内蒙古草甸草原放牧退化演替研究
|
摘要
本研究于2005年~2008年在锡林浩特市西乌旗进行。以羊草草甸草原为研究对象,在自由放牧方式下家庭牧场的草地特征和土壤理化性质变化进行了研究。主要的研究结果如下:
1.应用草地植被采食率确定了不同放牧强度的含义。
2.放牧强度和气候对草地净初级生产力都有较大的影响。枯落物在各放牧强度间变化显著:CK>LG>MG>HG。放牧使草地植物发生了小型化现象。适当的放牧(LG,MG)可显著增加草地的植物种数;植物生殖枝的产生受降水和放牧强度双重作用的影响,并未表现出较强的的规律。
3.植物功能群中禾草植物功能群的生态作用较大,各功能群在CK、和MG的草地表现出较好的气候稳定性。各主要植物的重要值在不同放牧强度下值不同,并在年度间保持较强的一致性,使得不同放牧强度下的草地处于不同演替阶段。
4.随着放牧强度的增加表层土壤容重和紧实度也随之增大,年度间没有累积效果。土壤含水量随着放牧强度的增加有降低的趋势,其含量变化并不主要受大气降水的影响。随放牧强度的增加砂粒含量增加,粉粒含量降低,尤其HG变化明显,粘粒变化不显著:随土壤深度的增加砂粒含量增加,粉粒含量降低,粘粒含量变化不明显。
5.土壤有机质随着土壤深度的增加显著减少。在LG下最高,MG、HG依次降低。放牧使表层土壤中全氮含量显著增加,放牧放牧降低了土壤全磷的含量。放牧有助于土壤全钾的积累,但放牧强度的变化对土壤全钾的积累作用不明显。放牧显著增加了土壤表层速效氮的含量。HG显著增加了土壤表面速效磷的含量,而且在放牧条件下土壤下层的速效磷的输出显著增加。随放牧强度的增加,土壤速K的含量增加。
The trial was conducted in meadow steppe in Inner Mongolian from. 2005a to 2008a. Four grazing degraded stages of control, light, moderate, and heavy grazing were set up in order to understand grassland characteristics and soil physical properties. The results are as follows:
1. The different grazing intensities were classified by utilization factor of vegetation.
2. The grazing intensity and the climate have significant influence on the net primary productivity. The changes of litter under different grazing intensities were obvious, namely CK>LG>MG>HG. Plants became smaller with grazing. LG and MG obviously increased the species number. Plant reproduction was affected by precipitation and grazing intensity and no obvious change regulation with them.
3. Grass functional group plays a significant ecological role in the plant functional groups. The functional groups show better climatic stability under control and moderate grazing. The importance values of the main plants are different and consistency among years, which made grassland in different succession stages under different grazing intensities.
4. Soil bulk density and soil compaction increased with the increase of grazing intensity. Soil moisture content had the tendency of decrease, which had few relevance with rainfall. Sand content decreased with the increase of grazing intensity while silt content increased. No significant change was accrued in clay. Sand content increased with the increase of soil depth, clay content did not change significantly by reducing silt content.
5. Soil organic matter decreased with the increase of grazing intensity. Grazing made the soil total nitrogen increase in soil surface layer. Grazing was benefit to soil total phosphor accumulation, but in different intensities the differences were not obvious. Grazing increased soil available nitrogen accumulation. Soil available phosphor in surface layer increased in HG, and output of phosphor increased obviously in subsoil. Soil available potassium increased with the increase of grazing intensity.
1.应用草地植被采食率确定了不同放牧强度的含义。
2.放牧强度和气候对草地净初级生产力都有较大的影响。枯落物在各放牧强度间变化显著:CK>LG>MG>HG。放牧使草地植物发生了小型化现象。适当的放牧(LG,MG)可显著增加草地的植物种数;植物生殖枝的产生受降水和放牧强度双重作用的影响,并未表现出较强的的规律。
3.植物功能群中禾草植物功能群的生态作用较大,各功能群在CK、和MG的草地表现出较好的气候稳定性。各主要植物的重要值在不同放牧强度下值不同,并在年度间保持较强的一致性,使得不同放牧强度下的草地处于不同演替阶段。
4.随着放牧强度的增加表层土壤容重和紧实度也随之增大,年度间没有累积效果。土壤含水量随着放牧强度的增加有降低的趋势,其含量变化并不主要受大气降水的影响。随放牧强度的增加砂粒含量增加,粉粒含量降低,尤其HG变化明显,粘粒变化不显著:随土壤深度的增加砂粒含量增加,粉粒含量降低,粘粒含量变化不明显。
5.土壤有机质随着土壤深度的增加显著减少。在LG下最高,MG、HG依次降低。放牧使表层土壤中全氮含量显著增加,放牧放牧降低了土壤全磷的含量。放牧有助于土壤全钾的积累,但放牧强度的变化对土壤全钾的积累作用不明显。放牧显著增加了土壤表层速效氮的含量。HG显著增加了土壤表面速效磷的含量,而且在放牧条件下土壤下层的速效磷的输出显著增加。随放牧强度的增加,土壤速K的含量增加。
The trial was conducted in meadow steppe in Inner Mongolian from. 2005a to 2008a. Four grazing degraded stages of control, light, moderate, and heavy grazing were set up in order to understand grassland characteristics and soil physical properties. The results are as follows:
1. The different grazing intensities were classified by utilization factor of vegetation.
2. The grazing intensity and the climate have significant influence on the net primary productivity. The changes of litter under different grazing intensities were obvious, namely CK>LG>MG>HG. Plants became smaller with grazing. LG and MG obviously increased the species number. Plant reproduction was affected by precipitation and grazing intensity and no obvious change regulation with them.
3. Grass functional group plays a significant ecological role in the plant functional groups. The functional groups show better climatic stability under control and moderate grazing. The importance values of the main plants are different and consistency among years, which made grassland in different succession stages under different grazing intensities.
4. Soil bulk density and soil compaction increased with the increase of grazing intensity. Soil moisture content had the tendency of decrease, which had few relevance with rainfall. Sand content decreased with the increase of grazing intensity while silt content increased. No significant change was accrued in clay. Sand content increased with the increase of soil depth, clay content did not change significantly by reducing silt content.
5. Soil organic matter decreased with the increase of grazing intensity. Grazing made the soil total nitrogen increase in soil surface layer. Grazing was benefit to soil total phosphor accumulation, but in different intensities the differences were not obvious. Grazing increased soil available nitrogen accumulation. Soil available phosphor in surface layer increased in HG, and output of phosphor increased obviously in subsoil. Soil available potassium increased with the increase of grazing intensity.
引文
1陈佐忠,汪诗平,王艳芬.中国典型草原生态系统[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.
2孙海群,周禾,王培.草地退化演替研究进展[J].中国草地1999.51～56
3杨智明,王宁,张志强.放牧对草原生态系统的影响—Ⅰ·放牧对草原土壤的影响[J] .宁夏农学院学报2004.25(1) 70～72
4内蒙古农牧学院.草原管理学.第2版[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1999.200～206.
5 Tansely A G. The use and abuse of vegetative concepts and terms [J]. Ecology.1935.16:284～307.
6韩国栋,焦树英等。短花针茅草原不同载畜率对植物多样性和草地生产力的影响[J].生态学报。2007.27(1)1～7
7冯金虎,赵新全.不同放度对高寒草甸草场的影响[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医.1996.6
8李建龙,许鹏.天山北坡蒿属荒漠春秋场封育与放牧演替的研究[J]. 1993.10(5).
9张伟华,关世英.不同牧压强度对草原土壤水分,养分及其地上生物量的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境.2000.14(4)61～64
10万里强,李向林.不同放牧强度对三峡地区灌木草地灌木重要值变化的影响[J].中国草地.2001.23 (1):11～16
11程积民,杜峰.放牧对半干旱地区草地植被影响的研究[J] .草原与牧草.1999.1(6):29
12 Potiv M A,Harrison A T. Regetation and litter change of Nebraska and Sand hill prairie protected form grazing. Jour-mal of range management,1984,37(l):55～58
13郭继勋,祝廷成.羊草草原枯枝落叶积累的研究-自然状态下枯枝落叶的积累及放牧、割草对积累量的影响[J].生态学报. 1994,14(3):255～259
14郭继勋,祝廷成.羊草草原枯枝落叶积累的研究-枯枝落叶积累对草原生态环境及生产力的作用[J].草业科学. 1994,11(6):15～16
15温明章,郭继勋等,东北羊草草原枯草层对植物群落的作用[J].草地学报.1996.4(4)294～300
16 Harris S L White clover growth and morphology in dairy pasture in the Waikato region of northern New Zealand. New Zealand [J] Journal of Agricultural Research.1994,37:487-494.
17李永宏,汪诗平.草原植物对家畜放牧的营养繁殖对策初探[C].草原生态系统研究(第5集).北京:科学出版社,1997.23-31.
18王仁忠.羊草种群能量生殖分配的研究[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(4)591-594.
19王玉辉,何兴元.放牧强度对羊草草原的影响[J] .草地学报.2002.10(1):45～49 .
20 Reategui, K.Persistence of miaced pastures with different pasture management system on clay [J].Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment,l999,72(3):16.
21李永宏,汪诗平.放牧对草原植物的影响[J].中国草地,1999,7(3):11.
22赵宝山,王健.草场不同程度的利用对植被的影响[J]。内蒙古草业,2000.(4):21
23 Kainer k A, Duryea M L, Costa de Macedo N ,et al. Brazil nut seedling establishment and autecology in extractive reserves of Acre,Brazil. Ecol.Appl.,1998,8(2):397-410
24 Winter S R, Unger PW. Irrigated wheat grazing and tillage effectson subsequent dry land grain sorghum production. Agron.J., 2001,93(3):504～510.
25 Seitlheko EM, AllenBL, Wester DB. Effect of three grazing inten sitieson selected soil propertiesin semi-arid west Texas. Afri.J. Rang. Forag.Sci.,1993,10(2):82～85.
26 Greenwood PB ,Mcnamara R M.An analysis of the physical condition of two intensively grazed Southland soils.Proceedings of the New Zealand Association.1992,54:71～75 .
27张伟华,关世英,李跃进.不同牧压强度对草原土壤水分、养分及其地上生物量的影响[J]。干旱区资源与环境。2002.14(4)61～64
28 Li J L, Xu P, Meng L, et al . Study on Effect of different rotation graing intensity on soil , plant and livestock in autumn pasture of Artemisia desert in low hill area of northern slop of Tianshan mountain.Acta P ratacul Sin . 1990.2(2):60～65.
29 Hou F J, Ren J Z.Evaluation on trampling of grazed Gansu wapiti (cervuselap hus kansuensis Pocock) and its effects on soil propery in winter grazing land .Acta Ecol. Sin.,2003,23(3):486～495
30 Guan S Y ,Chang J B ,Jia S H ,et al. The properties of soil and itschange regularities degradeted succession of dark chestnut in Leymus chinesis Steppe. Grass Chin,1997,(3):39～43.
31 Song BY.Effects of Several Grand factors on evapotranspiration from the steppe communities .Acta Phytaecol Sin .,1996,20(6):485～493.
32周丽艳,王明玖,韩国栋.不同强度放牧对贝加尔阵茅草原群落和土壤理化性质的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境。2005.19(7)182～187
33贾树海,王春枝.放牧强度和时期对内蒙古草原土壤压实效应的研究[J].草地学报.1999.7(3):217～222
34戎郁萍,韩建国等.放牧强度对草地土壤理化性质的影响[J].中国草地.2001.23(4)41-47
35李建龙,徐鹏.天山北坡蒿属荒漠春秋场封育与放牧演替的研究[J].1993.10(5)
36姚爱兴,王培.不同放牧强度下奶牛对多年生黑麦草/白三叶草地土壤特性的影响[J].草地学报.1995.3(3):95-102
37蒋文兰,张英俊,符义坤.绵羊宿营法防除天然草地灌木杂类草研究II.绵羊啃食和践踏对植物与土壤物理性状的影响[J].草业学报,1999,8(增刊):82～89.
38裴海昆.不同放牧强度对土壤养分及质地的影响[J].青海大学学报(自然科学版)2004.22(4)29-31
39何玉惠,赵哈林等.封育对沙质草甸土壤理化性状的影响[J].水土保持学报.220822(2)159-161
40王明君,韩国栋等.草甸草原不同放牧强度对土壤有机碳含量的影响[J].草业科学.2007.24(10)6-10
41红梅,陈友君等.不同放牧强度对土壤含水量及地上生物量的影响[J].内蒙古农业科技2001(土肥专辑)25-26
42张蕴薇,韩建国,李志强,放牧强度对土壤物理性质的影响[J]。草地学报。2002.10(1)74-78
43徐广平.东祁连山不同退化程度高寒草甸植被与土壤养分变化研究[D]。甘肃农业大学。2006.6
44安渊,徐柱等。不同退化梯度草地植物和土壤的差异[J]。中国草地。1994.4
45戎郁萍,韩建国,王培等.放牧强度对草地土壤理化性质的影响[J].中国草地,2001,23(4):41-43.
46白可喻,王培.放牧强度对新麦草人工草地氮素在牧草与土壤中的分配和动态的影响[J].草地学报,1999,7(1):46-53.
47李香真,陈佐忠.不同放牧率对草原植物与土壤C、N、P含量的影响[J].草地学报,1998,6(2):90-98.
48王淑强,胡直友.不同放牧强度对红三叶、黑麦草草地植被和土壤养分的影响[J].自然资源学报,1996,11(3):280-287.
49 M. K. Abbasi, W. A. Adams. Estimation of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in grassland soil associated with urea-N using 15N and nitrification inhibitor. Biol Fertility Soils,2000,31:38-44.
50 Valentina Zeller, Michael Bahn, Meinhard Aichner, Urike Tappeiner. Impact of land-use change on nitrogen mineralization in subalpine grasslands in the Southern Alps. Biol Fertility Soils, 2000,31:441-448.
51 N. Bogaert, J. Salomez, A. Vemoesen et al. Within-field variability of mineral nitrogen in grassland. Biol Fertility Soils,2000,32:186-193.
52姜恕.草地生态研究方法[M].北京:农业出版社,1988,15-215
53郭继勋,孙刚等.松嫩平原羊草草原凋落物层群落学作用的研究[J].植物生态学报2000,24(4) :473-476
54郭继勋,祝廷成.羊草草原枯枝落叶积累的研究-枯枝落叶积累对草原生态环境及生产力的作用[J].草业科学. 1994,11(6):15-16
55孙国钧,张荣,周立.植物功能多样性与功能群研究进展[J].生态学报2003.23(7)1430-1435
56姚爱兴,王培,夏景新,等.不同放牧强度下奶牛对多年生黑麦草/白三叶草地土壤特性的影响[J].草地学报,1995,3(3):181-189.
57贾树海,崔学明等.牧压梯度上土壤理化性质的变化[A].草原生态系统研究(第五集)[C].北京:科学出版社,1995.12-16.
58 Percival H J, Parfitt R L ,Scott N A. Factors controlling soil carbon levels in New Zealand grassland :Is clay content important ? Soil Sci .Soc .Am. J.,2000, 64: 1623-1630.
59 Le Cain D R,Morgan J A, Schuman G E ,et al. Carbon exchange and species composition of grazed pastures and exclosures in the shortgrass steppe of Colorado. Agricultur , Ecosystems &Environment,2002,93:421-435.
60 Tisdale J M, Oades J M.Organic matter and water stable aggregates in soils. [J] .Soil Sci.,1982,33:141-163.
61 Tomanek G W. Dynamics of mulchlayer in grassland ecosystem. In :Dix R L eds .The grassland ecosystem ,a preliminary synthesis. Range Sci. Dep. Series No.2 .Fort Collins : Colorado State Univ, 1969.225-240.
62高英志,韩兴国,汪诗平。放牧对草原土壤的影响[J].生态学报。2004,24(4)790—795。
63 Hoglund J H .Grazing intensity and soil nitrogen accumulation [J].Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 1985,46:65-69.
64刘忠宽,汪诗平,韩建国,陈左忠,王艳芬.家畜排泄物N转化研究进展.生态学报.2004,24(4),775-783.
65戎郁萍,韩建国等.放牧强度对草地土壤理化性质的影响[J].中国草地2001.23(4)41-47
66任继周主编.草地农业生态学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1995.31-42.
67姚爱兴,王培.放牧强度和放牧制度对草地土壤及植被的影响[J].国外畜牧学-草原与牧草,1993,4:1-7.
68韩国栋.荒漠草原放牧系统持续利用研究[D].内蒙古大学,1998.
69 Milchunas D.G,Launeroth W.K.全球环境范围内放牧对植被和土壤的定量影响[J].国外畜牧学-草原与牧草,1995,4:8-14.
70王明玖,李青丰。贝加尔针茅草原围栏封育和自由放牧条件下植物结实数量的研究[J]。中国草地,2001,23(6):21-26
71王仁忠,李建东。放牧对松嫩平原羊草草地影响的研究。草业科学,1992,9(2):11-14.
72王明君不同放牧强度对羊草草甸草原生态系统健康的影响研究[D].内蒙古农业大学.2008.63
73关世英,常金宝,贾树海,等.草原栗钙土退化过程中的土壤性状及其变化规律的研究[J].中国草地,1997,(3):39-43.
74 Braunack M.V, Walker J. Recovery of some surface soil properlies of ecological in terest after sheep grazing in a semiarid [J].Australian Journal of Ecology,1985,10:451-460
75许鹏.草地资源调查规划学[M]北京:中国农业出版社,1999.91-95
76王艳芬,陈佐中,人类活动对锡林郭勒地区主要草原土壤有机碳分布的影响[J].植物生态学报.1998.22(6)
77 Baurer A,Cole C V,Black A L.Soil property comparisons in virgin grasslands between grazed nongrazed management systems [J]. Soil Sci .Soc . Amer . J. ,1987,51(1):176-182.
78 Berg W A, Bradford J A, Smis P L. Long-term soil nitrogen and vegetation change on sandhill rangeland [J] .Journal of Range Management, 1997, 50 (5) :482-486.
2孙海群,周禾,王培.草地退化演替研究进展[J].中国草地1999.51～56
3杨智明,王宁,张志强.放牧对草原生态系统的影响—Ⅰ·放牧对草原土壤的影响[J] .宁夏农学院学报2004.25(1) 70～72
4内蒙古农牧学院.草原管理学.第2版[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1999.200～206.
5 Tansely A G. The use and abuse of vegetative concepts and terms [J]. Ecology.1935.16:284～307.
6韩国栋,焦树英等。短花针茅草原不同载畜率对植物多样性和草地生产力的影响[J].生态学报。2007.27(1)1～7
7冯金虎,赵新全.不同放度对高寒草甸草场的影响[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医.1996.6
8李建龙,许鹏.天山北坡蒿属荒漠春秋场封育与放牧演替的研究[J]. 1993.10(5).
9张伟华,关世英.不同牧压强度对草原土壤水分,养分及其地上生物量的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境.2000.14(4)61～64
10万里强,李向林.不同放牧强度对三峡地区灌木草地灌木重要值变化的影响[J].中国草地.2001.23 (1):11～16
11程积民,杜峰.放牧对半干旱地区草地植被影响的研究[J] .草原与牧草.1999.1(6):29
12 Potiv M A,Harrison A T. Regetation and litter change of Nebraska and Sand hill prairie protected form grazing. Jour-mal of range management,1984,37(l):55～58
13郭继勋,祝廷成.羊草草原枯枝落叶积累的研究-自然状态下枯枝落叶的积累及放牧、割草对积累量的影响[J].生态学报. 1994,14(3):255～259
14郭继勋,祝廷成.羊草草原枯枝落叶积累的研究-枯枝落叶积累对草原生态环境及生产力的作用[J].草业科学. 1994,11(6):15～16
15温明章,郭继勋等,东北羊草草原枯草层对植物群落的作用[J].草地学报.1996.4(4)294～300
16 Harris S L White clover growth and morphology in dairy pasture in the Waikato region of northern New Zealand. New Zealand [J] Journal of Agricultural Research.1994,37:487-494.
17李永宏,汪诗平.草原植物对家畜放牧的营养繁殖对策初探[C].草原生态系统研究(第5集).北京:科学出版社,1997.23-31.
18王仁忠.羊草种群能量生殖分配的研究[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(4)591-594.
19王玉辉,何兴元.放牧强度对羊草草原的影响[J] .草地学报.2002.10(1):45～49 .
20 Reategui, K.Persistence of miaced pastures with different pasture management system on clay [J].Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment,l999,72(3):16.
21李永宏,汪诗平.放牧对草原植物的影响[J].中国草地,1999,7(3):11.
22赵宝山,王健.草场不同程度的利用对植被的影响[J]。内蒙古草业,2000.(4):21
23 Kainer k A, Duryea M L, Costa de Macedo N ,et al. Brazil nut seedling establishment and autecology in extractive reserves of Acre,Brazil. Ecol.Appl.,1998,8(2):397-410
24 Winter S R, Unger PW. Irrigated wheat grazing and tillage effectson subsequent dry land grain sorghum production. Agron.J., 2001,93(3):504～510.
25 Seitlheko EM, AllenBL, Wester DB. Effect of three grazing inten sitieson selected soil propertiesin semi-arid west Texas. Afri.J. Rang. Forag.Sci.,1993,10(2):82～85.
26 Greenwood PB ,Mcnamara R M.An analysis of the physical condition of two intensively grazed Southland soils.Proceedings of the New Zealand Association.1992,54:71～75 .
27张伟华,关世英,李跃进.不同牧压强度对草原土壤水分、养分及其地上生物量的影响[J]。干旱区资源与环境。2002.14(4)61～64
28 Li J L, Xu P, Meng L, et al . Study on Effect of different rotation graing intensity on soil , plant and livestock in autumn pasture of Artemisia desert in low hill area of northern slop of Tianshan mountain.Acta P ratacul Sin . 1990.2(2):60～65.
29 Hou F J, Ren J Z.Evaluation on trampling of grazed Gansu wapiti (cervuselap hus kansuensis Pocock) and its effects on soil propery in winter grazing land .Acta Ecol. Sin.,2003,23(3):486～495
30 Guan S Y ,Chang J B ,Jia S H ,et al. The properties of soil and itschange regularities degradeted succession of dark chestnut in Leymus chinesis Steppe. Grass Chin,1997,(3):39～43.
31 Song BY.Effects of Several Grand factors on evapotranspiration from the steppe communities .Acta Phytaecol Sin .,1996,20(6):485～493.
32周丽艳,王明玖,韩国栋.不同强度放牧对贝加尔阵茅草原群落和土壤理化性质的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境。2005.19(7)182～187
33贾树海,王春枝.放牧强度和时期对内蒙古草原土壤压实效应的研究[J].草地学报.1999.7(3):217～222
34戎郁萍,韩建国等.放牧强度对草地土壤理化性质的影响[J].中国草地.2001.23(4)41-47
35李建龙,徐鹏.天山北坡蒿属荒漠春秋场封育与放牧演替的研究[J].1993.10(5)
36姚爱兴,王培.不同放牧强度下奶牛对多年生黑麦草/白三叶草地土壤特性的影响[J].草地学报.1995.3(3):95-102
37蒋文兰,张英俊,符义坤.绵羊宿营法防除天然草地灌木杂类草研究II.绵羊啃食和践踏对植物与土壤物理性状的影响[J].草业学报,1999,8(增刊):82～89.
38裴海昆.不同放牧强度对土壤养分及质地的影响[J].青海大学学报(自然科学版)2004.22(4)29-31
39何玉惠,赵哈林等.封育对沙质草甸土壤理化性状的影响[J].水土保持学报.220822(2)159-161
40王明君,韩国栋等.草甸草原不同放牧强度对土壤有机碳含量的影响[J].草业科学.2007.24(10)6-10
41红梅,陈友君等.不同放牧强度对土壤含水量及地上生物量的影响[J].内蒙古农业科技2001(土肥专辑)25-26
42张蕴薇,韩建国,李志强,放牧强度对土壤物理性质的影响[J]。草地学报。2002.10(1)74-78
43徐广平.东祁连山不同退化程度高寒草甸植被与土壤养分变化研究[D]。甘肃农业大学。2006.6
44安渊,徐柱等。不同退化梯度草地植物和土壤的差异[J]。中国草地。1994.4
45戎郁萍,韩建国,王培等.放牧强度对草地土壤理化性质的影响[J].中国草地,2001,23(4):41-43.
46白可喻,王培.放牧强度对新麦草人工草地氮素在牧草与土壤中的分配和动态的影响[J].草地学报,1999,7(1):46-53.
47李香真,陈佐忠.不同放牧率对草原植物与土壤C、N、P含量的影响[J].草地学报,1998,6(2):90-98.
48王淑强,胡直友.不同放牧强度对红三叶、黑麦草草地植被和土壤养分的影响[J].自然资源学报,1996,11(3):280-287.
49 M. K. Abbasi, W. A. Adams. Estimation of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in grassland soil associated with urea-N using 15N and nitrification inhibitor. Biol Fertility Soils,2000,31:38-44.
50 Valentina Zeller, Michael Bahn, Meinhard Aichner, Urike Tappeiner. Impact of land-use change on nitrogen mineralization in subalpine grasslands in the Southern Alps. Biol Fertility Soils, 2000,31:441-448.
51 N. Bogaert, J. Salomez, A. Vemoesen et al. Within-field variability of mineral nitrogen in grassland. Biol Fertility Soils,2000,32:186-193.
52姜恕.草地生态研究方法[M].北京:农业出版社,1988,15-215
53郭继勋,孙刚等.松嫩平原羊草草原凋落物层群落学作用的研究[J].植物生态学报2000,24(4) :473-476
54郭继勋,祝廷成.羊草草原枯枝落叶积累的研究-枯枝落叶积累对草原生态环境及生产力的作用[J].草业科学. 1994,11(6):15-16
55孙国钧,张荣,周立.植物功能多样性与功能群研究进展[J].生态学报2003.23(7)1430-1435
56姚爱兴,王培,夏景新,等.不同放牧强度下奶牛对多年生黑麦草/白三叶草地土壤特性的影响[J].草地学报,1995,3(3):181-189.
57贾树海,崔学明等.牧压梯度上土壤理化性质的变化[A].草原生态系统研究(第五集)[C].北京:科学出版社,1995.12-16.
58 Percival H J, Parfitt R L ,Scott N A. Factors controlling soil carbon levels in New Zealand grassland :Is clay content important ? Soil Sci .Soc .Am. J.,2000, 64: 1623-1630.
59 Le Cain D R,Morgan J A, Schuman G E ,et al. Carbon exchange and species composition of grazed pastures and exclosures in the shortgrass steppe of Colorado. Agricultur , Ecosystems &Environment,2002,93:421-435.
60 Tisdale J M, Oades J M.Organic matter and water stable aggregates in soils. [J] .Soil Sci.,1982,33:141-163.
61 Tomanek G W. Dynamics of mulchlayer in grassland ecosystem. In :Dix R L eds .The grassland ecosystem ,a preliminary synthesis. Range Sci. Dep. Series No.2 .Fort Collins : Colorado State Univ, 1969.225-240.
62高英志,韩兴国,汪诗平。放牧对草原土壤的影响[J].生态学报。2004,24(4)790—795。
63 Hoglund J H .Grazing intensity and soil nitrogen accumulation [J].Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 1985,46:65-69.
64刘忠宽,汪诗平,韩建国,陈左忠,王艳芬.家畜排泄物N转化研究进展.生态学报.2004,24(4),775-783.
65戎郁萍,韩建国等.放牧强度对草地土壤理化性质的影响[J].中国草地2001.23(4)41-47
66任继周主编.草地农业生态学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1995.31-42.
67姚爱兴,王培.放牧强度和放牧制度对草地土壤及植被的影响[J].国外畜牧学-草原与牧草,1993,4:1-7.
68韩国栋.荒漠草原放牧系统持续利用研究[D].内蒙古大学,1998.
69 Milchunas D.G,Launeroth W.K.全球环境范围内放牧对植被和土壤的定量影响[J].国外畜牧学-草原与牧草,1995,4:8-14.
70王明玖,李青丰。贝加尔针茅草原围栏封育和自由放牧条件下植物结实数量的研究[J]。中国草地,2001,23(6):21-26
71王仁忠,李建东。放牧对松嫩平原羊草草地影响的研究。草业科学,1992,9(2):11-14.
72王明君不同放牧强度对羊草草甸草原生态系统健康的影响研究[D].内蒙古农业大学.2008.63
73关世英,常金宝,贾树海,等.草原栗钙土退化过程中的土壤性状及其变化规律的研究[J].中国草地,1997,(3):39-43.
74 Braunack M.V, Walker J. Recovery of some surface soil properlies of ecological in terest after sheep grazing in a semiarid [J].Australian Journal of Ecology,1985,10:451-460
75许鹏.草地资源调查规划学[M]北京:中国农业出版社,1999.91-95
76王艳芬,陈佐中,人类活动对锡林郭勒地区主要草原土壤有机碳分布的影响[J].植物生态学报.1998.22(6)
77 Baurer A,Cole C V,Black A L.Soil property comparisons in virgin grasslands between grazed nongrazed management systems [J]. Soil Sci .Soc . Amer . J. ,1987,51(1):176-182.
78 Berg W A, Bradford J A, Smis P L. Long-term soil nitrogen and vegetation change on sandhill rangeland [J] .Journal of Range Management, 1997, 50 (5) :482-486.