农田养分信息化管理模式研究及应用
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摘要
农田养分的信息化管理是农业信息化的重要组成部分,但我国土壤养分的信息化管理水平和施肥技术与发达国家比存在很大差距,研究适合我国国情的精准养分管理模式和施肥技术是摆在农业科学工作者面前的重大技术问题,而快速发展的信息技术为土壤养分的信息化管理提供了机遇。本文应用现代先进的信息技术和农学研究相结合的方法,在山西省选择了代表两种主要种植制度和两个主要土壤类型的临汾市南麻村(南部试点)和忻州市二十里铺村(北部试点)作为研究区域,对施肥状况、土壤养分状况、养分空间变异及空间分布格局进行了分析,对主要种植作物的需肥参数进行了研究,并对GIS和施肥模型有机集成的农田养分信息管理系统进行了研发和应用,取得了以下主要结果与新的进展:
1 南北两试点的农户调查结果显示:1) 南部试点地块管理单元相对较大,地块面积平均为0.244±0.212公顷,但种植结构复杂,粮、菜、油、果树均有种植;北部试点种植结构单一,主要为玉米,但地块管理单元相对较小,地块面积平均为0.107±0.050公顷;2) 氮磷肥施用比例失调,钾肥和微肥的施用量很少,施肥存在很大程度的盲目性。两试点氮肥施用水平相差不大,北部试点(199.8kg N/hm~2)略大于南部试点(182.0kg N/hm~2),南部试点施氮量的变异(49.6%)稍大于北部试点(43.1%);磷肥施用量南部试点(143.7kg P_2O_5/hm~2)大于北部试点(120.6kg P_2O_5/hm~2),但南部试点施磷量变异(43.2%)远低于北部试点(69.7%);氮磷肥配合施用比例表现为南部(0.87)高于北部试点(0.81)。两试点种植制度、种植结构、施肥量和施肥结构及农民的施肥决策素质等存在的差异将对土壤养分状况及空间变异产生影响。
2 两试点调查的土壤性质均存在一定的变幅,其分布并不都呈正态分布,一些性质则呈对数正态分布。南部试点土壤性质呈对数正态分布的包括OM、K、Cu、Zn,北部试点土壤性质呈对数正态分布的有OM、P、Cu、Mn、Zn。通过对两试点土壤养分状况的分析,结果显示:南部试点的土壤有机质(OM)和土壤有效N、P、K、Mg、Cu、Mn、Zn等养分含量的平均值明显高于北部试点;而北部试点的土壤有效Ca、S、B、Fe养分,高于南部试点。这与不同种植制度、不同土壤类型和质地及施肥管理措施有关。应用土壤养分系统研究法进行养分状况评价和高产限制因素分析,确定了南北两试点的养分管理的因子。南部试点以氮、磷、钾、锌作为养分管理因子,北部试点确定氮、磷、钾、锌、锰作为养分管理因子。
3 两试点土壤性质均存在空间变异,土壤性质变异和半方差结构既有共性,又表现出具有特殊性。研究结果显示:1) 受农业施肥投入等影响相对较大N、P、S和OM有较大的变异,尤其以N的变异较大;而Ca、Mg、K、Cu、Fe、Mn等养分,因农业施肥投入较少,土壤变异则表现相对较小;2) 两试点土壤养分性质拟合的半方差模型包括球型、线型和指数型,但同一养分拟合半方差模型显示不一,有的表现一致,有的则表现不一致。就拟合模型而言,两试点表现一致的,如Mg、P、S、Cu,均属于线性无基台模型;同属于指数模型的有K、Fe。但即使模型一致,最大相关距离也不一定一样,而且空间变异性强弱程度也不尽相同。两试点Ca、N、Mn均显示有较强的空间相关性,K、P、S显示具有中等的空间变异性,其它土壤性质呈现出半方差结构的不一致性。这可能是两试点气候条件、种植制度、土壤类型及质地和施肥管理制度等因素的差异造成的。
4 本研究应用GIS平台的Kriging插值技术绘制了两试点的土壤养分等值线图,可以直观反映出
Soil nutrient management with information technology is an important part of information agriculture. Compared with developed countries, China is far behind in terms of information technology use in soil nutrient management. Development of different approaches to meet the needs of site-specific nutrient management for the small scale operation under family responsibility system in China, is a great challenge in China. Rapid development of information technology provides an opportunity to improve soil nutrient management by using the advanced information technology. In this study, two villages (Ershilipu of Xinzhou city (northern experimental site) and Nanma of Linfen city (southern experimental site)) were selected as two experimental sites to represent the two major cropping systems and two major soil types in Shanxi province. The research objective are 1) to establish a spatial database to document and analyze soil nutrient status and its distribution; 2) to develop a management system for site-specific soil nutrient management in the selected sites under the family responsibility system; 3)to validate the applicability and effectiveness of the developed soil nutrient management system. Main results and new progress were summarized as following:1, Basic information and result of farmers fertilizer use surveyThere are significant differences between the two experimental sites in cropping system, cropping pattern, the rate of fertilizer applied as well as farmer's decision-making. Nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers were commonly applied in two experimental sites, potassium and micro-nutrient fertilizer was not commonly used, and the ratio of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers applied was irrational. There is no scientific basis for farmer's fertilizer decision-making. As far as average rate of applied fertilizer was concerned, the difference of nitrogen fertilizer applied was not obvious between the two experimental sites. Average N application rate at the northern site (199.8kg N/ha) was slightly higher than that at southern site (182.0kg N/ha), but the variation of N application rates at southern site (49.6% ) was slightly greater than that at the northern site (43.1%); The rate of phosphate fertilizer applied at southern site (143.7kg P_2O_5/ha) was higher than that at the northern site (120.6kg P_2O_5/ha), but the variation in P_2O_5 application rates at the southern site (43.2%) was less than that at the northern site (69.7%). The ratio of N and P_2O_5 applied at the southern site slightly higher than that at the northern site.The average farmer's cultivated area and plot numbers managed were different in two experimental villages. The statistic results of farmer's land showed that average plot area of southern site was relative bigger than that at the northern site. The average plot area of southern site was 0.244±0.212 ha, and 0.107±0.050 ha at the northern site. But crop structure was relative complex at the southern site, some crops such as grain, vegetable, oil and cash crops were planted. Crop structure was relatively
simple for northern site, maize was main crop, but management unit was relative small. The results showed that there exist great difficulties in soil nutrient management at these villages with small scale operation. It would be helpful to understand profoundly farmer's fertilization status and soil nutrient status through mapping farmer's plot managed with information technology.2. Evaluation of soil nutrient statusAvailable nutrient contents of surface soil samples from two experimental villages were determined using the systematic approaches for soil nutrient evaluation. The results showed that soil properties of two experimental villages varied greatly and did not always belong to normal distribution, and some soil properties belonged to log-normal distribution. Soil organic matter, soil available K, Cu and Zn belonged to log-normal distribution at the southern experimental site, and OM, P, Cu, Mn, Zn at the northern experimental village. The results also indicated that the average content of soil organic matter and soil available N (NH4+-N), P, K, Mg, Cu, Mn, and Zn in the southern experimental village were higher than those in northern experimental village. But available Ca, S, B and Fe, were higher in the northern experimental village than those in the southern experimental village. These results were related to cropping system, soil type, soil texture, as well as fertilization practice. Based on soil nutrient status evaluation and higher yield limited factor analysis, nutrient factors managed were determined in two experimental villages. Soil available N, P, K and Zn were main nutrient management factors for southern site, and N, P, K, Zn and Mn for northern experimental village.3. Soil nutrient spatial variabilityThere existed spatial variability of soil properties in the two experimental villages. Nitrogen, P and OM had a greater variability, which were mainly affected by agricultural fertilization measures. On the contrary, Ca, Mg, K, Cu, Fe and Mn had a smaller spatial variability due to little input as fertilizer. Soil properties all had semi-variance structure, and model best fit included spherical, linear and exponential. Semi-variance model was not always consistent for one nutrient. Some soil properties had same semi-variance model at the two experimental sites, for example, Mg, P, S, and Cu belonged to linear model; K, Fe belonged to exponential model. Though some nutrients had same model, there still existed a difference in the limit distance of spatial correlation as well as the extent of soil spatial variability. In two experimental villages, there existed stronger spatial correlation for Ca, N and Mn, medium spatial correlation for K, P, and S. The semi-variance structure of other properties was not consistent. These indicated that there existed some difference in cropping system, soil type, soil texture and fertilization.4. Soil nutrient spatial distribution
Soil nutrient contour map was made using Kriging interpolation technique for soil properties in the two experimental villages. The contour map of soil properties may directly reflect the spatial distribution characteristic of diversified soil nutrient element; also help to understand the nutrient status to provide the foundation to rational fertilization. The integrated map was conducted with overlaying the nutrient contour map and farmer's plot map to understand soil nutrient status of each farmer's plot. With that site-specific nutrient management based on farmer's plot or fanners' plot specific nutrient management, can be realized with advanced information technology.5 Study on fertilization parameters of main cropsRational parameters for fertilizer recommendation were important for site-specific nutrient management. A series of fertilizer experiments were conducted to fulfill this purpose based on understanding soil nutrient status, soil nutrient spatial variability and soil nutrient spatial distribution of two experimental villages. The rational and economic rates of fertilizer applied were obtained for main crops of the two experimental villages, including winter wheat, summer maize, soybean, sunflower, spring maize and so on. At same time, the fertilizer contribution to grain yield of crops and fertilizer use efficiency was studied. Main results were summarized as following: 1) Applying only of N and P fertilizer on winter wheat would lead to the depletion of soil potassium, and soil potassium was depleted by 99.7kg K/ha annually. Applying K fertilizer (150kg K2O/ha) and straw return to soil would help to increase wheat yield by 19.8%. At the same time, soil potassium fertility was maintained. 2) Applying all kinds of fertilizer required, especially potassium on diversified crops helped increasing yield by 17.1%~25.7%, and increasing net return by 3974-9904 yuan/ha in southern experimental site. At same time, the uptake for N, P and K were increased to help to improve nutrient use efficiency due to balanced fertilization. 3) The relation between spring maize yield or net return and different rates of N, P, and K fertilizer applied were best fit quadratic equation in northern experimental village. For maximum yield, the rates of N, P and K fertilizer applied was 206~225kg N/ha, 150kg P2O5/ha and 200kg K2O/ha, respectively. 4) The contribution of N, P and K fertilizer applied to crop yield affected by soil fertility level. The contribution ratio of N, P and K fertilizer were relative higher under middle and low yield condition than that under high yield level. 5) The contribution of soil N, P and K nutrient to crop yield decreased year after year, and N, P, K fertilizer use efficiency had an increasing tendency under the condition of continuously treatment of no N, P and K application.These results above provided reliable parameters for fertilization model based on GIS, provided technical guarantee to fulfill site-specific nutrient management, and further provided important foundation for balanced fertilization, which based on management unit of farmer's field.6 Establishing soil nutrient management system based on integrating fertilization model and GISSoil nutrient management information system was established and exploited based on GIS with the first
1 南北两试点的农户调查结果显示:1) 南部试点地块管理单元相对较大,地块面积平均为0.244±0.212公顷,但种植结构复杂,粮、菜、油、果树均有种植;北部试点种植结构单一,主要为玉米,但地块管理单元相对较小,地块面积平均为0.107±0.050公顷;2) 氮磷肥施用比例失调,钾肥和微肥的施用量很少,施肥存在很大程度的盲目性。两试点氮肥施用水平相差不大,北部试点(199.8kg N/hm~2)略大于南部试点(182.0kg N/hm~2),南部试点施氮量的变异(49.6%)稍大于北部试点(43.1%);磷肥施用量南部试点(143.7kg P_2O_5/hm~2)大于北部试点(120.6kg P_2O_5/hm~2),但南部试点施磷量变异(43.2%)远低于北部试点(69.7%);氮磷肥配合施用比例表现为南部(0.87)高于北部试点(0.81)。两试点种植制度、种植结构、施肥量和施肥结构及农民的施肥决策素质等存在的差异将对土壤养分状况及空间变异产生影响。
2 两试点调查的土壤性质均存在一定的变幅,其分布并不都呈正态分布,一些性质则呈对数正态分布。南部试点土壤性质呈对数正态分布的包括OM、K、Cu、Zn,北部试点土壤性质呈对数正态分布的有OM、P、Cu、Mn、Zn。通过对两试点土壤养分状况的分析,结果显示:南部试点的土壤有机质(OM)和土壤有效N、P、K、Mg、Cu、Mn、Zn等养分含量的平均值明显高于北部试点;而北部试点的土壤有效Ca、S、B、Fe养分,高于南部试点。这与不同种植制度、不同土壤类型和质地及施肥管理措施有关。应用土壤养分系统研究法进行养分状况评价和高产限制因素分析,确定了南北两试点的养分管理的因子。南部试点以氮、磷、钾、锌作为养分管理因子,北部试点确定氮、磷、钾、锌、锰作为养分管理因子。
3 两试点土壤性质均存在空间变异,土壤性质变异和半方差结构既有共性,又表现出具有特殊性。研究结果显示:1) 受农业施肥投入等影响相对较大N、P、S和OM有较大的变异,尤其以N的变异较大;而Ca、Mg、K、Cu、Fe、Mn等养分,因农业施肥投入较少,土壤变异则表现相对较小;2) 两试点土壤养分性质拟合的半方差模型包括球型、线型和指数型,但同一养分拟合半方差模型显示不一,有的表现一致,有的则表现不一致。就拟合模型而言,两试点表现一致的,如Mg、P、S、Cu,均属于线性无基台模型;同属于指数模型的有K、Fe。但即使模型一致,最大相关距离也不一定一样,而且空间变异性强弱程度也不尽相同。两试点Ca、N、Mn均显示有较强的空间相关性,K、P、S显示具有中等的空间变异性,其它土壤性质呈现出半方差结构的不一致性。这可能是两试点气候条件、种植制度、土壤类型及质地和施肥管理制度等因素的差异造成的。
4 本研究应用GIS平台的Kriging插值技术绘制了两试点的土壤养分等值线图,可以直观反映出
Soil nutrient management with information technology is an important part of information agriculture. Compared with developed countries, China is far behind in terms of information technology use in soil nutrient management. Development of different approaches to meet the needs of site-specific nutrient management for the small scale operation under family responsibility system in China, is a great challenge in China. Rapid development of information technology provides an opportunity to improve soil nutrient management by using the advanced information technology. In this study, two villages (Ershilipu of Xinzhou city (northern experimental site) and Nanma of Linfen city (southern experimental site)) were selected as two experimental sites to represent the two major cropping systems and two major soil types in Shanxi province. The research objective are 1) to establish a spatial database to document and analyze soil nutrient status and its distribution; 2) to develop a management system for site-specific soil nutrient management in the selected sites under the family responsibility system; 3)to validate the applicability and effectiveness of the developed soil nutrient management system. Main results and new progress were summarized as following:1, Basic information and result of farmers fertilizer use surveyThere are significant differences between the two experimental sites in cropping system, cropping pattern, the rate of fertilizer applied as well as farmer's decision-making. Nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers were commonly applied in two experimental sites, potassium and micro-nutrient fertilizer was not commonly used, and the ratio of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers applied was irrational. There is no scientific basis for farmer's fertilizer decision-making. As far as average rate of applied fertilizer was concerned, the difference of nitrogen fertilizer applied was not obvious between the two experimental sites. Average N application rate at the northern site (199.8kg N/ha) was slightly higher than that at southern site (182.0kg N/ha), but the variation of N application rates at southern site (49.6% ) was slightly greater than that at the northern site (43.1%); The rate of phosphate fertilizer applied at southern site (143.7kg P_2O_5/ha) was higher than that at the northern site (120.6kg P_2O_5/ha), but the variation in P_2O_5 application rates at the southern site (43.2%) was less than that at the northern site (69.7%). The ratio of N and P_2O_5 applied at the southern site slightly higher than that at the northern site.The average farmer's cultivated area and plot numbers managed were different in two experimental villages. The statistic results of farmer's land showed that average plot area of southern site was relative bigger than that at the northern site. The average plot area of southern site was 0.244±0.212 ha, and 0.107±0.050 ha at the northern site. But crop structure was relative complex at the southern site, some crops such as grain, vegetable, oil and cash crops were planted. Crop structure was relatively
simple for northern site, maize was main crop, but management unit was relative small. The results showed that there exist great difficulties in soil nutrient management at these villages with small scale operation. It would be helpful to understand profoundly farmer's fertilization status and soil nutrient status through mapping farmer's plot managed with information technology.2. Evaluation of soil nutrient statusAvailable nutrient contents of surface soil samples from two experimental villages were determined using the systematic approaches for soil nutrient evaluation. The results showed that soil properties of two experimental villages varied greatly and did not always belong to normal distribution, and some soil properties belonged to log-normal distribution. Soil organic matter, soil available K, Cu and Zn belonged to log-normal distribution at the southern experimental site, and OM, P, Cu, Mn, Zn at the northern experimental village. The results also indicated that the average content of soil organic matter and soil available N (NH4+-N), P, K, Mg, Cu, Mn, and Zn in the southern experimental village were higher than those in northern experimental village. But available Ca, S, B and Fe, were higher in the northern experimental village than those in the southern experimental village. These results were related to cropping system, soil type, soil texture, as well as fertilization practice. Based on soil nutrient status evaluation and higher yield limited factor analysis, nutrient factors managed were determined in two experimental villages. Soil available N, P, K and Zn were main nutrient management factors for southern site, and N, P, K, Zn and Mn for northern experimental village.3. Soil nutrient spatial variabilityThere existed spatial variability of soil properties in the two experimental villages. Nitrogen, P and OM had a greater variability, which were mainly affected by agricultural fertilization measures. On the contrary, Ca, Mg, K, Cu, Fe and Mn had a smaller spatial variability due to little input as fertilizer. Soil properties all had semi-variance structure, and model best fit included spherical, linear and exponential. Semi-variance model was not always consistent for one nutrient. Some soil properties had same semi-variance model at the two experimental sites, for example, Mg, P, S, and Cu belonged to linear model; K, Fe belonged to exponential model. Though some nutrients had same model, there still existed a difference in the limit distance of spatial correlation as well as the extent of soil spatial variability. In two experimental villages, there existed stronger spatial correlation for Ca, N and Mn, medium spatial correlation for K, P, and S. The semi-variance structure of other properties was not consistent. These indicated that there existed some difference in cropping system, soil type, soil texture and fertilization.4. Soil nutrient spatial distribution
Soil nutrient contour map was made using Kriging interpolation technique for soil properties in the two experimental villages. The contour map of soil properties may directly reflect the spatial distribution characteristic of diversified soil nutrient element; also help to understand the nutrient status to provide the foundation to rational fertilization. The integrated map was conducted with overlaying the nutrient contour map and farmer's plot map to understand soil nutrient status of each farmer's plot. With that site-specific nutrient management based on farmer's plot or fanners' plot specific nutrient management, can be realized with advanced information technology.5 Study on fertilization parameters of main cropsRational parameters for fertilizer recommendation were important for site-specific nutrient management. A series of fertilizer experiments were conducted to fulfill this purpose based on understanding soil nutrient status, soil nutrient spatial variability and soil nutrient spatial distribution of two experimental villages. The rational and economic rates of fertilizer applied were obtained for main crops of the two experimental villages, including winter wheat, summer maize, soybean, sunflower, spring maize and so on. At same time, the fertilizer contribution to grain yield of crops and fertilizer use efficiency was studied. Main results were summarized as following: 1) Applying only of N and P fertilizer on winter wheat would lead to the depletion of soil potassium, and soil potassium was depleted by 99.7kg K/ha annually. Applying K fertilizer (150kg K2O/ha) and straw return to soil would help to increase wheat yield by 19.8%. At the same time, soil potassium fertility was maintained. 2) Applying all kinds of fertilizer required, especially potassium on diversified crops helped increasing yield by 17.1%~25.7%, and increasing net return by 3974-9904 yuan/ha in southern experimental site. At same time, the uptake for N, P and K were increased to help to improve nutrient use efficiency due to balanced fertilization. 3) The relation between spring maize yield or net return and different rates of N, P, and K fertilizer applied were best fit quadratic equation in northern experimental village. For maximum yield, the rates of N, P and K fertilizer applied was 206~225kg N/ha, 150kg P2O5/ha and 200kg K2O/ha, respectively. 4) The contribution of N, P and K fertilizer applied to crop yield affected by soil fertility level. The contribution ratio of N, P and K fertilizer were relative higher under middle and low yield condition than that under high yield level. 5) The contribution of soil N, P and K nutrient to crop yield decreased year after year, and N, P, K fertilizer use efficiency had an increasing tendency under the condition of continuously treatment of no N, P and K application.These results above provided reliable parameters for fertilization model based on GIS, provided technical guarantee to fulfill site-specific nutrient management, and further provided important foundation for balanced fertilization, which based on management unit of farmer's field.6 Establishing soil nutrient management system based on integrating fertilization model and GISSoil nutrient management information system was established and exploited based on GIS with the first
引文
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