防护工程内水循环利用技术研究
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摘要
论文就防护工程内水循环技术进行了研究和探讨。防护工程为我国战时地下军事指挥部,需从多方面进行保障,给水保障是其中的基本保障之一。为了提高战时的生存能力,在有限的贮水条件下提高防护工程内水的循环利用程度是十分必要的。鉴于近年来世界各国军事实力的不断加强,增强我国国防实力已是大势所趋。给水是指挥防护工程内部保障的重要内容,人员生活、洗消、柴油发电机、空调机组等都离不开给水保障,世界各国均重视防护工程内给水保障系统的建设,重视防护工程内水循环的技术研究和水的循环利用。
目前,我国防护工程内已建内部水库容积有限,不能满足防护工程内用水量不断增长的要求。而且已建水处理设施已经运行多年,加上水处理技术和工艺的落后性,造成防护工程内用水水质较差,难以保证防护区内工作人员和战士的健康,影响防护区的防护工作。
随着世界范围内环保意识、能源再生利用意识的不断增强,各国均已投入了大量的研究工作。水的处理和循环利用也是其中的一个方面,发达国家的水处理循环技术发展迅速,很多水处理循环设施和工程均已投入使用,将污废水进行处理后再进行回用,达到了环境保护和水的资源化利用,而我国在这方面发展较为缓慢。根据防护工程内水循环技术的要求,通过分析防护区内现有生活污水水质状况,以确定一套合理的、高效的处理工艺。
针对该工程的各项要求,考虑防护工程这一特殊的用水环境和其自身的特殊性。根据防护工程内生活用水的要求,将生活污水进行处理,处理出水将用于冲厕、洗消和机械冷却用水,所以必须确保出水水质达到《城市杂用水卫生标准》后,50%直接用于卫生间冲洗用水；其余50%再进行二级深度处理,使其达到《饮用水卫生标准》和《战时饮用水卫生标准》的要求。研究提出了三个方案：电絮凝超声膜处理工艺、氧化砂滤方案、氧化膜滤方案,论文对三个工艺的各项性能进行综合对比,最终确定了电絮凝超声膜处理工艺作为防护工程内生活污水的再生与回用。该工艺采用纯物化处理工艺替代常规的生物处理工艺,具有快速启动,可间断运行,不需提前培养微生物的特点；采用电絮凝替代常规混凝,不需提前配制混凝剂,只需操作电源即可准确、快速完成混凝过程；采用超滤膜,过滤精度远高于常规的过滤方式,并采用间歇式超声波清洗膜污染,不需反冲,可保证膜的长期稳定运行；对整个处理工程实现了全自动化控制,同时兼有手动操作,确保了处理的正常、稳定运行。
为检验所选工艺的可行性、合理性,还对该工艺中电絮凝、超滤膜、活性炭、紫外消毒处理单元进行了室内模拟实验,同时还对膜污染的消除进行叙述和实验。实验表明：电絮凝、滤膜、活性炭处理单元对污水中COD的去除率分别达到了50-60%、75%、60-75%,紫外消毒对污水中细菌的杀灭率达到了99%以上。整个工艺的模拟实验结果表明：通过电絮凝超声膜处理工艺对生活污水进行处理,一级和二级出水均达到了用水水质的要求。其中浊度、BOD5、大肠菌群的去除率分别达到了98%、89.8%和99%以上。从经济方面分析,经测算,吨水处理费用大约为1.35元/m3。
In this paper, some research and discussion were made for the water recycling technology within the protection engineering. The protection engineering is underground military headquarters in wartime, it need to be multi-dimensional protection, water protection system is one of the basic guarantees of the protection engineering. In order to improve the Water storage capacity of the protection engineering in wartime. Under the limited conditions, it is necessary to improve the degree of water recycling of the protection engineering.
In view of military strength in recent years, countries around the world continued to strengthen and enhance China's national defense strength is the general trend. Water is an important part of protection engineering internal security, personnel life, decontamination, diesel generators, air-conditioning unit and so can not do without water security, the world value the protection works in the construction of water supply security system, and attach importance to the water cycle technology research and water recycling of protection engineering.
At present, within the China's protection works have been built, the reservoir capacity is limited, can not meet the growing water demands in the protection engineering. And we have built water treatment facility has been operating for many years, coupled with water treatment technologies and processes backwardness, resulting in poor quality of water within the protection works, it is difficult to ensure protection district healthy of staff and soldiers, affecting protection zone of the protection work.
With worldwide awareness of environmental protection, energy, recycling awareness growing, countries have invested a great deal of research work. Water treatment and recycling is also one of the aspects of water recycling technology and energy recycling. with the Water treatment and recycling technology developed rapidly, a lot of water recycling facilities and projects have been put into use, the sewage wastewater treatment and then to reuse, to achieve environmental protection and utilization of water resources, and our development is relatively slow in this regard. within the protection engineering, in accordance with the requirements of water recycling technology, through analysis of existing sewage water quality, in order to determine a reasonable and efficient treatment process.
All the requirements for the project, given the protection works of this particular water environment and its own features. In accordance with the requirements of domestic water, treated effluent will be used for flushing, decontamination and mechanical cooling water, it is necessary to ensure that the effluent quality to achieve "urban miscellaneous water sanitary standards", the 50% directly for toilet flushing water; the remaining 50% will be for advanced treatment, to reach the "drinking water health standards" and "wartime drinking water health standards" requirements. Study made three programs:Electro-coagulation ultrasonic membrane treatment process, oxidation sand filter program, oxidation and filtration programs, papers has done a comparison of the three program in an integrated manner. Finally, determined the Electro-coagulation ultrasonic membrane treatment process as the program for wastewater recycling and reuse. The process uses a pure physical-chemical treatment process alternative to conventional biological treatment processes, with a quick start, can be interrupted to run, and without having to train microorganisms in advance; using Electro-coagulation replace conventional coagulation, without advance preparation of coagulant, simply operate the coagulation process can be accurately and quickly completed by the power; using of ultra-filtration membrane, filtration accuracy is much higher than conventional filter methods, using intermittent ultrasonic cleaning membrane fouling, without recoil can ensure the film's long-term stable operation; for the entire treatment project achieved a fully automated control, with both manual operation to ensure that the processing normally and stably operate.
In order to test the feasibility of the selected technology and rationality, but also in the process of electrolytic flocculation, ultra-filtration membrane, activated carbon, ultraviolet disinfection unit of the indoor simulation experiments, and described some reasons for membrane fouling and how to eliminate membrane fouling. Experimental results show that:Electro flocculation, membranes, activated carbon processing units can remove the wastewater COD effectively, respectively 50-60%,75%,60-75%, UV disinfection of sewage bacteria kill rate of 99%. The whole process simulation results show that:The Electro-coagulation ultrasonic membrane treatment technology on wastewater processing, primary and secondary effluent water quality have reached the requirements. Turbidity, BOD5, and coliforms removal rate respectively 98%, 89.8% and 99%. From an economic analysis, by calculation, tons of water treatment cost of around 1.35 yuan/m3.
目前,我国防护工程内已建内部水库容积有限,不能满足防护工程内用水量不断增长的要求。而且已建水处理设施已经运行多年,加上水处理技术和工艺的落后性,造成防护工程内用水水质较差,难以保证防护区内工作人员和战士的健康,影响防护区的防护工作。
随着世界范围内环保意识、能源再生利用意识的不断增强,各国均已投入了大量的研究工作。水的处理和循环利用也是其中的一个方面,发达国家的水处理循环技术发展迅速,很多水处理循环设施和工程均已投入使用,将污废水进行处理后再进行回用,达到了环境保护和水的资源化利用,而我国在这方面发展较为缓慢。根据防护工程内水循环技术的要求,通过分析防护区内现有生活污水水质状况,以确定一套合理的、高效的处理工艺。
针对该工程的各项要求,考虑防护工程这一特殊的用水环境和其自身的特殊性。根据防护工程内生活用水的要求,将生活污水进行处理,处理出水将用于冲厕、洗消和机械冷却用水,所以必须确保出水水质达到《城市杂用水卫生标准》后,50%直接用于卫生间冲洗用水；其余50%再进行二级深度处理,使其达到《饮用水卫生标准》和《战时饮用水卫生标准》的要求。研究提出了三个方案：电絮凝超声膜处理工艺、氧化砂滤方案、氧化膜滤方案,论文对三个工艺的各项性能进行综合对比,最终确定了电絮凝超声膜处理工艺作为防护工程内生活污水的再生与回用。该工艺采用纯物化处理工艺替代常规的生物处理工艺,具有快速启动,可间断运行,不需提前培养微生物的特点；采用电絮凝替代常规混凝,不需提前配制混凝剂,只需操作电源即可准确、快速完成混凝过程；采用超滤膜,过滤精度远高于常规的过滤方式,并采用间歇式超声波清洗膜污染,不需反冲,可保证膜的长期稳定运行；对整个处理工程实现了全自动化控制,同时兼有手动操作,确保了处理的正常、稳定运行。
为检验所选工艺的可行性、合理性,还对该工艺中电絮凝、超滤膜、活性炭、紫外消毒处理单元进行了室内模拟实验,同时还对膜污染的消除进行叙述和实验。实验表明：电絮凝、滤膜、活性炭处理单元对污水中COD的去除率分别达到了50-60%、75%、60-75%,紫外消毒对污水中细菌的杀灭率达到了99%以上。整个工艺的模拟实验结果表明：通过电絮凝超声膜处理工艺对生活污水进行处理,一级和二级出水均达到了用水水质的要求。其中浊度、BOD5、大肠菌群的去除率分别达到了98%、89.8%和99%以上。从经济方面分析,经测算,吨水处理费用大约为1.35元/m3。
In this paper, some research and discussion were made for the water recycling technology within the protection engineering. The protection engineering is underground military headquarters in wartime, it need to be multi-dimensional protection, water protection system is one of the basic guarantees of the protection engineering. In order to improve the Water storage capacity of the protection engineering in wartime. Under the limited conditions, it is necessary to improve the degree of water recycling of the protection engineering.
In view of military strength in recent years, countries around the world continued to strengthen and enhance China's national defense strength is the general trend. Water is an important part of protection engineering internal security, personnel life, decontamination, diesel generators, air-conditioning unit and so can not do without water security, the world value the protection works in the construction of water supply security system, and attach importance to the water cycle technology research and water recycling of protection engineering.
At present, within the China's protection works have been built, the reservoir capacity is limited, can not meet the growing water demands in the protection engineering. And we have built water treatment facility has been operating for many years, coupled with water treatment technologies and processes backwardness, resulting in poor quality of water within the protection works, it is difficult to ensure protection district healthy of staff and soldiers, affecting protection zone of the protection work.
With worldwide awareness of environmental protection, energy, recycling awareness growing, countries have invested a great deal of research work. Water treatment and recycling is also one of the aspects of water recycling technology and energy recycling. with the Water treatment and recycling technology developed rapidly, a lot of water recycling facilities and projects have been put into use, the sewage wastewater treatment and then to reuse, to achieve environmental protection and utilization of water resources, and our development is relatively slow in this regard. within the protection engineering, in accordance with the requirements of water recycling technology, through analysis of existing sewage water quality, in order to determine a reasonable and efficient treatment process.
All the requirements for the project, given the protection works of this particular water environment and its own features. In accordance with the requirements of domestic water, treated effluent will be used for flushing, decontamination and mechanical cooling water, it is necessary to ensure that the effluent quality to achieve "urban miscellaneous water sanitary standards", the 50% directly for toilet flushing water; the remaining 50% will be for advanced treatment, to reach the "drinking water health standards" and "wartime drinking water health standards" requirements. Study made three programs:Electro-coagulation ultrasonic membrane treatment process, oxidation sand filter program, oxidation and filtration programs, papers has done a comparison of the three program in an integrated manner. Finally, determined the Electro-coagulation ultrasonic membrane treatment process as the program for wastewater recycling and reuse. The process uses a pure physical-chemical treatment process alternative to conventional biological treatment processes, with a quick start, can be interrupted to run, and without having to train microorganisms in advance; using Electro-coagulation replace conventional coagulation, without advance preparation of coagulant, simply operate the coagulation process can be accurately and quickly completed by the power; using of ultra-filtration membrane, filtration accuracy is much higher than conventional filter methods, using intermittent ultrasonic cleaning membrane fouling, without recoil can ensure the film's long-term stable operation; for the entire treatment project achieved a fully automated control, with both manual operation to ensure that the processing normally and stably operate.
In order to test the feasibility of the selected technology and rationality, but also in the process of electrolytic flocculation, ultra-filtration membrane, activated carbon, ultraviolet disinfection unit of the indoor simulation experiments, and described some reasons for membrane fouling and how to eliminate membrane fouling. Experimental results show that:Electro flocculation, membranes, activated carbon processing units can remove the wastewater COD effectively, respectively 50-60%,75%,60-75%, UV disinfection of sewage bacteria kill rate of 99%. The whole process simulation results show that:The Electro-coagulation ultrasonic membrane treatment technology on wastewater processing, primary and secondary effluent water quality have reached the requirements. Turbidity, BOD5, and coliforms removal rate respectively 98%, 89.8% and 99%. From an economic analysis, by calculation, tons of water treatment cost of around 1.35 yuan/m3.
引文
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[2]牟冠文,李光浩.污水深度处理方法及其应用.中国环保产业.2006.3.
[3]李春光.污水再生利用水质标准和处理工艺探讨.中国给水排水.2009,3：5-8.
[4]污水深度处理工艺技术的应用.石油化工安全环保技术.2008,24(2)：6-8.
[5]生活污水深度处理技术应用.能源环境保护.2009,23(3)：36-37.
[6]姜新春.中水回用于电厂循环冷却水的深度处理技术研究.东华大学硕士学位论文.
[7]刘勇.二级出水经深度处理回用于电厂循环冷却水的应用研究.华北电力大学硕士学位论文.
[8]冯玉杰,李晓岩,尤宏等.电化学技术在环境工程中的应用.北京：化学工业出版社,2002.94-106.
[9]谢光炎等.废水净化的电化学方法进展.给水排水.1998,24(1)：64-68.
[10]VikEilenA.,Carlson Dale A.,Eikum Arilds.,etal.Electrocoagulation of PotableWater.Wat.Rs.1984,18(11):1355-1360.
[11]史建福,陈荣修.活性染料染色模拟液的电化学混凝研究.四川环境.1991,10(2)：19-28.
[12]杨岳平,宋爽。电絮凝法处理毛纺染色废水.环境保护,2000,(8)：19-20.
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