20世纪60年代美国学生运动
摘要
近代以来,青年开始成为社会中的重要力量,青年学生群体开始在社会更替、民族发展、国家变迁、文化转型中发挥着重要的作用。本文选取20世纪60年代的美国学生运动作为本文的研究对象,首先简要回顾了60年代美国大学生运动的历史变迁,随后转入对60年代学生运动本身的叙述,就运动的发展阶段、派别、组织、制度及策略做出叙述与分析,并在此基础上叙述和分析了运动的一些特点。接着本文利用长时段、中时段、短时段三个层次对运动发生的原因加以疏理,并指出,从长时段的角度来看,青年作为一个相对独立的阶段,是近代以来才有的,近代以来风起云涌的青年学生运动也只有放在这个背景下,才能理解的更为透彻。最后在分析影响方面本文相对简略地介绍了运动的社会性影响,而相对详细地分析了运动对参与者当事人的个人生命周期的影响,指出不少昔日运动积极分子在他们人生中的很长一段时间里都试图延续年轻时的生活状态,并对比了运动积极分子和非积极分子在一二十年后的状况。本文主要引用的是英文期刊论文和美国大学博士论文,综合运用了历史学、青年学的学术成果及三个时段的分析手段,对这一运动的前驱后继,前因后果,以及一些特点和有争议的问题进行了疏理。
Since the modern,youth had become a very important power of the society,and play a relatively important role in the transtion of society,the development of nation,the change of state and the transform of culture.This dissertation selected the student movement of united states in 1960s as the the item . This dissertation employed a lot of jounals' papers and some of the doctor dissertations in the united states,borrow some results of the displine in history and youth,and borrow the analysis instruments of the three period of time,to sort out the pioneer and subsequence of the movement,the cause and the consequence of the movement and some characters and arguements of this movement.
Chapter 1 The main content of the American student movement in 1960s
The student movement and organizations based on the idealogical began at the beginning of the 20s century,However,there wasn't nearly any generation conflict in the movement before 1960s,and never have radical comments on their parents generation as well,what more ,the student movement before 1960s is confine in the range of education and acted in non-violent and indirect ways.Except in fifties,most of the student movement followed their adult's social political trend and radical movement.After 1970s,the students become apathy to the politicals .Though the counter-culture has disappeared from the attention of the media, it is still a very important power in the campus.It 's less influence may due to the less attetion of media and the location of the movement.The 1960s movement had experience of transformation from "port huron statement"to the "new era of the united states ",from east coast backgroud to the west grassland backgroud,from the political protest to the culture refuse,from the non-violent reform to the radical peace withstand,then to violent conflict,and finally to the terriosim,from mainly direct by new left to the postive Hippy.The tactics of the movement evoluted as the movement development.In 1960s,the impressed violent means just only a tiny part of the movement,the men who argue that the movement is entirely violent , is ,of course,incorrect.The participated Democracy,which derived from the experience of the SNCC,and developed by the SDS is significant.However,this institution has its faults which hardly be overcome,it is the important cause that many students participated SDS,while it is also the the significant cause that declined these organization.
Chapter 2 Some characters of the American student movement in 1960s
In this chapter,we describe and analysis some of the character and argument in the 1960s student movement.This character and argument include several raltions ,such as the relation between the movement and the facult,the relation between the movement and the university admistration ,the relation between the movement and different universites and colleges,the relation between the movement and the students' major,religion,ethnicity and status.Through the disscustion of these relaions ,we found:the attitude of the faculty varies to their different major ,statu,the time stayed in the campus,the religion inclination of the university and college.The faculty may let out their support if the movement moved from non-violent to the violent.There is no evidence that the rebel students has higher indentity to their mother.It is highly possible that what the students rebels is not their parents value,but their parents unconform in daily life to their value.The intersection of the power unit and the knowledge unit is one of the causes which lead to the intense between the admistraters of university and the faculty and students.Whatmore, the inability of university to deal with the crisis brought about the escalate of the conflict.Some university or college seems to morelikely to occur student rebels may due to their type(pulic or private),selective,scales and whether they have student movement in the history of the university or whether there is any sub-culture of youth in the university's tradition.There is no evidence to say that there is any postive or passive relation between the education quality and the occur possibility of student movement.It has been argued that the activist mainly come from the middle class family,with high-educated parents and high income.A large part of them are jews.Their major is usually in humanity and social science.They usually deal with the intellectual concepts and idealogy.Some researchers argue that the rebel students has no alienation ,while other researches argue that their analysis show that the rebel students has higher degree of alienation.
Chapter 3 The causes of the 1960s student movement in the United States
In this chapter ,the dissertation analysis and sort out the causes of the movement by borrowing the concepts of long period of time ,middle period of time ,and short period of time.The explanation of short period of time include:the multiply effect of the second world war and the cold war;the baby boom,the new way in educating child ;the more enrollment of the higher education;the affulence society;the disorder in culture;the technology improvement such as TV and condom .The middle period of time include:the legacy which the students movement in the united states before 1960s applied ;the transform of society( from the production society to the afflucence society);the disorder and transformation of culture .The explanation of long period of time include:the relation of youth and modernization;the special charater and life development of the youth.
Chapter 4 The decline and the consequence of the movement
In this chapter ,we analysis the decline of the movement and the social effect of the movement briefly,but describe and analysis the long sequence of the movement to the person life circle.The end of the vietnam,the flaw of the strategy and organization ,the less of the students in universities,the decline of the economic in united stated and world ,the change of the foreign police of America ,the less attentions of the media,the political enviroment change to the conservertism in the united states,the withstand of the labor and the activists,the success of sicence and technology (such as the success of the Apollo plan )beat the believe of anti-sience among the activists,ect,the fators list above(and maybe others as well)lead to the decline of the student movement.The research at this period did not support the view that 1960s generation politics has discontinued,however,it is not support the continue view as well.On the one hand,the student of the later 1970s and 1980s go to university for the purpose of finding a good job ,on the other hand ,some of the former activist endeavor to remain their life style of youth in a long run.Compared with the unactivists ,they have recieved higher education while less income,marriged later and incline to have less children ,they also experss more liberated in religion and politics.The movement also have great effect on the society and culture.It not only make the analysis to Maxism more activity in the United States and make a well base for the movement of momen and gay ,but also in some degree to make the goverment give more intention to the problem of enviroment.The sprit of 1960s ,the rebel concious and the counter-culture spirit ,not only permeate into the daily life of the united stated ,but also become the key transform from the modern to the post-modern.And perhaps ,it is a culture revolution which followed political and economical revolution as well.
Since the modern,youth had become a very important power of the society,and play a relatively important role in the transtion of society,the development of nation,the change of state and the transform of culture.This dissertation selected the student movement of united states in 1960s as the the item . This dissertation employed a lot of jounals' papers and some of the doctor dissertations in the united states,borrow some results of the displine in history and youth,and borrow the analysis instruments of the three period of time,to sort out the pioneer and subsequence of the movement,the cause and the consequence of the movement and some characters and arguements of this movement.
Chapter 1 The main content of the American student movement in 1960s
The student movement and organizations based on the idealogical began at the beginning of the 20s century,However,there wasn't nearly any generation conflict in the movement before 1960s,and never have radical comments on their parents generation as well,what more ,the student movement before 1960s is confine in the range of education and acted in non-violent and indirect ways.Except in fifties,most of the student movement followed their adult's social political trend and radical movement.After 1970s,the students become apathy to the politicals .Though the counter-culture has disappeared from the attention of the media, it is still a very important power in the campus.It 's less influence may due to the less attetion of media and the location of the movement.The 1960s movement had experience of transformation from "port huron statement"to the "new era of the united states ",from east coast backgroud to the west grassland backgroud,from the political protest to the culture refuse,from the non-violent reform to the radical peace withstand,then to violent conflict,and finally to the terriosim,from mainly direct by new left to the postive Hippy.The tactics of the movement evoluted as the movement development.In 1960s,the impressed violent means just only a tiny part of the movement,the men who argue that the movement is entirely violent , is ,of course,incorrect.The participated Democracy,which derived from the experience of the SNCC,and developed by the SDS is significant.However,this institution has its faults which hardly be overcome,it is the important cause that many students participated SDS,while it is also the the significant cause that declined these organization.
Chapter 2 Some characters of the American student movement in 1960s
In this chapter,we describe and analysis some of the character and argument in the 1960s student movement.This character and argument include several raltions ,such as the relation between the movement and the facult,the relation between the movement and the university admistration ,the relation between the movement and different universites and colleges,the relation between the movement and the students' major,religion,ethnicity and status.Through the disscustion of these relaions ,we found:the attitude of the faculty varies to their different major ,statu,the time stayed in the campus,the religion inclination of the university and college.The faculty may let out their support if the movement moved from non-violent to the violent.There is no evidence that the rebel students has higher indentity to their mother.It is highly possible that what the students rebels is not their parents value,but their parents unconform in daily life to their value.The intersection of the power unit and the knowledge unit is one of the causes which lead to the intense between the admistraters of university and the faculty and students.Whatmore, the inability of university to deal with the crisis brought about the escalate of the conflict.Some university or college seems to morelikely to occur student rebels may due to their type(pulic or private),selective,scales and whether they have student movement in the history of the university or whether there is any sub-culture of youth in the university's tradition.There is no evidence to say that there is any postive or passive relation between the education quality and the occur possibility of student movement.It has been argued that the activist mainly come from the middle class family,with high-educated parents and high income.A large part of them are jews.Their major is usually in humanity and social science.They usually deal with the intellectual concepts and idealogy.Some researchers argue that the rebel students has no alienation ,while other researches argue that their analysis show that the rebel students has higher degree of alienation.
Chapter 3 The causes of the 1960s student movement in the United States
In this chapter ,the dissertation analysis and sort out the causes of the movement by borrowing the concepts of long period of time ,middle period of time ,and short period of time.The explanation of short period of time include:the multiply effect of the second world war and the cold war;the baby boom,the new way in educating child ;the more enrollment of the higher education;the affulence society;the disorder in culture;the technology improvement such as TV and condom .The middle period of time include:the legacy which the students movement in the united states before 1960s applied ;the transform of society( from the production society to the afflucence society);the disorder and transformation of culture .The explanation of long period of time include:the relation of youth and modernization;the special charater and life development of the youth.
Chapter 4 The decline and the consequence of the movement
In this chapter ,we analysis the decline of the movement and the social effect of the movement briefly,but describe and analysis the long sequence of the movement to the person life circle.The end of the vietnam,the flaw of the strategy and organization ,the less of the students in universities,the decline of the economic in united stated and world ,the change of the foreign police of America ,the less attentions of the media,the political enviroment change to the conservertism in the united states,the withstand of the labor and the activists,the success of sicence and technology (such as the success of the Apollo plan )beat the believe of anti-sience among the activists,ect,the fators list above(and maybe others as well)lead to the decline of the student movement.The research at this period did not support the view that 1960s generation politics has discontinued,however,it is not support the continue view as well.On the one hand,the student of the later 1970s and 1980s go to university for the purpose of finding a good job ,on the other hand ,some of the former activist endeavor to remain their life style of youth in a long run.Compared with the unactivists ,they have recieved higher education while less income,marriged later and incline to have less children ,they also experss more liberated in religion and politics.The movement also have great effect on the society and culture.It not only make the analysis to Maxism more activity in the United States and make a well base for the movement of momen and gay ,but also in some degree to make the goverment give more intention to the problem of enviroment.The sprit of 1960s ,the rebel concious and the counter-culture spirit ,not only permeate into the daily life of the united stated ,but also become the key transform from the modern to the post-modern.And perhaps ,it is a culture revolution which followed political and economical revolution as well.
引文
1和平,王军主编.世界青年运动史论[M]中央编译出版社,序言,2008
2 Bolinder,Calvin Holter,A theoretical analysis of student protest in modern America(1960-1972),[D] Wisconsin :The University of Wisconsin,1973:18-19
3 Whalen, John James.Echoes of rebellion:The liberated generation grows up [D] .Santa Babara: University of California Santa Babara,1984:4
4Tuner,Jeffrey Alan,Conscience and Conflict:Patterns in the history of student activism on southern college campus,1960-1970 [D]Louisiana: University of Tulane,2000:2
5对于‘伯克利派研究’的名单,见Julian Foster,''student protest:what is know, what is said.'',in Protest student activism in American,ed Julian Forser and Durward Long(New York:William Morrow &co1970):27-58
6 Tuner,Jeffrey Alan,Conscience and Conflict:Patterns in the history of student activism on southern college campus,1960-1970 [D]. Louisiana:University of Tulane,2000:2
7 Tuner,Jeffrey Alan,Conscience and Conflict:Patterns in the history of student activism on southern college campus,1960-1970[D] .Louisiana:University of Tulane,2000:3
8 Tuner,Jeffrey Alan,Conscience and Conflict:Patterns in the history of student activism on southern college campus,1960-1970 [D] .Louisiana:University of Tulane,2000:4-5
9 Tuner,Jeffrey Alan,Conscience and Conflict:Patterns in the history of student activism on southern college campus,1960-1970 [D] .Louisiana:University of Tulane,2000:7
10 Tuner,Jeffrey Alan,Conscience and Conflict:Patterns in the history of student activism on southern college campus,1960-1970 [D]. Louisiana:University of Tulane,2000:19
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12 Richard G. Braungart,Parental Identification and Student Politics [J] .Sociology of Education, 1971.44 ( 4 ):463-473
13 Kenneth Keniston and Michael Lerner,Campus Characteristics and Campus Unrest[J] .Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1971,395: 49
14 Kenneth Keniston and Michael Lerner,Campus Characteristics and Campus Unrest[J] .Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1971,395: 52-53
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16布鲁姆.美国的历程,下册,第二分册[M]北京:商务印书馆,1995: 614-615
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22 James Prtick Biddix ,The power of“estudentprotest”: a study of electronically-enhanced sudent activisim [D]. St. Louis: University of Missouri– St. Louis, 2005 :39
23 James Prtick Biddix ,The power of“estudentprotest”: a study of electronically-enhanced sudent activisim [D]. St. Louis: University of Missouri– St. Louis, 2005 :102
24 James Prtick Biddix ,The power of“estudentprotest”: a study of electronically-enhanced sudent activisim [D] .St. Louis: University of Missouri– St. Louis, 2005 :39
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28 James Prtick Biddix ,The power of“estudentprotest”: a study of electronically-enhanced sudent activisim [D]. St. Louis: University of Missouri– St. Louis, 2005 :50
29 Philip G. Altbach,From Revolution to Apathy: American Student Activism in the 1970s,[J].Higher Education, 1979,8(6):612
30 James Prtick Biddix ,The power of“estudentprotest”: a study of electronically-enhanced sudent activisim [D] .St. Louis: University of Missouri– St. Louis, 2005 :53
31 Philip G. Altbach,From Revolution to Apathy: American Student Activism in the 1970s,[J].Higher Education, 1979,8(6):613
32 James Prtick Biddix ,The power of“estudentprotest”: a study of electronically-enhanced sudent activisim [D] .St. Louis: University of Missouri– St. Louis, 2005 :53
33 Philip G. Altbach,From Revolution to Apathy: American Student Activism in the 1970s [J]. Higher Education, 1979,8(6):613
34 Philip G. Altbach,From Revolution to Apathy: American Student Activism in the 1970s [J]. Higher Education, 1979,8(6):613
35 Philip G. Altbach,From Revolution to Apathy: American Student Activism in the 1970s [J]. Higher Education, 1979,8(6):613-614
36 Philip G. Altbach,From Revolution to Apathy: American Student Activism in the 1970s [J]. Higher Education, 1979,8(6):611
37 Philip G. Altbach and Patti Peterson,Before Berkeley: Historical Perspectives on American Student Activism [J].Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1971, 395: 13
38 Philip G. Altbach and Patti Peterson,Before Berkeley: Historical Perspectives on American Student Activism [J].Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1971, 395: 14
39 Philip G. Altbach,From Revolution to Apathy: American Student Activism in the 1970s [J]. Higher Education, 1979,8(6):610
40 Philip G. Altbach,From Revolution to Apathy: American Student Activism in the 1970s [J]. Higher Education, 1979,8(6):620
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50 Bolinder,Calvin Holter,A theoretical analysis of student protest in modern America(1960-1972) [D] Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin,1973
51具体的反征兵方法大体上有四种:一,竭力把自己装办成和平主义者;二,逃往国外如加拿大、墨西哥、或者欧洲;三是想法设法弄一份可免兵役的医疗或精神病院证明;四,烧毁征兵卡,不去参加征兵体检,或者干脆不去军队报到。
52 Dean R. Hoge and Donald A. Luidens,Religion and Alienation as Factors in Student Activism[J].Sociological Analysis, 1972,33(4):223
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56 Theodore Rozak,The Making Of Counterculture:Reflections on the Technocratic Society and its Youthful Opposition[D]New York :Doubleday & Company ,1969:56
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61 Andrew Hunt.When Did the Sixties Happen?Searching for New Directions [J] Journal of Social History 1999 , 33(1)
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65指的是以美国人亨利·马丁·罗伯特撰写的《议事规则袖珍手册》(Pocket Manual of Rules of Order)为基础提出的开会规则。该书讨论的是关于开会的规则,该规则内容非常详细,包罗万象,并且处在不断改进之中。其中有专门讲主持会议的主席的规则,有针对会议秘书的规则,当然大量是有关普通与会者的规则,有针对不同意见的提出和表达的规则,有关辩论的规则,还有非常重要的、不同情况下的表决规则。
66 Gerd-Rainer Horn,The Spirit of '68-Rebellion in Western Europe and North America,1956-1976[M].Oxford : Oxford University Press 2008:157
67张友伦,李剑鸣.美国历史上的社会运动和政府改革[M]天津:天津教育出版社,1992, P325
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73 Gerd-Rainer Horn,The Spirit of '68-Rebellion in Western Europe and North America,1956-1976 [M] .Oxford: Oxford University Press 2008:64
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90 Colitrane ,Williames Lee.Higher education and anti-vietnam war demostrations: Comparing occurence and administrative responses [D].Texas: University of Texas Tech,1992:247-248
91 Nella van Dyke.Hot beds of Activism: Locations of Student Protest[J]Social Problems ,1998 , 45(2):209
92 Nella van Dyke.Hot beds of Activism: Locations of Student Protest[J]Social Problems ,1998 , 45(2):205
93 Nella van Dyke.Hot beds of Activism: Locations of Student Protest[J]Social Problems ,1998 , 45(2):208
94 Colitrane ,Williames Lee.Higher education and anti-vietnam war demostrations: Comparing occurence and administrative responses [D] .Texas: University of Texas Tech,1992:231
95 Colitrane ,Williames Lee.Higher education and anti-vietnam war demostrations: Comparing occurence and administrative responses [D] .Texas: University of Texas Tech,1992:231-232
96 Kenneth Keniston and Michael Lerner.Campus Characteristics and Campus Unrest[J].Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1971,395:50
97 Kenneth Keniston and Michael Lerner.Campus Characteristics and Campus Unrest[J].Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1971,395:51--52
98 Dean R. Hoge and Donald A. Luidens.Religion and Alienation as Factors in Student Activism [J]. Sociological Analysis, 1972,33(4):218
99 Dean R. Hoge and Donald A. Luidens.Religion and Alienation as Factors in Student Activism [J]. Sociological Analysis, 1972,33(4):217-229
100吕庆广.60年代美国学生运动[M]南京:江苏人民出版社, 2005:155
101吕庆广.60年代美国学生运动[M]南京:江苏人民出版社,2005:159-161
102 Richard Flacks. Social Bases of Activist Identity: Comment on Braungart Article[J].Political Psychology, 1990, 11(2):284
103 Richard Flacks. Social Bases of Activist Identity: Comment on Braungart Article[J].Political Psychology, 1990,11(2):284
104 Douglas Kirby.A counter-culture Explanation of student activism[J].social problems , 1971 , 19 (2) : 214
105吕庆广.60年代美国学生运动[M]南京:江苏人民出版社, 2005:119
106 Richard Flacks. Social and Cultural Meanings of Student Revolt: Some Informal Comparative Observations [J].Social Problems,1970,17(3):348
107吕庆广.60年代美国学生运动[M]南京:江苏人民出版社, 2005
108 Richard Flacks. Social and Cultural Meanings of Student Revolt: Some Informal Comparative Observations [J].Social Problems,1970,17(3):349
109 Bolinder,Calvin Holter.A theoretical analysis of student protest in modern America(1960-1972) [D] Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin,1973:5
110 Bolinder,Calvin Holter.A theoretical analysis of student protest in modern America(1960-1972)[D].Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin,1973:97
111 Philip G. Altbach.Students and Politics[J].Comparative Education Review,1966,10(2):177
112 Philip G. Altbach.Students and Politics[J].Comparative Education Review,1966,10(2):177
113艾登·琼斯著、贾蔼美等译.美国坎坷的一代———生育高潮后的美国社会[M]北京:社会科学文献出版社, 1989:22。
114艾登·琼斯著、贾蔼美等译:美国坎坷的一代———生育高潮后的美国社会[M]北京:社会科学文献出版社, 1989
116 Bolinder,Calvin Holter.A theoretical analysis of student protest in modern America(1960-1972)[D].Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin,1973:76
117 Bolinder,Calvin Holter.A theoretical analysis of student protest in modern America(1960-1972)[D].Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin,1973:84
118吕庆广.60年代美国学生运动[M]南京:江苏人民出版社, 2005:23
119吕庆广.60年代美国学生运动[M]南京:江苏人民出版社, 2005:42-43。
120丹尼尔·贝尔.资本主义文化矛盾[M]北京:三联书店1989:112
121李雯.美国青年反主流文化运动滥觞的原因[J]青年研究,2002(8):44
122 Gerald M Schaflander.SDS in Newwark,Unpublished paper ,Harvard university ,1966:7//Philip G. Altbach.Students and Politics[J].Comparative Education Review,1966,10(2): 175-187
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124“He who is not radical at twenty does not have a heart , he who still is one at forty that does not have a head”。
125 Bolinder,Calvin Holter.A theoretical analysis of student protest in modern America(1960-1972)[D].Wisconsin:The University of Wisconsin,1973:89
126 Bolinder,Calvin Holter.A theoretical analysis of student protest in modern America(1960-1972)[D].Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin,1973:99-100
127 Bolinder,Calvin Holter.A theoretical analysis of student protest in modern America(1960-1972)[D].Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin,1973:100
128 Richard Flacks. Social Bases of Activist Identity: Comment on Braungart Article[J].Political Psychology, 1990,11(2):286-287
129吴端.对日本青年研究之理论的探讨与借鉴——一个历史与思想文化的视角[J]当代青年研究,2007, 4
130 [罗]F·马赫列尔.青年与青年问题[M]北京:社会科学文献出版社1986:39
131 [罗]F·马赫列尔.青年与青年问题[M]北京:社会科学文献出版社1986:142
132 [罗]F·马赫列尔.青年与青年问题[M]北京:社会科学文献出版社1986:136
133 [罗]F·马赫列尔.青年与青年问题[M]北京:社会科学文献出版社1986:67
134平章起.青年社会学与“中层理论”探索.[J]青年研究,2000,1:39-44
135吕庆广.60年代美国学生运动[M]南京:江苏人民出版社,2005:2-3
136吴小英.代际冲突与青年话语的变迁[J]青年研究,2006, 8:1-8
137平章起.青年社会学与“中层理论”探索.[J]青年研究,2000,1:39-44
138 Philip G. Altbach.From Revolution to Apathy: American Student Activism in the 1970s [J]. Higher Education ,1979,8(6):614
139 Philip G. Altbach.From Revolution to Apathy: American Student Activism in the 1970s [J]. Higher Education ,1979,8(6):621
140 James Prtick Biddix.The power of“estudentprotest”:a study of electronically-enhanced sudent activisim [D].St. Louis: University of Missouri– St. Louis, 2005:68
141 James Prtick Biddix.The power of“estudentprotest”:a study of electronically-enhanced sudent activisim [D].St. Louis: University of Missouri– St. Louis, 2005:69
142 Philip G. Altbach.From Revolution to Apathy: American Student Activism in the 1970s [J]. Higher Education,1979,8(6):623
143 Philip G. Altbach and Robert Cohen.American Student Activism: The Post-Sixties Transformation [J] .The Journal of Higher Education, 1990,61(1):32-49
144 MacDonald, Robert,edited.Youth, the 'underclass' and social exclusion [M]Routledge, c1997. 20
145 MacDonald, Robert,edited.Youth, the 'underclass' and social exclusion[M] Routledge, c1997 .28
146关于学生与工人之间的关系,这两个群体在60年代绝非简单的敌视,而是有着比较复杂的关系。具体参见Levy,Peter Barbin.The new left and labor:A misunderstood relationship [D] Columbia: University of Columbia,1986
147 Bill Martin.Continuity and Discontinuity in the Politics of the Sixties Generation: A Reassessment[J]sociological Forum, 1994,9(3): 403-430
148 Bill Martin.Continuity and Discontinuity in the Politics of the Sixties Generation: A Reassessment[J]sociological Forum, 1994,9(3): 403-430
149 Bill Martin.Continuity and Discontinuity in the Politics of the Sixties Generation: A Reassessment[J] sociological Forum, 1994,9(3): 403-430
150 Bill Martin.Continuity and Discontinuity in the Politics of the Sixties Generation: A Reassessment [J] sociological Forum, 1994,9(3): 403-430
151 Bill Martin.Continuity and Discontinuity in the Politics of the Sixties Generation: A Reassessment [J] sociological Forum, 1994,9(3): 403-430
152 Arthur Levine and Deborah Hirsch.Undergraduates in Transition: A New Wave of Activism on American College Campus[J].Higher Education,1991,22(2):119
153 Arthur Levine and Deborah Hirsch.Undergraduates in Transition: A New Wave of Activism on American College Campus[J].Higher Education,1991,22(2):119-120
154 James Prtick Biddix.The power of“estudentprotest”:a study of electronically-enhanced sudent activisim [D].St. Louis: University of Missouri– St. Louis, 2005:70-71
155 Levine, A., & Wilson, K. Student activism in America: Transformation not decline. [J]. Higher Education, 8, 1979 : 627-640.
156 James Prtick Biddix.The power of“estudentprotest”:a study of electronically-enhanced sudent activisim [D].St. Louis: University of Missouri– St. Louis, 2005:73-74
157 Philip G. Altbach.From Revolution to Apathy: American Student Activism in the 1970s[J] . Higher Education, 1979,8(6): P610
158 Philip G. Altbach.From Revolution to Apathy: American Student Activism in the 1970s[J] . Higher Education, 1979,8(6):616-617
159 Philip G. Altbach.From Revolution to Apathy: American Student Activism in the 1970s[J] . Higher Education, 1979,8(6):619-620
160对这些运动的介绍,参见Robert A. Rhoads.Student Protest and Multicultural Reform: Making Sense of Campus Unrest in the 1990s [J]The Journal of Higher Education, 1998, 69 (6): 621-646
161 Robert A. Rhoads.Student Protest and Multicultural Reform: Making Sense of Campus Unrest in the 1990s [J]The Journal of Higher Education, 1998, 69 (6): 624-625
162 Whalen, John James: Echos of rebellion:the liberated generation grows up [D].Santa Babara:University of California Santa Babara ,1984:6-7
163 Whalen, John James: Echos of rebellion:the liberated generation grows up [D].Santa Babara:University of California Santa Babara ,1984:121
164 Whalen, John James: Echos of rebellion:the liberated generation grows up [D].Santa Babara:University of California Santa Babara ,1984:123-124
165 Whalen, John James: Echos of rebellion:the liberated generation grows up [D].Santa Babara:University of California Santa Babara ,1984:136
166 Whalen, John James: Echos of rebellion:the liberated generation grows up [D].Santa Babara:University of California Santa Babara ,1984:137-138
167 Whalen, John James: Echos of rebellion:the liberated generation grows up [D].Santa Babara:University of California Santa Babara ,1984:141-142
169 Whalen, John James: Echos of rebellion:the liberated generation grows up [D].Santa Babara:University of California Santa Babara ,1984:460-461
170 Whalen, John James: Echos of rebellion:the liberated generation grows up [D].Santa Babara:University of California Santa Babara ,1984:461
171 Whalen, John James: Echos of rebellion:the liberated generation grows up [D].Santa Babara:University of California Santa Babara ,1984:462
172关于收入数据的完整统计来自于18个运动积极分子中的17人,以及15个非运动积极分子中的14个。
173在男女之间存在着明显的收入差异,但也不是人们通常所想象的那样。在加州大学圣巴巴拉分校,那些非运动积极分子中,男性的平均收入接近56,000美元,但女性的平均工资只有8,600美元——三分之一的妇女不再被雇佣,而是成为全职主妇。如果我们只是算上有工作的女性的话,那么他们每人的平均收入为21,500美元。在运动积极分子这个团体,男女之间的收入差异状况确截然不同:女性的平均收入往往要比男性高(其中女性为20,800美元,而男性为16,000美元)。
174 Whalen, John James: Echos of rebellion:the liberated generation grows up [D].Santa Babara:University of California Santa Babara ,1984:463
175 Whalen, John James: Echos of rebellion:the liberated generation grows up [D].Santa Babara:University of California Santa Babara ,1984:464-465
176新阶层(new class,亦称educated labor ,or ,new working calss)指的是那些文化资本的控制者(controllers of cultural capital)
177 Darren E. Sherkat and T. Jean Blocker.Explaining the Political and Personal Consequences of Protest [J].Social Forces, 1997,75(3):1058-1059
178 Darren E. Sherkat and T. Jean Blocker.Explaining the Political and Personal Consequences of Protest [J].Social Forces, 1997,75(3):1059
179 Darren E. Sherkat and T. Jean Blocker.Explaining the Political and Personal Consequences of Protest [J].Social Forces, 1997,75(3):1059-1060
180 Darren E. Sherkat and T. Jean Blocker.Explaining the Political and Personal Consequences of Protest [J].Social Forces, 1997,75(3):1061-1062
181 Darren E. Sherkat and T. Jean Blocker.Explaining the Political and Personal Consequences of Protest [J].Social Forces, 1997,75(3):1063-1066
182 Darren E. Sherkat and T. Jean Blocker.Explaining the Political and Personal Consequences of Protest [J].Social Forces, 1997,75(3):1062-1063
183 Richard Flacks.Social Bases of Activist Identity: Comment on Braungart Article[J].Political Psychology, 1990, 11(2):289
184 Bolinder,Calvin Holter.A theoretical analysis of student protest in modern America(1960-1972)[D] Wisconsin: The university of Wisconsin,1973,
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186 Gerd-Rainer Horn.The Spirit of '68-Rebellion in Western Europe and North America,1956- 1976 .[M]Oxford :Oxford University Press ,2008,191
187程巍.中产阶级的孩子们——六十年代与文化领导权[M]北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2006:24
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2 Bolinder,Calvin Holter,A theoretical analysis of student protest in modern America(1960-1972),[D] Wisconsin :The University of Wisconsin,1973:18-19
3 Whalen, John James.Echoes of rebellion:The liberated generation grows up [D] .Santa Babara: University of California Santa Babara,1984:4
4Tuner,Jeffrey Alan,Conscience and Conflict:Patterns in the history of student activism on southern college campus,1960-1970 [D]Louisiana: University of Tulane,2000:2
5对于‘伯克利派研究’的名单,见Julian Foster,''student protest:what is know, what is said.'',in Protest student activism in American,ed Julian Forser and Durward Long(New York:William Morrow &co1970):27-58
6 Tuner,Jeffrey Alan,Conscience and Conflict:Patterns in the history of student activism on southern college campus,1960-1970 [D]. Louisiana:University of Tulane,2000:2
7 Tuner,Jeffrey Alan,Conscience and Conflict:Patterns in the history of student activism on southern college campus,1960-1970[D] .Louisiana:University of Tulane,2000:3
8 Tuner,Jeffrey Alan,Conscience and Conflict:Patterns in the history of student activism on southern college campus,1960-1970 [D] .Louisiana:University of Tulane,2000:4-5
9 Tuner,Jeffrey Alan,Conscience and Conflict:Patterns in the history of student activism on southern college campus,1960-1970 [D] .Louisiana:University of Tulane,2000:7
10 Tuner,Jeffrey Alan,Conscience and Conflict:Patterns in the history of student activism on southern college campus,1960-1970 [D]. Louisiana:University of Tulane,2000:19
11 Tuner,Jeffrey Alan,Conscience and Conflict:Patterns in the history of student activism on southern college campus,1960-1970 [D]. Louisiana:University of Tulane,2000:12
12 Richard G. Braungart,Parental Identification and Student Politics [J] .Sociology of Education, 1971.44 ( 4 ):463-473
13 Kenneth Keniston and Michael Lerner,Campus Characteristics and Campus Unrest[J] .Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1971,395: 49
14 Kenneth Keniston and Michael Lerner,Campus Characteristics and Campus Unrest[J] .Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1971,395: 52-53
15 Dean R. Hoge and Donald A. Luidens,Religion and Alienation as Factors in Student Activism, [J]Sociological Analysis, 1972,33(4):217-218
16布鲁姆.美国的历程,下册,第二分册[M]北京:商务印书馆,1995: 614-615
17Dean R. Hoge and Donald A. Luidens,Religion and Alienation as Factors in Student Activism [J].Sociological Analysis, 1972,33(4):228
18 Arthur Levine and Deborah Hirsch,Undergraduates in Transition: A New Wave of Activism on American College Campus [J]. Higher Education, 1991,22(2): 119
19 Philip G. Altbach,Students and Politics[J].Comparative Education Review, 1966,10(2):180
20 Bolinder,Calvin Holter,A theoretical analysis of student protest in modern America(1960-1972)[D].Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin,1973:20
21 Philip G. Altbach and Patti Peterson,Before Berkeley: Historical Perspectives on American Student Activism [J]. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1971, 395: 1-14
22 James Prtick Biddix ,The power of“estudentprotest”: a study of electronically-enhanced sudent activisim [D]. St. Louis: University of Missouri– St. Louis, 2005 :39
23 James Prtick Biddix ,The power of“estudentprotest”: a study of electronically-enhanced sudent activisim [D]. St. Louis: University of Missouri– St. Louis, 2005 :102
24 James Prtick Biddix ,The power of“estudentprotest”: a study of electronically-enhanced sudent activisim [D] .St. Louis: University of Missouri– St. Louis, 2005 :39
25 Philip G. Altbach and Patti Peterson,Before Berkeley: Historical Perspectives on American Student Activism [J]. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1971, 395: 13
26 Philip G. Altbach,From Revolution to Apathy: American Student Activism in the 1970s,[J].Higher Education, 1979,8(6):611
27 Philip G. Altbach and Patti Peterson,Before Berkeley: Historical Perspectives on American Student Activism [J]. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1971, 395: 13
28 James Prtick Biddix ,The power of“estudentprotest”: a study of electronically-enhanced sudent activisim [D]. St. Louis: University of Missouri– St. Louis, 2005 :50
29 Philip G. Altbach,From Revolution to Apathy: American Student Activism in the 1970s,[J].Higher Education, 1979,8(6):612
30 James Prtick Biddix ,The power of“estudentprotest”: a study of electronically-enhanced sudent activisim [D] .St. Louis: University of Missouri– St. Louis, 2005 :53
31 Philip G. Altbach,From Revolution to Apathy: American Student Activism in the 1970s,[J].Higher Education, 1979,8(6):613
32 James Prtick Biddix ,The power of“estudentprotest”: a study of electronically-enhanced sudent activisim [D] .St. Louis: University of Missouri– St. Louis, 2005 :53
33 Philip G. Altbach,From Revolution to Apathy: American Student Activism in the 1970s [J]. Higher Education, 1979,8(6):613
34 Philip G. Altbach,From Revolution to Apathy: American Student Activism in the 1970s [J]. Higher Education, 1979,8(6):613
35 Philip G. Altbach,From Revolution to Apathy: American Student Activism in the 1970s [J]. Higher Education, 1979,8(6):613-614
36 Philip G. Altbach,From Revolution to Apathy: American Student Activism in the 1970s [J]. Higher Education, 1979,8(6):611
37 Philip G. Altbach and Patti Peterson,Before Berkeley: Historical Perspectives on American Student Activism [J].Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1971, 395: 13
38 Philip G. Altbach and Patti Peterson,Before Berkeley: Historical Perspectives on American Student Activism [J].Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1971, 395: 14
39 Philip G. Altbach,From Revolution to Apathy: American Student Activism in the 1970s [J]. Higher Education, 1979,8(6):610
40 Philip G. Altbach,From Revolution to Apathy: American Student Activism in the 1970s [J]. Higher Education, 1979,8(6):620
41James Prtick Biddix ,The power of“estudentprotest”: a study of electronically-enhanced sudent activisim [D] .St. Louis: University of Missouri– St. Louis, 2005 :80
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43吕庆广.60年代美国学生运动[M]南京:江苏人民出版社,2005:218
44吕庆广.60年代美国学生运动[M]南京:江苏人民出版社,2005:221
45吕庆广.60年代美国学生运动[M]南京:江苏人民出版社, 2005:236
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47吕庆广.60年代美国学生运动[M]南京:江苏人民出版社, 2005:154
48吕庆广.60年代美国学生运动[M]南京:江苏人民出版社, 2005:244
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50 Bolinder,Calvin Holter,A theoretical analysis of student protest in modern America(1960-1972) [D] Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin,1973
51具体的反征兵方法大体上有四种:一,竭力把自己装办成和平主义者;二,逃往国外如加拿大、墨西哥、或者欧洲;三是想法设法弄一份可免兵役的医疗或精神病院证明;四,烧毁征兵卡,不去参加征兵体检,或者干脆不去军队报到。
52 Dean R. Hoge and Donald A. Luidens,Religion and Alienation as Factors in Student Activism[J].Sociological Analysis, 1972,33(4):223
53 Gerd-Rainer Horn,The Spirit of '68-Rebellion in Western Europe and North America,1956-1976 [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2008:153-154
54 Gerd-Rainer Horn,The Spirit of '68-Rebellion in Western Europe and North America,1956-1976[M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2008:154
55吕庆广.60年代美国学生运动[M]南京:江苏人民出版社, 2005:336
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60吕庆广.60年代美国学生运动[M]南京:江苏人民出版社, 2005:139
61 Andrew Hunt.When Did the Sixties Happen?Searching for New Directions [J] Journal of Social History 1999 , 33(1)
62 Gerd-Rainer Horn,The Spirit of '68-Rebellion in Western Europe and North America,1956-1976[M].Oxford: Oxford University Press 2008:195
63 Gerd-Rainer Horn,The Spirit of '68-Rebellion in Western Europe and North America,1956-1976[M].Oxford: Oxford University Press 2008:196
64 Gerd-Rainer Horn,The Spirit of '68-Rebellion in Western Europe and North America,1956-1976[M].Oxford: Oxford University Press 2008:196-197
65指的是以美国人亨利·马丁·罗伯特撰写的《议事规则袖珍手册》(Pocket Manual of Rules of Order)为基础提出的开会规则。该书讨论的是关于开会的规则,该规则内容非常详细,包罗万象,并且处在不断改进之中。其中有专门讲主持会议的主席的规则,有针对会议秘书的规则,当然大量是有关普通与会者的规则,有针对不同意见的提出和表达的规则,有关辩论的规则,还有非常重要的、不同情况下的表决规则。
66 Gerd-Rainer Horn,The Spirit of '68-Rebellion in Western Europe and North America,1956-1976[M].Oxford : Oxford University Press 2008:157
67张友伦,李剑鸣.美国历史上的社会运动和政府改革[M]天津:天津教育出版社,1992, P325
68 James Prtick Biddix. The power of“estudentprotest:”a study of electronically-enhanced sudent activisim [D] .St. Louis: University of Missouri– St. Louis, 2005:40
69 Clarence E. Tygart, Norman Holt, Kenneth Walker,Examining the Weinberg and Walker Typology of Student Activists[J].The American Journal of Sociology,1972,77(5):963
70 Clarence E. Tygart, Norman Holt, Kenneth Walker,Examining the Weinberg and Walker Typology of Student Activists[J].The American Journal of Sociology,1972,77(5):962
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73 Gerd-Rainer Horn,The Spirit of '68-Rebellion in Western Europe and North America,1956-1976 [M] .Oxford: Oxford University Press 2008:64
74 M. D. Pugh, Joseph B. Perry, Jr., Eldon E. Snyder, Elmer Spreitzer.Faculty Support of Student Dissent[J].The Sociological Quarterly,1972,13(4):531
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82 Colitrane ,Williames Lee,Higher education and anti-vietnam war demostrations: Comparing occurence and administrative responses [D].Texas: University of Texas Tech,1992:235-236
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114艾登·琼斯著、贾蔼美等译:美国坎坷的一代———生育高潮后的美国社会[M]北京:社会科学文献出版社, 1989
116 Bolinder,Calvin Holter.A theoretical analysis of student protest in modern America(1960-1972)[D].Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin,1973:76
117 Bolinder,Calvin Holter.A theoretical analysis of student protest in modern America(1960-1972)[D].Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin,1973:84
118吕庆广.60年代美国学生运动[M]南京:江苏人民出版社, 2005:23
119吕庆广.60年代美国学生运动[M]南京:江苏人民出版社, 2005:42-43。
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124“He who is not radical at twenty does not have a heart , he who still is one at forty that does not have a head”。
125 Bolinder,Calvin Holter.A theoretical analysis of student protest in modern America(1960-1972)[D].Wisconsin:The University of Wisconsin,1973:89
126 Bolinder,Calvin Holter.A theoretical analysis of student protest in modern America(1960-1972)[D].Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin,1973:99-100
127 Bolinder,Calvin Holter.A theoretical analysis of student protest in modern America(1960-1972)[D].Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin,1973:100
128 Richard Flacks. Social Bases of Activist Identity: Comment on Braungart Article[J].Political Psychology, 1990,11(2):286-287
129吴端.对日本青年研究之理论的探讨与借鉴——一个历史与思想文化的视角[J]当代青年研究,2007, 4
130 [罗]F·马赫列尔.青年与青年问题[M]北京:社会科学文献出版社1986:39
131 [罗]F·马赫列尔.青年与青年问题[M]北京:社会科学文献出版社1986:142
132 [罗]F·马赫列尔.青年与青年问题[M]北京:社会科学文献出版社1986:136
133 [罗]F·马赫列尔.青年与青年问题[M]北京:社会科学文献出版社1986:67
134平章起.青年社会学与“中层理论”探索.[J]青年研究,2000,1:39-44
135吕庆广.60年代美国学生运动[M]南京:江苏人民出版社,2005:2-3
136吴小英.代际冲突与青年话语的变迁[J]青年研究,2006, 8:1-8
137平章起.青年社会学与“中层理论”探索.[J]青年研究,2000,1:39-44
138 Philip G. Altbach.From Revolution to Apathy: American Student Activism in the 1970s [J]. Higher Education ,1979,8(6):614
139 Philip G. Altbach.From Revolution to Apathy: American Student Activism in the 1970s [J]. Higher Education ,1979,8(6):621
140 James Prtick Biddix.The power of“estudentprotest”:a study of electronically-enhanced sudent activisim [D].St. Louis: University of Missouri– St. Louis, 2005:68
141 James Prtick Biddix.The power of“estudentprotest”:a study of electronically-enhanced sudent activisim [D].St. Louis: University of Missouri– St. Louis, 2005:69
142 Philip G. Altbach.From Revolution to Apathy: American Student Activism in the 1970s [J]. Higher Education,1979,8(6):623
143 Philip G. Altbach and Robert Cohen.American Student Activism: The Post-Sixties Transformation [J] .The Journal of Higher Education, 1990,61(1):32-49
144 MacDonald, Robert,edited.Youth, the 'underclass' and social exclusion [M]Routledge, c1997. 20
145 MacDonald, Robert,edited.Youth, the 'underclass' and social exclusion[M] Routledge, c1997 .28
146关于学生与工人之间的关系,这两个群体在60年代绝非简单的敌视,而是有着比较复杂的关系。具体参见Levy,Peter Barbin.The new left and labor:A misunderstood relationship [D] Columbia: University of Columbia,1986
147 Bill Martin.Continuity and Discontinuity in the Politics of the Sixties Generation: A Reassessment[J]sociological Forum, 1994,9(3): 403-430
148 Bill Martin.Continuity and Discontinuity in the Politics of the Sixties Generation: A Reassessment[J]sociological Forum, 1994,9(3): 403-430
149 Bill Martin.Continuity and Discontinuity in the Politics of the Sixties Generation: A Reassessment[J] sociological Forum, 1994,9(3): 403-430
150 Bill Martin.Continuity and Discontinuity in the Politics of the Sixties Generation: A Reassessment [J] sociological Forum, 1994,9(3): 403-430
151 Bill Martin.Continuity and Discontinuity in the Politics of the Sixties Generation: A Reassessment [J] sociological Forum, 1994,9(3): 403-430
152 Arthur Levine and Deborah Hirsch.Undergraduates in Transition: A New Wave of Activism on American College Campus[J].Higher Education,1991,22(2):119
153 Arthur Levine and Deborah Hirsch.Undergraduates in Transition: A New Wave of Activism on American College Campus[J].Higher Education,1991,22(2):119-120
154 James Prtick Biddix.The power of“estudentprotest”:a study of electronically-enhanced sudent activisim [D].St. Louis: University of Missouri– St. Louis, 2005:70-71
155 Levine, A., & Wilson, K. Student activism in America: Transformation not decline. [J]. Higher Education, 8, 1979 : 627-640.
156 James Prtick Biddix.The power of“estudentprotest”:a study of electronically-enhanced sudent activisim [D].St. Louis: University of Missouri– St. Louis, 2005:73-74
157 Philip G. Altbach.From Revolution to Apathy: American Student Activism in the 1970s[J] . Higher Education, 1979,8(6): P610
158 Philip G. Altbach.From Revolution to Apathy: American Student Activism in the 1970s[J] . Higher Education, 1979,8(6):616-617
159 Philip G. Altbach.From Revolution to Apathy: American Student Activism in the 1970s[J] . Higher Education, 1979,8(6):619-620
160对这些运动的介绍,参见Robert A. Rhoads.Student Protest and Multicultural Reform: Making Sense of Campus Unrest in the 1990s [J]The Journal of Higher Education, 1998, 69 (6): 621-646
161 Robert A. Rhoads.Student Protest and Multicultural Reform: Making Sense of Campus Unrest in the 1990s [J]The Journal of Higher Education, 1998, 69 (6): 624-625
162 Whalen, John James: Echos of rebellion:the liberated generation grows up [D].Santa Babara:University of California Santa Babara ,1984:6-7
163 Whalen, John James: Echos of rebellion:the liberated generation grows up [D].Santa Babara:University of California Santa Babara ,1984:121
164 Whalen, John James: Echos of rebellion:the liberated generation grows up [D].Santa Babara:University of California Santa Babara ,1984:123-124
165 Whalen, John James: Echos of rebellion:the liberated generation grows up [D].Santa Babara:University of California Santa Babara ,1984:136
166 Whalen, John James: Echos of rebellion:the liberated generation grows up [D].Santa Babara:University of California Santa Babara ,1984:137-138
167 Whalen, John James: Echos of rebellion:the liberated generation grows up [D].Santa Babara:University of California Santa Babara ,1984:141-142
169 Whalen, John James: Echos of rebellion:the liberated generation grows up [D].Santa Babara:University of California Santa Babara ,1984:460-461
170 Whalen, John James: Echos of rebellion:the liberated generation grows up [D].Santa Babara:University of California Santa Babara ,1984:461
171 Whalen, John James: Echos of rebellion:the liberated generation grows up [D].Santa Babara:University of California Santa Babara ,1984:462
172关于收入数据的完整统计来自于18个运动积极分子中的17人,以及15个非运动积极分子中的14个。
173在男女之间存在着明显的收入差异,但也不是人们通常所想象的那样。在加州大学圣巴巴拉分校,那些非运动积极分子中,男性的平均收入接近56,000美元,但女性的平均工资只有8,600美元——三分之一的妇女不再被雇佣,而是成为全职主妇。如果我们只是算上有工作的女性的话,那么他们每人的平均收入为21,500美元。在运动积极分子这个团体,男女之间的收入差异状况确截然不同:女性的平均收入往往要比男性高(其中女性为20,800美元,而男性为16,000美元)。
174 Whalen, John James: Echos of rebellion:the liberated generation grows up [D].Santa Babara:University of California Santa Babara ,1984:463
175 Whalen, John James: Echos of rebellion:the liberated generation grows up [D].Santa Babara:University of California Santa Babara ,1984:464-465
176新阶层(new class,亦称educated labor ,or ,new working calss)指的是那些文化资本的控制者(controllers of cultural capital)
177 Darren E. Sherkat and T. Jean Blocker.Explaining the Political and Personal Consequences of Protest [J].Social Forces, 1997,75(3):1058-1059
178 Darren E. Sherkat and T. Jean Blocker.Explaining the Political and Personal Consequences of Protest [J].Social Forces, 1997,75(3):1059
179 Darren E. Sherkat and T. Jean Blocker.Explaining the Political and Personal Consequences of Protest [J].Social Forces, 1997,75(3):1059-1060
180 Darren E. Sherkat and T. Jean Blocker.Explaining the Political and Personal Consequences of Protest [J].Social Forces, 1997,75(3):1061-1062
181 Darren E. Sherkat and T. Jean Blocker.Explaining the Political and Personal Consequences of Protest [J].Social Forces, 1997,75(3):1063-1066
182 Darren E. Sherkat and T. Jean Blocker.Explaining the Political and Personal Consequences of Protest [J].Social Forces, 1997,75(3):1062-1063
183 Richard Flacks.Social Bases of Activist Identity: Comment on Braungart Article[J].Political Psychology, 1990, 11(2):289
184 Bolinder,Calvin Holter.A theoretical analysis of student protest in modern America(1960-1972)[D] Wisconsin: The university of Wisconsin,1973,
185 Philip G. Altbach.From Revolution to Apathy: American Student Activism in the 1970s [J]. Higher Education, 1979,8,(6):618
186 Gerd-Rainer Horn.The Spirit of '68-Rebellion in Western Europe and North America,1956- 1976 .[M]Oxford :Oxford University Press ,2008,191
187程巍.中产阶级的孩子们——六十年代与文化领导权[M]北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2006:24
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