multi-layered media three-dimensional deviated VSP forward ray-tracing; the third part is analysis and application the parameters of 3-D deviated well VSP multi-wave forward ray-tracing From the Eikonal equation, this paper study iteration segment by segment ray tracing that can adapt to any complex layered media. This method is based on Snell theorem and Fermat's principle .The main idea is by use of one-order Taylor incomplete expansion to expand Travel time equation, and ignore the second entry point to get a computational reflection (transmission point) formula. Starting from an arbitrary given initial ray path, ray-t racing is iteratively calculated segment by segment. The procedure is kept on until the sum of adjustment quantity in the whole path is in the range of precision. Formula contains only include add, subtract, multiply, divide calculated to improve the computational efficiency.
In complex multi-layered media three-dimensional inclined VSP forward ray-tracing, through the horizontally layered model, tilted layered model and a random fluctuation layered media model modeling, iteration segment by segment to realize 3-D deviated well VSP ray tracing in the application of results; by using the ray path and the AVA to analyze the method’s feasibility and effectiveness in 3D VSP ray tracing forward.
3-D VSP ray-trace forwarding can get reflected point coverage of the reflective layer, the number of covering and angle of incidence. These parameters have a significant role on the 3D deviated VSP survey design. By studying the change of the distribution of shot, shot missing, shot distance, depth and distance of receiver points in the purpose of the different depth layers of the P wave and P-SV wave reflection point coverage and frequency of change, provide the basis for three-dimensional deviated VSP survey designing to select the best parameters.
Forward ray tracing applications: using P6 QK 18-2 oil field well’s 3D observation system, forward the stratigraphic model of this region, and analyze this model's VSP wave field characteristics, and different depth layer's covering of the frequency and incidence angle distribution, and characteristics of the AVA.
引文
[1]朱光明.《垂直地震剖面方法》.石油工业出版社.1988.
[2]陆基孟.《地震勘探原理》.石油工业出版社.1982.
[3]加尔彼林,E.I著,朱光明等译:《垂直地震剖面》.石油工业出版社.1983.
[4]李录明,罗省贤,等.《多波多分量地震勘探原理及数据处理方法》.成都科技大学出版社,1997.
[5]蒋先艺,刘贤功等.复杂构造模型正演模拟.石油工业出版社.2004.
[6]涂齐催.VSP射线追踪模拟与处理方法研究及应用.中国海洋大学.2006.
[7]王成礼,李秉富,焦湘恒,刘保华.一种斜井VSP的正演模型.青岛海洋大学学报.1995,25(3).
[8]朱光明,胡建平.非零偏移距任意界面渐近射线VSP射线追踪.石油物探,1986,(4).
[9]胡建平.变偏移距VSP射线追踪模型.西安工程学院学报.1998,9.
[10]贾保沧.垂直地震剖面处理方法.石油地球物理勘探.1986,21(2),169~180.
[11]朱光明,胡建平,邱陶兴.零偏移距VSP射线追踪模型.石油物探.1985,24(4).
[12]焦湘恒,王成礼等.斜井VSP波场特征及其分离方法.石油地球物理勘探.1994,6(增刊1),p1-9.
[13]尚新路,周黎霞.非零偏VSP折射效应及井源距选择.石油物探.1993,3(23).
[14]高景华,柴铭涛,徐明生.工程VSP模拟和应用问题研究.物探化探计算技术.1998.20(3).
[15]王成礼.VSP不同观测方式的波场特征与波场分离方法.石油地球物理勘探.1990.25(2).
[16]马健德,张玉珍等.非零偏移距VSP资料在油气检测中的应用.海洋石油.2003.Vol.23(增):51-54.
[17]郭建.VSP技术应用现状及发展趋势.勘探地球物理进展.2004.Vol.27(1):1-8.
[18]岳洪波,吴守华.VSP渐近射线二维追踪模型.能源技术与管理.2006.
[19]Barton, D. C. 1929, The seismic method of mapping geologic structure: Geophy. Prosp, V. 1, p. 572-624.
[20]McCollum, B. and Larue, W. W., 1931, Utilization of existing wells in Seismograph work: Early Geophysical Papers, V. 1, p. 119-127.
[21]Dix, C.H, 1939, The interpretation of well-shotdata (partI): Geophysics, V. 4, p. 24-32
[22]Jolly, R. N. 1953. Deep-hole geophone study in Garvin CountryOklahoma:Geophysics. V. 18. p. 662-670.
[23]Riggs, E. D. 1955. Seismic wave types in a borehole:Geophysics. V. 20. p. 53-67.
[24]Levin. F. K. and Lynn. K. D. 1958. Deep hole geophone studies: Geophysics. V. 23. p. 639-664.
[25]Wyaff, K, D. Synthetic Vertical seismic profile, Geophysics, 1981, 46 (6), 880-891.
[26]Fessenden, R. A.1917, Method and apparatus for locating ore bodies: U.S. Patent No. 1,240,328.
[27]朱光明,胡建平,邱陶兴.零偏移距VSP射线追踪模型[J].石油物探,1985,24(4):32-40.
[28]胡建平.变偏移距VSP射线追踪模型[J].西安工程学院学报,2005,20:7-10.
[29]朱光明,胡建平,邱陶兴. VSP非零偏移距任意界面渐近射线追踪模型[J].石油物探,1986,25(4):541-545.
[30]高尔根,徐果明等.三维结构下逐段迭代射线追踪方法[J].石油地球物理勘探,2002,37[1]:11-16.
[31]赵宜,高尔根等.三维场地波动传播的快速射线追踪法[J].地震工程与工程振动,2001,21[2].24-29.
[32]曾昭发,高尔根.三维介质中探地雷达_GPR_波传播逐段迭代射线追踪方法研究和应用[J].吉林大学学报,2005,35,119-123.
[33]朱介寿等.地艇学中的射线方法[M].北京:地震出版社,1988.
[34]蒋先艺.基于二维与三维复杂结构模型的地震数据采集设计方法研究[D].成都理工大学博士论文,2003.
[35]王建民,刘洋,魏修成.三维VSP观测系统设计研究[J].石油地球物理勘探,2007,42[5]:489-494.
[36]崔炯成,刘洋,赵伟等.斜井三维VSP观测系统设计[J].石油物探,2007,46[3]:302-309.
[37]王成礼,李秉富,焦湘恒等.一种斜井VSP正演模型[J].青岛海洋大学学报,1995,25[3]:384-390.
[38] Cassell.B.R.A method for calculating synthetic seismograms in laterally varying media[J]. Geophys, J.R.Astron.Soc,69, 339-354,1982
[39] Cerveny, V.,Seismic rays and ray intensities in inhomogeneous anisotropic media[J] .Geophys. J.R.Astron.Soc.,29,1-13, 1972.
[40] Cerveny,V.,Ray tracing in factorized anisotropic inhomogeneous media, Geophys. J. Int.,99. 91-100.1989.
[41] Cerveny.V.,Popov.M.M.,Psencik.I. , Computation of wave fields in inhomogeneous media--Gaussian beam approach[J], Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc.,70,109-128, 1982.
[42] Chander.R.,On tracing rays with specified end points[J] .Geophys. 41, 173-177, 1975.
[43] Chander.R.,On tracing seismic rays with specified end points, in layers of constant velocity and plane interface[J] . Geophys.Prosp.,25,120-124,1977.
[2]陆基孟.《地震勘探原理》.石油工业出版社.1982.
[3]加尔彼林,E.I著,朱光明等译:《垂直地震剖面》.石油工业出版社.1983.
[4]李录明,罗省贤,等.《多波多分量地震勘探原理及数据处理方法》.成都科技大学出版社,1997.
[5]蒋先艺,刘贤功等.复杂构造模型正演模拟.石油工业出版社.2004.
[6]涂齐催.VSP射线追踪模拟与处理方法研究及应用.中国海洋大学.2006.
[7]王成礼,李秉富,焦湘恒,刘保华.一种斜井VSP的正演模型.青岛海洋大学学报.1995,25(3).
[8]朱光明,胡建平.非零偏移距任意界面渐近射线VSP射线追踪.石油物探,1986,(4).
[9]胡建平.变偏移距VSP射线追踪模型.西安工程学院学报.1998,9.
[10]贾保沧.垂直地震剖面处理方法.石油地球物理勘探.1986,21(2),169~180.
[11]朱光明,胡建平,邱陶兴.零偏移距VSP射线追踪模型.石油物探.1985,24(4).
[12]焦湘恒,王成礼等.斜井VSP波场特征及其分离方法.石油地球物理勘探.1994,6(增刊1),p1-9.
[13]尚新路,周黎霞.非零偏VSP折射效应及井源距选择.石油物探.1993,3(23).
[14]高景华,柴铭涛,徐明生.工程VSP模拟和应用问题研究.物探化探计算技术.1998.20(3).
[15]王成礼.VSP不同观测方式的波场特征与波场分离方法.石油地球物理勘探.1990.25(2).
[16]马健德,张玉珍等.非零偏移距VSP资料在油气检测中的应用.海洋石油.2003.Vol.23(增):51-54.
[17]郭建.VSP技术应用现状及发展趋势.勘探地球物理进展.2004.Vol.27(1):1-8.
[18]岳洪波,吴守华.VSP渐近射线二维追踪模型.能源技术与管理.2006.
[19]Barton, D. C. 1929, The seismic method of mapping geologic structure: Geophy. Prosp, V. 1, p. 572-624.
[20]McCollum, B. and Larue, W. W., 1931, Utilization of existing wells in Seismograph work: Early Geophysical Papers, V. 1, p. 119-127.
[21]Dix, C.H, 1939, The interpretation of well-shotdata (partI): Geophysics, V. 4, p. 24-32
[22]Jolly, R. N. 1953. Deep-hole geophone study in Garvin CountryOklahoma:Geophysics. V. 18. p. 662-670.
[23]Riggs, E. D. 1955. Seismic wave types in a borehole:Geophysics. V. 20. p. 53-67.
[24]Levin. F. K. and Lynn. K. D. 1958. Deep hole geophone studies: Geophysics. V. 23. p. 639-664.
[25]Wyaff, K, D. Synthetic Vertical seismic profile, Geophysics, 1981, 46 (6), 880-891.
[26]Fessenden, R. A.1917, Method and apparatus for locating ore bodies: U.S. Patent No. 1,240,328.
[27]朱光明,胡建平,邱陶兴.零偏移距VSP射线追踪模型[J].石油物探,1985,24(4):32-40.
[28]胡建平.变偏移距VSP射线追踪模型[J].西安工程学院学报,2005,20:7-10.
[29]朱光明,胡建平,邱陶兴. VSP非零偏移距任意界面渐近射线追踪模型[J].石油物探,1986,25(4):541-545.
[30]高尔根,徐果明等.三维结构下逐段迭代射线追踪方法[J].石油地球物理勘探,2002,37[1]:11-16.
[31]赵宜,高尔根等.三维场地波动传播的快速射线追踪法[J].地震工程与工程振动,2001,21[2].24-29.
[32]曾昭发,高尔根.三维介质中探地雷达_GPR_波传播逐段迭代射线追踪方法研究和应用[J].吉林大学学报,2005,35,119-123.
[33]朱介寿等.地艇学中的射线方法[M].北京:地震出版社,1988.
[34]蒋先艺.基于二维与三维复杂结构模型的地震数据采集设计方法研究[D].成都理工大学博士论文,2003.
[35]王建民,刘洋,魏修成.三维VSP观测系统设计研究[J].石油地球物理勘探,2007,42[5]:489-494.
[36]崔炯成,刘洋,赵伟等.斜井三维VSP观测系统设计[J].石油物探,2007,46[3]:302-309.
[37]王成礼,李秉富,焦湘恒等.一种斜井VSP正演模型[J].青岛海洋大学学报,1995,25[3]:384-390.
[38] Cassell.B.R.A method for calculating synthetic seismograms in laterally varying media[J]. Geophys, J.R.Astron.Soc,69, 339-354,1982
[39] Cerveny, V.,Seismic rays and ray intensities in inhomogeneous anisotropic media[J] .Geophys. J.R.Astron.Soc.,29,1-13, 1972.
[40] Cerveny,V.,Ray tracing in factorized anisotropic inhomogeneous media, Geophys. J. Int.,99. 91-100.1989.
[41] Cerveny.V.,Popov.M.M.,Psencik.I. , Computation of wave fields in inhomogeneous media--Gaussian beam approach[J], Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc.,70,109-128, 1982.
[42] Chander.R.,On tracing rays with specified end points[J] .Geophys. 41, 173-177, 1975.
[43] Chander.R.,On tracing seismic rays with specified end points, in layers of constant velocity and plane interface[J] . Geophys.Prosp.,25,120-124,1977.