梳型共聚物改善原油低温流动性的研究
摘要
蜡和沥青质是原油中的重要组分,其在原油中的含量和状态决定着原油流动性能。当原油中蜡含量或者沥青质含量较高时,原油的开采和输送均非常困难。因此,研究制备高效的流动改性剂以解决高蜡、高沥青原油的开采和运输中的难题,具有重要的经济价值和社会意义。
本文采用基团修饰法合成了两个系列的梳型马来酸酐-α-烯烃共聚物,其中胺化改性的梳型共聚物对高蜡原油降凝,酯化改性的梳型共聚物对高沥青原油降粘作用明显。为了简化研究对象,模拟原油组成,配制了模型油,分别对模型油和原油的降凝、降粘机理进行了深入研究。主要工作如下：
(一)通过十八胺胺化修饰马来酸酐-α-烯烃共聚物侧链,并通过改变十八胺的与马来酸酐的投料比例,合成了一系列疏水基团与亲水基团比例不同的梳型共聚物(MAC)。采用核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)分析了MAC的基团比例,热重分析(TGA)测定了MAC的耐热温度,凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)测定了MAC的分子量；采用流变学、偏光显微镜(PLM)、差示扫描量热法(DSC)、X射线衍射法(XRD)研究了MAC与模型油的作用机理。研究发现：MAC可以与模型油中的蜡组分相互作用,形成共晶,减小蜡晶的尺寸并大幅度提高其分散性,从而显著降低模型油的凝点和屈服应力。此外,以辽河油田高蜡原油为例,测试了MAC对高蜡原油的降凝效果。在添加量为0.1 wt%和50℃下,MAC可使原油的屈服应力降低92%,凝点降低约10℃左右,0℃下的显微镜照片显示原油中蜡晶尺寸明显降低,也验证了上述结果。
(二)通过聚乙二醇200酯化修饰马来酸酐-α-烯烃共聚物侧链得到梳型共聚物(PMAC)。采用核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)证实了PEG成功接枝到马来酸酐-α-烯烃共聚物上,热重分析(TGA)测定了PMAC的耐热温度,凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)测定了PMAC的分子量。从辽河油田高稠油中提取了沥青质,并配制了不同沥青质含量模型油。首先研究了沥青质与原油中蜡组分的相互作用。其次,研究了PMAC与模型油的作用效果。从偏光显微镜照片结果可以看出PMAC可以分散团聚在一起的沥青质,从而降低高沥青模型油的屈服应力。最后,以辽河油田超稠原油为例,测试了PMAC的降粘效果。在20℃下和添加量为0.3 wt%时,PMAC可以使原油的零切粘度降低98%左右,并且随着添加量的增加,粘度进一步的降低。但是,降凝、降粘剂的加剂量与降凝、降粘效果不是线性的,当添加剂量达到某一临界值后,添加剂分子与原油中绝大部分的蜡共结晶或者吸附于蜡晶表面,会形成相对稳定的晶体结构,与沥青质等极性组分的相互作用也达到相互稳定的状态,降凝、降粘剂的作用接近其极限,再加大剂量其作用效果不再会明显提高,而且使成本增加。另外,偏光显微镜照片也显示出原油中的蜡晶尺寸减小并且被分散开。
综上所述,本文成功的合成了两种系列的梳型共聚物,分别应用于解决目前原油开采和输送过程中出现的凝点高和粘度大等问题,并且根据实验结果提出了梳型共聚物的降凝、降粘机理如下：十八胺修饰的梳型共聚物MAC可以与高蜡原油中的蜡组分形成共晶,为蜡组分的结晶提供晶核并且改变蜡晶形态从而达到降低高蜡原油的凝点和屈服应力的效果；PEG200修饰的梳型共聚物PMAC中的极性基团可以与原油中的沥青质相互作用,从而使沥青质原来的堆砌状态分散开,非极性基团可以与原油中的蜡组分相互作用,从而大幅度的降低原油的粘度和屈服应力。
Aiming to solve wax deposition and asphaltenes aggregation problems in crude oil. Two series of comb-type copolymers were synthesized in this thesis. Furthermore, their applicationes as flow improver in the crude oil were also studied in the follow part. Finally, the mechanism of the flow improvement of comb-type copolymers was explored based on the model oil and crude oil. The main work is shown as below:
In the first part, maleic anhydride copolymers (MAC) with different ratios of maleic anhydride (MA) to amine were synthesized and the effect of these comb-type copolymers was evaluated by addition in model oil. Amination degree of MAC was determined by 1H NMR, decomposition temperature of MAC was tested by TGA and the molecular of MAC was determined by GPC. And their effects on crystallization of paraffin in waxy oil were characterized by rheometry, polarizing light microscopy, DSC and XRD. According to the results of rheology, it can be concluded that the high degree of amination leads to more hydrophobic alkyl side chain and thus benefit for reducing the size of paraffin crystals. However, higher aminated MAC didn't have good effects on crude oil. Due to higher degree of amination leads to more hydrophobic groups, the content of hydrophilic groups would be decreased correspondingly. When the crude oil only contained high content of paraffins, the higher aminated MAC would have a good effect on reducing the size of crystals, viscosity, and yield stress. When the crude oil contained high content of paraffins as well as asphaltenes, there would be an optimized ratio of the hydrophobic group to the hydrophilic group in MAC, which has a good effect on reducing the viscosity and yield stress of crude oil.
In the second part, the maleic anhydride-a-octadecene copolymer was grafted with the oxyethyl groups by esherification named PMAC which could assemble with the asphaltenes molecules and disperse their aggregation status. The structure of PMAC was tested by 1H NMR, decomposition temperature of PMAC was tested by TGA and the molecular middle product of PMAC was determined by GPC. The effect of PMAC as the asphaltenes dispersant was evaluated by rheology and polarizing microscope (PLM). The experimental results showed that PMAC could well disperse the aggregated asphaltenes. And the dispersed asphaltenes as well as long alkyl chains of PMAC could provide local nucleation sites for waxy crystals which could depresse the size of the wax crystals, therefore, the viscosity of the crude oil was dropped drastically.
According to the results of experiment, it is easily conclude that two kinds of comb-type copolymers which could be used to depressant the pour point of wax oil and viscosity of asphaltene oil respectively were synthesized. It is also conclude that MAC and PMAC have a distinct effect on dropping the energy consume in the process of oil transportation, therefore, they are excellent candidate for crude oil transportation and extraction.
本文采用基团修饰法合成了两个系列的梳型马来酸酐-α-烯烃共聚物,其中胺化改性的梳型共聚物对高蜡原油降凝,酯化改性的梳型共聚物对高沥青原油降粘作用明显。为了简化研究对象,模拟原油组成,配制了模型油,分别对模型油和原油的降凝、降粘机理进行了深入研究。主要工作如下：
(一)通过十八胺胺化修饰马来酸酐-α-烯烃共聚物侧链,并通过改变十八胺的与马来酸酐的投料比例,合成了一系列疏水基团与亲水基团比例不同的梳型共聚物(MAC)。采用核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)分析了MAC的基团比例,热重分析(TGA)测定了MAC的耐热温度,凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)测定了MAC的分子量；采用流变学、偏光显微镜(PLM)、差示扫描量热法(DSC)、X射线衍射法(XRD)研究了MAC与模型油的作用机理。研究发现：MAC可以与模型油中的蜡组分相互作用,形成共晶,减小蜡晶的尺寸并大幅度提高其分散性,从而显著降低模型油的凝点和屈服应力。此外,以辽河油田高蜡原油为例,测试了MAC对高蜡原油的降凝效果。在添加量为0.1 wt%和50℃下,MAC可使原油的屈服应力降低92%,凝点降低约10℃左右,0℃下的显微镜照片显示原油中蜡晶尺寸明显降低,也验证了上述结果。
(二)通过聚乙二醇200酯化修饰马来酸酐-α-烯烃共聚物侧链得到梳型共聚物(PMAC)。采用核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)证实了PEG成功接枝到马来酸酐-α-烯烃共聚物上,热重分析(TGA)测定了PMAC的耐热温度,凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)测定了PMAC的分子量。从辽河油田高稠油中提取了沥青质,并配制了不同沥青质含量模型油。首先研究了沥青质与原油中蜡组分的相互作用。其次,研究了PMAC与模型油的作用效果。从偏光显微镜照片结果可以看出PMAC可以分散团聚在一起的沥青质,从而降低高沥青模型油的屈服应力。最后,以辽河油田超稠原油为例,测试了PMAC的降粘效果。在20℃下和添加量为0.3 wt%时,PMAC可以使原油的零切粘度降低98%左右,并且随着添加量的增加,粘度进一步的降低。但是,降凝、降粘剂的加剂量与降凝、降粘效果不是线性的,当添加剂量达到某一临界值后,添加剂分子与原油中绝大部分的蜡共结晶或者吸附于蜡晶表面,会形成相对稳定的晶体结构,与沥青质等极性组分的相互作用也达到相互稳定的状态,降凝、降粘剂的作用接近其极限,再加大剂量其作用效果不再会明显提高,而且使成本增加。另外,偏光显微镜照片也显示出原油中的蜡晶尺寸减小并且被分散开。
综上所述,本文成功的合成了两种系列的梳型共聚物,分别应用于解决目前原油开采和输送过程中出现的凝点高和粘度大等问题,并且根据实验结果提出了梳型共聚物的降凝、降粘机理如下：十八胺修饰的梳型共聚物MAC可以与高蜡原油中的蜡组分形成共晶,为蜡组分的结晶提供晶核并且改变蜡晶形态从而达到降低高蜡原油的凝点和屈服应力的效果；PEG200修饰的梳型共聚物PMAC中的极性基团可以与原油中的沥青质相互作用,从而使沥青质原来的堆砌状态分散开,非极性基团可以与原油中的蜡组分相互作用,从而大幅度的降低原油的粘度和屈服应力。
Aiming to solve wax deposition and asphaltenes aggregation problems in crude oil. Two series of comb-type copolymers were synthesized in this thesis. Furthermore, their applicationes as flow improver in the crude oil were also studied in the follow part. Finally, the mechanism of the flow improvement of comb-type copolymers was explored based on the model oil and crude oil. The main work is shown as below:
In the first part, maleic anhydride copolymers (MAC) with different ratios of maleic anhydride (MA) to amine were synthesized and the effect of these comb-type copolymers was evaluated by addition in model oil. Amination degree of MAC was determined by 1H NMR, decomposition temperature of MAC was tested by TGA and the molecular of MAC was determined by GPC. And their effects on crystallization of paraffin in waxy oil were characterized by rheometry, polarizing light microscopy, DSC and XRD. According to the results of rheology, it can be concluded that the high degree of amination leads to more hydrophobic alkyl side chain and thus benefit for reducing the size of paraffin crystals. However, higher aminated MAC didn't have good effects on crude oil. Due to higher degree of amination leads to more hydrophobic groups, the content of hydrophilic groups would be decreased correspondingly. When the crude oil only contained high content of paraffins, the higher aminated MAC would have a good effect on reducing the size of crystals, viscosity, and yield stress. When the crude oil contained high content of paraffins as well as asphaltenes, there would be an optimized ratio of the hydrophobic group to the hydrophilic group in MAC, which has a good effect on reducing the viscosity and yield stress of crude oil.
In the second part, the maleic anhydride-a-octadecene copolymer was grafted with the oxyethyl groups by esherification named PMAC which could assemble with the asphaltenes molecules and disperse their aggregation status. The structure of PMAC was tested by 1H NMR, decomposition temperature of PMAC was tested by TGA and the molecular middle product of PMAC was determined by GPC. The effect of PMAC as the asphaltenes dispersant was evaluated by rheology and polarizing microscope (PLM). The experimental results showed that PMAC could well disperse the aggregated asphaltenes. And the dispersed asphaltenes as well as long alkyl chains of PMAC could provide local nucleation sites for waxy crystals which could depresse the size of the wax crystals, therefore, the viscosity of the crude oil was dropped drastically.
According to the results of experiment, it is easily conclude that two kinds of comb-type copolymers which could be used to depressant the pour point of wax oil and viscosity of asphaltene oil respectively were synthesized. It is also conclude that MAC and PMAC have a distinct effect on dropping the energy consume in the process of oil transportation, therefore, they are excellent candidate for crude oil transportation and extraction.
引文
[1]Makarieva Anastassia M.,Gorshkov Victor G, Li Bai-Lian. Energy budget of the biosphere and civilization:Rethinking environmental security of global renewable and non-renewable resources[J]. Ecological Complexity,2008,5(4):281-288.
[2]Li Yong, Oberheitmann Andreas. Challenges of rapid economic growth in China: Reconciling sustainable energy use, environmental stewardship and social development. [J]. Energy Policy,2009,37(4):1412-1422.
[3]Venkatesan R.,Nagarajan N. R.,Paso K.,Yi Y. B.,Sastry A. M., Fogler H. S. The strength of paraffin gels formed under static and flow conditions [J]. Chemical Engineering Science, 2005,60(13):3587-3598.
[4]Venkatesan Ramachandran,Ostlund Jenny-Ann,Chawla Hitesh,Wattana Piyarat,Nyden Magnus, Fogler H. Scott. The Effect of Asphaltenes on the Gelation of Waxy Oils[J]. Energy & Fuels,2003,17(6):1630-1640.
[5]O'Donnell Gordon,Snider L. T., Rietz E. G. Separating Asphalt into Its Chemical Constituents[J]. Analytical Chemistry,1951,23(6):894-898.
[6]Tack Robert D.,Andrews Rodger F., J. Ayres; Sally, Crude oil and fuel oil compositions [P]. U.S.4,874,394.1989.
[7]Yang Xiaoli, Kilpatrick Peter. Asphaltenes and Waxes Do Not Interact Synergistically and Coprecipitate in Solid Organic Deposits[J]. Energy & Fuels,2005,19(4):1360-1375.
[8]李鸿英,张劲军,高鹏.蜡晶形态、结构与含蜡原油流变性的关系[J].油气储运,2004,23(9)：19-23.
[9]刘林林,王宝辉,王丽,张舜光.原油降凝剂种类及应用[J].化工技术与开发,2006,35(2)：12-16,28.
[10]Soni Hemant P.,Kiranbala, Bharambe D. P. Performance-Based Designing of Wax Crystal Growth Inhibitors [J]. Energy & Fuels,2008,22(6):3930-3938.
[11]Kriz Pavel, Andersen Simon I. Effect of Asphaltenes on Crude Oil Wax Crystallization[J]. Energy & Fuels,2005,19(3):948-953.
[12]Guo Xuhong,Pethica Brian A.,Huang John S.,Prud'homme Robert K.,Adamson Douglas H., Fetters Lewis J. Crystallization of Mixed Paraffin from Model Waxy Oils and the Influence of Micro-crystalline Poly(ethylene-butene) Random Copolymers[J]. Energy & Fuels,2004,18(4):930-937.
[13]Paso Kristofer,Senra M.,Yi Y.,Sastry A. M., Fogler H. Scott. Paraffin Polydispersity Facilitates Mechanical Gelation[J]. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research,2005, 44(18):7242-7254.
[14]Jang Yun Hee,Blanco Mario,Creek Jefferson,Tang Yongchun, Goddard William A. Wax Inhibition by Comb-like Polymers: Support of the Incorporation-Perturbation Mechanism from Molecular Dynamics Simulations[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B,2007,111(46):13173-13179.
[15]Senra Michael,Panacharoensawad Ekarit,Kraiwattanawong Kriangkrai,Singh Probjot, Fogler H. Scott. Role of n-Alkane Polydispersity on the Crystallization of n-Alkanes from Solution[J]. Energy & Fuels,2007,22(1):545-555.
[16]谷俊标,申龙涉,黄东维,穆文俊.稠油降粘技术在采油工艺上的应用[J].辽宁化工,2003,32(10)：430-432.
[17]吴本芳,郭金波.稠油油溶性降粘剂研究进展概况[J].油气储运,2003,22(2)：1-6.
[18]吴本芳,沈本贤,杨允明.辽河特稠油降粘研究[J].油气储运,2003,22(6)：27-32.
[19]孙慧,张付生.稠油化学降粘研究进展[J].精细与专用化学品,2005,13(23)：16-20,30.
[20]孟科全,唐晓东,邹雯蚊,崔盈贤.稠油降粘技术研究进展[J].天然气与石油,2009,27(3)：30-34.
[21]周凤山,吴瑾光.稠油化学降粘技术研究进展[J].油田化学,2001,18(3)：268-272.
[22]Pedersen Karen S., Ronningsen Hans P. Influence of Wax Inhibitors on Wax Appearance Temperature, Pour Point, and Viscosity of Waxy Crude Oils[J]. Energy & Fuels,2003, 17(2):321-328.
[23]李明远,吴肇亮.石油乳状液[M].北京：科学出版社2009.
[24]罗塘湖.含蜡原油流变学的研究发展[J].油气储运,1989,8(3)：1-7.
[25]Edwards Y, Redelius P. Rheological Effects of Waxes in Bitumen[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2003,17(3):511-520.
[26]Abdel-Moghny, Thanaa. Rheological behavior of wax deposited through pipeline transportation[J]. Journal of the Chinese Institute of Chemical Engineers,2004,35(5): 551-558.
[27]Visintin Ruben F. G.,Lapasin Romano,Vignati Emanuele,D'Antona Paolo, Lockhart Thomas P. Rheological Behavior and Structural Interpretation of Waxy Crude Oil Gels[J]. Langmuir,2005,21(14):6240-6249.
[28]Chen Shukun,Oye Gisle, Sjoblom Johan. Rheological Properties of Model and Crude Oil Systems when Wax Precipitate under Quiescent and Flowing Conditions [J]. J Dispersion Sci Technol,2007,28(7):1020-1029.
[29]Freund Mihaly, Zs Vajta. Rheologic properties of bitumens.[J]. Magyar Kemiai Folyoirat 1955,61:277-282.
[30]Vaclav. Benes. Rheological properties of asphaltene.[J]. Chemicky Prumysl 1958,8: 411-414.
[31]Davis Garland H.B., A Corporation of Delaware Hydrocarbon Oil and Process for Manufacturing the Same.[P]. U.S.1815022.1931.
[32]Holder G. A., Winkler DR. J. Crystal-Growth Poisoning of n-Paraffin Wax by Polymeric Additive and Its Relevance to Polymer Crystallization Mechanisms [J]. Nature,1965, 207(4998):719-721.
[33]Gilby G. W. The use of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers as flow improvers and wax deposition inhibitors in waxy crude oil[J]. Special Publication-Royal Society of Chemistry 1983,45:108-124.
[34]Ashbaugh Henry S.,Fetters Lewis J.,Adamson Douglas H., Prud'homme Robert K. Flow improvement of waxy oils medised by self-aggregating partially crystallizable diblock copolymers[J]. Journal of Rheology 2002,46(5):763-776.
[35]Schwahn Dietmar,Richter Dieter,Wright Pamela J.,Symon Charles,Fetters Lewis J., Lin Min. Self-Assembling Behavior in Decane Solution of Potential Wax Crystal Nucleators Based on Poly(co-olefins)[J]. Macromolecules,2002,35(3):861-870.
[36]Leube Walter,Monkenbusch Michael,Schneiders Dieter,Richter Dieter,Adamson Douglas,Fetters Lewis, et al. Wax-Crystal Modification for Fuel Oils by Self-Aggregating Partially Crystallizable Hydrocarbon Block Copolymers[J]. Energy & Fuels,2000,14(2):419-430.
[37]Richter D.,Schneiders D.,Monkenbusch M.,Willner L.,Fetters L. J.,Huang J. S., et al. Polymer Aggregates with Crystalline Cores:The System Polyethylene-poly (ethylenepropylene) [J]. Macromolecules,1997,30(4):1053-1068.
[38]Schwahn Dietmar,Richter Dieter,Lin Min, Fetters Lewis J. Cocrystallization of a Poly(ethylene-butene) Random Copolymer with C24 in n-Decane[J]. Macromolecules, 2002,35(9):3762-3768.
[39]Ashbaugh Henry S.,Radulescu Aurel,Prud'homme Robert K.,Schwahn Dietmar,Richter Dieter, Fetters Lewis J. Interaction of Paraffin Wax Gels with Random Crystalline/Amorphous Hydrocarbon Copolymers [J]. Macromolecules,2002,35(18): 7044-7053.
[40]T. Le Hanh, Oil compositions containing terpolymers of alkyl acrylates or methacrylates, an olefinically unsaturated homo or heterocyclic-nitrogen compound and allyl acrylates or methacrylates[P]. U.S.4,954,135.1990.
[41]Tinsley Jack F.,Prud'homme Robert K.,Guo Xuhong,Adamson Douglas H.,Callahan Scott,Amin Devang, et al. Novel Laboratory Cell for Fundamental Studies of the Effect of Polymer Additives on Wax Deposition from Model Crude Oils[J]. Energy& Fuels, 2007,21(3):1301-1308.
[42]Al-Sabagh A. M.,Noor El-Din M. R.Morsi R. E., Elsabee M. Z. Styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer esters as flow improvers of waxy crude oil[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2009,65(3-4):139-146.
[43]李传宪,张春光,等.降凝剂结构性质对原油化学改性的影响及流变学改进机理[J].化学通报,2002,65(11)：762-766.
[44]Chanda D.,Sarmah A.,Borthakur A.,Rao K. V.,Subrahmanyam B., Das H. C. Combined effect of asphaltenes and flow improvers on the rheological behaviour of Indian waxy crude oil[J]. Fuel,1998,77(11):1163-1167.
[45]El-Gamal I. M.,Khidr T. T., Ghuiba F. M. Nitrogen-based copolymers as wax dispersants for paraffinic gas oils[J]. Fuel,1998,77(5):375-385.
[46]胡合贵,高建厂.不同分子结构星形降凝剂对油品降凝,降粘性能的影响[J].石油学报：石油加工,2000,16(1)：40-46.
[47]贾学军.高粘度稠油开采方法的现状与研究进展[J].石油天然气学报,2008,30(2)：529-531.
[48]敬加强,罗平亚,游万模.稠油特性及其输送技术研究[J].特种油气藏,2001,8(2)：53-58.
[49]Hernandez M. E.,Manrique E.,Martinez M., Marquez G. Changes Associated with Field-Scale Demonstration in a Steam-Stimulated Crude Oil from the Lagunillas Oilfield (Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela)[J]. Petroleum Science and Technology,28(14):1445-1456.
[50]高鹏,孟浩,刘杲章.稠油热采技术初步探讨[J].油气田地面工程,2004,23(6)：22-23.
[51]Abuhesa M. B., Hughes R. Comparison of Conventional and Catalytic in Situ Combustion Processes for Oil Recovery [J]. Energy & Fuels,2009 Jan-Feb,23(1): 186-192.
[52]陈万洪,谢志勤.胜利油田火烧油层技术及应用.中国石油协会四省区石油学会第七次稠油热采技术研讨会 无锡1995.
[53]Hoffman B. T., Kovscek A. R. Efficiency and oil recovery mechanisms of steam injection into low permeability, hydraulically fractured reservoirs [J]. Petroleum Science and Technology,2004 May-Jun,22(5-6):537-564.
[54]王君,范毅.稠油油藏的开采技术和方法[J].西部探矿工程2006,18(7)：84-85.
[55]Kelkar D. S.,Kumar A. R., Zinjarde S. S. Hydrocarbon emulsification and enhanced crude oil degradation by lauroyl glucose ester [J]. Bioresour Technol,2007 May,98(7): 1505-1508.
[56]Dalmazzone C.,Noik C., Komunjer L. Mechanism of crude-oil/water interface destabilization by silicone demulsifiers[J]. Spe J,2005 Mar,10(1):44-53.
[57]Abdel-Moghny T.,Desouky S. M., Ramzi M. Effect of surfactant on the growth of onset aggregation of some Egyptian crude oils[J]. J Dispersion Sci Technol,2008 Mar,29(3): 397-405.
[58]Garcia Maria del Carmen. Crude Oil Wax Crystallization. The Effect of Heavy n-Paraffins and Flocculated Asphaltenes[J]. Energy & Fuels,2000,14(5):1043-1048.
[59]Andersen Simon, Speight James. PETROLEUM RESINS:SEPARATION, CHARACTER, AND ROLE IN PETROLEUM[J]. Petroleum Science & Technology, 2001,19(1/2):1.
[60]Tinsley Jack F.,Jahnke Justin P.,Adamson Douglas H.,Guo Xuhong,Amin Devang,Kriegel Robert, et al. Waxy Gels with Asphaltenes 2:Use of Wax Control Polymers[J]. Energy & Fuels,2009,23(4):.2065-2074.
[61]Guo Xuhong,Pethica Brian A.,Huang John S.,Adamson Douglas H., Prud'homme Robert K. Effect of Cooling Rate on Crystallization of Model Waxy Oils with Microcrystalline Poly(ethylene butene)[J]. Energy & Fuels,2006,20(1):250-256.
[62]Garcia Maria,Orea Miguel,Carbognani Lante, Urbina Argelia. The Effect of Paraffinic Fractions on Crude Oil Wax Crystallization[J]. Petroleum Science & Technology,2001, 19(1/2):189.
[63]张付生,王彪.原油的族组成对原油加降凝剂处理效果的影响[J].油田化学,1999,16(2)：171-174.
[64]Wirtz Herbert,von Halasz Sigmar-Peter,Feustel Michael, Juliane Balzer, New copolymers, mixtures thereof with poly(meth)acrylate esters and the use thereof for improving the cold fluidity of crude oils [P].U.S.5,349,019.1994.
[65]Dirand Michel,Bouroukba Mohammed,Chevallier Virginie,Petitjean Dominique,Behar Emmanuel, Ruffier-Meray Veronique. Normal Alkanes, Multialkane Synthetic Model Mixtures, and Real Petroleum Waxes:Crystallographic Structures, Thermodynamic Properties, and Crystallization[J]. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data,2002,47(2): 115-143.
[66]Borthakur A.,Chanda D.,Dutta Choudhury S. R.,Rao K. V., Subrahmanyam B. Alkyl Fumarate-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer as Flow Improver for High Waxy Indian Crude Oils[J]. Energy & Fuels,1996,10(3):844-848.
[67]Hou L., Zhang J. Effects of Thermal and Shear History on the Viscoelasticity of Daqing Crude Oil[J]. Petroleum Science and Technology,2007,25(5):601-614.
[68]Tinsley Jack F.,Jahnke Justin P.,Dettman Heather D., Prud home Robert K. Waxy Gels with Asphaltenes 1:Characterization of Precipitation, Gelation, Yield Stress, and Morphology[J]. Energy & Fuels,2009,23(4):2056-2064.
[69]Ashbaugh Henry S.,Guo Xuhong,Schwahn Dietmar,Prud'homme Robert K.,Richter Dieter, Fetters Lewis J. Interaction of Paraffin Wax Gels with Ethylene/Vinyl Acetate Co-polymers[J]. Energy & Fuels,2005,19(1):138-144.
[70]Sarkyt E. Kudaibergenov,G. Alexander,E. Didukh Zhanar,A. Ibraeva Larisa,Francois Bimendina,Devillers Rullens Michel, et al. A regular, hydrophobically modified polyampholyte as novel pour point depressant [J]. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2005,98(5):2101-2108.
[1]Soni Hemant P.,Kiranbala, Bharambe D. P. Performance-Based Designing of Wax Crystal Growth Inhibitors[J]. Energy & Fuels,2008,22(6):3930-3938.
[2]Tinsley Jack F.,Jahnke Justin P.,Adamson Douglas H.,Guo Xuhong,Amin Devang,Kriegel Robert, et al. Waxy Gels with Asphaltenes 2:Use of Wax Control Polymers[J]. Energy & Fuels,2009,23(4):2065-2074.
[3]Tinsley Jack F.,Jahnke Justin P.,Dettman Heather D., Prud'home Robert K. Waxy Gels with Asphaltenes 1:Characterization of Precipitation, Gelation, Yield Stress, and Morphology[J]. Energy & Fuels,2009,23(4):2056-2064.
[4]胡合贵,李新华.马来酸酐与十八醇酯化反应研究[J].高校化学工程学报,1999,13(5)：466-469.
[5]樊泽霞,王杰祥,孙明波,王兰兰.磺化苯乙烯-水解马来酸酐共聚物降粘剂SSHMA的研制[J].油田化学,2005,22(3)：195-198.
[6]Erceg Kuzmic Ana,Radosevic Marko,Bogdanic Grozdana,Srica Vlasta, Vukovic Radivoje. Studies on the influence of long chain acrylic esters polymers with polar monomers as crude oil flow improver additives[J]. Fuel,2008,87(13-14):2943-2950.
[7]Jun Xu,Xingyu Zhang,Jie Sun,Li Li, Xuhong Guo. How comb-type poly(maleic acid alkylamide-co-alpha-olefin) assemble in waxy oils and improve flowing ability[J]. Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering,2009,4(5):551-556.
[8]Bigan Muriel,Bigot Julien,Mutel Brigitte, Coqueret Xavier. Grafting of copolymer styrene maleic anhydride on poly(ethylene terephthalate) film by chemical reaction and by plasma method:Optimization of the grafting reaction using experimental design[J]. Applied Surface Science,2008,254(8):2300-2308.
[9]Castro Laura V., Vazquez Flavio. Copolymers as Flow Improvers for Mexican Crude Oils[J]. Energy & Fuels,2008,22(6):4006-4011.
[10]Gromadzki Daniel,Makuska Ricardas,Netopiln Milos,Holler Petr,Lokaj Jan,Janata Miroslav, et al. Comb copolymers of polystyrene-poly(tert-butyl (meth)acrylate) prepared by combination of nitroxide mediated polymerization and photoinduced iniferter technique[J]. European Polymer Journal,2008,44(1):59-71.
[11]Al-Sabagh A. M.,Noor El-Din M. R.,Morsi R. E., Elsabee M. Z. Styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer esters as flow improvers of waxy crude oil[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2009,65(3-4):139-146.
[1]Soni Hemant P.,Kiranbala, Bharambe D. P. Performance-Based Designing of Wax Crystal Growth Inhibitors[J]. Energy & Fuels,2008,22(6):3930-3938.
[2]李鸿英,张劲军,高鹏.蜡晶形态、结构与含蜡原油流变性的关系[J].油气储运,2004,23(9)：19-23.
[31]Tinsley Jack F.,Prud'homme Robert K.,Guo Xuhong,Adamson Douglas H.,Callahan Scott,Amin Devang, et al. Novel Laboratory Cell for Fundamental Studies of the Effect of Polymer Additives on Wax Deposition from Model Crude Oils[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2007,21(3):1301-1308.
[4]Ungar Goran. Structure of rotator phases in n-alkanes[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry,1983,87(4):689-695.
[5]Dirand Michel,Bouroukba Mohammed,Chevallier Virginie,Petitjean Dominique,Behar Emmanuel, Ruffier-Meray Vronique. Normal Alkanes, Multialkane Synthetic Model Mixtures, and Real Petroleum Waxes:Crystallographic Structures, Thermodynamic Properties, and Crystallization[J]. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data,2002,47(2): 115-143.
[6]Guo Xuhong,Pethica Brian A.,Huang John S., Prud'homme Robert K. Crystallization of Long-Chain n-Paraffins from Solutions and Melts As Observed by Differential Scanning Calorimetry[J]. Macromolecules,2004,37(15):5638-5645.
[7]潘竟军,张炎,韩晓强.差示扫描量热法测定原油含蜡量的研究[J].石油天然气学报,2005,27(6)：934-936.
[1]赵华.后石油时代呼唤重油[J].中国石化,2008,(10)：62-63.
[2]Holder G. A., Winkler DR. J. Crystal-Growth Poisoning of n-Paraffin Wax by Polymeric Additive and Its Relevance to Polymer Crystallization Mechanisms [J]. Nature,1965, 207(4998):719-721.
[3]Aquino-Olivos A.,Buenrostro-Gonzalez E.,Andersen S. I., Lira-Galeana C. Investigations of Inhibition of Asphaltene Precipitation at High Pressure Using Bottomhole Samples[J]. Energy & Fuels,2001,15(1):236-240.
[4]Garcia Maria del Carmen. Crude Oil Wax Crystallization. The Effect of Heavy n-Paraffins and Flocculated Asphaltenes[J]. Energy & Fuels,2000,14(5):1043-1048.
[5]Al-Sabagh A. M.,Noor El-Din M. R.,Morsi R. E., Elsabee M. Z. Styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer esters as flow improvers of waxy crude oil[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2009,65(3-4):139-146.
[6]Rasha A. El-Ghazawy, Reem K. Farag. Synthesis and characterization of novel pour point depressants based on maleic anhydride-alkyl acrylates terpolymers[J]. Journal of Applied Polymer Science,2009,115(1):72-78.
[7]李艳芳,敬加强,李丹,李庆军,李君芳.改善稠油流动性的方法及应用[J].管道技术与设备,2009,3：11-13,39.
[8]Zaky Magdy T., Mohamed Nermen H. Comparative study on separation and characterization of high melting point macro-and micro-crystalline waxes[J]. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng,2010,41(3):360-366.
[9]LG HePler,His Cha,梁文杰等译.AOSTRA油砂、沥青、重质油技术手册[M].东营：石油大学出版社1992.
[10]GV Chilingarian,TF Yen,俞经方译.沥青、地理请和沥青砂[M].北京：石油工业出版社1998.
[11]Zahedi G.,Fazlali A. R.,Hosseini S. M.,Pazuki G. R., Sheikhattar L. Prediction of asphaltene precipitation in crude oil[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2009,68(3-4):218-222.
[2]Li Yong, Oberheitmann Andreas. Challenges of rapid economic growth in China: Reconciling sustainable energy use, environmental stewardship and social development. [J]. Energy Policy,2009,37(4):1412-1422.
[3]Venkatesan R.,Nagarajan N. R.,Paso K.,Yi Y. B.,Sastry A. M., Fogler H. S. The strength of paraffin gels formed under static and flow conditions [J]. Chemical Engineering Science, 2005,60(13):3587-3598.
[4]Venkatesan Ramachandran,Ostlund Jenny-Ann,Chawla Hitesh,Wattana Piyarat,Nyden Magnus, Fogler H. Scott. The Effect of Asphaltenes on the Gelation of Waxy Oils[J]. Energy & Fuels,2003,17(6):1630-1640.
[5]O'Donnell Gordon,Snider L. T., Rietz E. G. Separating Asphalt into Its Chemical Constituents[J]. Analytical Chemistry,1951,23(6):894-898.
[6]Tack Robert D.,Andrews Rodger F., J. Ayres; Sally, Crude oil and fuel oil compositions [P]. U.S.4,874,394.1989.
[7]Yang Xiaoli, Kilpatrick Peter. Asphaltenes and Waxes Do Not Interact Synergistically and Coprecipitate in Solid Organic Deposits[J]. Energy & Fuels,2005,19(4):1360-1375.
[8]李鸿英,张劲军,高鹏.蜡晶形态、结构与含蜡原油流变性的关系[J].油气储运,2004,23(9)：19-23.
[9]刘林林,王宝辉,王丽,张舜光.原油降凝剂种类及应用[J].化工技术与开发,2006,35(2)：12-16,28.
[10]Soni Hemant P.,Kiranbala, Bharambe D. P. Performance-Based Designing of Wax Crystal Growth Inhibitors [J]. Energy & Fuels,2008,22(6):3930-3938.
[11]Kriz Pavel, Andersen Simon I. Effect of Asphaltenes on Crude Oil Wax Crystallization[J]. Energy & Fuels,2005,19(3):948-953.
[12]Guo Xuhong,Pethica Brian A.,Huang John S.,Prud'homme Robert K.,Adamson Douglas H., Fetters Lewis J. Crystallization of Mixed Paraffin from Model Waxy Oils and the Influence of Micro-crystalline Poly(ethylene-butene) Random Copolymers[J]. Energy & Fuels,2004,18(4):930-937.
[13]Paso Kristofer,Senra M.,Yi Y.,Sastry A. M., Fogler H. Scott. Paraffin Polydispersity Facilitates Mechanical Gelation[J]. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research,2005, 44(18):7242-7254.
[14]Jang Yun Hee,Blanco Mario,Creek Jefferson,Tang Yongchun, Goddard William A. Wax Inhibition by Comb-like Polymers: Support of the Incorporation-Perturbation Mechanism from Molecular Dynamics Simulations[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B,2007,111(46):13173-13179.
[15]Senra Michael,Panacharoensawad Ekarit,Kraiwattanawong Kriangkrai,Singh Probjot, Fogler H. Scott. Role of n-Alkane Polydispersity on the Crystallization of n-Alkanes from Solution[J]. Energy & Fuels,2007,22(1):545-555.
[16]谷俊标,申龙涉,黄东维,穆文俊.稠油降粘技术在采油工艺上的应用[J].辽宁化工,2003,32(10)：430-432.
[17]吴本芳,郭金波.稠油油溶性降粘剂研究进展概况[J].油气储运,2003,22(2)：1-6.
[18]吴本芳,沈本贤,杨允明.辽河特稠油降粘研究[J].油气储运,2003,22(6)：27-32.
[19]孙慧,张付生.稠油化学降粘研究进展[J].精细与专用化学品,2005,13(23)：16-20,30.
[20]孟科全,唐晓东,邹雯蚊,崔盈贤.稠油降粘技术研究进展[J].天然气与石油,2009,27(3)：30-34.
[21]周凤山,吴瑾光.稠油化学降粘技术研究进展[J].油田化学,2001,18(3)：268-272.
[22]Pedersen Karen S., Ronningsen Hans P. Influence of Wax Inhibitors on Wax Appearance Temperature, Pour Point, and Viscosity of Waxy Crude Oils[J]. Energy & Fuels,2003, 17(2):321-328.
[23]李明远,吴肇亮.石油乳状液[M].北京：科学出版社2009.
[24]罗塘湖.含蜡原油流变学的研究发展[J].油气储运,1989,8(3)：1-7.
[25]Edwards Y, Redelius P. Rheological Effects of Waxes in Bitumen[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2003,17(3):511-520.
[26]Abdel-Moghny, Thanaa. Rheological behavior of wax deposited through pipeline transportation[J]. Journal of the Chinese Institute of Chemical Engineers,2004,35(5): 551-558.
[27]Visintin Ruben F. G.,Lapasin Romano,Vignati Emanuele,D'Antona Paolo, Lockhart Thomas P. Rheological Behavior and Structural Interpretation of Waxy Crude Oil Gels[J]. Langmuir,2005,21(14):6240-6249.
[28]Chen Shukun,Oye Gisle, Sjoblom Johan. Rheological Properties of Model and Crude Oil Systems when Wax Precipitate under Quiescent and Flowing Conditions [J]. J Dispersion Sci Technol,2007,28(7):1020-1029.
[29]Freund Mihaly, Zs Vajta. Rheologic properties of bitumens.[J]. Magyar Kemiai Folyoirat 1955,61:277-282.
[30]Vaclav. Benes. Rheological properties of asphaltene.[J]. Chemicky Prumysl 1958,8: 411-414.
[31]Davis Garland H.B., A Corporation of Delaware Hydrocarbon Oil and Process for Manufacturing the Same.[P]. U.S.1815022.1931.
[32]Holder G. A., Winkler DR. J. Crystal-Growth Poisoning of n-Paraffin Wax by Polymeric Additive and Its Relevance to Polymer Crystallization Mechanisms [J]. Nature,1965, 207(4998):719-721.
[33]Gilby G. W. The use of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers as flow improvers and wax deposition inhibitors in waxy crude oil[J]. Special Publication-Royal Society of Chemistry 1983,45:108-124.
[34]Ashbaugh Henry S.,Fetters Lewis J.,Adamson Douglas H., Prud'homme Robert K. Flow improvement of waxy oils medised by self-aggregating partially crystallizable diblock copolymers[J]. Journal of Rheology 2002,46(5):763-776.
[35]Schwahn Dietmar,Richter Dieter,Wright Pamela J.,Symon Charles,Fetters Lewis J., Lin Min. Self-Assembling Behavior in Decane Solution of Potential Wax Crystal Nucleators Based on Poly(co-olefins)[J]. Macromolecules,2002,35(3):861-870.
[36]Leube Walter,Monkenbusch Michael,Schneiders Dieter,Richter Dieter,Adamson Douglas,Fetters Lewis, et al. Wax-Crystal Modification for Fuel Oils by Self-Aggregating Partially Crystallizable Hydrocarbon Block Copolymers[J]. Energy & Fuels,2000,14(2):419-430.
[37]Richter D.,Schneiders D.,Monkenbusch M.,Willner L.,Fetters L. J.,Huang J. S., et al. Polymer Aggregates with Crystalline Cores:The System Polyethylene-poly (ethylenepropylene) [J]. Macromolecules,1997,30(4):1053-1068.
[38]Schwahn Dietmar,Richter Dieter,Lin Min, Fetters Lewis J. Cocrystallization of a Poly(ethylene-butene) Random Copolymer with C24 in n-Decane[J]. Macromolecules, 2002,35(9):3762-3768.
[39]Ashbaugh Henry S.,Radulescu Aurel,Prud'homme Robert K.,Schwahn Dietmar,Richter Dieter, Fetters Lewis J. Interaction of Paraffin Wax Gels with Random Crystalline/Amorphous Hydrocarbon Copolymers [J]. Macromolecules,2002,35(18): 7044-7053.
[40]T. Le Hanh, Oil compositions containing terpolymers of alkyl acrylates or methacrylates, an olefinically unsaturated homo or heterocyclic-nitrogen compound and allyl acrylates or methacrylates[P]. U.S.4,954,135.1990.
[41]Tinsley Jack F.,Prud'homme Robert K.,Guo Xuhong,Adamson Douglas H.,Callahan Scott,Amin Devang, et al. Novel Laboratory Cell for Fundamental Studies of the Effect of Polymer Additives on Wax Deposition from Model Crude Oils[J]. Energy& Fuels, 2007,21(3):1301-1308.
[42]Al-Sabagh A. M.,Noor El-Din M. R.Morsi R. E., Elsabee M. Z. Styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer esters as flow improvers of waxy crude oil[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2009,65(3-4):139-146.
[43]李传宪,张春光,等.降凝剂结构性质对原油化学改性的影响及流变学改进机理[J].化学通报,2002,65(11)：762-766.
[44]Chanda D.,Sarmah A.,Borthakur A.,Rao K. V.,Subrahmanyam B., Das H. C. Combined effect of asphaltenes and flow improvers on the rheological behaviour of Indian waxy crude oil[J]. Fuel,1998,77(11):1163-1167.
[45]El-Gamal I. M.,Khidr T. T., Ghuiba F. M. Nitrogen-based copolymers as wax dispersants for paraffinic gas oils[J]. Fuel,1998,77(5):375-385.
[46]胡合贵,高建厂.不同分子结构星形降凝剂对油品降凝,降粘性能的影响[J].石油学报：石油加工,2000,16(1)：40-46.
[47]贾学军.高粘度稠油开采方法的现状与研究进展[J].石油天然气学报,2008,30(2)：529-531.
[48]敬加强,罗平亚,游万模.稠油特性及其输送技术研究[J].特种油气藏,2001,8(2)：53-58.
[49]Hernandez M. E.,Manrique E.,Martinez M., Marquez G. Changes Associated with Field-Scale Demonstration in a Steam-Stimulated Crude Oil from the Lagunillas Oilfield (Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela)[J]. Petroleum Science and Technology,28(14):1445-1456.
[50]高鹏,孟浩,刘杲章.稠油热采技术初步探讨[J].油气田地面工程,2004,23(6)：22-23.
[51]Abuhesa M. B., Hughes R. Comparison of Conventional and Catalytic in Situ Combustion Processes for Oil Recovery [J]. Energy & Fuels,2009 Jan-Feb,23(1): 186-192.
[52]陈万洪,谢志勤.胜利油田火烧油层技术及应用.中国石油协会四省区石油学会第七次稠油热采技术研讨会 无锡1995.
[53]Hoffman B. T., Kovscek A. R. Efficiency and oil recovery mechanisms of steam injection into low permeability, hydraulically fractured reservoirs [J]. Petroleum Science and Technology,2004 May-Jun,22(5-6):537-564.
[54]王君,范毅.稠油油藏的开采技术和方法[J].西部探矿工程2006,18(7)：84-85.
[55]Kelkar D. S.,Kumar A. R., Zinjarde S. S. Hydrocarbon emulsification and enhanced crude oil degradation by lauroyl glucose ester [J]. Bioresour Technol,2007 May,98(7): 1505-1508.
[56]Dalmazzone C.,Noik C., Komunjer L. Mechanism of crude-oil/water interface destabilization by silicone demulsifiers[J]. Spe J,2005 Mar,10(1):44-53.
[57]Abdel-Moghny T.,Desouky S. M., Ramzi M. Effect of surfactant on the growth of onset aggregation of some Egyptian crude oils[J]. J Dispersion Sci Technol,2008 Mar,29(3): 397-405.
[58]Garcia Maria del Carmen. Crude Oil Wax Crystallization. The Effect of Heavy n-Paraffins and Flocculated Asphaltenes[J]. Energy & Fuels,2000,14(5):1043-1048.
[59]Andersen Simon, Speight James. PETROLEUM RESINS:SEPARATION, CHARACTER, AND ROLE IN PETROLEUM[J]. Petroleum Science & Technology, 2001,19(1/2):1.
[60]Tinsley Jack F.,Jahnke Justin P.,Adamson Douglas H.,Guo Xuhong,Amin Devang,Kriegel Robert, et al. Waxy Gels with Asphaltenes 2:Use of Wax Control Polymers[J]. Energy & Fuels,2009,23(4):.2065-2074.
[61]Guo Xuhong,Pethica Brian A.,Huang John S.,Adamson Douglas H., Prud'homme Robert K. Effect of Cooling Rate on Crystallization of Model Waxy Oils with Microcrystalline Poly(ethylene butene)[J]. Energy & Fuels,2006,20(1):250-256.
[62]Garcia Maria,Orea Miguel,Carbognani Lante, Urbina Argelia. The Effect of Paraffinic Fractions on Crude Oil Wax Crystallization[J]. Petroleum Science & Technology,2001, 19(1/2):189.
[63]张付生,王彪.原油的族组成对原油加降凝剂处理效果的影响[J].油田化学,1999,16(2)：171-174.
[64]Wirtz Herbert,von Halasz Sigmar-Peter,Feustel Michael, Juliane Balzer, New copolymers, mixtures thereof with poly(meth)acrylate esters and the use thereof for improving the cold fluidity of crude oils [P].U.S.5,349,019.1994.
[65]Dirand Michel,Bouroukba Mohammed,Chevallier Virginie,Petitjean Dominique,Behar Emmanuel, Ruffier-Meray Veronique. Normal Alkanes, Multialkane Synthetic Model Mixtures, and Real Petroleum Waxes:Crystallographic Structures, Thermodynamic Properties, and Crystallization[J]. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data,2002,47(2): 115-143.
[66]Borthakur A.,Chanda D.,Dutta Choudhury S. R.,Rao K. V., Subrahmanyam B. Alkyl Fumarate-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer as Flow Improver for High Waxy Indian Crude Oils[J]. Energy & Fuels,1996,10(3):844-848.
[67]Hou L., Zhang J. Effects of Thermal and Shear History on the Viscoelasticity of Daqing Crude Oil[J]. Petroleum Science and Technology,2007,25(5):601-614.
[68]Tinsley Jack F.,Jahnke Justin P.,Dettman Heather D., Prud home Robert K. Waxy Gels with Asphaltenes 1:Characterization of Precipitation, Gelation, Yield Stress, and Morphology[J]. Energy & Fuels,2009,23(4):2056-2064.
[69]Ashbaugh Henry S.,Guo Xuhong,Schwahn Dietmar,Prud'homme Robert K.,Richter Dieter, Fetters Lewis J. Interaction of Paraffin Wax Gels with Ethylene/Vinyl Acetate Co-polymers[J]. Energy & Fuels,2005,19(1):138-144.
[70]Sarkyt E. Kudaibergenov,G. Alexander,E. Didukh Zhanar,A. Ibraeva Larisa,Francois Bimendina,Devillers Rullens Michel, et al. A regular, hydrophobically modified polyampholyte as novel pour point depressant [J]. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2005,98(5):2101-2108.
[1]Soni Hemant P.,Kiranbala, Bharambe D. P. Performance-Based Designing of Wax Crystal Growth Inhibitors[J]. Energy & Fuels,2008,22(6):3930-3938.
[2]Tinsley Jack F.,Jahnke Justin P.,Adamson Douglas H.,Guo Xuhong,Amin Devang,Kriegel Robert, et al. Waxy Gels with Asphaltenes 2:Use of Wax Control Polymers[J]. Energy & Fuels,2009,23(4):2065-2074.
[3]Tinsley Jack F.,Jahnke Justin P.,Dettman Heather D., Prud'home Robert K. Waxy Gels with Asphaltenes 1:Characterization of Precipitation, Gelation, Yield Stress, and Morphology[J]. Energy & Fuels,2009,23(4):2056-2064.
[4]胡合贵,李新华.马来酸酐与十八醇酯化反应研究[J].高校化学工程学报,1999,13(5)：466-469.
[5]樊泽霞,王杰祥,孙明波,王兰兰.磺化苯乙烯-水解马来酸酐共聚物降粘剂SSHMA的研制[J].油田化学,2005,22(3)：195-198.
[6]Erceg Kuzmic Ana,Radosevic Marko,Bogdanic Grozdana,Srica Vlasta, Vukovic Radivoje. Studies on the influence of long chain acrylic esters polymers with polar monomers as crude oil flow improver additives[J]. Fuel,2008,87(13-14):2943-2950.
[7]Jun Xu,Xingyu Zhang,Jie Sun,Li Li, Xuhong Guo. How comb-type poly(maleic acid alkylamide-co-alpha-olefin) assemble in waxy oils and improve flowing ability[J]. Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering,2009,4(5):551-556.
[8]Bigan Muriel,Bigot Julien,Mutel Brigitte, Coqueret Xavier. Grafting of copolymer styrene maleic anhydride on poly(ethylene terephthalate) film by chemical reaction and by plasma method:Optimization of the grafting reaction using experimental design[J]. Applied Surface Science,2008,254(8):2300-2308.
[9]Castro Laura V., Vazquez Flavio. Copolymers as Flow Improvers for Mexican Crude Oils[J]. Energy & Fuels,2008,22(6):4006-4011.
[10]Gromadzki Daniel,Makuska Ricardas,Netopiln Milos,Holler Petr,Lokaj Jan,Janata Miroslav, et al. Comb copolymers of polystyrene-poly(tert-butyl (meth)acrylate) prepared by combination of nitroxide mediated polymerization and photoinduced iniferter technique[J]. European Polymer Journal,2008,44(1):59-71.
[11]Al-Sabagh A. M.,Noor El-Din M. R.,Morsi R. E., Elsabee M. Z. Styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer esters as flow improvers of waxy crude oil[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2009,65(3-4):139-146.
[1]Soni Hemant P.,Kiranbala, Bharambe D. P. Performance-Based Designing of Wax Crystal Growth Inhibitors[J]. Energy & Fuels,2008,22(6):3930-3938.
[2]李鸿英,张劲军,高鹏.蜡晶形态、结构与含蜡原油流变性的关系[J].油气储运,2004,23(9)：19-23.
[31]Tinsley Jack F.,Prud'homme Robert K.,Guo Xuhong,Adamson Douglas H.,Callahan Scott,Amin Devang, et al. Novel Laboratory Cell for Fundamental Studies of the Effect of Polymer Additives on Wax Deposition from Model Crude Oils[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2007,21(3):1301-1308.
[4]Ungar Goran. Structure of rotator phases in n-alkanes[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry,1983,87(4):689-695.
[5]Dirand Michel,Bouroukba Mohammed,Chevallier Virginie,Petitjean Dominique,Behar Emmanuel, Ruffier-Meray Vronique. Normal Alkanes, Multialkane Synthetic Model Mixtures, and Real Petroleum Waxes:Crystallographic Structures, Thermodynamic Properties, and Crystallization[J]. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data,2002,47(2): 115-143.
[6]Guo Xuhong,Pethica Brian A.,Huang John S., Prud'homme Robert K. Crystallization of Long-Chain n-Paraffins from Solutions and Melts As Observed by Differential Scanning Calorimetry[J]. Macromolecules,2004,37(15):5638-5645.
[7]潘竟军,张炎,韩晓强.差示扫描量热法测定原油含蜡量的研究[J].石油天然气学报,2005,27(6)：934-936.
[1]赵华.后石油时代呼唤重油[J].中国石化,2008,(10)：62-63.
[2]Holder G. A., Winkler DR. J. Crystal-Growth Poisoning of n-Paraffin Wax by Polymeric Additive and Its Relevance to Polymer Crystallization Mechanisms [J]. Nature,1965, 207(4998):719-721.
[3]Aquino-Olivos A.,Buenrostro-Gonzalez E.,Andersen S. I., Lira-Galeana C. Investigations of Inhibition of Asphaltene Precipitation at High Pressure Using Bottomhole Samples[J]. Energy & Fuels,2001,15(1):236-240.
[4]Garcia Maria del Carmen. Crude Oil Wax Crystallization. The Effect of Heavy n-Paraffins and Flocculated Asphaltenes[J]. Energy & Fuels,2000,14(5):1043-1048.
[5]Al-Sabagh A. M.,Noor El-Din M. R.,Morsi R. E., Elsabee M. Z. Styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer esters as flow improvers of waxy crude oil[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2009,65(3-4):139-146.
[6]Rasha A. El-Ghazawy, Reem K. Farag. Synthesis and characterization of novel pour point depressants based on maleic anhydride-alkyl acrylates terpolymers[J]. Journal of Applied Polymer Science,2009,115(1):72-78.
[7]李艳芳,敬加强,李丹,李庆军,李君芳.改善稠油流动性的方法及应用[J].管道技术与设备,2009,3：11-13,39.
[8]Zaky Magdy T., Mohamed Nermen H. Comparative study on separation and characterization of high melting point macro-and micro-crystalline waxes[J]. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng,2010,41(3):360-366.
[9]LG HePler,His Cha,梁文杰等译.AOSTRA油砂、沥青、重质油技术手册[M].东营：石油大学出版社1992.
[10]GV Chilingarian,TF Yen,俞经方译.沥青、地理请和沥青砂[M].北京：石油工业出版社1998.
[11]Zahedi G.,Fazlali A. R.,Hosseini S. M.,Pazuki G. R., Sheikhattar L. Prediction of asphaltene precipitation in crude oil[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2009,68(3-4):218-222.