大学生前瞻性人格、创业意向与创业学习的关系研究
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摘要
目前,由于高等教育逐步大众化,加上后金融危机时代的影响,使就业市场的竞争日益激烈。大学生创业在我国日渐火热。以创业带动就业,是解决目前就业问题的一个根本途径。本文以大学生这一群体为研究对象,探讨其创业学习的情况及影响因素,以期能更好的帮助大学生顺利创业。
本研究采用文献研究、问卷调查等方法对大学生创业学习、前瞻性人格、前瞻性人格对大学生创业学习的预测作用、创业意向在前瞻性人格和创业学习之间的中介作用进行了研究,研究共发放问卷850份,综合考虑人口统计学因素,采用验证性因素分析,相关分析、回归分析、方差分析等统计方法,得到如下结论:第一,验证性因素分析的结果表明,前瞻性人格量表、创业意向量表和创业学习量表都具有较高的信效度,达到了心理学的要求。
第二,大学生创业学习各维度与前瞻性人格各维度、创业意向各维度之间存在显著正相关。前瞻性人格、创业意向可以有效预测大学生创业学习。
第三,中介效应检验,创业意向在完美倾向性和创业学习之间起部分中介作用;创业意向在机遇识别力和创业学习之间起部分中介作用;创业意向在意志坚定性和创业学习之间起部分中介作用。
第四,大学生的创业学习、前瞻性人格和创业意向在人口统计学变量上存在显著差异,创业学习、前瞻性人格和创业意向在性别上有显著差异,创业意向在专业上有显著差异,创业学习在学历和年龄上有显著差异,前瞻性人格在是否有家人创业状况上有显著差异。
今后的研究将对影响大学生创业学习的更多因素进行探讨,建构更加完整的大学生创业学习的模型,同时采用更多研究方法开展深入研究。
At present, due to the gradual popularization of higher education, coupled with the impact of post-financial crisis era, so that the job market becoming increasingly competitive.The college student enterprising activity is increasingly hot business in China. In order to promote employment, entrepreneurship is the solution to the current problem of employment as a fundamental way. In this article, as the research object of university students to explore their entrepreneurial learning and its influencing factors, which can better help the students to succeed in enterprising.
This research adopts the methods of literature research and questionnaires survey to study entrepreneurial learning and proactive personality of college students, and the role of prediction of proactive personality, and the mediator effect of entrepreneurial intention between entrepreneurial learning and proactive personality. This research issued 850 questionnaires,considered the demographic factors,used the statistical methods of confirmatory factor analysis,correlation analysis,regression analysis,variance analysis,The study obtained conclusions as follows:
First, the confirmatory factor analysis showed that proactive personality scale, entrepreneurial intention scale and entrepreneurial learning scale have high reliability and validity, in line with the psychometrics requirements.
Second, entrepreneurial learning of college students have a significant positive correlation with proactive personality and entrepreneurial intention.proactive personality and entrepreneurial intention can effectively predict entrepreneurial learning of college students.
Third, throught the analysis on mediation variables,it was found that entrepreneurial intention play a partial mediatory role between perfection inclination and entrepreneurial learning, entrepreneurial intention play a partial mediatory role between opportunity identification and entrepreneurial learning,and do the same role between strong will and entrepreneurial learning.
Forth, multiple differences in demographic variables such as gender,major,age,qualification, The students with different gender are different in entrepreneurial learning, proactive personality and entrepreneurial intention. The students with different major are different in entrepreneurial intention. The students with different age and qualification are different in entrepreneurial learning.
Future research will explore additional factors to impact entrepreneurial learning of college students. to construct a more complete model of entrepreneurial learning, Implications for future research are discussed.
本研究采用文献研究、问卷调查等方法对大学生创业学习、前瞻性人格、前瞻性人格对大学生创业学习的预测作用、创业意向在前瞻性人格和创业学习之间的中介作用进行了研究,研究共发放问卷850份,综合考虑人口统计学因素,采用验证性因素分析,相关分析、回归分析、方差分析等统计方法,得到如下结论:第一,验证性因素分析的结果表明,前瞻性人格量表、创业意向量表和创业学习量表都具有较高的信效度,达到了心理学的要求。
第二,大学生创业学习各维度与前瞻性人格各维度、创业意向各维度之间存在显著正相关。前瞻性人格、创业意向可以有效预测大学生创业学习。
第三,中介效应检验,创业意向在完美倾向性和创业学习之间起部分中介作用;创业意向在机遇识别力和创业学习之间起部分中介作用;创业意向在意志坚定性和创业学习之间起部分中介作用。
第四,大学生的创业学习、前瞻性人格和创业意向在人口统计学变量上存在显著差异,创业学习、前瞻性人格和创业意向在性别上有显著差异,创业意向在专业上有显著差异,创业学习在学历和年龄上有显著差异,前瞻性人格在是否有家人创业状况上有显著差异。
今后的研究将对影响大学生创业学习的更多因素进行探讨,建构更加完整的大学生创业学习的模型,同时采用更多研究方法开展深入研究。
At present, due to the gradual popularization of higher education, coupled with the impact of post-financial crisis era, so that the job market becoming increasingly competitive.The college student enterprising activity is increasingly hot business in China. In order to promote employment, entrepreneurship is the solution to the current problem of employment as a fundamental way. In this article, as the research object of university students to explore their entrepreneurial learning and its influencing factors, which can better help the students to succeed in enterprising.
This research adopts the methods of literature research and questionnaires survey to study entrepreneurial learning and proactive personality of college students, and the role of prediction of proactive personality, and the mediator effect of entrepreneurial intention between entrepreneurial learning and proactive personality. This research issued 850 questionnaires,considered the demographic factors,used the statistical methods of confirmatory factor analysis,correlation analysis,regression analysis,variance analysis,The study obtained conclusions as follows:
First, the confirmatory factor analysis showed that proactive personality scale, entrepreneurial intention scale and entrepreneurial learning scale have high reliability and validity, in line with the psychometrics requirements.
Second, entrepreneurial learning of college students have a significant positive correlation with proactive personality and entrepreneurial intention.proactive personality and entrepreneurial intention can effectively predict entrepreneurial learning of college students.
Third, throught the analysis on mediation variables,it was found that entrepreneurial intention play a partial mediatory role between perfection inclination and entrepreneurial learning, entrepreneurial intention play a partial mediatory role between opportunity identification and entrepreneurial learning,and do the same role between strong will and entrepreneurial learning.
Forth, multiple differences in demographic variables such as gender,major,age,qualification, The students with different gender are different in entrepreneurial learning, proactive personality and entrepreneurial intention. The students with different major are different in entrepreneurial intention. The students with different age and qualification are different in entrepreneurial learning.
Future research will explore additional factors to impact entrepreneurial learning of college students. to construct a more complete model of entrepreneurial learning, Implications for future research are discussed.
引文
[1]陈静.大学生创业学习影响因素研究.河南大学硕士论文,2009
[2]丁桂凤,耿英伟.大学生创业学习动机解析.心理研究,2008,1(6):82-87
[3]丁岳枫.创业组织学习与创业绩效关系研究.中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库(博士),2006
[4]冯缙.大学生前瞻性人格与时间洞察力的相关研究.中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库(硕士),2008
[5]范巍,王重鸣.创业倾向影响因素研究.心理科学,2004,27(5):1087-1090
[6]范巍,王重鸣.创业意向维度结构的验证性因素分析.人类工效学,2006,12(1):14-16
[7]候杰泰,温忠麟,成子娟.结构方程模型及其应用.教育科学出版社,2005
[8]贺丹,大学生创业倾向的影响因素分析.浙江大学硕士学位论文,2006
[9]彭杨.高技术企业创业学习及其影响因素研究.中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库(硕士),2004.
[10]钱永红.个人特质对男女创业意向影响的比较研究.经济技术,2007,26(7):118-124
[11]商佳音,甘怡群.主动性人格对大学生职业决策自我效能的影响.北京大学学报, 2009,45(3):548-554
[12]沈璞.基于企业家网络的企业家学习过程模式剖析.浙江大学学报,人文社会科学版, 2005,35:150-157
[13]温忠麟,候杰泰,张雷.中介效应检验程序及其应用.心理学报,2004,36(5):614-620
[14]徐进.中小企业创业者学习模式及其绩效影响研究.中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库(硕士),2008
[15]袁安府,潘惠,汪涛.企业家能力提高的途径.自然辩证法通讯,2001,23:48-54
[16]叶莲花,凌文铨.工业与组织中的前瞻性人格.心理科学进展,2007,15(3):498-504
[17]郁义鸿,李志能.创业学.上海:复旦大学出版社,2000
[1] Anthony M,Endres,Christine R,Woods.Modern Theories of entrepreneurial behavior:a comparison and appraisal.Small Business Economics, 2006, 26:189-202
[2] Antoaneta P,Petkova.A theory of entrepreneurial learning from performance errors.The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 2008, 2
[3] Bird B,Brush C G.A gendered perspective on organizational creation.Entrepreneuriship: Theory and Practice,2003,26(3):41-65
[4] Campbell D J. The proactive employee:Managing workplace initiative. Academy of Management Executive,2000,144(3):52-66
[5] Catherine L,Wang.Entrepreneurial orientation,learning orientation,and firm performance. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice ,2008,7:635-656
[6] Claes R,Beheydt C,Lemmens B. Unidimenalonality of abbreviated proaetive personality scales across cultures. Applied Psychology:An international review,2005,54(4):476-489
[7] Cope J. Toward a dynamic leanring perspective of entrepreneurship.Entrepreneurship:Theory and Practice,2005,29(4):373-397
[8] David H H. A comparative study of values among Chinese and U. S. entrepreneurs: Pragmatic convergence between contrasting cultures . Journal of Business Venturing, 1997, 12: 483-505
[9] David Rae.Entrepreneurial learning:a conceptual framework for technology-based enterprise.Technology Analysis & Strategic Management,2006,18(1):39-56
[10] David Rae.Understanding entrepreneurial Learning:a question of how? Interational Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research,2000,6(3):145
[11] David Rae.entrepreneurial learning:a narrative-based conceptual model. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development,2005,12(3):323-335
[12] Day D V & Halpin S M.“Growing leaders for tomorrow:An introduction”. In D V Day,S J Zaccaro & S M Halpin(Eds),Leader development for transforming organizations:Growingleader for tomorrow.New Jersey:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,Inc.2004,3-22
[13] Dermot Breslin.A review of the evolutionary approach to the study of entrepreneurship.International Journal of Management Reviews,2008,9(2):1-25
[14] Erikson T. Towards a taxonomy of entrepreneurial learning experiences among potential entrepreneurs.Journal of small business and enterprise development,2003, 10: 106-112
[15] Linan, Francisco^Chen, Yi-Wen.Development and Cross-Cultural Application of a Specific Instrument to Measure Entrepreneurial Intentions.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 2009,33(3):593-617
[16] Fuat O.The world of the entrepreneur:an imterpretive essay on the nature of entrepreneurial learning.Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company,1996
[17] Gideon D M & Robert A B.Person-entrepreneurship fit:why some people are more successful as entrepreneurs than others.Human Resource Management Review, 2003,13:281-301
[18] Harvey S,Blouin C,Stout D.Proactive personality as a moderator of outcomes for young workers experiencing conflictatwork..Personality and Individual Differences, 2006,40(5): 1063-1074
[19] Hisrich,R.D.Entrepreneurship/intrapreneurship.AmericanPsychologist,1990,45(2):209-222
[20] Jari Huovinen,Sanna Tihula.Entrepreneurial learning in the context of portfolio entrepreneurship. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 2008,14(3):152-171
[21] Jason Cope. Entrepreneurial learning and critical reflection.Management Learning,2003, 34 (4) : 429-450
[22] Krueger N & Brazeal D V. Entrepreneurial potential and potential entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice.1994,18(3):91-104
[23] Krueger N F,Reilly M D,Carsud A L.Competing Models of Entrepreneurial Intention. Journal of Business Venturing,2000,15(1):411-432
[24] Learned K E.What happened before the organization?A model of organizational formation.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,1992,17(1):39-48
[25] Lee S M & Pcterson S J.Culture,entrepreneurial orientation, and global competitiveness. Journal of World Business,2000(4):401-416
[26] Lorraine Warren.A systemic approach to entrepreneurial learning:an exploration using storytelling.Systems Research and Behavioral Science,2006,21:3-16
[27] Luke Pittaway,Jason Cope.Simulating entrepreneurial learning integrating experiential and collaborative approaches to learning.Management Learning,2007,38(2):211-233
[28] Lumpkin G T&Dess G G Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientationconstruct and linking it to performance.Academy of Management Review,1996(21):135-172
[29] Major D A,Turner J E,Fletcher T D.Linking Proactive Personality and the Big Five to Motivation to Learn and Development Activity.Journal of Applied Psychology, 2006.91(4):927-935
[30] Michael Zhang,Allan Macpherson,Oswald Jones.Conceptualizing the learning process in SMEs. International Small Business Joural,2006,24(3):299-323
[31] Minniti M,Bygrave W.A dynamic model of entrepreneurial leanring.Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice,2001,25(3):5-16
[32] Minniti W B. A dynamic model of entrepreneuial learning Maria Entrepreneurship. Theory and Practice, 2001,l25(3):21-22.
[33] Ravasi D,Turati C,Marchisio G &ruta C D (2004).learning in entrepreneurial in firm:An exploratory study.Crossroadsof entrepreneurship,(pp.165-184)
[34] Ravasci D, Turati C. Exploring entrepreneurial learning: a comparative study of technology development projects.Jounral of Business Ventuirng,2005,20:137-164
[35] Sanjoy Mukherjee.Non-conventional entrepreneurial learning:spiritual insights from india.Journal of Human Values,2007,13(23):23-34
[36] Saulo Dubard Barbosa.The role of cognitive style and risk preference on entrepreneurialself-efficacy and entrepreneurial intentions.Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies,2007,13(4):86-104
[37] Shepherd D A.Educating entrepreneurship students about emotion and learning from failure.Academy of Management Learning and Education,2004,3(3):274-287
[38] Smilor R W &Pegram K M.The learning needs of hight-potential entrepreneurs in Latin America.At the 2nd Internatioal Conference on Entrepreneurship in Latin America,at Vina del Mar,Chile,2003,10:26-28
[39] Seibert S E, Crant J M, Kraimer M L. Proactive personality and career success. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1999,84(3): 416-427
[40] Thompson J A.Proactive personality and job performance: Asocial capital perspective.journal of Applied Psychology,2005,90(5):1011-1017
[41] Vishwanath V,Baba et al. Proactive personality and work performance in China: The moderating effects of emotional exhaustion and perceived safety climate.Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences,2009,26(4):23-37
[42] Young J & Sexton D. Entrepreneurial learning: a conceptual framework Journal of Enterprising Culture,1997,5(3):223-48
[2]丁桂凤,耿英伟.大学生创业学习动机解析.心理研究,2008,1(6):82-87
[3]丁岳枫.创业组织学习与创业绩效关系研究.中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库(博士),2006
[4]冯缙.大学生前瞻性人格与时间洞察力的相关研究.中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库(硕士),2008
[5]范巍,王重鸣.创业倾向影响因素研究.心理科学,2004,27(5):1087-1090
[6]范巍,王重鸣.创业意向维度结构的验证性因素分析.人类工效学,2006,12(1):14-16
[7]候杰泰,温忠麟,成子娟.结构方程模型及其应用.教育科学出版社,2005
[8]贺丹,大学生创业倾向的影响因素分析.浙江大学硕士学位论文,2006
[9]彭杨.高技术企业创业学习及其影响因素研究.中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库(硕士),2004.
[10]钱永红.个人特质对男女创业意向影响的比较研究.经济技术,2007,26(7):118-124
[11]商佳音,甘怡群.主动性人格对大学生职业决策自我效能的影响.北京大学学报, 2009,45(3):548-554
[12]沈璞.基于企业家网络的企业家学习过程模式剖析.浙江大学学报,人文社会科学版, 2005,35:150-157
[13]温忠麟,候杰泰,张雷.中介效应检验程序及其应用.心理学报,2004,36(5):614-620
[14]徐进.中小企业创业者学习模式及其绩效影响研究.中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库(硕士),2008
[15]袁安府,潘惠,汪涛.企业家能力提高的途径.自然辩证法通讯,2001,23:48-54
[16]叶莲花,凌文铨.工业与组织中的前瞻性人格.心理科学进展,2007,15(3):498-504
[17]郁义鸿,李志能.创业学.上海:复旦大学出版社,2000
[1] Anthony M,Endres,Christine R,Woods.Modern Theories of entrepreneurial behavior:a comparison and appraisal.Small Business Economics, 2006, 26:189-202
[2] Antoaneta P,Petkova.A theory of entrepreneurial learning from performance errors.The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 2008, 2
[3] Bird B,Brush C G.A gendered perspective on organizational creation.Entrepreneuriship: Theory and Practice,2003,26(3):41-65
[4] Campbell D J. The proactive employee:Managing workplace initiative. Academy of Management Executive,2000,144(3):52-66
[5] Catherine L,Wang.Entrepreneurial orientation,learning orientation,and firm performance. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice ,2008,7:635-656
[6] Claes R,Beheydt C,Lemmens B. Unidimenalonality of abbreviated proaetive personality scales across cultures. Applied Psychology:An international review,2005,54(4):476-489
[7] Cope J. Toward a dynamic leanring perspective of entrepreneurship.Entrepreneurship:Theory and Practice,2005,29(4):373-397
[8] David H H. A comparative study of values among Chinese and U. S. entrepreneurs: Pragmatic convergence between contrasting cultures . Journal of Business Venturing, 1997, 12: 483-505
[9] David Rae.Entrepreneurial learning:a conceptual framework for technology-based enterprise.Technology Analysis & Strategic Management,2006,18(1):39-56
[10] David Rae.Understanding entrepreneurial Learning:a question of how? Interational Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research,2000,6(3):145
[11] David Rae.entrepreneurial learning:a narrative-based conceptual model. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development,2005,12(3):323-335
[12] Day D V & Halpin S M.“Growing leaders for tomorrow:An introduction”. In D V Day,S J Zaccaro & S M Halpin(Eds),Leader development for transforming organizations:Growingleader for tomorrow.New Jersey:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,Inc.2004,3-22
[13] Dermot Breslin.A review of the evolutionary approach to the study of entrepreneurship.International Journal of Management Reviews,2008,9(2):1-25
[14] Erikson T. Towards a taxonomy of entrepreneurial learning experiences among potential entrepreneurs.Journal of small business and enterprise development,2003, 10: 106-112
[15] Linan, Francisco^Chen, Yi-Wen.Development and Cross-Cultural Application of a Specific Instrument to Measure Entrepreneurial Intentions.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 2009,33(3):593-617
[16] Fuat O.The world of the entrepreneur:an imterpretive essay on the nature of entrepreneurial learning.Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company,1996
[17] Gideon D M & Robert A B.Person-entrepreneurship fit:why some people are more successful as entrepreneurs than others.Human Resource Management Review, 2003,13:281-301
[18] Harvey S,Blouin C,Stout D.Proactive personality as a moderator of outcomes for young workers experiencing conflictatwork..Personality and Individual Differences, 2006,40(5): 1063-1074
[19] Hisrich,R.D.Entrepreneurship/intrapreneurship.AmericanPsychologist,1990,45(2):209-222
[20] Jari Huovinen,Sanna Tihula.Entrepreneurial learning in the context of portfolio entrepreneurship. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 2008,14(3):152-171
[21] Jason Cope. Entrepreneurial learning and critical reflection.Management Learning,2003, 34 (4) : 429-450
[22] Krueger N & Brazeal D V. Entrepreneurial potential and potential entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice.1994,18(3):91-104
[23] Krueger N F,Reilly M D,Carsud A L.Competing Models of Entrepreneurial Intention. Journal of Business Venturing,2000,15(1):411-432
[24] Learned K E.What happened before the organization?A model of organizational formation.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,1992,17(1):39-48
[25] Lee S M & Pcterson S J.Culture,entrepreneurial orientation, and global competitiveness. Journal of World Business,2000(4):401-416
[26] Lorraine Warren.A systemic approach to entrepreneurial learning:an exploration using storytelling.Systems Research and Behavioral Science,2006,21:3-16
[27] Luke Pittaway,Jason Cope.Simulating entrepreneurial learning integrating experiential and collaborative approaches to learning.Management Learning,2007,38(2):211-233
[28] Lumpkin G T&Dess G G Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientationconstruct and linking it to performance.Academy of Management Review,1996(21):135-172
[29] Major D A,Turner J E,Fletcher T D.Linking Proactive Personality and the Big Five to Motivation to Learn and Development Activity.Journal of Applied Psychology, 2006.91(4):927-935
[30] Michael Zhang,Allan Macpherson,Oswald Jones.Conceptualizing the learning process in SMEs. International Small Business Joural,2006,24(3):299-323
[31] Minniti M,Bygrave W.A dynamic model of entrepreneurial leanring.Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice,2001,25(3):5-16
[32] Minniti W B. A dynamic model of entrepreneuial learning Maria Entrepreneurship. Theory and Practice, 2001,l25(3):21-22.
[33] Ravasi D,Turati C,Marchisio G &ruta C D (2004).learning in entrepreneurial in firm:An exploratory study.Crossroadsof entrepreneurship,(pp.165-184)
[34] Ravasci D, Turati C. Exploring entrepreneurial learning: a comparative study of technology development projects.Jounral of Business Ventuirng,2005,20:137-164
[35] Sanjoy Mukherjee.Non-conventional entrepreneurial learning:spiritual insights from india.Journal of Human Values,2007,13(23):23-34
[36] Saulo Dubard Barbosa.The role of cognitive style and risk preference on entrepreneurialself-efficacy and entrepreneurial intentions.Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies,2007,13(4):86-104
[37] Shepherd D A.Educating entrepreneurship students about emotion and learning from failure.Academy of Management Learning and Education,2004,3(3):274-287
[38] Smilor R W &Pegram K M.The learning needs of hight-potential entrepreneurs in Latin America.At the 2nd Internatioal Conference on Entrepreneurship in Latin America,at Vina del Mar,Chile,2003,10:26-28
[39] Seibert S E, Crant J M, Kraimer M L. Proactive personality and career success. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1999,84(3): 416-427
[40] Thompson J A.Proactive personality and job performance: Asocial capital perspective.journal of Applied Psychology,2005,90(5):1011-1017
[41] Vishwanath V,Baba et al. Proactive personality and work performance in China: The moderating effects of emotional exhaustion and perceived safety climate.Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences,2009,26(4):23-37
[42] Young J & Sexton D. Entrepreneurial learning: a conceptual framework Journal of Enterprising Culture,1997,5(3):223-48