“9·11”后的美国爱国主义与对外政策
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摘要
爱国主义往往被认为是一种高尚的情操。但从学术角度考察,爱国主义的概念及其对象、手段及道德立场等都存在重大争议。本文认为,爱国主义是个人对国家的热爱,它是由祖国及其所代表的价值观念所激发的,并以对国家与同胞的福祉的特殊关切的形式表现出来。此外,本文也明确界定了“民族主义化的爱国主义”,并指出对“敌对他者”的建构是爱国主义被民族主义化的根本动力。
     本文以爱国主义与民族主义化的爱国主义为视角来考察美国的对外政策。美国爱国主义与民族主义化的美国爱国主义有着共同的思想和宗教基础,但美国公众和官方对威胁来源的判断差异、以及美国官方所拥有的动员能力,导致了它们或者服务于美国爱国主义、或者服务于民族主义化的美国爱国主义,这些不同的模式在美国对外政策的历史与现状中都有明显的体现。
     历史上,美国对外政策一直处于爱国主义与民族主义化的爱国主义两股力量的斗争之中。重要的时间点是1898年美西战争和第二次世界大战:在美西战争之前是爱国主义主导着美国的对外政策;而在此后至第二次世界大战期间则是爱国主义与民族主义化的爱国主义的势均力敌时期,战争期间民族主义化的爱国主义往往占据主导,但战争一旦结束,爱国主义便又重新回到前台;第二次世界大战之后,民族主义化的爱国主义占据了主导地位,这为“9·11”后美国公众的爱国主义被迅速民族主义化奠定了基础。
     “9·11”后,美国人民产生了极大的爱国主义热情;布什政府迅速对民间的爱国主义热情加以民族主义化操作,并通过一系列手段使之得以制度化。民族主义化的美国爱国主义对美国对外政策产生了重大影响,构成了三个逻辑递进的方面:它导致美国强化了对伊斯兰世界的防范;通过不断扩大恐怖主义“敌人”的范畴,美国将反恐战争推至全球范围;民族主义化的爱国主义走向极端,美国错误地发动对伊拉克战争和全球性的民主推广。美国爱国主义的反思和回归将会是一个反向的逻辑递进,目前尚处于主要反思伊拉克战争的阶段,对反恐等其他领域的反思尚需时日。布什政府今后一段时间的对外政策仍将继续为民族主义化的爱国主义所主导。
     随着全球化的发展,爱国主义在经历了其原始状态和后来的民族主义化之后,必将重归其真正的内涵。就美国而言,类似的进程也必将发生,尽管其轨迹可能更为特殊。
Patriotism is usually regarded as a kind of lofty sentiment. However, in terms of academic research, there are hot debates on such issues as the concept of patriotism, its object, means and ethnics, and so on. This dissertation argues that patriotism is one's love of country, motivated by that fact that it is one's country and by the country's values; and expressed in a special concern for the welfare of one's country and compatriots. Besides that, this dissertation also identifies "nationalized patriotism" with construction of "hostile other" as fundamental dynamics.
     The main objective of this dissertation is to analyze American foreign policy from the perspective of relationship between American patriotism and nationalized patriotism. However, the American patriotism and nationalized patriotism have their common ideological and religious bases that can formed several different models that is either American patriotism or nationalized patriotism. The fundamental dynamics of this are two factors, the first is that whether the perspective of "threat" of the public and the government is consistent or not, the second is that whether the effort of governmental mobilization is success or not. This dissertation has demonstrated that all models are embodied in historical and current American foreign policy.
     The historical development of American patriotism is mainly a process that patriotism is gradually nationalized. Just from the very beginning of found of the United States, the struggles between patriotism and nationalized patriotism had begun. By and large, patriotism was prevailed over nationalized patriotism before the Spanish-American War. Although nationalized patriotism gradually overwhelmed patriotism after 1898, it was the WWII that made the dominant position of nationalized patriotism established. In the context of the 9/11 that caused another huge resurgent of American patriotism, nationalized patriotism has been the dominant form and greatly impacted the domestic and foreign policy of the United States.
     After the sudden attack of September 11th, 2001 and with great moral advantages tbllowing that event, the American public was in great patriotic mood and showed a very high "'rally-around-the-flag" effect. The Bush government has used this opportunity to nationalize the American public patriotism and managed to institutionalize it. American foreign policy under the nationalized patriotism has three dimensions with an inherent logic relationship, which is something similar to a concentric cycle. The first and internal cycle is that American government tries to limit the rights of foreigners in their country, especially those Islamic people. Then American government tries to enlarge the scope of "enemy" and wages so called "global anti-terrorism war". The third and external cycle is, also the most important layer, by putting the nationalized patriotism to the extremist pole, the Bush government wages a war of invasion to Iraq and another war of global democracy promotion. This three cycles or layers logic of nationalized patriotism also causes a reversed logic of patriotism that now it is just beginning from the third cycle of nationalized patriotism, that is, anti-Iraq war. So nationalized patriotism will prevailover patriotism in the near future, and this is one of this dissertation's most important policy implications.
     With the developing of globalization, patriotism will return to its original meanings after its primitive form and nationalized form. This is also true as to American patriotism, although its track will be much more specific.
引文
1 程宏:《美国国旗与美国人的爱国主义》,载《南方周末》,2003年11月27日。
    2 有关越南战争对美国公众的对外态度的影响,可参见Eugene Wittkopf,Faces of Internationalism: Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy (Durham: Duke University Press, 1990); Ole Holsti, Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy (Ann Arbor: Michigan University Press,1996);等著述。将越南战争与“9·11”事件加以比较,并认为“9·11”事件也是如同越南战争一样的“关键性事件”的著述主要有,Richard Sobel,The Impact of Public Opinion on US Foreign Policy Since Vietnam: Constraining the Colossus (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001); Melvyn P. Leffler, "9/11 and the past and future of American foreign policy," International Affairs, Vol. 79, No. 5 (2003), pp. 1045-1063; Christopher S. Parker, "Shades of Patriotism: Group Identity, National Identity, and Democracy," paper prepared for the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, August-September, 2003; Deborah Schildkraut, "The More Things Change...American Identity and Mass and Elite Responses to 9/11," Political Psychology, Vol. 23 (2003), pp. 511-535; 等等;持相反观念的如, Robert Jervis, "'An Interim Assessment of September 11: What Has Changed and What Has Not?," Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 117, No. 1 (Spring 2002), pp. 37-54; Pete Furia, "Never the Same? American National Identity Before and After 9/11," paper prepared for presentation to the 100th Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association. Chicago, IL. September 2, 2004; Richard A. Falk, The Declining Worm Order: America's Imperial Geopolitics (New York: Routledge, 2004). 国内也有学者对此进行了讨论,可参见孙哲:“布什的外交革命及其评判”,载倪世雄、刘永涛主编:《美国问题研究》(第四辑),时事出版社,2005年,第23-43页。
    3 Don DeLillo, "In the Ruins of the Future: Reflections on Terror and Loss in the Shadow of September," Harper's Magazine (December 2001), p. 33.
    4 出于行文便利,本文将目前在任的乔治·W·布什简作“布什”,而将1989-1992年在任的乔治·布什称作“老布什”,特此说明。
    5 John Oneal and A.Bryan,"The Rally'Round the Flag Effect'in U.S.Foreign Policy Crises,1950-1985,"Political Behavior,Vol.17,No.4(1995),pp.379-401.
    6 Steven Kull,Clay Ramsay,and Evan Lewis,"Misperceptions,the Media,and the Iraq War,"in Political Science Quarterly,Vol.118,No,4(Winter 2003-2004),pp.569-570.
    7 Ibid.,p.570.
    8 具体讨论详见第一章。
    9 E.J.Hobsbawm,Nations and Nationalism since 1870(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1992,),pp.46,75,78;John Bodnar ed.,Bonds of Affection:Americans Define their Patriotism (Princeton:Princeton University Press,1996).pp.16-17.
    10 [美]莱茵霍尔德·尼布尔:《道德的人与不道德的社会》,蒋庆等译,贵州人民出版社,1998年,第73页。
    11 转引自[美]肯尼思·N·华尔兹:《人、国家和战争——一种理论分析》,倪世雄、林至敏、王建伟译,上海译文出版社,1991年,第150-151页。
    12 See Morton Grodzins, The Loyal and The Disloyal: Social Boundaries of Patriotism and Treason (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1956); L. W. Doob, Patriotism and Nationalism: Their Psychological Foundations (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1964).
    13 T.W. Adorno et. al., The Authoritarian Personality (New York: Harper, 1950).
    14 R. Kosterman & S. Feshbach, "Toward a Measure of Patriotic and Nationalistic Attitudes," Political Psychology, Vol. 10 (1989), pp. 257-274; 此外,还可参见 H. Tajfel & J. C. Turner, "The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior," In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin eds., Psychology of Intergroup Relations (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1986), pp. 7-24; M. Hewstone & R. Brown eds., Contact and Conflict in Intergroup Encounters (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986); D. Brown, "Are There Good and Bad Nationalisms?," Nations and Nationalism, Vol. 5 (1999), pp. 281-302;等等。
    15 D. Bar-Tal and E. Staub eds., Patriotism in the Lives of Individuals and Nations (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1997).
    16 M. Viroli, For love of Country: An Essay on Patriotism and Nationalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).
    17 分别参见 Adorno et. al., The Authoritarian Personality; L. W. Doob, Patriotism and Nationalism: Their Psychological Foundations (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1964); M.A. Hogg & D. Abrams, Social Identifications: A Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations and Group Processes (London: Routledge, 1988); Bodnar ed., Bonds of Affection.
    18 Morris Janowitz, The Reconstruction of Patriotism: Education for Civic Consciousness (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983).
    19 这里需要特别感谢伯恩斯教授,他非常支持作者对美国爱国主义的研究,主动赠与作者他撰写的《缔造爱国者》一书作为参考。See Walter F.Betas,Making Patriots(chicago:University of Chicago Press,2001).
    20 仅举几例,王金铻:《爱国主义教育辞典》,山西人民出版社,2000年;伍国基:《爱国主义概论》,暨南大学出版社,1998年;徐特立:《论爱国主义教育》,群众书店,1951年;仲国霞:《爱国主义教程》.党建读物出版社,1998年;等等。
    21 Alasdair MacIntyre, "Is Patriotism a Virtue?," Lindley Lecture, University of Kansas, Philosophy Department, 1984.
    22 Charles Blattberg, From Pluralist to Patriotic Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
    23 George Kateb, "Is Patriotism a Mistake?," in idem., Patriotism and Other Mistakes (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2006), pp. 3-20.
    24 参见H. Kohn, Nationalism: Its Meaning and History (Princeton, N J: Van Nostrand, 1955); A. Vincent, Nationalism and Particularity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002); [美]本尼迪克特·安德森:《想象的共同体:民族主义的起源与散布》,吴叡人译,上海人民出版社,2003年;等等。
    25 John L. Sullivan, Amy Fried and Mary G. Dietz, "Patriotism, Politics and the Presidential Election of 1988," American Journal of Political Science, Vol.36, No. 1 (1992), pp. 202-203.
    26 采用统计分析法的研究爱国主义的文献很多,例如: R. Paul Shaw and Yuwa Wong. Genetic Seeds of Warfare: Evolution, Nationalism and Patriotism (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989); Rick Kosterman and Seymour Feshbach, "Toward a Measure of Patriotic and nationalistic Attitudes," Political Psychology, Vol. 10 (1989), pp. 257-274; Jon Hurwitz and Mark Peffiey, "Public Image of the Soviet Union: The Impact on Foreign Policy Attitudes," Journal of Politics, Vol.52, (1990), pp. 3-28; Amélie Mummendey, Andreas Klink, and Rupert Brown, "Nationalism and Patriotism: National Identification and Out-Group Rejection," British Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 40(2001), pp. 159-172; R. de Figueiredo, Z. Elkins, "Are Patriots Bigots? An Inquiry into the Vices of Ingroup Pride," Mershon International Studies Review, Vol. 38 (2003), pp. 43-68; 等等。
    27 [法]托克维尔:《论美国的民主》,董果良译,商务印书馆,2004年,第268-269页。
    28 John J. Pullen, Patriotism in America: A Study of Changing Devotions, 1770-1970 (New York: American Heritage Press, 1971).
    29 R. K. White, Fearful Warriors: A Psychological Profile of U. S.-Soviet Relations (New York: Free Press, 1984).
    30 Harry M. Dolny, Patriotism and War: Support During the Persian Gulf War (Dissertation, Sociology, University of California, Santa Barbara, 1995); Jonathan M. Hansen, The Lost Promise of Patriotism: Debating American Identity, 1890-1920 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003); Anatol Lieven, America Right Or Wrong: An Anatomy Of American Nationalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).等等。
    31 Betty J. Craige, American Patriotism in a Global Society (New York: State University of New York Press, 1996).
    32 Cecilia O' Leary, To Die For: The Paradox of American Patriotism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
    33 Melinda Lawson, Patriot Fires: Forging a New American Nationalism in the Civil War North (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002).
    34 参见 Kohn, Nationalism; H. Kohn, American Nationalism: An Interpretative Essay (New York: Collier Books, 1957); Vincent, Nationalism and Particularity; Viroli, For Love of Country; [美]安德森:《想象的共同体》;等等。
    35 Ann Coulter, Treason : Liberal Treachery from the Cold War to the War on Terrorism (Crown Forum. 2003).
    36 采用统计分析法的有关美国爱国主义研究的文献有很多, 例如: Jon Hurwitz and Mark Peffley, "Public Image of the Soviet Union: The Impact on Foreign Policy Attitudes," Journal of Politics, Vol. 52 (1990), pp. 3-28; Yesilernis Pena and Jim Sidanius, "U.S. Patriotism and Ideologies of Group Dominance: A Tale of Asymmetry," The Journal of Social Psychology, Vol.142, No. 6 (2002), pp. 782-790; Qiong Li and Marilynn B. Brewer, "What Does It Mean to Be An American? Patriotism, Nationalism, and American Identity After 9/11 ," Political Psychology,Vol.25, No. 5 (2004), pp. 727-739; John Hutcheson et. al., "U.S. National Identity, Political Elites, and a Patriotic Press Following September 11," Political Communication, Vol. 21(2004), pp.27-50;等等。
    37 John L. Sullivan, Amy Fried and Mary G. Dietz, "Patriotism, Politics and the Presidential Election of 1988," American Journal of Political Science, Vol.36, No. 1 (1992), pp. 208-217.
    38 J. Cohen and M. C. Nussbaum, For Love of Country: Debating the Limits of Patriotism (Boston: Beacon Press, 1996).
    39 周琪主编:《意识形态与美国外交》,上海人民出版社,2006年。
    40 关中:《意识形态与美国外交政策》,台湾商务印书馆,2005年。
    41 它们分别是 Woden Sorrow Teachout, Forging Memory: Hereditary Societies, Patriotism, and the American Past, 1876--1898 (Harvard University, 2003); Brenda Eatman Aghahowa, Grace Under Fire: The Rhetoric of Watergate and Patriotism, Barbara Jordan Style (Texas) (University of Illinois Chicago, 2004); Alton Carroll, Medicine Bags and Dog Tags." How the Military Influenced American Indian Traditions and How the Image of Indians Influenced the Military (Arizona State University, 2004); Jason T. McEntee, The Beleaguered Patriot: Warriors, Domestic Space, and American Movies, 1979—1999 (University of Kentucky, 2004); Vaso Thomas, Racial and Ethnic Constructions of Greek American (New School University, 2004); John William Troutman, "lndian Blues ": American Indians and the Politics of Music, 1890—1935 (The University of Texas at Austin, 2004); Roumiana Ivanova Velikova, Other Patriots: Minority Appropriations of the George Washington Myth (State University of New York at Buffalo, 2004); Robert T. Schatz, On Being A Good American: Blind versus Constructive Patriotism (University of Massachusetts Amherst, 1994).
    42 刘耀辉:“美国与阿拉伯世界”,《国外理论动态》,2003年第6明;吴嘉蓉:“浅论美国的宗教与民族主义意识形态的政治作用”,《四川行政学院学报》,2006年第5期:李晓岗:“美国的‘爱国主义’与反恐战争”,《太平洋学报》,2004年第9期。
    43 任东来:“当爱国主义碰上宗教和言论自由——有关国旗致敬和效忠誓词的三个案子”, 2003年11月3日, http://paper.studa.com/2003/11-3/2003113171647-7.html.
    44 Harry Eckstein, "Case Study and Theory in Political Science," in F.I. Greenstein and N.W. Polsby eds., Handbook of Political Science (Reading, Mass: A ddison-Wesly, 1975), pp. 79-138.
    45 参见Arend Lijphart, Democracies." Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty One Countries (Yale: Yale University Press, 1984); Arend Lijphart, Patterns of Democracies." Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries (Yale: Yale University Press. 1999).
    46 苏利文等人认为,在美国内战后,美国的爱国主义日益为“无论对错,总是我的祖国”所主导,这或许是一种“爱国主义的民族主义化”(the“nationalization”of patriotism),见Sullivan,Fried and Dietz,“Patriotism,Politics and the Presidential Election of 1988,”p.208;而维罗里在其著作《热爱祖国》的第5章,以“爱国主义的民族主义化”(The Nationalization of Patriotism)为题对19世纪上半叶欧洲国家的爱国主义思想发展史进行了讨论.见Viroli,For love of Country,Chap.5;谭克科则在讨论爱国主义的局限时认为,爱国主义可分为民族主义化的爱国主义(nationalist patriotism)与宪法或非民族主义化的爱国主义(constitutional patriotism or non-nationalist form of patriotism),爱国主义不应当被民族主义化,见Kok-Chor Tan,Justice Without Borders:Cosmopolitanism,Nationalism,and Patriotism(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2004),p.143.
    47 Athur A. Stein, The Nation at War (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1980).
    48 Samuel P. Huntington, Who are we? The Challenges to America's National Identity (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004), pp. 357-362.
    1 Susan Strange, "The Defective State," Daedalus, Vol. 124 (Spring 1995), pp. 56-57.
    2 时殷弘:“变更与稳定——论21世纪前期世界政治基本性质的矛盾和过渡特征”,《欧洲》,2002年第4期,第2-3页。
    3 See M. G. Dietz, "Patriotism: A Brief History of the Term," in I. Primoratz ed., Patriotism (New York: Humanity Books, 2002).
    4 John L. Sullivan, Amy Fried, Mary G. Dietz, "Patiotism, Politics, and the Presidential Election of 1988," American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 36, No. 1 (February 1992), p. 206.
    5 Ian Mclean and Alistair McMillan eds., The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 400; Sullivan, Fried, and Dietz, "Patriotism, Politics, and the Presidential Election of 1988," pp. 204-208.
    6 Sullivan, Fried, and Dietz, "Patiotism, Politics, and the Presidential Election of 1988," p. 207.
    7 See Maurizio Viroli, For Love of Country: An Essay on Patriotism and Nationalism (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), pp. 1-2.
    8 Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (MICRA Inc., 1998).
    9 由于不赞同美国的价值观,军官Philip Nolan发誓不再见到美国,因此,他一直乘军舰漂泊在海洋上。但他的内心却充满对美国的热爱,他曾对一位年轻军官说,这(美国)是“你的祖国。你属于她,好比属于你的母亲。”当他临死前得知美国领士已经大大扩展时,他感到非常高兴。在他死后,有人如此评价他,“他热爱祖国甚于所有人,得到祖国的关照少于所有人。”这尽管他是个小说人物,却深入人心,很多美国人相信Philip Nolan就是一个真实的美国爱国者。See Cecilia E. O'Leary, To Die For: The Paradox of American Patriotism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999), pp. 27-28; John J. Pullen, Patriotism in America: A Study of Changing Devotions, 1770-1970 (New York: American Heritage Press, 1971 ), pp. 66-68.
    10 Mclean and McMillan eds., The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics, p. 400.
    11 [美]肯尼思·N·华尔兹:《人、国家和战争——一种理论分析》,倪世雄、林全敏、王建 伟译,上海译文出版社,1991年,第83页。
    12 David Miller ed., The Blackwell Encychpaedia of Political Thought(London: Blackwell Reference, 1987), p. 369.
    13 《辞海》(1999年版缩印本),上海辞书出版社,2000年,第1810页。
    14 在中国,对爱国主义的讨论更多用于政治教育目的。例如,有不少词典有“爱国主义教育”词条,但却没有“爱国主义”词条。又比如,杂志上发表的有关爱国主义的文章大多是谈论“爱国主义教育”的,几乎没有对“爱国主义”的概念进行学理梳理的。书籍中也大多是进行教育宣传的,大部分书籍是以“爱国主义讲座”、“爱国主义教育辞典”、“爱国主义教程”等作为标题的。
    15 See Wolfgang J. Mommsen, "Nationality, Patriotism and Nationalism," in Roger Michener ed., Nationality, Patriotism and Nationalism in Liberal Democratic Societies(St. Paul, Minnesota: Paragon House, 1993), pp. 1-18.
    16 Rousseau, Emile, quoted in Walter Berns, Making Patriots(Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 2001), p. 10.
    17 John Somerville, "Patriotism and War," Ethics, Vol. 91, No. 4(July 1981), p. 568.
    18 "…Someone had blundered. Theirs not to make reply, Theirs not to reason why, Theirs but to do and die. Into the valley of Death, Rode the six hundred.…When will their glory fade? O the wild charge they made! All the world wondered. Honor the charge they made! Honor the Light Brigade, Noble six hundred!" Alfred Tennyson, "The Charge of the Light Brigade," The National Center for Public Policy Research, http://www.nationalcenter.org/Chargeof the Light Brigade.html. 2004年10月15日访问。
    19 普里莫拉兹对“爱国主义”的定义与本文相似,二者的差异在前文及第二节都有涉及。他认为,爱国主义是“对某一国家及其政体的热爱,部分是由于那是其祖国这一事实所激发的,并以对其国家与同胞的福祉的特殊关切的形式表现出来。”See I.Primoratz,“Introduction,”in Primoratz ed.,Putriotism,p.12.
    20 Robert W. Jensen, "The Problem with Patriotism: Steps toward the Redemption of American Journalism and Democracy," in Lee Artz and Yahya R. Kamalipour eds., Bring 'Em On: Media and Politics in the Iraq War(New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2005), pp.75-76.
    21 Marcia Baron, "Patriotism and 'Liberal' Morality," in Primoratz ed., Patriotism, p. 62.
    22 Quoted in S. Nathanson, Patriotism, Morality; and Peace(Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1993), p. 3.
    23 Primoratz, "Introduction," p. 11.
    24 Ibid., p. 10.
    25 有关该案例的内容及讨论,可参见Thomas M.Susman:“好的,坏的,丑的;电子政府与人民的知情权”,《交流》,2003年第3期;西米:“埃尔斯伯格,美国历史上最伟大的叛徒”,《华盛顿观察》周刊,2003年第11期(总第27期),2003年3月19日,http://www.washingtonobserver.org/SocCul-Ellsberg-031903CN27.cfm,2005年7月10日访问。
    26 David McCabe, "Patriotic Gore, Again," in Primoratz ed., Patriotism, p. 121.
    27 Primoratz, "Introduction," p. 10.
    28 例如,著名进攻性现实主义国际关系理论家约翰·米尔斯海默就持此观点,see John Mearsheimer,“Back to the Future,”in International Security,Vol.15,No.1(1990).
    29 [古希腊]修昔底德:《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》,谢德风译,商务印书馆,1960年,第145页。
    30 See Debbie Schildkraut and Peter Furia, "Patriotism," in Karen Christensen and David Levinson, eds., The Encyclopedia of Community(Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2003); Minxin Pei, "The Paradoxes of American Nationalism" in Foreign Policy, May/June 2003. 马基雅维利也持类似的观点, H. Zmora, "Love of Country and Love of Party: Patriotism and Human Nature in Machiavelli," History of Political Thought, Vol. ⅩⅩⅤ, No. 3(2004), pp. 444-445;及[美]列奥·斯特劳斯、约翰·克罗波西主编:《政治哲学史》,李天然等译,河北人民出版社,1998年,第325页。
    31 在这方面的深入探讨见Thomas Nagel,Equality and Partiality(Oxford:Oxford University Press,1991).
    32 参见I.Primoratz,“Patriotism:A Deflationary View,”The Philosophical Forum,Vol.ⅩⅩⅩⅢ, No.4(Winter 2002),pp.443-458.
    33 Martha C. Nussbaum, "Patriotism and Cosmopolitanism," in Martha C. Nussbaum and J. Cohen eds., For Love of Country: Debating the Limits of Patriotism(Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press, 1996), p. 13.
    34 关于爱国主义与民族主义如何变得不再泾渭分明的全面讨论,Maurizio Viroli,For Love of Country:An Essay on Patriotism and Nationalism(Oxford:Clarendon Press,1995).
    35 参见E.J.Hobsbawm,Nations and Nationalism since 1870(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1992).他在第46、75页使用了“民族爱国主义”一词,在第78页又用到了“民族的或国家的爱国主义”一词,在第90页试图将二者加以区分。
    36 M. G. Dietz, "Patriotism," in I. Ball et al. eds., Political Innovation and Conceptual Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 191.
    37 [美]莱茵霍尔德·尼布尔:《道德的人与不道德的社会》,蒋庆等译,贵州人民出版社,1998年,第73页。
    38 有关区分爱国主义与民族主义的重要性,可参见J.Lukacs,“Nationalism and Patriotism,”Freedom Review,Vol.25(1994),pp.78-79.
    39 时殷弘:“民族主义、国家增生及伦理道德思考”,载时殷弘:《国际政治——理论探究、历史概观、战略思考》,当代世界出版社,2002年,第173页。
    40 这一术语已经被广泛运用,参见[美]本尼迪克特·安德森:《想象的共同体:民族主义的起源与散布》,吴叡人译,上海人民出版社,2003年。
    41 时殷弘:“民族主义、国家增生及伦理道德思考”,第173页。
    42 简单地说,民族往往有四种表现形态,其中,前两种更多是种文化心理意义上的民族,而后两种则更多是政治意义上的民族。第一是种族或族群(ethnic group),即确实发源于同一祖先或自认为发源于同一祖先的群体。民族是与生俱来的、既定的、不能改变的命运。人之所以成为某民族的一份子完全由血统决定,个人别无选择。第二是文化群体,即某种历史悠久的文明的产物。这里,民族的标志是其共享的独特文化,以及与之相关的共同语言、习俗、社会规范、行为模式、神话传奇和象征符号。第三是主权国家。这种民族概念强调领土和法权的重要性。既便人民来自不同的种族、说不同的方言、拥有不同的文化背景,只要生活在同一个领土—政治—法律单位内,他们就被认为同属一个民族。最后一种民族概念,将它理解为一个非排他性的、由公民自愿组合的群体,其融合剂是自由主义的政治文化。事实上,这种民族已经成为一种意识形态意义上的民族,其成员资格向所有赞同其政治理念的人开放,不考虑血缘、肤色、种族和文化背景。这一分类可参见Liah Greenfeld,Nationalism:Five Roads to Modernity(Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press 1992),p.7.
    43 这里的论述主要参照时殷弘:“民族主义、国家增生及伦理道德思考”,第174-175页。
    44 同上,第174页。
    45 同上,第175页。
    46 Hans Kohn, Nationalism: Its Meaning and History, revised edition(Malabar, Floroda: Krieger Publishing, 1982), pp. 1-18.
    47 Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English (Oxford, 1974), p. 570.
    48 参见[美]亚当·库珀、杰西卡·库珀主编:《社会科学百科全书》,翁绍军等译,上海译文出版社,1989年,第509页。
    49 [英]厄内斯特·盖尔纳:《民族与民族主义》,韩红译,中央编译出版社,2002年,第1-5页。
    50 K. J. Holsti, International Politics: A Framework for Analysis, 3rd edition(Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1977), p. 68.
    51 参见[美]安德森:《想象的共同体》。
    52 需要特别指出的是,民族主义的对象并不只包括国家,而爱国主义的对象却只有国家。一般认为,民族主义至少有4种类型:(1)族群民族主义(ethnic nationalism),它将民族看作一个有机实体,寻求建立单一种族的国家。在那些种族单位与政治单位不完全重合的地方,族群民族主义很可能导致强制性同化或分裂主义运动;(2)文化民族主义(cultural nationalism),要求民族成员保护民族文化的纯洁性与同一性;(3)国家民族主义(state nationalism),希望通过鼓励融合、减少分歧的策略,“为异质的人群建构起一个同质的实体”;(4)公民民族主义(civic nationalism),接受世界仍被分为不同政治实体的现实,但把民族看作由平等公民通过 自愿协议组建而成的联合体,其成员资格向所有赞同其政治理念的人开放,不考虑血缘、肤色、种族和文化背景。参见Philip Spencer and Howard Wollman,Nationalism:A Critical Introduction(London:Sage,2002).因此,某些类型的民族主义显然是无法与爱国主义在同一平台上进行讨论的,因此本文在区分爱国主义与民族主义时,仅将民族主义限定为以国家为对象的一类,而将其他类型排除在外。
    53 Greenfeld, Nationalism.
    54 Daniel Druckmam, “Nationalism, Patriotism, and Group Loyalty: A Social Psychological Perspective," Mershon International Studies Review, Vol.38(1994), p.45.
    55 Erica Benner, "Nationality without Nationalism," Journal of Political Ideologies, Vol. 2, No.2(1997), p. 193.
    56 参见[英]盖尔纳:《民族与民族主义》。
    57 Viroli, For Love of Country, chap. 5.
    58 Sullivan, Fried and Dietz, "Patriotism, Politics and the Presidential Election of 1988," p. 208
    59 Viroli, For love of Country, Chaps. 5-6.
    60 Kok-Chor Tan, Justice Without Borders: Cosmopolitanism, Nationalism, and Patriotism(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 143.
    61 [英]埃里·凯杜里:《民族主义》,中央编译出版社,2002年,第68页。
    62 关于民族主义促进民族国家的诞生往往需要通过战争的讨论,可参见[英]安东尼·吉登斯:《民族—国家与暴力》,胡宗泽、赵力涛译,王铭铭校,生活·读书·新知三联书店,1998年。
    63 这种观点在学术界相当普遍,其中最具代表性的是厄内斯特·盖尔纳,参见[英]盖尔纳:《民族与民族主义》。
    64 Leslie Green, The Authority of the State(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988), pp. 41-42.
    65 R. B. Friedman, "On the Concept of Authority in Political Philosophy," in Joseph Raz ed., Authority (New York: New York University Press, 1990), p. 77.
    66 Ibid., p. 78.
    67 Thomas Nagel, Equality and Partiality (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 8.
    68 [德]尤尔根·哈贝马斯:《包容他者》,曹卫东译,上海人民出版社2002年版,第152页。
    69 “没有同意的同意”是指一个人(机构、国家等)往往这样要求他者的服从,即:我这样做是为了你好,所以你必须同意、必须服从,哪怕你并不愿意。相关讨论,参见[美】诺姆·乔姆斯基:《新自由主义和全球秩序》,徐海铭等译,江苏人民出版社,2000年,第二章。
    70 [印度]泰戈尔:《民族主义》,谭仁侠译,商务印书馆,1986年,第11、23页。
    71 [美]尼布尔:《道德的人与不道德的社会》,第76-77页。
    72 这种观点在学术界相当普遍,其中最具代表性的是厄内斯特·盖尔纳,参见[英]盖尔纳:《民族与民族主义》。
    73 参见E. Staub, The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989; R. K. White, "The Fear Motive in Twentieth Century Wars," Peace Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 1, No. 3(1993), pp.1, 12-13.
    74 汉斯·摩根索:《国际纵横策论——求强权,争和平》,卢明华等译,上海译文出版社,1995年,第415页。
    75 转引自Amélie Mummendey,Andreas Klink,and Rupert Brown,“Nationalism and Patriotism:National Identification and Out-Group Rejection,”in British Journal of Social Psychology,Vol.40(2001),pp.161.
    76 参见Ibid.,pp.159-172.
    77 参见H.TajfeI and J.C.Turner,“The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior,”in S.Worchel and W.G.Austin eds.,Psychology of Intergroup Relations,2nd edition(chicago:Nelson-Hall Publishers,1986),pp.7-24.
    78 Druckmam, "Nationalism, Patriotism, and Group Loyalty," pp.43-68. Mummendey and Klink, "Nationalism and Patriotism," pp.159-172.
    79 [英]吉登斯:《民族—国家与暴力》,第141页。
    80 有关美国例外论的论述,可参见关中:《意识形态与美国外交政策》,台湾商务印书馆,2005年,第1章第3节。
    81 目前关于启蒙运动对美国政治的影响的最经典的论述仍是,[美]路易斯·哈茨:《美国的自由主义传统》,张敏谦译、金烂荣校,中国社会科学出版社,2003年。另可参见[美]卡尔·贝克尔:《论(独立宣言)——政治思想史研究》,彭刚译,江苏教育出版社,2005年。
    82 马蒂就曾指出,“启蒙运动思想家们摒弃了特殊启示,而寻求一种普遍启示:以自然取代历史、以科学取代宗教信条、以理性取代教义。”见马丁·E·马蒂:《美国的宗教》,载[美]卢瑟·S·利德基主编:《美国特性探索:社会和文化》,龙治芳等译,中国社会科学出版社,1991年,第287页。
    83 很明显,美洲事实上并不“干净”,但欧洲殖民者可以将它想象成为“干净的”;这一事实既暗示了他们的种族主义,也暗示了他们扭曲社会现实、使之符合其理想版本的意愿。讨论美国国家认同中的种族特殊主义的重要性超出了本文的范围,但应当牢记其重要性,尤其当思考美国爱国主义与对外政策的联系时。
    84 Wilson Carey McWilliams, The Idea of Fraternity in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973), p. 173.
    85 转引自[美]萨缪尔·亨廷顿:《失衡的承诺》,周端译,东方出版社,2005年,第13页。
    86 李剑鸣、章彤编:《美利坚合众国总统就职演说全集》,天津人民出版社,1997年,第24页。
    87 Daniel Bell, "The 'Hegelian Secret': Civil Society and American Exceptionalism," in Byron E. Sharer ed., Is America Different? A New Look at American Exceptionalism (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991 ), pp. 46-70.
    88 有关对美国例外论的批评,可参见 J. Victor Koschmann, "Review Essay: The Nationalism of Cultural Uniqueness," American Historical Review, Vol. 102 (June 1997), pp. 758-768; Ian Tyrrell, "American Exceptionalism in an Age of International History," American Historical Review, Vol. 96 (October 1991), pp. 1031-1055.
    89 [美]亨利·基辛格:《大外交》,顾淑馨、林添贵译,海南出版社,1997年,第2-3页。
    90 有关清教徒将其使命和命运带到美洲的努力的论述,可参见[美]詹姆士·O·罗伯逊:《美国神话美国现实》,贾秀东等译,中国社会科学出版社,1990年,第一编第三、四章。
    91 李剑鸣、章彤编:《关利坚合众国总统就职演说全集》,第295页。
    92 参见[美]哈茨:《美国的自由主义传统》,第一章。
    93 Hans Kohn, American Nationalism.
    94 徐以骅:“美国的国民宗教及其国民宗教辩论”,载徐以骅主编:《宗教和美国社会——美国宗教的“路线图”》(第1辑),时事出版社,2004年,第59页。
    95 Reinhold Niebuhr, Pious" and Secular America (New York: Scribner's Sons, 1958), pp. 1-2.
    96 Samuel P. Huntington, Who are we? The Challenges to America's National Identity (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004), pp. 365-366.
    97 [法]托克维尔:《论美国的民主》,董果良译,商务印书馆,2004年,第333,676页。
    98 A.M. Manis, Southern Civil Religions in Conflict (Macon: Mercer University Press, 2002), p. ⅸ.
    99 Huntington, Who are we?, p.103.
    100 E.M. West, "A Proposed Neutral Definition of Civil Religion," Journal of Church and State, Vol. 22, No. 1 (Winter 1980), p. 39.
    101 E·N·克里:“新教徒的传统”,李婴等译,载《美国研究参考资料》,1989年第11期,第29页。
    102 [德]尤尔根·哈贝马斯:《包容他者》,曹卫东译,上海人民出版社2002年版,第133页。
    103 [法]卢梭:《社会契约论》,何兆武译,商务印书馆,1996年,第177-178页。
    104 [德]约尔根·莫尔特曼:《被钉十字架的上帝》,阮炜等译,上海三联书店,1997年,第399页。
    105 Huntington,Who are we?,p.104-105.
    106 下面有关美国公民宗教的两种模式的论述,参见Martin E.Marty,"Two Kinds of Civil Religion,"in Russell Richey and Donald Jones,American Civil Religion(NeW York:Harper and Row,1974),pp.144-145.
    107 R.N. Bellah, The Broken Covenant ." American Civil Religion in a Time of Trial (New York, Seabury Press, 1975), p. ⅸ.
    108 李剑鸣、章彤编:《美利坚合众国总统就职演说全集》,第451,452页。
    109 C.H.Long.“Civil rights-Civil Religion:Visible People and Invisible Religion,”in Richey and Jones eds.,American Civil Religion,p.214.参见罗伯特·N·贝拉:“美国的市民宗教”,牟文华、舒逸节译,载《美国研究参考资料》,1989年第4期,第9-15页。
    110 Athur A. Stein, The Nation at War(Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1980).
    111 Huntington, Who are we?, pp. 357-362.
    112 Jon Western, "The War over Iraq: Selling War to the American Public," Security Studies, Vvl. 14, No. 1(January-March 2005), p. 101.
    113 有关这种美国必将持续在处于善恶斗争之中、并必须取得对恶的全面胜利的经典论述,可参见Mary Douglas,Purity and Danger(London and New York:Routledge Classics,1966).
    114 Ronald Reagan,“Speech to the National Association of Evangelicals,”Orlando,Florida,March 8,1983,http://www.nationalcenter.org/ReaganEvilEmpire1983.html,2005年3月20日访问。
    115 Allan Bloom, The Closing of the American Mind(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987), pp.247-249.
    116 “9·11”发生后,美国公众一度出现了较为明显的愤怒和报复心理。有位学者曾指出,恐怖主义导致了一种愤怒和报复心理:“我们的世界,我们世界的一部分,已经被他们弄得粉碎,这意味着我们生活在一个危险和愤怒的地方。”Don DeLillo,“In the Ruins of the Future:Reflections on Terror and Loss in the Shadow of September,”Harper’s Magazine,December 2001,p.33;也有一些美国学者认为,对恐怖袭击的强烈反应并非一种丑恶的报复心理,而是一种愤怒的道德上合法的表达,参见Jean Bethke Elshtain,Just War against Terror:The Burden of American Power in a Violent World(New York:Basic Books,2003);William J.Bennett,Why We Fight:Moral Clarity and the War on Terrorism(New York:Doubleday,2002).
    117 [美]沃尔特·拉塞尔·米德:《美国外交政策及其如何影响了世界》,曹化银译,中信出版社,2003年,第62页。
    118 [美]乔赫伯特·D·克罗利:《美国生活的希望:政府在实现国家目标中的作用》,王英军等译,江苏人民出版社,2006年,第2-3页。
    119 有关反美主义的讨论,可参见[法]菲利普·罗杰:《美利坚敌人——法国反美主义的来龙去脉》,吴强等译,新华出版社,2004年;
    120 袁岳、[美]方大为:《中国这边,美国那边:81个话题透视中美差异》,中华工商联合出版社,2004年,第259-260页。
    121 Richard Nixon, The Real War(New York: Warner Books, 1980). Quoted in Joseph A. Amter, Vietnam Verdict: A Citizen's History(New York: The Continuum Publishing Company, 1982), p.349.
    122 关于美国联邦主义的发展历史,可参见[美]文森特·奥斯特罗姆:《美国联邦主义》,王建勋译,上海三联书店,2003年。
    123 [法]托克维尔:《论美国的民主》(上卷),第178-183页。
    124 Wilfred M. McClay, "The Mixed Nature of American Patriotism," Society, Vol.41, Issue 1(Nov/Dec2003), p.41.
    125 转引自[美]亨廷顿:《失衡的承诺》,第33页。
    126 [美]戴安娜·拉维奇选编:《美国读本》(上),陈凯等译,国际文化出版公司,2005年版,第85-86页。
    127 粟德金:“浴火重生的南方小鸡”,《华盛顿观察》周刊,2006年第25期,2006年7月5日。
    128 沃尔特·巴内特(Walter Barnette)的两个女儿因拒绝向国旗致敬而都被学校开除了,但家长不服,认为拒绝向国旗致敬是行为合法并提出上诉。1943年,美国最高法院有意选择6月14日——美国国旗日这一天作出了有利于当事人的判决。大法官杰克逊宣布,“如果维持强制性向国旗致敬的话,我们就必须说明《权利法案》——它保证个人说他想说的话的权利——允许公共权力来强迫个人说他并不想说的话”,而这显然是违反言论自由原则。最高法院的判决体现了真正的爱国主义精神,从而也维护了美国普通个人的爱国主义表达。见任东来:“当爱国主义碰上宗教和言论自由——有关国旗致敬和效忠誓词的三个案子”,http://www.cngdsz.com/discourse/article_show.asp?typeid=1&articleid=1095,2005年3月19日 访问。
    129 Nathanson, Patriotism, Morality, and Peace, p. 4.
    130 有关内战中战争双方都自认为是从事善的事业的论述,参见James M. McPherson, For Cause ana Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War(New YorK and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997).
    131 John Alter, "Time for a new Patriotism?," Newsweek, September 15, 2003,http://www.msnbc.com/news/962958.asp?Ocl=c1.2005年3月19日访问。
    132 Ibid.
    133 [美]J·斯帕尼尔:《第二次世界大战后美国外交政策》,段若石译,商务印书馆,1992年,第17页。
    134 [美]罗伯逊:《美国神话美国现实》,第447页。
    135 [美]西摩·马丁·李普塞特:《一致与冲突》,张华青等译,上海人民出版社,1995年,第316页。
    136 [美]斯帕尼尔:《第二次世界大战后美国外交政策》,第13页。
    137 同上,第17-18页。
    138 [美]乔治·凯南:《美国外交》,葵阳等译,世界知识出版社,1989年,第53页。
    1 时殷弘:“理想和现实:论美国建国初期的外交”,《中美文化研究》,1989年第1期,第67页。
    2 美国人往往用宗教性的语言来概括早期移民的经历,认为千百万人的移民历程是一个伟大的仪式:大海是一个子宫,孕育生命,保证了美国的新生,那些以色列新的后代越过“红海”,进入荒野,退路已无,作为上帝的选民他们同其宿敌永久分开,希望之乡在招手,上帝把他们从异教徒中间带出来,将他们带到新大陆,并赋予这些全新的人类实现把荒野变成伊甸园的使命。后米,实现荒野文明化成了一种比喻,它意味着美国不仅要在本土实现这一目标,美国还要住它认为的那些缺乏美国式民主、人权等的地区实现这个目标。参见John F.Berens,Providence and Patriotism in Early America:1640-1815(Charlottesville:University Press of Virginia,1978),Chaps.Ⅰ,Ⅳ.
    3 当然,宗教大觉醒的作用也是不容忽视的,限于篇幅在此不赘述。它为美国摆脱英国的统治找到了神学依据,促进了美国的独立意识形成,为独立革命作了思想上和舆论上的准备。有的学者,非常看重宗教大觉醒的作用,认为这是一场真正的美利坚运动,使人们心中萌发了跨殖民地的意识、观念和主题,它们先产生于宗教背景,后转到了政治背景。参见张敏谦:《大觉醒——美国宗教与社会关系》,时事出版社,2001年,第189-194页。
    4 [美]威廉·G·帕特森、J·加里·克利福德、肯尼斯·J·哈根:《美国外交政策》,李庆余译,中国社会科学出版社,1989年,第6页。
    5 Samuel P. Huntington, Who are we? The Challenges to America's National Identity (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004), pp. 107-113.
    6 [美]帕特森、克利福德、哈根:《美国外交政策》,第11页。
    7 [美]戴安娜·拉维奇选编:《美国读本》(上),陈凯等译,国际文化出版公司,2005年,第25-26页。
    8 著名的哲学家、诗人拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生在1837年为康科德革命爱国志士纪念碑落成典礼上写了《康科德之歌》,诗中写道:“简陋的拱桥边下河水流淌,旗帜迎着四月的微风飘扬,从戎征战的农夫,在此打响了声震全球的一枪”。[美]拉维奇选编:《美国读本》(上),第99页。
    9 [美]托马斯·潘恩:《常识》,何实译,华夏出版社,2004年,第34-39页。
    10 同上,第58页。
    11 同上,第2页。
    12 Abraham Lincoln, "Speech at Chicago," 10 July, 1858, in Roy Basler ed., The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 11 vols. (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953), Vol.Ⅱ, pp.484-502.
    13 [美]詹姆士·O·罗伯逊:《美国神话美国现实》,贾秀东等译,中国社会科学出版社,1990年,第一编第68页。
    14 《杨基歌》(Yankee Doodle),在美国革命之前已很流行,早在1770年以前英军曾它用来嘲笑殖民地居民的勇猛以及他们粗俗的衣着和举止。Yankee是把视为新英格兰人乡下人的蔑称,而Doodle是指愚蠢的人或傻瓜的意思。在美国革命期间,美军却采用《杨基歌》作为自己的战歌,以表明他们对自己朴素、家纺的衣着和毫不矫揉造作的举止感到自豪。在美国独立后,它曾一直被美国人民当作非正式的国歌,而且是人们最喜爱的歌谣。参见[美]拉维奇选编:《美国读本》(上),第20-22页。
    15 杰斐逊认为《独立宣言》的目的“不是要去寻找人们从未思考过的新原则或新论点,也不是要去说什么人们从未说过的东西,而是要把关于这个问题的常识摆在人们面前,用朴实而坚定的言辞赢得他们的赞许……既在于创造原则或思想的独创性,也不也在于从特定的旧作中抄袭成章,而是要表达美国人的意志”。参见[美]卡尔·贝克尔:《论<独立宣言>——政治思想史研究》,彭刚译,江苏教育出版社,2005年,第15页。
    16 Henry Steele Commager, The American Mind: An Interpretatton of American Thought and Character Since the 1880's (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1950), p. 33.
    17 转引自[美]罗伯逊:《美国神话美国现实》,第202页。
    18 [美]丹尼尔·J·布尔斯廷:《美国人:建国的历程》,谢延光、林勇军、陆绶英、朱明权译,上海译文出版社,1997年,第627页。
    19 [美]汉密尔顿、杰伊、麦迪逊:《联邦党人文集》,程逢如等译,商务印书馆,1980年,第443-444页。
    20 [美]麦迪逊:《辩论:美国制宪会议记录》,尹宣译,辽宁教育出版社,2003年,第789-791页。
    21 Huntington, Who are we?, pp.112-113.
    22 [美]布尔斯廷:《美国人:建国的历程》,第633-634,644-645页。
    23 [美][美]帕特森、克利福德、哈根:《美国外交政策》,第31页。
    24 四个方案祥见[美]麦迪逊:《辩论》,(弗吉尼亚方案)第15-20页,(新泽西方案)第125-127页,(平克尼方案)第804-814页,(汉密尔顿方案)第815-828页。
    25 [美]汉密尔顿、杰伊、麦迪逊:《联邦党人文集》,第5-8,11页。
    26 同上,第134-135页。
    27 同上,第6页;[美]麦迪逊:《辩论》,第14-19页。
    28 [美]布尔斯廷:《美国人:建国的历程》,第632页。
    29 这一段全文:"That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do", The declaration of independence and the constitution of the United States, The Claremont Institute for the study of statesmanship and political philosophy, p4.黑斜体部分为作者所加,以突出States和they的位置。
    30 [美]汉密尔顿、杰伊、麦迪逊:《联邦党人文集》,第134-135页。
    31 [美][美]帕特森、克利福德、哈根:《美国外交政策》,第37页。
    32 Huntington, Who are we?, p.114.
    33 [法]托克维尔:《论美国的民主》(上),董果良译,商务印书馆,2004年,第104-105页。
    34 [美]迈克尔·H·亨特:《意识形态与美国外交政策》,褚律元译,世界知识出版社,1999年,第33页。
    35 《杰伊条约》:英国最后撤出了在美国西北部的领土,调整了独立战争之后双方的赔偿要求,在美国英两国的贸易中实行普惠原则。该条约主要内容参见Larry Schweikart and Michael Allen, A Patriot's History of the United States: From Columbus's Great Discovery to the War on Terror(New York: Penguin Books, 2004), pp. 143-144.
    36 John C. Miller, The Federalist Era, 1789-1801(New York: Harper, 1960), pp. 166-169.
    37 [美][美]帕特森、克利福德、哈根:《美国外交政策》,第58页。
    38 http://www.usembassy-china.org.cn/infousa/living_doc/GB/washingtonfarewell.htm, 2006年12月1日访问。
    39 [美][美]帕特森、克利福德、哈根:《美国外交政策》,第79页。
    40 [美]沃沦·I·科恩:《剑桥美国对外关系史》(上),王琛等译,新华出版社,2004年,第137-145页;[美][美]帕特森、克利福德、哈根:《美国外交政策》,第75-94页。
    41 Donald R. Hickey, The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989), pp. 192-120.
    42 John J. Pullen, Patriotism in America: A Study of Changing Devotions 1770-1970 (New York, American Heritage Press, 1971), pp. 33-38.
    43 [美]科恩:《剑桥美国对外关系史》(上),第146-147页。
    44 《星条旗》全文参见董秀丽编著:《美国——历史与现状》,旅游教育出版社,1997年,第320-321页。
    45 华盛顿传奇的第一个发明人是梅森·洛克·威姆斯,他是一个江湖骗子兼超级推销员。威姆斯在1799年6月写信给他的出版商凯里说:“我差不多已准备好将一本题为《华盛顿的美德》的小书付印,这本书是精致地画出来的,并且加上了许多使它生动的轶事,依我愚见,十分合适,‘投群众之所好——符合美国人的胃口!!!’……去吧,老乔治。随便您什么时候去世我们再不会像以前那样看待您了。”在华盛顿死后不到一个月,威姆斯写信给凯里说:“我有件事要悄悄告诉你。你知道,华盛顿去世了!成百万的人渴望得到关于他的读物。我把这些读物差不多已准备好了”。威姆斯多次督促出版商加快印刷速度,做好这件于己有利、于国有益的事。爱国主义与商业利润的产生了巧妙结合,他所杜撰的《华盛顿生平录》在出版的头十年中大概销售了五万多册,在威姆斯去世前再版了二十余次。参见[美]布尔斯廷:《美国人:建国的历程》,第532-534页。
    46 同上,第558,560页。
    47 同上,第561-565页。
    48 Wilbur Zelinsky, Nation into State: The Shifting of Symbolic Foundations of American Nationalism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988), p. 218.
    49 [法]托克维尔:《论美国的民主》(上),第105页。
    50 John Bodnar, Remaking America: Public Memory, Commemoration, and Patriotism in the Twentieth Centuty(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), pp.21-26.
    51 [美]拉维奇选编:《美国读本》(上),第196页。
    52 Abraham Lincoln, The Gettysburg Address, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, November 19, 1863, http://showcase.netins.net/web/creative/lincoln/speeches/gettysburg.htm, 2006年10月11日访问。
    53 Merle Curti, The Roots of American Loyalty(New York: Columbia University Press,1946), pp. 169-171.
    54 《美利坚合众国总统就职演说全集》,李剑鸣、章彤编,陈亚丽等译,天津人民出版社,1997年,第243页。
    55 [美]布尔斯廷:《美国人:建国的历程》,第386-397页;[美]丹尼尔·J·布尔斯廷:《美国人:民主的历程》,谢延光译,上海译文出版社,1997年,第176-178页。
    56 《美利坚合众国总统就职演说全集》,第194页。
    57 他们认为:北方为了维护国家统一、摧毁奴隶制而战,南方则为了维护自力更生和农业社会的生活方式而战;因此南方虽然战败了,但维护自力更生和农业社会的生活方式是正义的;北方打击奴隶制是正义的和善的,但摧毁南方的生活方式是错误的;而且内战的结果是结束了奴隶制,南方并未摧毁国家,参见Cecilia Elizabeth O’Leary,“‘Blood Brotherhood’:The Racialization of Patriotism,1865-1918,”in John Bodnar ed.,Bonds of Affections:Americans Define Their Patriotism(Princeton:Princeton University Press,1996),pp.63-67.
    58 [美]拉维奇选编:《美国读本》(上),第255-257页。
    59 Commager, The American Mind, pp. 32-33.
    60 陈朝晖编著:《美国》,京华出版社,2000年,第370页。
    61 Cecilia Elizabeth O'Leary, To Die For: The Paradox of American Patriotism (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1999), pp. 50-58.
    62 Commager, The American Mind, pp. 38-39.
    63 O'Leary, To Die For, pp. 23-24.
    64 Ibid., pp. 26-27.
    65 效忠誓词是1892年由《青年伴侣》杂志社的编辑弗朗西斯·贝拉米写成,全文为“我宣誓:忠实于美利坚合众国国旗,忠实于她所代表的合众国——苍天之下一个不可分割的国家,在这里,人人享有自由和正义。”陈朝晖编著:《美国》,京华出版社,2000年,第8页。
    66 Wilbur Zelinshy, Nation into State: The Shifting Symbolic Foundations of American Nationalism(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988), pp. 85-89.
    67 自由女神像是法国文化界名人为庆祝美国独立一百周年而赠送给美国的礼物。女神右手高高举起的火炬是自由和真理的象征,她左臂横于胸前,手中握着象征法律威严并刻有1776年7月4日字样的书板。在女神像的基座上,刻着犹太女诗人拉扎鲁斯的于1883年创作的十四行诗《新巨人》中的著名诗句:“把这些无家可归、颠沛流离的人给我,我高举着明灯守候在这金色的大门!”这诗句不仅为自由女神像赋予了灵魂,也了千百万来到美国的人向往的美好目标。参见[美][美]拉维奇选编:《美国读本》(上),第279页。
    68 [美]亨特:《意识形态与美国外交政策》,第57-62页。
    69 [美]沃沦·I·科恩:《剑桥美国对外关系史》(下),王琛等译,新华出版社,2004年,第11-12页。
    70 [美]霍华德·津恩:《美国人民的历史》,许先春、蒲国良、张爱平译,上海人民出版社,2000年,第250页。
    71 [美][美]帕特森、克利福德、哈根:《美国外交政策》,第260-263页。
    72 同上,第261页。
    73 [美]罗伯逊:《美国神话美国现实》,第349-358页。
    74 [美][美]帕特森、克利福德、哈根:《美国外交政策》,第276页。
    75 Commager, The American Mind, p. 47.
    76 [美]津恩:《美国人民的历史》,第246-249页。
    77 麦金莱的故事是这样的:“我夜夜在白宫徘徊直至子夜。先生们,我可以告诉你们:我不止一夜跪下祈祷,请求上帝给我以光明和指引。对此,我并不以为羞耻。一天深夜,我终于得到了——我不知道它是怎样到来的,但它启示我:我们不能将菲律宾还给西班牙——那是怯懦而可耻的行为;我们也不能把菲律宾留给菲律宾人自己——他们不适合自治,如果自治,不久他们就会陷入无政府的混乱之中,情况会比西班牙管理时期更糟糕。因而,留给我们的只有一件事,那就是我们自己接管菲律宾并教育其人民,促使其社会进步、提高其文化、用基督教化他们。就像基督为了我们的同胞付出了生命,我们也要有上帝那样仁慈之心,我们也要对菲律宾人民尽我们最大的努力。随后,我上床睡觉,不仅睡着了,而且睡得很香。”同上,第262-263页。
    78 《美利坚合众国总统就职演说全集》,第265页。
    79 同上,第261页。
    80 Graham A. Cosmas, An Army for Empire: The United States Army in the Spanish-American War(Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1971), pp. 90-95, 148-149.
    81 John Higham, Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860-1925 (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1988), pp. 170-171.
    82 O'Leary, "'Blood Brotherhood'," pp. 75-76.
    83 [美]科恩:《剑桥美国对外关系史》(上),第448页。
    84 [美]帕特森、克利福德、哈根:《美国外交政策》,第274-276页。
    85 [美]科恩:《剑桥美国对外关系史》(上),第460页。
    86 《美利坚合众国总统就职演说全集》,第266页。
    87 [美]帕特森、克利福德、哈根:《美国外交政策》,第264页。
    88 [美]津恩:《美国人民的历史》,第270-271页。
    89 [美]理查德·霍夫施塔特:《美国的政治传统及其缔造者》,崔永禄、王忠和译,商务印书馆,1994年,第258页。
    90 《美利坚合众国总统就职演说全集》,第300-302页。
    91 [美]霍夫施塔特:《美国的政治传统及其缔造者》,第259页。
    92 同上,第265-266页。
    93 Jack Lane and Maurice O'Sullivan eds., A Twentieth-Century American Reader(Washington, D. C., United States Information Agency, 1999), Vol. 1, pp. 125-128.
    94 [美]彼得·I·博斯科:《美国人眼中的第一次世界大战》,孙宝寅译,当代中国出版社,2006年,第60-62,70-71页。
    95 [美]罗伯逊:《美国神话美国现实》,第420页;[美]博斯科:《美国人眼中的第一次世界大战》,第74页。
    96 [美]肯尼思·N·华尔兹:《人、国家与战争——一种理论分析》,倪世雄等译,上海译文出版社,1991年,第94页。
    97 Steven J.Diner,A Very Different Age:Americans of the Progressive Era(New York,Hill and Wang,1998),pp.162-163;[美]莫里斯·加诺威茨等:《军人的政治教育》,郭力等译,解放军出版社,1987年,第224-228页。
    98 Richard B.Morris,William Greenleaf,and Robert H.Ferrell,America:A History of the People (Chicago:Rand McNally & Company,1971),pp.537-538;[美]科恩:《剑桥美国对外关系史》(下),第40-45页。
    99 Eric Foner, The Story of American Freedom(New York: W. W. Norton &Company, 1998), pp.168-170.
    100 Paul L. Murphy, World War I and the Origins of Civil Liberties in the United States (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1979), pp. 15-30.
    101 [美]博斯科:《美国人眼中的第一次世界大战》,第81页。
    102 同上,第82-83页。
    103 查尔斯·申克及其领导的社会党大量散发传单,呼吁人们“不要向恐吓投降”,号召美国公民捍卫自己的权利,指责美国政府无权把美国公民送往国外去枪杀其他国家的人民。联邦政府认为中克在鼓动抵制征兵,因此据《反间谍法》对他加以指控。在地区法院审讯后,大陪审团裁决被告有罪。申克认为《反间谍法》违背了第1条宪法修正案对言论自由的保护,上诉到联邦最高法院。最高法院认定申克的行为妨碍了征兵,违犯了《反间谍法》。该案可参见[美]津恩:《美国人民的历史》,第308-309页。
    104 此次削决中所谓“明显和现实的危险”的原则,本身是一个极不明确的、模糊的、含混的原则,最高法院在运用这一原则时,可以因时、因势作出合乎其需要的解释。参见Wayne Overbeck,Major Principles of Media Law(New York:Harcourt Brace College Publishers,1997),pp.46-47.
    105 Morris,Greenleaf,and Ferrell,America,pp.538-540;[美]罗伯逊:《美国神话美国现实》,第420-421页。
    106 [美]津恩:《美国人民的历史》,第306-310,310页。
    107 [美]杰里尔·A·罗塞蒂:《美国对外政策的政治学》,周启朋等译,世界知识出版社,1997年,第448页。
    108 同上,第448页。
    109 [美]拉维奇选编:《美国读本》(上),第383-389页。
    110 [美]津恩:《美国人民的历史》,第305-308页。
    111 [美]罗塞蒂:《美国对外政策的政治学》,第448页。
    112 [美]津恩:《美国人民的历史》,第305-306页。
    113 罗斯福认为,在德意日法西斯侵略加剧的情况下,美国人民要对灾难的来临要有心理准备,美国或许必须为此承担某些责任。“很不幸的是,无法无天(lawlessness)这种瘟疫确实正在世界上四处蔓延。当人身体的传染病开始流行时,社会将会同意把病人隔离开,以保障全体的健康,避免疾病的蔓延。”Jack Lane and Maurice O’Sullivan eds.,A Twentieth-Century American Reader(Washington,D.C.:United States Information Agency,1999),Vol.1,pp.410-412.
    114 [美]霍夫施塔特:《美国的政治传统及其缔造者》,第342页。
    115 [美]亨利·基辛格:《大外交》,顾淑馨、林添贵译,海南出版社,1998年,第334-335页。
    116 [美]霍夫施塔特:《美国的政治传统及其缔造者》,第342页。
    117 Richard Polenberg, America at War: The Home Front, 1941-1945(Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, 1968), p. 176.
    118 Jerome M. Mileur and Ronald Story, "America's Wartime Presidents: Politics, National Security, and Civil Liberties," in William Crotty ed., The Politics of Terror: The U.S. Response to 9/11 (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2004), p. 106.
    119 [美]亨利·基辛格:《大外交》,顾淑馨、林添贵译,海南出版社,1998年,第344-345页。
    120 同上,第347页。
    121 Eric Foner, The Story of American Freedom (New York: W. W. Norton &Company, 1998), pp.225-228.
    122 [美]戴安娜·拉维奇选编:《美国读本》(下),陈凯等译,国际文化出版公司,2005年,第466-467页。
    123 Daniel T. Rodgers, Contested Truth: Keywords in American Politics Since Independence(New York: Basic Books, 1987), pp. 210-234.
    124 Frederick F. Siegel, Troubled Journey: From Pearl Harbor to Ronald Reagan (New York: Hill and Wang, 1984), pp. 6-10.
    125 [美]拉维奇选编:《美国读本》(下),第449页。
    126 Foner, The Story of American Freedom, p. 237.
    127 Ibid., pp. 237-238.
    128 [美]拉维奇选编:《美国读本》(下),第452-453页。
    129 Mileur and Story, "America's Wartime Presidents," pp.109-110.
    130 [美]津恩:《美国人民的历史》,第355页。
    131 Mileur and Story, "America's Wartime Presidents," p.108.
    132 Jerel A. Rosati, The Politics of United States Foreign Policy(California:Wadsworth Group, 1999), p.491.
    133 罗斯福认为日本是“公开地、无耻地掠夺成性的国家,从根本上同美国对立的国家”。见[美]亨特:《意识形态与美国外交政策》,第151-152页。
    134 Foner, The Story of American Freedom, pp. 240-241.
    135 R. Takaki, Double victory(Boston: Little Brown, 2000), p. 111.
    136 一首题为《伊斯塞的诗》这样描绘了这些在拘留营中日裔美国人的感触:“三十年住美国变成一场梦。——笹舟。作为一个日本人我打点行装。——奎凤。忍受再忍受我皮肤的颜色。——椋。”参见[美]拉维奇选编:《美国读本》(下),第469页。
    137 转引自[美]津恩:《美国人民的历史》,第355-356页。
    138 [美]J·斯帕尼尔:《第二次世界大战后美国外交政策》,段若石译,商务印书馆,1992年,第20-21页。
    139 Harry S. Truman, "Broadcast to the American People Announcing the Surrender of Germany," May 8, 1945, http://www.trumanlibrary.org/calendar/viewpapers.php?pid=34. 2005年6月15日访问。
    140 Harry S. Truman, "An Address before a Joint Session of Congress," March 12, 1947, http://www.trumanlibrary.org/audio/sr64-47.ram. 2005年6月15日访问。
    141 Foner, The Story of American Freedom, p. 253.
    142 Robert H. Ferrell ed., Off the Record: The Private Papers of Harry S. Truman (New York: Harper & Row, 1980), pp. 98-102.
    143 Les K. Adler and Thomas G. Paterson, "Red Facism: The Merger of Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia in The American Image of Totalitarianism," American Historical Review, Vol. 75 (1970), p.1048.
    144 Charles W. Kegley, Jr., And Eugene R. Wittkopf, American Foreign Policy: Pattern and Process, 3rd edition (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan Education Ltd, 1987), p.45.
    145 时殷弘:《敌对与冲突的由来——美国对新中国的政策与中美关系(1949-1950)》,南京大学出版社,1995年,第185-187页。
    146 Foner, The Story of Ameriean Freedom, pp.249-252.
    147 [美]津恩:《美国人民的历史》,第368页。
    148 [美]路易斯·哈茨:《美国的自由主义传统》,张敏谦译,中国社会科学出版社,2003年,第9-10页。
    149 [美]津恩:《美国人民的历史》,第364页。
    150 例如,在1961年,美国国防部长马克纳马拉和参谋长联席会议认为,只要派出205,000人的美军就可以实现美国在越南的目标,见朱明权:“美国为什么总是觉得自己不安全——对威胁观的个案分析”,载徐以骅主编:《世纪之交的国际关系》,上海远东出版社,2001年,第167页。
    151 [美]莫里斯·艾泽曼:《美国人眼中的越南战争》,孙宝寅译,当代中国出版社,2006年,第26-27页。
    152 《美利坚合众国总统就职演说全集》,第405-406页。
    153 [美][美]帕特森、克利福德、哈根:《美国外交政策》,第753页。
    154 [美]唐纳德·怀特:《美国的兴盛与衰落》,徐朝友、胡雨谭译,江苏人民出版社,2002年,第510-511页。
    155 [美]艾泽曼:《美国人眼中的越南战争》,第129-130页。
    156 [美]怀特:《美国的兴盛与衰落》,第517页。
    157 转引自[美]罗塞蒂:《美国对外政策的政治学》,第363-364页。
    158 Richard Sobel, The Impact of Public Opinion on U.S. Foreign Policy Since Vietnam (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 36.
    159 [美]艾泽曼:《美国人眼中的越南战争》,第4-5页。
    160 Sobel, The Impact of Public Opinion on U.S. Foreign Policy Since Vietnam, v. 36.
    161 1968年3月16日,美军在越南广义省的美莱村制造了大屠杀,这是一起最臭名昭著的暴行——威廉·卡里中尉带领手下80名士兵将全体村民大约500人左右驱拢在一起全部枪杀。见[美]津恩:《美国人民的历史》,第406-409页。
    162 [美]艾泽曼:《美国人眼中的越南战争》,第76页。
    163 [美]津恩:《美国人民的历史》,第408页。
    164 [美]约翰·路易斯·加迪斯:《遏制战略史:战后美国国家安全政策评析》,时殷弘等译,世界知识出版社,2005年,第349-350页。
    165 同上,第362页。
    166 《美利坚合众国总统就职演说全集》,第441-443页。
    167 Jimmy Carter, "State of the Union Address 1980," January 23, 1980, http://www.jimmycarterlibrary.org/documents/speeches/su80jec.phtml. 2005年6月15日访问。
    168 [美][美]帕特森、克利福德、哈根:《美国外交政策》,第861页。
    169 [美]戈登·克雷格、亚历山大·乔治:《武力与治国方略——我们时代的外交问题》,时殷弘等译,商务印书馆,2004年,第184页。
    170 《美利坚合众国总统就职演说全集》,第448-451页。
    171 [美]科恩:《剑桥美国对外关系史》(下),第443页;克里斯·华莱士:《危急时刻的大国领袖》,程克雄译,中共中央党校出版社,2006年,第165页。
    172 Ronald Reagan, "Address to Members of the British Parliament," June 8, 1982, http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1982/60882a.htm. 2005年6月15日访问。
    173 [美]奥尔·霍尔斯蒂、詹姆斯·罗斯劳:“对美国外交政策渐趋一致的美国公众舆论”,杨毅译,《美国研究参考资料》,1991年第8期,第28页。
    174 John E. Rielly ed., American Public Opinion and U.S. Foreign Policy 1991 (Chicago: The Chicago Council on Foreign Relations, 1991), p. 14.
    175 Ibid., p. 6.
    176 George Bush, "Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the State of the Union," January 29, 1991, http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/papers/1991/91012902.html. 2005年6月15日访问。
    177 [美]罗德尼·P·卡莱尔:《美国人眼中的海湾战争》,孙宝寅、孙卫国译,当代中国出版社,2006年,第104-105页。
    178 [美]津恩:《美国人民的历史》,第507页。
    179 [美]卡莱尔:《美国人眼中的海湾战争》,第97页。
    180 [美]津恩:《美国人民的历史》,第506页。
    181 [比利时]布鲁诺·考比尔特斯、[美]尼克·福臣、时殷弘主编:《战争的道德制约:冷战后局 部战争的哲学思考》,法律出版社,2003年,第10页。
    182 [美]卡莱尔:《美国人眼中的海湾战争》,第139-140页。
    1 Lisa de Moraes, "For an Extraordinary Week, Nielson Puts the Ratings Aside," Washington Post, September 20, 2001, final edition.
    2 Tom W. Smith, Kenneth A. Rasinski, and Marianna Toce, "America Rebounds: A National Study of Public Response to the September 11 th Terrorist Attacks," NORC Report, Chicago, IL, October, 2001. http://www.norc.uchicago.edu/projects/reaction/pubresp.pdf, p. 1.
    3 CNN.com., "Sales spike for red, white and blue," September 14, 2001,http://www.cnn.com/2001/US/09/14/flag.sales/.Deskflag.com;《9·11让美国去年进口5170万面国旗,一半中国造》,新浪网,2002年9月9日,http://61.144.25.114/news/international/gjkd/200209090915.htm,2004年9月20日访问。
    4 Michele Helfrich and Sandi Reynolds, "Day of Infamy: A Social Psychologist and Rhetorician Examine the Effects of Instigative, Patriotic Discourse," Journal of American & Comparative Cultures, Vol. 25, Issue 3-4 (September 2002), p. 330.
    5 Lee Rainie, "How Americans Used the Internet After the Terror Attack,"http://www.pewinternet.org/reports/reports.asp. 2004年9月20日访问。
    6 Cliff Zukin and Monika McDermott, "New Jersey Reacts to September 11,2001: Patriotism & Prayer; Anger & Attack," The Star Ledger/Eagleton-Rutgers Poll, http://slerp.rutgers.edu/releases/133_1.htm. 2004年9月20日访问。
    7 Geoffrey M. White, "Pearl Harbor and September 11: War Memory and American Patriotism in the 9-11 Era," Japan Focus, No. 79 (2003), http://japanfocus.org/079.html. 2005年3月10日访问。
    8 Wilfred M. McClay, "The Mixed Nature of American Patriotism," Society, Vol. 41, Issue 1(Nov/Dec2003),,pp.39-40.这三首歌曲的中文翻译见,《星条旗》,载戴安娜·拉维奇选编:《美国读本》(上),陈凯等译,国际文化出版公司,2005年版,第74-76页;《美丽的亚美利加》,载戴安娜·拉维奇选编:《美国读本》(上),陈凯等译,国际文化出版公司,2005年版,第300-301页;《愿上帝保佑美国》,载戴安娜·拉维奇选编:《美国读本》(下),陈凯等译,国际文化出版公司,2005年版,第450-451页。
    9 “军火、书籍、国旗、炭疽疫苗 谁发了‘9-11’的财”,新浪网,2002年1月6日,http://news.sina.com.cnw/2002-01-O6/436142.html, 2004年9月20日访问。
    10 可参见其网站,http://www.loc.gov/folklife/nineeleven/nineelevenhome.html。
    11 "A Mayor's Recollections of an Unforgettable Day," New York Times, May 12, 2002.2005年3月10日访问。
    12 White, "Pearl Harbor and September 11".
    13 Robert D. Putnam, "Bowling Together," The American Prospect, online edition, Vol 13, Iss. 3 (Feb 11, 2002), http://www.prospect.org/web/printfriendly-view.ww?id=6114.2004年9月20日访问。
    14 Smith, Rasinski, and Toce, "America Rebounds," p. 1.
    15 Kenneth A. Rasinski, Jennifer Berktold, Tom W. Smith and Bethany L. Albertson, "America Recovers: A Follow-Up to a National Study of Public Response to the September 11 th Terrorist Attacks," NORC Report, Chicago, IL, August 2002, http://www.norc.uchicago.edu/projects/pubresp2.pdf, p. 2. 2004年9月20日访问。
    16 Gallup Poll, "The Presidency," May 23, 2005,http://brain.gallup.com/content/Default.aspx?ci=4729. 2005年9月12日访问。
    17 Gallup Poll, "General Mood of the Country," Feb 14, 2005,http://poll.gallup.com/content/default.aspx?ci=1669&pg=1. 2005年9月12日访问。
    18 Putnam, "Bowling Together".
    19 Ibid.
    20 Smith, Rasinski, and Toce, "America Rebounds," p. 7.
    21 Ibid., p. 7.
    22 Rasinski, Berktold, Smith and Albertson, "America Recovers," p. 23.
    23 April Eisman, "The Media of Manipulation: Patriotism and Propaganda - Mainstream News in the United States in the Weeks Following September 11," Critical Quarterly, Vol. 45, Nos. 1-2, p. 57.
    24 Marc Cooper, "Lights! Cameras! Attack! Hollywood Enlists," The Nation, December 10, 2001. pp. 13-16.
    25 转引自明安香:《美国:超级传媒帝国》,社会科学文献出版社,2005年,第340页。
    26 杨逍等:“白宫与媒体战火再起”,《环球时报》,2006年7月4日,第7版。
    27 Jon Western, "The War over Iraq: Selling War to the American Public," Security Studies, Vol.14, No. 1 (January-March 2005), pp. 119-120.
    28 Wayne Friedman, "Commercial-free TV: Cost $400 million", Advertising Age, 17 September, 2001.
    29 http://www.abcnews.com/wire/US/ap20010911_1453.html, 2006年5月27日访问。
    30 "Surprise act of war invokes specter of other day of infamy," Honolulu Advertiser, September 12, 2001, p. A1.
    31 Ibid.
    32 Time, Day of Infamy [Special Issue], Vol. 158, No. 13, September 24, 2001.
    33 Der Spiegel Magazine ed., Inside 9/11: What Really Happened (New York: St Martin's Press, 2002), p. 202.
    34 Lisa Beyer, "Osama bin Laden: the Face of Terror, a Portrait of the Saudi Renegade and his International Network," Time, Day of Infamy [Special Issue], pp. 54-59.
    35 Ibid., pp. 54-59.
    36 Western, "The War over Iraq," p. 119.
    37 泽乌丁·萨达尔、梅尼尔·W·戴维斯:《谁在恨美国?》,袁征等译,中国青年出版社,2004年,第39-41页。
    38 当然,也有人持不同的观点。如,乔姆斯基就曾说,“对美国来说,这是自1812年战争以米国家领土遭到攻击或威胁的第一次。许多评论家将之与珍珠港事件进行类比,但那是误导性的。在1941年12月7日,两个从未遭到过威胁的位于美国殖民地的军事基地遭到袭击,那不是美国的领土遭剑袋击。美国人喜欢将夏威夷称作‘领土’,但它事实上是个殖民地。”Noam Chomsky,9-11 (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2002), pp. 11-12.
    39 巴里·布赞:“美国例外论、单极和‘9·11’——理解唯一超级人国的行为”,刘永涛译,载《国际问题论坛》,2004年第春季号(总第38期),第40页。
    40 George W. Bush, "Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People," Office of the Press Secretary, September 20, 2001,http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.htm.2006年3月20日访问。译文参考,林国荣、赵晓力:“布什总统的修辞和意图——对布什911事件重要演讲的评注”,载《战略与管理》,2001年第5期,第103页。
    41 第一次演说是在2001年9月11日上午9点30分,第二次是在2001年9月11日下午2点。
    42 George W. Bush, "Statement by the President in His Address to the Nation," Office of the Press Secretary, 8:30 P.M., September 11, 2001,http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010911-16.html. 2006年3月20日访问。译文参考,林国荣、赵晓力:“布什总统的修辞和意图”,第98页。
    43 Dan Balz and Bob Woodward, "America's Chaotic Road to War: Bush's Global Strategy Began to Take Shape in First Frantic Hours After Attack," Washington Post, Jan 27, 2002, p. A1.
    44 Bush, "Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People". 译文参考,林国荣、赵晓力:“布什总统的修辞和意图”,第103页。
    45 George W. Bush, "President Discusses War on Terror at Naval Academy Commencement," Office of the Press Secretary, May 27, 2005,http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/05/20050527.html. 2006年3月20日访问。
    46 George W. Bush, "President Discusses War on Terror at FBI Academy," Office of the Press Secretary, July 11, 2005, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/07/20050711-1.html.2006年3月20日访问。
    47 George W. Bush, "President Sworn-In to Second Term," January 20, 2005, Office of the Press Secretary, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/01/20050120-1.html. 2006年3月20日访问。泽文参考,“布什第二任期就职演说全文”,《参考资料》2005年1月24日,第3页。
    48 William Satire, "Bush's 'Freedom Speech'," New York Times, January 21, 2005, p. A23.
    49 The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, March 2006, p. 3.
    50 George W. Bush, "Remarks by the President After Two Planes Crash Into World Trade Center," Office of the Press Secretary, September 11, 2001,http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010911.html. 2006年3月20日访问。布什原话为: "I…have ordered that the full resources of the federal government go to help the victims and their families, and to conduct a full-scale investigation to hunt down and to find those folks who committed this act."(着重符号为作者所加)。
    51 George W. Bush, "Remarks by the President upon Arrival at Barksdale Air Force Base," Office of the Press Secretary, September 11, 2001, http'//www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010911-1.html. 2006年3月20日访问。
    52 Bush,“Statement by the President in HisAddress t0 the Nation”.译文参考,林国荣、赵晓力:“布什总统的修辞和意图”,第98页。
    53 George W. Bush, "Remarks by the President In Photo Opportunity with the National Security Team," Office of the Press Secretary, September 12, 2001,http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010912-4.html. 2006年3月20日访问。有关敌人的人称代词的变化的句子是,"This is an enemy who preys on innocent and unsuspecting people…This is an enemy that tries to hide. But it won't be able to hide forever."(着重符号为作者所加)。
    54 Ibid.
    55 Bush,“Statement by the President in His Address to the Nation”.译文参考,中国基督教三自爱国运动委员会、中国基督教协会印:《圣经》(和合本·新标准修订版),2000年,第857页。
    56 Michele Helfrich and Sandi Reynolds, "Day of Infamy: A Social Psychologist and Rhetorician Examine the Effects of Instigative, Patriotic Discourse," Journal of American & Comparative Cultures. Vol. 25, Issue 3-4 (September 2002), p. 329.
    57 Ibid., p. 330.
    58 E. C. Hargrove, The President as Leader." Appealing to the Better Angels of Our Nature (Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1998), p. 51.
    59 Bush.“Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People".译文参考,林国荣、赵晓力:“布什总统的修辞和意图”,第103页。
    60 Ibid.译文参考,林国荣、赵晓力:“布什总统的修辞和意图”,第104页。
    61 J. M. G. Van der Dennen, The Origin of War: The Evolution of a Male-Coalitional Reproductive Strategy, 2 vols. (Groningen: Origin Press, 1995), p. 444.
    62 George W. Bush, "Remarks by the President on Teaching American History and Civic Education," Office of the Press Secretary, September 17, 2002,http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/09/20020917-1.html. 2006年3月20日访问。
    63 Bush.“President Sworn-In to Second Term”.译文参考,“布什第二任期就职演说全文”,第1,4页。
    64 The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, March 2006, pp. ⅱ-ⅸ.
    65 George W. Bush, "Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People". 译文参考,林国荣、赵晓力:“布什总统的修辞和意图”,第103-104页。
    66 可参见 James M. Lindsay, "Deference and Defiance: The Shifting Rhythms of Executive-Legislative Relations in Foreign Policy," Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 33, No. 3 (September 2003), pp. 530-546; Nancy Kassop, "The War Power and Its Limits," Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 33, No. 3 (September 2003), pp. 509-529.
    67 Ralph G. Carter, "Congress and Post-Cold War U.S. Foreign Policy," in James M. Scott ed., After the End." Making U.S. Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War World (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998), p. 110.
    68 Donald R. Wolfensberger, "Congress and Policymaking in an Age of Terrorism," in Lawrence Dodd and Bruce Oppenheimer eds., Congress Reconsidered, 8th edition (Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 2005), p. 346.
    69 Quoted in Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce I. Oppenheimer, "A Decade of Republican Control: The House of Representatives, 1995-2005," in ibid., p. 73.
    70 该决议号为 S.J. Res. 23, 文本见 http://www.law.cornell.edu/background/warpower/sj23.pdf,2006年5月27日访问。
    71 Wolfensberger,“Congress and Policymaking in an Age ofTerrorism,”p.346.众议院关于这一议案的投票记录参见http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2001/ro11342.xml,参议院的投票记录参见http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=107&session=1& vote=00281, 2006年5月27日访问。
    72 Lindsay, "Deference and Defiance," p. 540.
    73 Dan Morgan, "Congress Backs Pentagon Budget Heavy on Future Weapons: Buildup Pricier than that in '80's," Washington Post, June 11, 2004, p. A23.
    74 James Bovard, Terrorism and Tyranny: Trampling Freedom, Justice and Peace to Rid the World of Evil (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), pp.63-64.
    75 刘卫东:“《爱国者法》及其对美国公民权利的影响”,载《美国研究》,2006年第1期,第76-86页。
    76 Jon B. Gould, "Playing with Fire: The Civil Liberties Implications of September 11th," Public Administration Review, Vol. 62 (September 2002), p. 74.
    77 Kassop, "The War Power and Its Limits." n. 515.
    78 在众议院中,有63位民主党、3位共和党议员投票反对。众议院的投票记录参见http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2001/ro11398.xmi,参议院的投票记录参见http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=107&session=1& vote=00302, 2006年5月27日访问。
    79 Sarah Lesher, "Both Right and Left Condemn Patriot Act," Hill News, May 6, 2003, http://www.hillnews.com/news/50603/patriot.aspx. 2006年6月3日访问。
    80 Robert C. Byrd, "We Stand Passively Mute," Senate Floor Speech, Wednesday, Truthout Issues, February 12, 2003, http://truthout.org/docs_02/021403A.htm. 2006年5月27日访问。
    81 Edward Kennedy, "The Bush Doctrine of Pre-Emption," Truthout Issues, October 7, 2002, http://truthout.com/docs_02/10.09A.kennedy.htm.2006年5月27日访问。
    82 该法案号为 H.Res. 141 (Disavowing the doctrine of preemption), 2003年3月12日提出,文本可见 http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query, 2006年5月27日访问。
    83 该法案号为 H.R. 3616 (To Establish the Commission on Preemptive Foreign Policy and Military Planning), 2003年11月21日提出,文本见 http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgibin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=108_cong_bills&docid=f:h3616ih.txt.pdf, 2006年5月27日访问。
    84 George W. Bush, "Remarks at 2002 Graduation Exercise of the United States Military Academy," Office of the Press Secretary, New York, June 1,2002,http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/06/20020601-3.html.2006年5月27日访问。
    85 Congressional Record-House, October 8, 2002, H7182,http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgibin/getpage.cgi?dbname=2002_record&page=H7182&position=all. 2006年5月27日访问。
    86 Kassop, "The War Power and Its Limits," p. 524.
    87 该决议号为 H.J. Res. 114 (To authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against Iraq), 2002年10月16日通过,文本见http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgibin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=107_cong_bills&docid=f:hj114enr.txt.pdf, 众议院的投票记录参见http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2002/ro11455.xml, 参议院的投票记录参见http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/rotl_call_lists/roli call vote_cfm.cfm?congress=107&session=2& vote=00237, 2006年5月27日访问。
    88 Paul J. Nyden, "Byrd Pleads to American People," Charleston Gazette, October 11, 2002, http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/1011-01.htm. 2006年5月27日访问。
    89 Christopher R Banks, "Protecting (or Destroying) Freedom Through Law: The USA PATRIOT Act's Constitutional Implications," in David B. Cohen and John W. Wells eds., American National Security and Civil Liberties in an Era of Terrorism (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2004), pp. 40-41; Charles Doyle, "The USA Patriot Act: A Legal Analysis," CRS Report for Congress, Order Code RL31377, April 15, 2002, pp. 51-52.
    90 陈雅莉:“‘阿什克罗夫特精神’——美国国内的‘先发制人战略”’,《华盛顿观察》周刊,2003年第7期,2003年2月19日。
    91 徐琳:“后9·11时代:美国公民自由也遭‘恐怖攻击’”,《华盛顿观察》周刊,2005年第46期,2005年12月28日。
    92 陈雅莉:“‘阿什克罗夫特精神’”。
    93 孔哲文:“美国民权遭千刀万剐”,《华盛顿观察》周刊,2003年第7期,2003年2月19日。
    94 In Re Sealed Case, No. 02-001,310 F.3d 717 (FISCR 2002),http://fll.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/wp/docs/terrorism/fisa111802opn.pdf, 2006年5月27日访问。
    95 这两个案例的代码分别为 ACLU v. DOJ, 321 F. Supp.2d 24 (2004)和ACLU v. DOJ, 265 F. Supp.2d 20(2003),相关情况可从ACLU的网站上获得,http://www.aclu.org。
    96 Center for National Security Studies v. U.S. Department of Justice, 331 F.3d 918 (2003); David E. Pozen, "The Mosaic Theory, National Security, and the Freedom of Information Act," The Yale Law Journal, Vol. 115 (2005), p. 631.
    97 See Benjamin R. Barber, Fear's Empire: War, Terrorism, and Democracy (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2003).
    98 Banks, "Protecting (or Destroying) Freedom Through Law," pp. 40-45.
    99 "Constitutional Implications of Statutes Penalizing Material Support to Terrorist Organizations," Testimony of David Cole Before the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, May 5, 2004, http://www.bordc.org/resources/cole-materialsupport.php, 2006年5月27日访问。
    100 阎守邕编译:《国家安全和反对恐怖主义的美国战略思想》,海洋出版社,2005年,第4页。
    101 同上,第1页。
    102 McClay, "The Mixed Nature of American Patriotism," pp. 38-39.
    103 美国911独立调查委员会:《揭秘—911:美国遭受恐怖袋击国家委员会最后报告》,黄乐平、蔡永强、张龙秋等译,中央编泽出版社,2005年,第291页。
    104 Ivo H. Daalder and James M. Lindsay, "Whose Job Is It? Organizing the Federal Government for Homeland Security," in James M. Lindsay ed.,American Politics After September 11 (Ohio: Atomic Dog Publishing,2003), p.70.
    105 Alison Mitchell, "Letter to Ridge is Latest Jab in Fight over Balance of Powers," New York Times, 5 March 2002, p. A8.
    106 该法案号为 S. 1534, "Department of National Homeland Security Bill of 2001", October 11, 2001,http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=107_cong_bills&docid=f:s1534is.txt.pdf,2006年5月27日访问。
    107 这些批评可参见 Jo Warrick and Joe Stephens, "Before Attack: US Expected Different Hit: Germ Agents Focus of Preparations," Washington Post, 2 October 2001, p. Al ; Matthew Wald, "Earlier Hijackings Offered Signals that were Missed," New York Times, 3 October 2001, p. B2; Steve Fainaru and James V. Grimaldi, "FBI Knew Terrorists were Using Flight Schools," Washington Post, 23 September 2001, p. A24.
    108 Brody Mullins, "Ridge: Bush Should Veto Cabinet-Level Homeland Security Office," Congress Daily, 30 May 2002.
    109 Mike Allen and Bill Miller, "Bush Seeks Security Department," Washington Post, June 7, 2002, p. Al; Adrie Bettelhelm and Jill Barshay, "Bush's Swift, Sweeping Plan Is Work Order for Congress," Congressional Quarterly, June 8, 2002, p. 1498.
    110 Dana Milibank, "Plan Was Formed in Utmost Secrecy," Washington Post, June 7, 2002, p. A1; Adriel Bettelheim, "Congress Changing Tone of Homeland Security Debate," Congressional Quarterly, August 31, 2002, p. 2222.
    111 David Firestone, "Traces of Terror: The Reorganization Plan," New York limes, July 26, 2002, p. A1.
    112 该法案号为 H.R.5005, "Homeland Security Act of 2002," July 26, 2002,http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=107_cong_bills&docid=f:h5005enr.txt.pdf. 众议院投票记录见 http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2002/rol1367.xml。2006年5月27日访问。
    113 David Firestone, "Divided House Approves Homeland Security Bill, with Limited Enthusiasm," New York Times, July 27, 2002, p. A8.
    114 Keith Koffler, "White House Urges Quick Approval of Homeland Bill," Government Executive, November 7, 2002, http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/1102/110702cd2.htm. 2006年5月27日访问。
    115 参议院投票记录见http://www.senate.gov/legislative/L1S/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfro?congress=107&session=2&vote=00249, 众议院投票记录见 http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2002/ro11477.xml,2006年5月27日访问。
    116 Daniel Eisenberg, "How Safe Can We Get? The System has been Vulnerable for Years. Marginal Improvement aren't Enough," Time, September 24, 2001,http://www.time.com/time/covers/1101010924/bsecurity.html, 2006年5月27日访问。
    117 Ibid.
    118 Daniel Eisenberg, "How Safe Can We Get? The System has been Vulnerable for Years. Marginal Improvement aren't Enough," Time, September 24, 2001,http://www.time.com/time/covers/1101010924/bsecurity.html,2006年5月27日访问。辛文锋:“浅谈‘9·11’事件后美国机场的安全构建”,《民航管理》,2005年第4期,第64-65页。
    119 Daalder and Lindsay, "Whose Job Is It?," p.72.
    120 辛文锋:“浅谈‘9·11’事件后美国机场的安全构建”,第65-66页。
    121 该法案号为 H.R. 3150, November 1, 2001, "The Airport Security Federalization Act," http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=107_cong_bills&docid=f:h3150eh.txt.pdf,2006年5月27日访问。
    122 该法案号为 S.1447, November 16, 2001, "Aviation and Transportation Security Act of 2001,"http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=107_cong_bills&docid=f:s1447enr.txt.pdf,2006年5月27日访问。
    123 杨的讲话可从众议院的网站上获得,http://www.house.gov/transportation/press/press2001/release 151.html,2006年5月27日访问。
    124 辛文锋:“浅谈‘9·11’事件后美国机场的安全构建”,第69页。
    125 Daalder and Lindsay, "Whose Job Is It?," p.72.
    126 Committee on Transportation & Infrastructure Aviation Subcommittee, "Hearing on A Review of The Airport Screener Privatization Pilot Program (PP5)," 22 April 2004,http://www.house.gov/transportation. Similar conclusions were reached in a follow-up report released a year later, noting that, despite the federalization of most passenger screeners, airport security at passenger checkpoints had not measurably improved since 9/11.
    127 Martin Kady Ⅱ, "Lawmakers Put Domestic Spy Agency on Their Agenda," Congressional Ouarterly Daily Monitor, October 15, 2002.
    128 Michael Isikoff and Mark Hosenball, "Edwards/Kerry and a New Domestic Spy Agency," Newsweek, July 7, 2004.
    129 Dana Priest and Dan Eggen, "Bush Aides Consider Domestic Spy Agency: Concerns of FBI's Performance Spurs Debate of Options," Washington Post, November 16, 2002, p. AI.
    130 Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Report of the Joint Inquiry into the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001, released December 2002, http://www.gpoaccess.gov/serialset/creports/911.html. 2006年5月27日访问。
    131 Office of the Press Secretary, White House, "Fact Sheet: Strengthening Intelligence to Better Protect America," February 14, 2003,http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/02/20030214-1.html. 2006年5月27日访问。
    132 "The Attorney General's Guidelines on General Crimes, Racketeering Enterprise and Terrorism Enterprise Investigations," May 30, 2002, http://www.usdoj.gov/olp/generaicrimes2.pdf;"CDT's Analysis of New FBI Guidelines," Center for Democracy and Technology, http://www.cdt.org/wiretap/020530guidelines.shtml. 2006年5月27日访问。
    133 Deborah J. Schildkraut, "The More Things Change...American Identity and Mass and Elite Responses to 9/11," Paper Prepared for delivery at the 2002 for Meeting of the American Political Science Association, August 29-September 1, 2002.
    134 Editorial, "A New Spy Agency?" Washington Post, November 28, 2002, p. A46.
    135 "Speech to Citizens Crime Commission of New York City," December 19, 2002,http://www.fbi.gov/pressrel/speeches/milsteinlecture.htm. 2006年5月27日访问。
    136 Isikoff and Hosenball, "Edwards/Kerry and a New Domestic Spy Agency".
    137 Dana Priest and Dan Eggen, "Bush Aides Consider Domestic Spy Agency: Concerns of FBI's Performance Spurs Debate of Options," Washington Post, November 16, 2002, p. A1.
    138 "Fourth Annual Report to the President and the Congress of the Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism involving Weapons of Mass Destruction," 15 December 2002,hnp://www.rand.org/nsrd/terrpanel.这一报告一般被称为“吉尔莫委员会报告“(Gilmore Commission Report),2006年5月27日访问。
    139 George W. Bush, "State of the Union Address," Office of the Press Secretary, January 28, 2003, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/01/20030128-19.html. 2006年5月27日访问。
    140 Statement for the Record of John O. Brennan Director, Terrorist Threat Integration Center Before the House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary and the House of Representatives Select Committee on Homeland Security Washington, D.C. July 22, 2003, http://www.iwar.org.uk/homesec/resources/ttic/brennan072203.htm. 2006年5月27日访问。
    141 该法案号 S.2845, "Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004," December 7, 2004,http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=108_cong_bills&docid=f:s2845enr.txt.pdf:众议院投票记录见 http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2004/ro11544.xml,参议院投票记录见http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=108&session=2&vote=00216, 2006年5月27日访问。
    142 “美国参议院通过情报机构改革法案”,新华网,2004年12月9日,http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2004-12/09/content_2312808.htm,2006年5月27日访问。
    143 “布什情报改革过关 情报局长拿走国防部特权”,《环球时报》,2004年12月10日,第四版。
    144 [美]莱茵霍尔德·尼布尔:《道德的人与不道德的社会》,蒋庆等译,贵州人民出版社,1998年,第76-77页。
    1 [美]伊沃·H·达尔德尔、詹姆斯·M·林赛:《后外交时代:不受约束的美国》,刘满贵译,新华出版社,2004年,第103-106页。
    2 粟德金:“反恐‘非常’行动永久撼动美国民主根基”,《华盛顿观察》周刊,2005年第45期,2005年12月21日。
    3 See Military Order of 13 November 2001, "Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism,"http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/11/20011113-27.html, 2006年6月15日访问。
    4 美国驻中国大使馆:“关押犯”,http://chinese.usembassy-china.org.cn/detainee_issues.html,2006年6月15日访问。
    5 同上。
    6 徐琳:“结束关塔那摩悲剧的‘第三条道路’”,《华盛顿观察》周刊,2006年第20期,2006年5月31日。
    7 在美国,特别军事法庭俗称“袋鼠法庭”,通常指非法的或不按法律程序而成立的非正规法庭。美国的特别军事法庭一般根据美国的军事司法规则由数名军官组成,以审理一些属于军方管辖的案件。这些法庭典型的特点是会抛弃或不顾美国公民通常所享有的许多宪法权利,如对被审判的人拒绝给予告知对其予以指控的权利、与原告对质的权利、使用合法证据的权利、迅速审理的权利、人身保护令的权利以及自己选择律师的权利等。在关塔那摩囚犯的审理中,美国政府既不承认这些在押人犯的战俘地位,但又设立特别军事法庭对其进行审判,完全撇开现有正常的司法机制。美国设立军事法庭对“敌方战斗人员”进行审问最早可以追溯到二战时期。1941年,8名携带炸药的德国士兵趁着夜深人静,在德国潜水艇的运送下潜入美国东岸,他们的使命是破坏美国的战争和工业设施,但是破坏活动还没有开始就被抓获。当时的罗斯福总统宣布设立军事法庭对这获8名德国破坏分子加以审判。事实上,布什总统的手法很大程度上都是效仿罗斯福而来的。罗斯福和布什都准许只要军事法庭成员的2/3票通过即可对嫌疑人定罪判刑。罗斯福的命令写到“对有理性者具有证明价值”,布什则允许使用“对一个有理性者具有证明价值”的证据。罗斯福指示他的军事法庭按照程序“秉公执法”。布什使用了相同的措辞。罗斯福和布什都试图阻止司法复审。参见[美]路易斯·费希尔:“‘9·11’事件后的美国军事法庭以及总统权力制衡问题”,《国际问题论坛》,2005年冬季号,总第41期,第164-165页。
    8 [美]达尔德尔、林赛:《后外交时代》,第121页。
    9 Josh White and R. Jeffrey Smith, "White House Aims to Block Legislation on Detainees," Washington Post, July 23, 2005, p. A1.
    10 徐琳:“结束关塔那摩悲剧的‘第三条道路”’。
    11 同上。
    12 Hamdi v.Rumsfeld,542 U.S.507(2004).联邦最高法院对此案的解释是:“尽管(《爱国者法》)第412条规定,如果没有犯罪指控或根据U.S.C.1226a(a)(5)对其进行驱逐的活,行政当局不得拘留外国恐怖主义嫌疑犯超过7天;而且,由于行政当局在国内对外国恐怖主义嫌疑犯的权力有限,因此政府必须明确地为其在国内对美国公民以‘单独囚禁’方式拘留提供明确的理由。”参见http://www.followtheflag.net/cases/Hamdi.pdf, 2006年5月27日访问。
    13 Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 2005.05-184 (July 15, 2005, U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit), http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data2/circs/dc/045393a.pdf, 2006年5月27日访问。
    14 Deborah J. Schildkraut, "The More Things Change…American Identity and Mass and Elite Responses to 9/11," Paper Prepared for delivery at the 2002 for Meeting of the American Political Science Association, August 29 - September 1, 2002.
    15 曾进:“仇恨犯罪,美国移民社会的‘心伤’”,《华盛顿观察》周刊,2003年第22期,2003年6月11日。
    16 Southern Poverty Law Center, "Raging Against the Other: September's terrorist strikes trigger a violent outbreak of American xenophobia," Intelligence Report, Winter 2001, Issue 104,http://www.splcenter.org/intelligenceproject/ip-index.html. 2004年9月20日访问。
    17 徐琳:“美国社会对穆斯林的扭曲印象”,《华盛顿观察》周刊,2005年第37期,2005年10月26日。
    18 Schildkraut, "The More Things Change…".
    19 Gallup Poll, "Gallup Poll Analyses—Bush Job Approval was at 51% Immediately Before Tuesday's Attacks," http://www.gallup.com/poll/releases/pr010912b.asp. 2004年9月20日访问。
    20 Quoted in Ruth Ellen Wasem, "Foreign Students in the United States: Policies and Legislation," CRS Report for Congress, Order Code RL31146, Updated March 28, 2002, p. 5.
    21 Alison Siskin, "Monitoring Foreign Students in the United States: The Student and Exchange Visitor Information System (SEVIS)," CRS Report for Congress, Order Code RL32188, Updated January 14,2005,p.1;张水金:“美国‘学生及交换访问人员信息系统(SEVIS)’之发展及其影响”,台北驻洛杉矶办事处,http://www.tw.org/newsletter/35_sevis_report.html,2006年6月15日访问。
    22 具体为:1)、建立学校同意接收或交换的学生档案;2)、将档案传送至国务院;3)、保证向学生或交换学者签发非移民签证;4)、允许学生或交换学者到美国;5)、向学校或交换计划提醒,非移民计划已经为美国所同意;6)、在学校或交换计划中的非移民登记和征召;7)、任何其他相关的非移民法案,包括变更学校或计划。参见Siskin, "Monitoring Foreign Students in the United States," pp.2-3.
    23 张水金:“美国‘学生及交换访问人员信息系统(SEVIS)’之发展及其影响”。
    24 曾进:“山姆大叔魅力不再,2004年留美中国学生比例大幅下滑”,《华盛顿观察》周刊,2004年第1期,2007年3月31日。
    25 李焰:“美国入境签证政策为自己套上‘紧箍咒’”,《华盛顿观察》周刊,2004年第18期,2004年5月26日。
    26 Joseph S. Nye, Jr., "You Can't Get Here From There," New York Times, November 29, 2004, p. A21.
    27 “爱国法案太过火,美拒学术千里外”,《立报》(台湾),2006年5月30日,http://publish.lihpao.com/InternationalEducationNews/2006/O5/30/06f05301/, 2006年6月15日访问。
    28 George W. Bush, "Remarks by the President upon Arrival at Barksdale Air Force Base," Office of the Press Secretary, September 11, 2001, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010911-1.html. 2006年3月20日访问。
    29 George W. Bush, "Presidential Proclamation: National Day of Prayer and Remembrance for the Victims of the Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001," Office of the Press Secretary, September 13, 2001, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010913-7.html. 2006年5月27日访问。
    30 George W. Bush, "Remarks by the President to Employees at the Pentagon," Office of the Press Secretary, September 17, 2001, http://whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010917-3.html. 2006年5月27日访问。
    31 George W. Bush, "Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People," Office of the Press Secretary, September 20, 2001, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.htm. 2006年3月20日访问。译文参考,林国荣、赵晓力:“布什总统的修辞和意图——对布什911事件重要演讲的评注”,载《战略与管理》,2001年第5期,第105页。
    32 George W. Bush, "President Bush Speaks to United Nations," Office of the Press Secretary, November 10, 2001, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/11/20011110-3.html. 2006年3月25日访问。
    33 George W. Bush, "President Delivers State of the Union Address," Office of the Press Secretary, January 29, 2002, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020129-11.html. 2006年3月25日访问。
    34 George W. Bush, "Remarks by the President at 2002 Graduation Exercise of the United States Military Academy," Office of the Press Secretary, June 1, 2002, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/06/20020601-3.html. 2006年3月25日访问。
    35 Ibid.
    36 对这一战略的较好的分析,可参见Edward Rhodes, "The Imperial Logic of Bush's Liberal Agenda," Survival (Spring, 2003), pp. 131-154.
    37 G. John Ikenberry, "America's Imperial Ambition," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 81(September/October 2002), pp. 44-60.
    38 White House, The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, September 2002, pp. 1, 22-23.
    39 Ibid., p. 3.
    40 Ibid., pp. 4-5.
    41 Ibid., p. 7.
    42 George W. Bush, "President Delivers 'State of the Union'," Office of the Press Secretary, January 28, 2003, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/01/20030128-19.html. 2006年3月25日访问。
    43 根据作者对美国白宫网站公布的布什总统演说的统计,从2001年9月11日至2003年3月31日,布什总统的演说中使用了“邪恶”一词的演说共计为48篇。
    44 George W. Bush, "Statement by the President in His Address to the Nation," Office of the Press Secretary, 8:30 P.M., September 11, 2001, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010911-16.html. 2006年3月20日访问。译文参考,林国荣、赵晓力:“布什总统的修辞和意图”,第98页。
    45 George W. Bush, "President Discusses War on Terrorism," Office of the Press Secretary, November 8, 2001, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/11/20011108-13.html. 2006年3月20日访问。
    46 George W. Bush, "The President Address to the Nation on the Use of Force in Afghanistan," Office of the Press Secretary, October 7, 2001, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/10/20011007-8.html. 2006年3月20日访问。
    47 George W. Bush, "President Holds Prime Time News Conference," Office of the Press Secretary, October 11, 2001, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/10/20011011-7.html. 在这次演说中,布什一共使用“邪恶”一词10次,指的是“9·11”恐怖主义袭击、基地组织、萨达姆以及本·拉登。
    48 Bush, "State of the Union Address".
    49 George W. Bush, "President Outlines War Effort," Office of the Press Secretary, April 17, 2002, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/04/20020417-1.html. 2006年3月20日访问。
    50 Bush, "President Bush Delivers Graduation Speech at West Point".
    51 George W. Bush, "President Discusses Nation's Critical Infrastructure," Office of the Press Secretary, June 11, 2002, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/06/20020611-10.html. 2006年3月20日访问。
    52 George W. Bush, "President Bush Outlines Iraqi Threat," Office of the Press Secretary, October 7, 2002, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/10/20021007-8.html. 2006年3月20日访问。事实上,这一论述最早出现是在5天之前,即2002年10月2日,布什在宣布与众议院领袖达成有关伊拉克问题的共识后说,“我们必须与恐怖主义元素和恐怖国家作斗争,因为它们是同一邪恶的不同面孔。”George W. Bush, "President, House Leadership Agree on Iraq Resolution," Office of the Press Secretary, October 2, 2002, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/10/20021002-7.html. 2006年3月20日访问。
    53 George W. Bush, "State of the Union," Capitol Hill, January 28, 2003, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/01/20030128-19.html. 2006年3月20日访问。
    54 [美]鲍勃·伍德沃德:《布什的战争》,上海市美国研究所、上海市美国学会组译,上海译文出版社,2003年,第368-369页。
    55 朱明权:《领导世界还是支配世界——冷战后美国国家安全战略》,天津人民出版社,2005年,第335-336页。
    56 White House, The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, March 2006, p. 20.
    57 George W. Bush, "President Bush Addresses American Legion National Convention," Office of the Press Secretary, August 31, 2006, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/08/20060831-1.html. 2006年9月1日访问。
    58 Ibid.
    59 时殷弘:“‘9·11’事件与美国对外态势”,《美国研究》,2001年第4期,第27页。
    60 Andrew Feickert, "U. S. Military Operations in the Global War on Terrorism: Afghanistan, Africa, the Philippines, and Colombia," Congressional Research Service (CRS) Report for Congress, Order Code RL32758, February 4, 2005, pp. 7-8.
    61 Maj. Gen. John F. Sattler, USMC, commander, Combined Joint Task Force Horn of Africa, "Joint Task Force Horn of Africa Briefing," United States Department of Defense, January 10, 2003, http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/2003/t01102003_t0110hoa.html. 2006年3月20日访问。
    62 Jim Fisher-Thompson, "Africa Countering Terrorism With US Help, Official Tells Congress," US State Department NEWS (April 2, 2004).
    63 Craig Smith, "U. S. Looks to Sahara as New Front in Terror War," International Herald Tribune, May 12, 2004. See also International Crisis Group (ICG), "Islamic Terrorism in the Sahel: Fact or Fiction?" ICG Africa Report, No. 92, March 31, 2005, especially pp. 30-31.
    64 对该计划的总金额存在不同的报道,有说仅为625万美元,有说为775万美元,还有人认为该计划2001-2005年的总金额为1250万美元。参见Rory Carroll and Suzanne Goldenberg, "US Opens New Front in War on Terror by Beefing up Border Controls in Sahara," Guardian, January 14, 2004, p. 10; William D. Hartung and Frida Berrigan, "Militarization of U.S. Africa Policy, 2000 to 2005," March 2005, http://www.worldpolicy.org/projects/arms/reports/AfricaMarch2005.html. 2006年3月20日访问。
    65 Pierre Abramovici, "United States: The New Scramble for Africa," Le Monde Diplomatique, July 2004, http://mondediplo.com/2004/07/07usinafrica. 2006年3月20日访问。
    66 Donna Miles, "New Counterterrorism Initiative to Focus on Saharan Africa," American Forces Press Service, May 15, 2005, http://usinfo.state.gov/af/Archive/2005/May/19-888364.html. 2006年3月20日访问。
    67 Jim Fisher-Thompson, "Africa Opposing Terrorism With U.S. Help, Official Tells Congress," April 5, 2004, http://usembassy.state.gov/nigeria/wwwhp040504a.html, 2006年3月20日访问;Adam Blenford and agencies, "Israel 'Poised to Boycott Barrier Hearings'," The Guardian, February 12, p. 10.
    68 Kayode Fayemi, "Return of the Cold War," This Day, May 27, 2004, http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2004/05/27/20040527com02.html. 2006年3月20日访问。
    69 严震生:《非洲地区的恐怖主义活动与国际反恐机制》,FAST,2005年8月8日,http://www.africa-taiwan.org/fast_tw/perspectives/detail.php?o_id=9, 2006年3月20日访问。
    70 Joint Statement Between the United States of America and the Republic of Indonesia, 19 Sep. 2001, http://www.deplu.go.id/2003/detail.php?doc=7473d1be99853f63150aa366dcbf2388. 2006年3月20日访问。
    71 “赖斯:美希望印度尼西亚领导东南亚”,《联合早报》(新加坡),2006年3月16日。
    72 朱明权:“美国为什么总是觉得自己不安全——对威胁观的个案分析”,载徐以骅主编:《世纪之交的国际关系》,上海远东出版社,2001年,第179页。
    73 The White House, A National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement, 1996, http://www.fas.org/spp/military/docops/national/1996stra.htm. 2006年5月27日访问。
    74 James Fallows, "Blind Into Baghdad," The Atlantic, Vol. 293, No. 1 (January-February 2004), p.56.[美]达尔德尔、林德赛:《后外交时代》,第104页。
    75 White House, The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, September 2002, pp. 4-5.
    76 朱明权:《领导世界还是支配世界》,第347-348页。
    77 John Lewis Gaddis, "A Grand Strategy," Foreign Policy, November/December 2002, p. 52.[英]巴里·布赞:《美国和诸大国:21世纪的世界政治》,刘永涛译,上海世纪出版集团,2007年,第161,173页。
    78 Walter L. Hixson, "Leffler Takes a Linguistic Tune," Diplomatic History, Vol. 29, No.3 (June 2005), pp. 419-420.
    79 [英]布赞:《美国和诸大国》,第169-170页。
    80 Nicholas Lemann, "The War on What? The White House and the Debate about Whom to Fight Next," The New Yorker, September 16, 2002, pp. 40-41.
    81 Lord Goldsmith QC, British Attorney General, BBC World News, September 19, 2003: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3121864.stm. 2006年5月27日访问。
    82 布什政府在发动伊拉克战争时,以意愿联合取代联合国甚至北约,从而成为美国推行单边主义对外政策的一个主要表现,详见朱明权:《领导世界还是支配世界》,第349-353页。
    83 有关正义战争中的“相称性”,可参见尼克·福臣:“相称性”;盖尔·范戴姆、尼克·稿 臣:“相称性”,载布鲁诺·考彼尔特斯、尼克·福臣、时殷弘主编:《战争的道德制约:冷战后局部战争的哲学思考》,法律出版社,2003年。
    84 Walter Lafeber, "The Bush Doctrine," Diplomatic History, Vol. 26 No. 4 (Fall 2002), p. 543.
    85 George W. Bush, "Remarks by the President at Illinois Welcome," Springfield, Illinois, November 3, 2002.
    86 Anthony Clark Arend, "International Law and the Preemptive Use of Military Force," The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 2 (Spring 2003), p. 97.
    87 Robert S. Litwak, "The New Calculus of Pre-emption," Survival, Vol. 44, No. 4 (Winter 2002-03), pp. 55-56.
    88 Arend, "International Law and the Preemptive Use of Military Force," p. 96.
    89 Richard N. Haass, Intervention: The Use of American Military Force in the Post-Cold War World (Washington, D.C: The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1994), p. 131.
    90 Bush, "President Bush Delivers Graduation Speech at West Point".
    91 G. JohnIkenberry, "The Lures of Preemption," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 81, No. 5 (Sept/Oct 2002).
    92 Quoted in Ibid.
    93 George W. Bush, "President Welcomes Aid Workers Rescued from Afghanistan," Office of the Press Secretary, November 26, 2001, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/11/20011126-1.html. 2006年3月20日访问。
    94 George W. Bush, "President Delivers State of the Union Address," Office of the Press Secretary, January 29, 2002, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020129-11.2006年5月27日访问。
    95 Dick Cheney, "Vice President Speaks at VFW 103rd National Convention," Office of the Press Secretary, August 26, 2002, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/08/20020826.html, 2006年3月20日访问。
    96 George W. Bush, "President Bush Outlines Iraqi Threat," Office of the Press Secretary, October 7, 2002, http://www.whitebouse.gov/news/releases/2002/10/20021007-8.html. 2006年3月20日访问。
    97 [美]鲍勃·伍德沃德:《布什的战争》,上海美国所、上海市美国学会组译,上海译文出版社,2003年,第374-375页。
    98 See United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2002 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 14-15.
    99 F. Gregory Gause III, "Can Democracy Stop Terrorism?," Foreign Affairs, Sep/Oct, 2005.
    100 这里的“国家缔造”是指“外部力量驱动的、或推动的,在一个国际承认的民族国家领土内建立或巩固一个稳定的、有时是民主的政府的尝试。”参见Francis Fukuyama, State-Building: The New Agenda(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2004); James Dobbins, John G. McGinn, Keith Crane, Seth G. Jones, Rollie Lal, Andrew Rathmell, Rachel Swanger, and Anga Timilsina, America's Role in Nation-Building: From Germany to Iraq(Rand, 2005); James Dobbins, Seth G. Jones, Keith Crane, Andrew Rathmell, Brett Steele, Richard Teltschik and Anga Timilsina, The UN's Role in Nation-Building: From the Congo to Iraq(Rand, 2005)。但这一“国家缔造”并不等同于一国自身所进行的很大程度上是指民族认同建构的“国家缔造”(nation-building),也不等同于国家机器建设的“国家缔造”(state-building),有关后两者的讨论,可参见杨雪冬:《民族国家与国家构建:一个理论综述》,http://www.ccforum.org.cn/archiver/?tid-9274.html, 2005年10月10日访问。
    101 "The Second Gore-Bush Presidential Debate," October 11, 2000, http://www.debates.org/pages/trans2000b.html. 2006年5月27日访问。
    102 [美]达尔德尔、林德赛:《后外交时代》,第148页。
    103 White House, The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, September 2002, p. 1
    104 Ibid., p. 4.
    105 James Fallows, "Blind Into Baghdad," The Atlantic vol. 293. no. 1. January- February 2004, p. 56.
    106 George W. Bush, "President Delivers 'State of the Union'," Office of the Press Secretary, January 28, 2003, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/01/20030128-19.html. 2006年3月25日访问。
    107 Andrew J. Bacevich, American Empire: The Realities and Consequences of U.S.A. Diplomacy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002), p. 216.
    108 George W. Bush, "President's Remarks at the United Nations General Assembly," Office of the Press Secretary, September 12, 2002, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/09/20020912-1.html. 2006年3月25日访问。
    109 Evan Thomas and Mark Hosenball, "Moving Targets." Newsweek, 1 December, 2003, p. 26.
    110 Bacevich, American Empire, p. 203.
    111 "Remarks for Energy Secretary Samuel Bodman Corporate Council on Africa Oil & Gas Forum Keynote Address Bethesda, Maryland," Dec. 2, 2006, http://www.energy.gov/news/4498.htm.
    112 Fareed Zakaria, "Bush's Really Good Idea." Newsweek, 17 November, 2003, p. 41.
    113 Phyllis Bennis, Before & After: US Foreign Policy and the September 11th Crisis (New York: Olive Branch, 2002), p. 185.
    114 Fareed Zakaria, The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 2003).
    1 Gabriel A. Almond, The American People and Foreign Policy (New York: Praeger, 1950), p. 69; Stephen Earl Bennett, Staci L. Rhine, and Richard S. Flickinger, "The Things They Cared About: Change and Continuity in Americans' Attention to Different News Stories, 1989-2002," The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, Vol. 9, No. 1 (2004), pp. 75-99.
    2 Almond, The American People and Foreign Policy, p. 69.
    3 Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, "American Psyche Reeling From Terror Attacks," Survey Reports, September 19, 2001, http://people-press.org/reports/print.php3?ReportID=3. 2006年3月25日访问。
    4 Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, "Worries About Terrorism Subside in Mid-America," Survey Reports, November 8, 2001, http://people-press.org/reports/print.php3?ReportID=142. 2006年3月25日访问。
    5 Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, "America's Image Further Erodes, Europeans Want Weaker Ties," Survey Reports, March 18, 2003, http://people-press.org/reports/display.php3?ReportID=175. 2006年3月25日访问。
    6 Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, "After Hussein's Capture...," Survey Reports, December 18, 2003, http://people-press.org/reports/display.php3?ReportID=199. 2006年3月25日访问。
    7 Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, "A Year After Iraq War," Survey Reports, March 16, 2004, http://people-press.org/reports/display.php3?ReportID=206. 2006年3月25日访问。
    8 Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, "Public's Agenda Differs From President's," Survey Reports, January 13, 2005, http://people-press.org/reports/display.php3?ReportID=235. 2006年3月25日访问。
    9 "Presidents and History," Pollingreport Network, August 6, 2006, http://www.pollingreport.com/wh-hstry.htm. 2006年8月6日访问。
    10 "War On Terrorism," Pollingreport Network, August 6, 2006, http://www.pollingreport.com/terror.htm. 2006年8月6日访问。
    11 "A Word About our Poll of American Thinking toward the 9/11 Terrorist Attacks," Zogby Special Feature, Zogby International, May 24, 2006, http://www.zogby.com/features/features.dbm?ID=231. 2006年6月9日访问。
    12 倪峰:《从反恐到反战:民意背后的力量》,载《新京报》,2005年10月2日,http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2005-10/02/content_3573808.htm, 2006年3月15日访问。
    13 辛迪·希恩24岁的儿子凯西在抵达伊拉克仅仅5天后就不幸阵亡。痛失爱子之后,希恩决定做些什么。她要求面见总统,问一问“我儿子是为什么而死?”希恩在布什的克劳福德农场外整整抗议了26天,被媒体广泛报道。希恩也因此获得“和平母亲”、“反战母亲”的美誉。《美国反战母亲希恩抗议到底》,载《新京报》, http://news.sina.com.cn/w/2005-12-18/02427734212s.shtml, 2006年3月15日访问。
    14 William Bennett, Why We Fight: Moral Clarity and the War on Terrorism(Washington, D.C.: Doubleday Books, 2002).
    15 Ibid., pp. 9-23.
    16 Ibid., pp. 16, 17.
    17 Quoted in Stefan Halper and Jonathan Clarke, America Alone: The Neo-Conservatives and the Global Order (Cambridge; Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 233.
    18 [美]伊沃·H·达尔德尔、詹姆斯·M·林德赛:《后外交时代:不受约束的美国》,刘满贵译,新华出版社,2004年,第2-3,265页。
    19 John Newhouse, Imperial America: The Bush Assault on the World Order(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003); Craig R. Eisendrath, Melvin A. Goodman, Bush League Diplomacy: How the Neoconservatives Are Putting the World at Risk, pp. 144-145; 134-135.
    20 Gary Dorrien, Imperial Designs: Neoconservatism and the New Pax Americana (New York: Rougledge, 2005), pp. 256-257.
    21 Ole R. Holsti, "American Public Opinion on Foreign Policy, Pre-and Post-September 11," in Betty Glad, Chris J. Dolan, eds., Striking First: The Preventive War Doctrine and the Reshaping of US Foreign Policy (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), p. 151; Peter Singer, The President of Good & Evil: The Ethics of George W. Bush (New York: Dutton, 2004), p. 209; "Editorial: The Bush Doctrine," America, Vol. 186, No. 9(March 18, 2002).
    22 Karl E. Meyer, "American Unlimited: The Radical Sources of the Bush Doctrine", World Policy Journal (Spring 2004), pp. 1-14.
    23 朱明权:《领导世界还是支配世界——冷战后美国国家安全战略》,天津人民出版社,2005年,第336-338页。
    24 Melvyn P. Leffler, "9/11 and American Foreign Policy," Diplomatic History, Vol. 29, No.3 (June 2005), pp. 402-405; 406-408.
    25 Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., "Eyeless Iraq," New York Review of Books, 23 October, 2003.
    26 Arnold A. Offner, "Rogue President, Rogue Nation: Bush and U.S. National Security," Diplomatic History, Vol. 29, No.3 (June 2005), pp. 433-435.
    27 Walter LaFeber, "The Bush Doctrine," Diplomatic History, Vol. 26, No. 4(Fall 2002), pp. 543-558.
    28 Betty Glad, "The Limits of Empire," in Glad, Dolan eds., Striking First, p.203.
    29 Betty Glad, "Can Tyrants be Deterred," in ibid., p.61.
    30 Singer, The President of Good & Evil, p. 200.
    31 转引自Chuck McCutcheon, "Congress Vows to Improve Its Oversight on Iraq," Newhouse News Service, May 15, 2004, http://www.newhouse.com/archive/mccutcheon051704.html, 2006年5月27日访问。
    32 Ibid.
    33 Dana Milbank and Charles Babington, "Bush Visits Hill to Reassure Republicans," Washington Post, May 21, 2004, p. A04.
    34 Bennett Roth, "Battle on the Hill Is Raised Over Iraq," Houston Chronicle, June 24, 2005, http://www.chron.com/cs/CDA/ssistory.mpl/politics/3238990. 2006年5月27日访问。
    35 该议案号为S. Res. 171, June 14, 2005, 文本见http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgibin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=109_cong_bills&docid=f:sr171is.txt.pdf, 2006年5月27日访问。
    36 BBC News, "Bush Suffers Blow on UN Choice," May 12, 2005, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4539623.stm. 2006年5月27日访问。
    37 Yochi J. Dreazen, "Senate Democrats Engineer a Delay of Vote on Bolton," The Wall Street Journal, May 27, 2005, p. A3.
    38 Christopher Cooper, "Bush Appoints Bolton to UN Post, Bypassing Senate," The Wall Street Journal, August 2, 2005, p. A3.
    39 John Conyers, Jr., "Statement at a Democratic Hearing on 'Reauthorization of the Patriot Act'," June 10, 2005, http://www.house.gov/judiciary_democrats/patriotdemhrgstmt61005.pdf. 2006年5月27日访问。
    40 Mike Allen, "House Chairman Shuts Down Patriot Act Hearing after Democrats Witnesses Criticize Administration," June 11, 2005, http://www.detnews.com/2005/politics/0506/17/polit-212115.htm. 2006年5月27日访问。
    41 "Vote of the Week," The Hill, June 16, 2005, http://www.hillnews.com/thehill/export/TheHill/News/Frontpage/061605/patriot.html. 2006年5月27日访问。
    42 该议案号为S. 737, April 6, 2005, 文本见http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgibin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=109_cong_bills&docid=f:s737is.txt.pdf. 2006年5月27日访问。
    43 参见Edwin Meese III and Paul Rosenzweig, "The SAFE Act Will Not Make Us Safer," The Heritage Foundation, Legal Memorandum #10, April 30, 2004, http://www.heritage.org/Research/HomelandDefense/lm10.cfm, 2006年5月27日访问。
    44 John Sununu, "Remarks about SAFE Act on Senate Floor," April 7, 2004, http://www.sununu.senate.gov/floor_statements04-O7-04.htm. 2006年5月27日访问。
    45 US Supreme Court, Rasul v. Bush, no 03-334, June 28, 2004.
    46 "Combatant Status Review Tribunal Order issued," 7 July 2004, no. 651-04, http://www.defenselink.mil/releases/2004/nr20040707-0992.html. 2006年6月15日访问。
    47 Josh White, "3 Guantanamo Detainees Freed," Washington Post, 21 July 2005, A02.
    48 Supreme Court of the United States, Salim Ahmed Hamdan v. Donald H. Rumsfeld, et al., no. 05-184, June 29, 2006.
    49 United States Court of Appeals For The District of Columbia Circuit, Salim Ahamed Hamdan v. Donald H. Rumsfeld, et. al., No. 04-5393, July 15, 2005.
    50 Charles Lane, "High Court Rejects Detainee Tribunals: 5 to 3 Ruling Curbs President's Claim Of Wartime Power," Washington Post, June 30, 2006, p. A1; David E. Sanger and Scott Shane, "Court's Ruling Is Likely to Force Negotiations Over Presidential Power," New York Times, June 30, 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/30/washington/30assess.html?_r=1&oref=slogin, 2006年6月30日访问。
    51 "American Character Gets Mixed Reviews: U.S. Image up Slightly, But Still Negative, 16-Nation Pew Global Attitudes Survey," The Pew Global Attitude Project, June 23, 2005, p. 1.
    52 Christopher Caldwell, "The Crescent and the Tricolor," The Atlantic Monthly, November 2000, p. 57-59.
    53 关于法国反美主义的悠久历史,可参见[法]菲利普·罗杰:《美利坚敌人——反美主义的来龙去脉》,北京:新华出版社,2004年。
    54 颜剑英:《浅议20世纪90年代以来的全球反美主义》,载《现代国际关系》,2006年第2期,第9-10页。
    55 Christopher Caldwell, "The Crescent and the Tricolor," The Atlantic Monthly, November 2000, p. 32.
    56 Jonathan Bauch, "Coalition of the Waiting," The Altantic Monthly, December 2006, p. 29.
    57 详见徐以骅:“美国宗教的‘路线图’”,载倪世雄、刘永涛主编:《美国问题研究》(第3辑),时事出版社,2004年,第378-379页。
    58 徐以骅:“美国的国民宗教及其国民宗教辩论”,载徐以骅主编:《宗教和美国社会——美国宗教的“路线图”》(第1辑),时事出版社,2004年,第76页。
    59 [英]泽乌丁·萨达尔、梅尼尔·W·戴维斯:《谁在恨美国?》,袁征等译,中国青年出版社,2004年,第148页。
    60 [美]克莱德·普雷斯托维茨:《流氓国家——谁在与世界作对》,王振西主译,新华出版社,2004年,第278-279页。
    61 解玲、王玉华:“从伊拉克战争看美与法德冲突的深层原因”,《世界经济与政治论坛》,2003年第6期,第68页。
    62 [美]克莱德·普雷斯托维茨:《流氓国家——谁在与世界作对》,王振西主译,新华出版社,2004年,第9页。
    63 同上,第263-264,266页。
    64 安维华:“国际反伊拉克军事联盟的离析与重组”,《国际政治研究》,2003年第3期,第49页。
    65 李学江:“美国动武与欧洲分裂”,《时事:时事报告大学生版》,2003年第5期,第44页。
    66 Richard Crockatt, America Embattled." September 11th, Anti-Americanism, and the Global Order (London and New York: Routledge, 2003), p. 59.
    67 Ibid., pp.39-40, 61-62.
    68 Pew Pew Global Attitudes Project Report, America's Image Slips, But Allies Share U.S. Concerns Over Iran, Hamas, June 13, 2006, in Pew Pew Global Attitudes Project, Conflicting Views in a Divided World 2006 (Pew Reserch Center, 2006).
    69 Pew Pew Global Attitudes Project Report, America's Image Slips, But Allies Share U.S. Concerns Over Iran, Hamas, June 13, 2006, in Ibid.
    70 Jonathan Bauch, "Coalition of the Waiting," The Altantic Monthly, December 2006, p. 30.
    71 李焰:“还受众一个真美国——外国记者眼中的美国”,《华盛顿观察》,2006年第8期,2006年3月1日, http://www.washingtonobserver.org/article.cfm?articleid=1262&charid=1, 2006年10月10日访问。
    72 Jacques E. C. Hymans, "The Bush Preventive War Doctrine and its (Mild) Critics: Seeking The Roots of America's Threat Consensus," Paper prepared for the 2003 APSA annual meeting in Philadelphia.
    73 [英]理查德·克罗卡特:《反美主义与全球秩序》,陈平译,新华出版社,2004年,第64页。
    74 World Public Opinion, "Latin American Publics are Skeptical About US—But Not About Democracy," http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/articles/home_page/328.php?nid=&id=&pnt=-328&1b=hmpgl,2007年3月19日访问。
    75 Ibid.
    76 Ibid.
    77 孙俊华:“韩国‘反美主义’浅析”,《太平洋学报》,2005年第3期,第68页。
    78 James R. Lilley, "The Changing Korean-U.S. Relationship," speech at the South Ch'ungch'ong Provincial Government Building, Taejon, December 12, 1988. Quoted from Jinwung Kim, "Recent Anti-Americanism in South Korea: The Causes," Asian Survey, Vol. 29, No. 8 (Aug., 1989), pp. 754-755.
    79 “卢武铉:我不是反美主义者”,中国社会科学院网站,2006年3月29日,http://www.cass.net.cn/file/2006032957244.html,2006年10月10日访问。
    80 严震生:“美国对非洲政策的回顾与展望”,《问题与研究》(台湾),第41卷(2002),第6期,第137-138页。
    81 万铤:“美推民主计划 阿拉伯加速变革 两种改革较量中东”,《环球时报》,2004年3月15日。
    82 胡锡进等:“中东人对美国又恨又爱”,《环球时报》,2003年4月21日。
    83 “白宫与穆斯林世界间的鸿沟”,http://www.flylan.com/world/105.htm。转引自田文林:“中东反美主义新特点”,《现代国际关系》,2004年第1期,第54页。
    84 Zogby International, Five Nation Survey of the Middle East, December 2006, p. 3.
    85 Andrew Kohut et. al., A Year After Iraq War: Mistrust of America in Europe ever Higher, Muslim Anger Persists, A Nine-Country Survey (The Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, MARCH 16, 2004), p. 6.
    86 Marc Lynch, "Anti-Americanisms in the Arab World," Paper presented to the 101st annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington D.C., September 1-4, 2005.
    87 田文林:“中东反美主义新特点”,《现代国际关系》,2004年第1期,第55页。
    88 战略暨国际研究中心(Center for Strategic and International Studies,CSIS)中心高级副总裁坎贝尔认为,利伯曼是当代美国“自由主义鹰派”的最大代表,是20世纪70年代“自由主义鹰派”首领、美国前参议员和总统候选人享利·杰克逊(Henry Jackson)在思想上的继承人。Kurt M. Campbell and Derek Chollet, "The New Tribalism: Cliques and the Making of U.S. Foreign Policy," The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 30, No. 1 (Winter 2006-2007), pp. 199-200.
    89 George W. Bush, "President Bush Nominates Dr. Robert M. Gates to be Secretary of Defense," Office of the Press Secretary, November 8, 2006, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/11/20061108-4.html. 2006年12月10日访问。
    90 Ibid.
    91 "Iraq Study Group: Change Iraq strategy now," CNN, http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/12/06/iraq.study.group/index.html. 2006年12月10日访问。
    92 Peter Baker and Michael Abramowitz, "Opposition to Iraq Plan Leaves Bush Isolated, Even Some in GOP Keeping Distance," Washington Post, January 14, 2007, p. A4; 张介岭等:“布什增兵伊拉克计划遭猛批”,《环球时报》,2006年1月9月,第2版。
    93 George W. Bush, "President Bush Delivers State of the Union Address," Office of the Press Secretary, January 23, 2007, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2007/20070123-2.html. 2007年1月24日访问。
    94 Ibid.
    95 Ibid.
    96 "Somalia: Embassy Bomb Suspect 'Killed in U.S. Airstrike'," Tke Nation (Nairobi), January 11, 2007, http://allafrica.com/stories/200701100826.html; "Ethiopia: Senator Brownback says US gov't appreciates Ethiopia for crushing terrorist group in Somalia," Tke Ethiopian Herald (Addis Ababa), January 13, 2007, http://allafrica.com/stories/200701130048.html. 2007年1月15日访问。
    97 William A. Schabas, "United States Hostility to the International Criminal Court: It's All About the Security Council," European Journal of International Law, Vol. 15, No. 4 (2004), pp. 701, 708-709; David J. Scheffer, "The United States and the International Criminal Court," American Journal of International Law, Vol. 93, No. 1 (January 1999), pp. 12, 12-17.
    98 Schabas, "United States Hostility to the International Criminal Court," p. 702.
    99 《罗马规约》第125条规定,在2000年12月31日后,只能以成为条约过程的一部分的方式加入该规约,即略过签字过程、并直接加入规约,承认其约束力。Article 125, Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, July 17, 1998, http://www.un.org/law/icc/statute/romefra.htm. 2007年1月15日访问。
    100 Condoleezza Rice, "Campaign 2000: Promoting the National Interest," Foreign Affairs, January/February 2000, pp. 45, 48.
    101 Marc Grossman, "American Foreign Policy and the International Criminal Court," remarks to the Center for Strategic and International Studies, 6 May 2002, http://www.state.gov/p/9949.htm. 2007年1月15日访问。
    102 Human Rights Watch, "United States 'Unsigning' Treaty on War Crimes Court," Maly 6, 2002, http://www.hrw.org/press/2002/05/icc0506.htm. 2007年1月15日访问。
    103 David Forsythe, "The United States and International Criminal Justice," Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 24, No.4(November 2002), p.976.
    104 David Wippman, "The International Criminal Court," in Christian Reus-Smit ed., The Politics of International Law(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), p.179.
    105 Warren Hoge, "U. N. Finds Crimes, Not Genocide in Darfur," New York Times, February 1, 2005, p.A3.
    106 Colum Lynch, "US, Europe Debate Venue for Darfur Trials," Washington Post, January 22, 2005, p.A11.
    107 Ibid.
    108 Ibid.
    109 “唐家璇会见美国总统苏丹问题特使纳齐奥斯”,《人民日报》,2007年1月12日,第4版。
    110 Bush, "President Bush Delivers State of the Union Address".
    111 周放:“布什为何放弃实施《京都议定书》”,《全球科技经济了望》,2001年第10期。
    112 Byron W. Daynes andGlen Sussman, "George W. Bush and Katrina: Presidential Incompetence in 'Green'?," Paper presented at the American Political Science Association Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, PA., August 31-September 3, 2006.
    113 Douglas Brinkley, The Great Deluge: Hurricane Katrina, New Orleans, and the Mississippi Gulf Coast (New York: HarperCollins, 2006), p. 454.
    114 Breaking News: "History Museum Gets Katrina Artifacts," 15 June 2006 http://hnn.us/roundup/entries/26862.html.2007年1月10日访问。
    115 Bush, "President Bush Delivers State of the Union Address".
    116 "Lawmakers Hear of Interference in Global Warming Science," CNN News, January 31, 2007, http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/01/30/congress.climate.ap/index.html. 2007年2月1日访问。
    1 [美]莱茵霍尔德·尼布尔:《道德的人与不道德的社会》,蒋庆等译,贵州人民出版社,1998年,第73页。
    2 K. J. Holsti, International Politics: A Framework for Analysis(Englewood, Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice Hall, 1977), p. 218.
    3 Geoffrey Barraclough, An Introduction to Contemporary History(Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1967), chap. 5.
    4 有关战争的目的的演变,可参见潘亚玲、张春:“战争的演变:从寻求生存必需到维护生存质量”,《国际论坛》,2002年第4期。
    5 Tiffany Danitz and Warren Strobel, "The Internet and Burma: A New Tool for Nonviolent Change," U. S. Institute for Peace Conference Paper.
    6 David Rothkopf, "Cyberpolitik: The Changing Nature of Power in the Information Age," Journal of International Affairs, Vol.51, No. 2(March 1998), p. 350.
    7 乔治·洛奇:《全球化的管理—相互依存时代的全球化趋势》,胡延泓译,上海译文出版社,1998年,第7页。
    8 雅克·阿达:《经济全球化》,何竟、周晓幸译,中央编译出版社,2000年,第52页。
    9 乔治·洛奇:《全球化的管理—相互依存时代的全球化趋势》,胡延泓译,上海译文出版社,1998年,第7页。
    10 关于“脱域机制”内涵的论说,参见安东尼·吉登斯:《现代性的后果》,田禾译,译林出版社,2000年,第18-26页。
    11 Susan Strange, "The Defective State," Daedalus, Vol.124, No. 2(Spring 1995), pp. 56-57.
    12 United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report, 1994 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp.22-24.
    13 Ibid.
    14 Maurizio Viroli, For Love of Country: An Essay on Patriotism and Nationalism(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), p. 101.
    15 Gary Younge, "The U. S., Race and War," The Guardian, August 11, 2003, p. 15.
    16 Nancy Dunne, "Patriotic African Americans still feel bitterness," The Financial Times, December 11, 2001, p. 10.
    17 Ole Waever, "Aberystwyth, Paris, Copenhagen: New Schools in Security Theory and the Origins between Core and Periphery," paper presented for ISA Conference, Montreal, March 2004, p.13.
    18 [英]巴瑞·布赞、奥利·维夫、迪·怀尔德:《新安全论》,朱宁译,浙江人民出版社,2003年,第29-59页。
    19 时殷弘:《新趋势、新格局、新规范》,法律出版社,2000年,第59-70,332-333页。
    20 有关“9·11”为美国提供一个建立等级制国际体系的机会的讨论,可参见Carl Boggs,"'Introduction: Empire and Globalization," in Carl Boggs ed., Masters of War: Militarism and Blowback in the Era of American Empire(Washington, D. C.: Routledge, 2003).
    21 Kurt M. Campbell and Derek Chollet, "The New Tribalism: Cliques and the Making of U.S. Foreign policy," The The Washington Quarterly, Vol.30, No.1(Winter 2006-2007), pp. 193-194.
    22 很大程度上,“新保守主义”可以说是“杰克逊主义”的一个当代形态。根据米德的观点,20世纪80年代后,杰克逊主义发展成为新型的杰克逊主义,其代表人物便是人们常说的新保守主义的代表人物,如克里斯托父子、卡根父子等等。[美]沃尔特·拉赛尔·米德:《美国外交政策及其如何影响了世界》,曹化银译,中信出版社,2003年版,第242-247,262页。坎贝尔在讨论里根式共和党人时认为,杰克逊主义的当代形态事实上就是新保守主义,Kurt M. Campbell and Derek Chollet, "The New Tribalism: Cliques and the Making of U. S. Foreign Policy," The Washington Quarterly, Vol.30, No.1(Winter 2006-2007), p. 197.
    23 [美]米德:《美国外交政策及其如何影响了世界》,第242页。
    24 有关“9·11”事件事实上并没有改变什么的讨论,可参见Robert Jervis,"An Interim Assessment of September 11: What Has Changed and What Has Not?," Political Science Quarterly, Vol.117, No.1(Spring 2002), pp. 37-54; Russell L. Young and Virginia Sharifzadeh, "After effect of 9-11: A Call to Balance Patriotism and Multiculturalism in the Classroom," Multicultural Perspectives, Vol.5, No.2(2003), pp. 34-38.
    25 以下论述主要参照Kurt M.Campbell and Derek Chollet, "The New Tribalism: Cliques and the Making of U. S. Foreign Policy," The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 30, No. 1(Winter 2006-2007), pp. 193-203.
    26 Ibid., p. 196.
    27 有关新保守主义的思想及其政策议程,可参见美国新世纪计划于2000年大选前推出的政策倡议书,Robert Kagan and William Kristol ed., Present Dangers." Crisis and Opportunity in American Foreign and Defense Policy (Washington, D. C.: Encounter Books, 2000).
    28 有关“杰克逊主义”的讨论,参见[美]米德:《美国外交政策及其如何影响了世界》,第7章。
    29 参见 Henry Nau, At Home Abroad: Identity and Power in American Foreign Policy(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002).
    30 时殷弘:《新趋势、新格局、新规范》,第188页。
    31 同上,第247页。
    32 Stephen G. Brooks and William C. Wohlforth, "American Primacy in Perspective," Foreign Affairs 81(July/August 2002): 20-33.
    33 [美]约瑟夫·奈:《美国霸权的困惑:为什么美国不能独断专行》,郑志国等译,世界知识出版社,2002年,第4章。
    34 [英]爱德华·卡尔:《20年危机(1919-1939):国际关系研究导论》,秦亚青译,世界知识出版社,2005年,第19-20页,第9章。
    1 [法]菲利普·罗杰:《美利坚敌人——法国反美主义的来龙去脉》[M],吴强等译,新华出版社,2004年;
    2 [法]托克维尔:《论美国的民主》[M],董果良译,商务印书馆,2004年。
    3 [美]艾伦·D·赫茨克:《在华盛顿代表上帝》[M],徐以骅等译,上海人民出版社,2003年;
    4 [美]鲍勃·伍德沃德:《布什的战争》[M],上海市美国研究所、上海市美国学会组译,上海译文出版社,2003年。
    5 [美]本尼迪克特·安德森:《想象的共同体:民族主义的起源与散布》[M],吴叡人译,上海人民出版社,2003年。
    6 [美]彼得·I·博斯科:《美国人眼中的第一次世界大战》[M],孙宝寅译,当代中国出版社,2006年。
    7 [美]丹尼尔·J·布尔斯廷:《美国人:建国的历程》[M],谢廷光等译,上海译文出版社,1997年;
    8 [美]丹尼尔·J·布尔斯廷:《美国人:民主历程》[M],谢廷光译,上海译文出版社,1997年;
    9 [美]亨利·基辛格:《大外交》[M],顾淑馨、林添贵译,海南出版社,1998年。
    10 [美]亨利·斯蒂尔·康马杰:《美国精神》[M],杨静予等译,光明日报出版社,1988年。
    11 [美]霍华德·津恩:《美国人民的历史》[M],许先春、蒲国良、张爱平译,上海人民出版社,2000年。
    12 [美]杰里尔·A·罗赛蒂:《美国对外政策的政治学》[M],周启朋、傅耀祖等译,吴妙发、翟玉章、曾夏校,世界知识出版社,1997年。
    13 [美]卡尔·贝克尔:《论〈独立宣言〉—政治思想史研究》[M],彭刚译,江苏教育出版社,2005年。
    14 [美]孔华润主编:《剑桥美国对外关系史》(上、下)[C],周桂银等译,新华出版社,2004年;
    15 [美]理查德·霍夫施塔特:《美国的政治传统及其缔造者》[M],崔永禄、王忠和译,商务印书馆,1994年。
    16 [美]卢瑟·S·利德基主编:《美国特性探索:社会和文化》[C],龙治芳等译,中国社会科学出版社,1991年。
    17 [美]罗伯特·卡根:《天堂与实力:世界新秩序下的美国与欧洲》[M],肖蓉、魏红霞译,新华出版社,2004年。
    18 [美]罗德尼·P·卡莱尔:《美国人眼中的海湾战争》[M],孙宝寅、孙卫国译,当代中国出版社,2006年。
    19 [美]迈克尔·H·亨特:《意识形态与美国外交政策》[M],褚律元译,世界知识出版社,1999年。
    20 [美]麦迪逊:《辩论:美国制宪会议记录》(上、下)[M],尹宣译,辽宁教育出版社,2003年;
    21 [美]美国911独立调查委员会:《揭秘911:美国遭受恐怖袭击国家委员会最后报告》[M],黄乐平等译,北京:中央编译出版社,2005年。
    22 [美]密尔顿、杰伊、麦迪逊:《联邦党人文集》[C],程逢如等译,商务印书馆,1980年。
    23 [美]莫里斯·艾泽曼,《美国人眼中的越南战争》[M],孙宝寅译,当代中国出版社,2006年。
    24 [美]塞缪尔·亨廷顿:《文明的冲突与世界秩序的重建》[M],周琪等译,新华出版社,1998年。
    25 [美]塞缪尔·亨廷顿:《我们是谁?美国国家特性面临的挑战》[M],程克雄译,新华出版社,2005年。
    26 [美]塞缪尔·享廷顿:《失衡的承诺》[M],周端译,东方出版社,2005年。
    27 [美]唐纳德·怀特:《美国的兴盛与衰落》[M],徐朝友、胡雨谭译,江苏人民出版社,2002年。
    28 [美]托马斯·潘恩:《潘恩选集》[C],马清槐等译,商务印书馆,1982年。
    29 [美]威廉·G·帕特森、J·加里·克利福德、肯尼斯·J·哈根:《美国外交政策》[M],李庆余译,中国社会科学出版社,1989年。
    30 [美]文森特·奥斯特罗姆:《美国联邦主义》[M],王建勋译,上海三联书店,2003年。
    3l [美]沃尔特·拉塞尔·米德:《美国外交政策及其如何影响了世界》[M],曹化银译,中信出版社,2003年。
    32 [美]伊沃·H·达尔德尔、詹姆斯·M·林德赛:《后外交时代:不受约束的美国》[M],刘满贵译,新华出版社,2004年。
    33 [美]约翰·路易斯·加迪斯:《遏制战略史:战后美国国家安全政策评析》[M],时殷弘等译,世界知识出版社,2005年。
    34 [美]约瑟夫·奈:《美国霸权的困惑:为什么美国不能独断专行》[M],郑志国等译,世界知识出版社,2002年;
    35 [美]泽乌丁·萨达尔、梅尼尔·W·戴维斯:《谁在恨美国?》[M],袁征等译,中国青年出版社,2004年。
    36 [美]詹姆士·O·罗伯逊:《美国神话美国现实》[M],贾秀东等译,中国社会科学出版社,1990年。
    37 [美]兹比格涅夫·布热津斯基:《大抉择:美国站在十字路口》[M],王振西主译,新华出版社,2005年;
    38 [印度]泰戈尔:《民族主义》[M],谭仁侠译,商务印书馆,1986年。
    39 [英]埃里·凯杜里:《民族主义》[M],张明明译,中央编译出版社,2002年;
    40 [英]安东尼·D·史密斯:《全球化时代的民族与民族主义》[M],龚维斌、良警宇译,中央编译出版社,2002年;
    41 [英]安东尼·阿巴拉斯特:《西方自由主义的兴衰》[M],曹海军等译,吉林人民出版社,2004年。
    42 [英]厄内斯特·盖尔纳:《民族与民族主义》[M],韩红译,中央编译出版社,2002年。
    43 薜涌:《右翼帝国的生成——总统大选与美国政治的走向》[C],广西师范大学出版社,2004年。
    44 董小川:《20世纪美国宗教与政治》[C],人民出版社,2002年。
    45 董秀丽编著:《美国——历史与现状》[C],旅游教育出版社,1997年。
    46 傅梦孜主编:《反恐背景下美国全球战略》[C],北京:时事出版社,2004年。
    47 李剑鸣、章彤编:《美利坚合众国总统就职演说全集》[C],天津人民出版社,1997年。
    48 梁茂信:《都市化时代——20世纪美国人口流动与城市社会问题》[M],东北师范大学出版社,2002年。
    49 刘国平:《美国民主制度输出》[M],社会科学文献出版社,2006年。
    50 刘绪贻:《当代美国与社会——一现代美国社会发展简史》[M],湖北人民出版社,1987年。
    51 刘绪贻等:《一九○○年以来的美国史》[M],中国社会科学出版社,1983年。
    52 吕磊:《美国的新保守主义》[M],江苏人民出版社,2004年。
    53 明安香:《美国:超级传媒帝国》[M],社会科学文献出版社,2005年。
    54 浦卫忠:《爱国主义与民族精神》[M],社会科学文献出版社,2000年。
    55 钱满素:《美国自由主义的历史变迁》[M],三联书店,2006年。
    56 任军峰:《地域本位与国族认同:美国政治发展中的区域结构分析》[M],天津人民出版社,2004年。
    57 时殷弘:《新趋势、新格局、新规范》[M],法律出版社,2000年。
    58 孙哲:《崛起与扩张:美国政治与中美关系》[M],法律出版社,2004年。
    59 伍启元:《美国世纪:1901-1990》[M],台湾商务印书馆,1992年。
    60 阎守邕编译:《国家安全和反对恐怖主义的美国战略思想》[C],海洋出版社,2005年。
    61 张巨岩:《权力的声音:美国的媒体与战争》[M],生活·读书·新知三联书店,2004年。
    62 张世鹏编译:《全球化与美国霸权》[C],北京大学出版社,2004年。
    63 张爽:《美国民族主义:影响国家安全战略的思想根源》[M],世界知识出版社,2006年。
    64 周琪:《美国人权外交政策》[M],上海人民出版社,2001年。
    65 朱明权:《核扩散:危险与防止》[M],上海科学技术文献出版社,1995年。
    66 朱明权:《美国国家安全政策》[M],天津人民出版社,1996年。
    67 朱明权:《欧盟共同外交和安全政策与欧美协调》[M],文汇出版社,2002年。
    68 朱明权:《领导世界还是支配世界?——冷战后美国国家安全战略》[M],天津人民出版社,2005年。
    1 Arnn, Larry P., and Douglas A. Jeffrey, ed. Moral Ideas for America[C]. The Claremont Institute, 1993.
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    1.《国际问题研究》
    2.《美国研究》
    3.《现代国际关系》
    4.《战略与管理》
    5.《中美文化研究》
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    13.《问题与研究》(台湾)
    14.《远景基金会季刊》(台湾)
    15.《美国月刊》(台湾)
    16.《东亚研究》(台湾)
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    1 Strike The Root http://www.strike-the-root.com/
    2 American Enterprise Institute http://www.aei.org/
    3 Aspen Institute http://www.aspeninst.org/
    4 Atlantic Council of the United States http://www.acus.org/
    5 Brookings Institution http://www.brook.edu
    6 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace http://www.ceip.org/
    7 Center for Strategic and International Studies http://www.csis.org/
    8 Council on Foreign Relations http://www.cfr.org/
    9 Foreign Policy Research Institute http://www.fpri.org/
    10 Heritage Foundation http://www.heritage.org/
    11 Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University http://www-hoover.stanford.edu/
    12 Hudson Institute http://www.hudson.org/
    13 The Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis http://www.ifpa.org/
    14 John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University http://www.ksg.harvard.edu
    15 New America Foundation http://www.newamerica.net/
    16 U. S. Institute of Peace http://www.usip.org/
    17 Woodrow Wilson International Center for http://wwics.si.edu/Scholars
    18 American Patriot Friends Network http://www.apfn.org/
    19 THOMAS http://Thomas.loc.gov

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