稠密气固两相流颗粒聚团流动与反应特性的数值模拟研究
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摘要
稠密气固两相流动是多相流动的一个主要研究方向,而颗粒团聚是气固两相流动中稠密流动条件下的一种重要现象。但是,由于气固两相流动影响因素的复杂性,气固两相流动的机理尚不十分清楚。随着计算机技术的飞速发展和计算方法的不断改进和完善,结合计算数学和计算流体力学的数值模拟技术,以其独特的优点已经成为气固两相流动研究的主要方法。
本文建立了离散颗粒运动—碰撞解耦模型,模型中应用直接模拟蒙特卡罗方法(DSMC)模拟颗粒间的碰撞过程。基于气相输送能量守恒,建立了以输送能分配确定气相欧拉坐标与颗粒相拉格朗日坐标耦合的计算方法,提出了确定颗粒当地局部气体速度的计算模型。该计算方法考虑了在计算网格气体作用的贡献,同时也考虑了颗粒的空间分布和局部颗粒浓度的影响。从而合理地反映颗粒聚团导致局部颗粒浓度分布不均对当地气体速度的影响。基于分子动力学和颗粒动理学,应用颗粒平均自由程,导出了确定颗粒聚团中颗粒数的计算方法。应用考虑颗粒碰撞过程中弹性变形和塑性变形的颗粒非弹性碰撞恢复系数,模拟颗粒的碰撞过程。采用了引入径向分布函数的颗粒间碰撞概率的计算方法,考虑局部颗粒浓度不均匀性对颗粒碰撞概率的影响。采用大涡模拟(LES)研究气相湍流。应用了子网格技术进行颗粒碰撞对的抽样,采用此技术可以减小计算工作量并且减小计算网格内颗粒浓度不均匀性对颗粒碰撞概率计算的影响。
应用LES-DSMC方法模拟了循环流化床上升管内气固两相流动特性,得到了时均颗粒速度和浓度的分布情况,以及单颗粒的运动规律。研究了气体表观速度和颗粒碰撞弹性恢复系数对团聚物存在时间、平均颗粒浓度、生成频率以及两相流流动特性的影响。研究了颗粒聚团和分散颗粒的颗粒温度和颗粒碰撞频率随颗粒浓度的变化规律。研究表明分散颗粒的颗粒温度随颗粒浓度增加,达到最大值后,随颗粒浓度增大而下降。而颗粒聚团的颗粒温度随着颗粒浓度增加而下降。随着颗粒浓度的增加,颗粒聚团的颗粒碰撞频率和分散颗粒的碰撞频率增加,模拟计算值低于颗粒动理学计算值。随着颗粒浓度的增加,聚团内的颗粒数增加。与分散颗粒相比,颗粒聚团具有大的脉动能量。同时颗粒团聚将增加颗粒的停留时间。
建立了一维非稳态球形颗粒群燃烧模型,模拟了静态下煤粉颗粒团的着火和燃烧过程,同时给出了颗粒团的结构参数和环境参数对着火和燃烧的影响。颗粒群燃烧数G小于60时,煤粉颗粒团的着火先是异相着火,而当颗粒群燃烧数G大于60时,煤粉颗粒团的着火先是均相着火。随着煤粉聚团的颗粒浓度的增加,煤粉聚团的着火延迟先减小后增加。煤粉颗粒尺寸的增加和外部温度的降低会明显延迟均相着火,但是对颗粒团的燃烧速率影响不大。环境氧气浓度的增加会减小着火延迟,加快颗粒团的燃烧速率。
建立碳颗粒聚团燃烧反应模型,数值模拟气体流过碳颗粒聚团的燃烧过程,分析聚团空隙率、进口气体速度、进口气体温度和活化能等对碳颗粒聚团燃烧过程的影响,分析了颗粒聚团内不同位置的颗粒所消耗的碳量的变化规律。模拟结果表明碳颗粒聚团内沿来流方向温度以及CO和CO2含量逐渐升高,O2含量逐渐降低。碳颗粒聚团燃烧消耗的碳量随着聚团空隙率、进口气体速度和进口气体温度的增加而增加,随活化能的增加而减少。研究碳颗粒聚团轴向方向NO和N2O的变化规律,碳颗粒的团聚可有效降低燃烧过程中NO和N2O的排放。研究颗粒聚团和孤立单颗粒所受到的气动力的变化,获得了颗粒聚团的阻力系数与孤立单颗粒的阻力系数的比值的变化规律。孤立单颗粒所受到的气动力高于聚团中任何单颗粒。颗粒聚团的阻力系数与孤立单颗粒的阻力系数的比值随聚团空隙率的增加而趋近于1。采用动态分层动网格更新方法,对颗粒团聚过程中气体对颗粒聚团作用力进行了数值模拟。计算表明在颗粒团聚过程中,气体作用在颗粒聚团上的气动力逐渐减小,直至颗粒聚团后所具有的气动力为最小。颗粒团聚将明显降低气体与颗粒之间的作用。
建立了石灰石颗粒聚团脱硫化学反应过程数学模型,数值模拟了气体流过石灰石颗粒聚团的脱硫过程,分析了聚团空隙率、进口气体速度和温度对石灰石颗粒聚团和孤立单石灰石颗粒脱除SO2的影响。石灰石颗粒聚团吸收的SO2的量随聚团空隙率和进口气体速度的增加而增加,石灰石颗粒的比表面积与煅烧温度有关,在温度低于1253K时,比表面积随温度的增加而减少,但脱硫反应速率随温度的升高而增加,综合考虑以上两个因素,脱硫反应速率随温度的增加先增加后减少,孤立单颗粒吸收SO2的量高于聚团中任一单颗粒。研究了石灰石颗粒聚团对脱除NO的影响,石灰石颗粒的团聚可降低NO的排放。
建立了萘颗粒聚团传热传质过程数学模型,数值模拟了气体流过萘颗粒和萘颗粒聚团的传热传质过程,分析了聚团空隙率、进口气体速度和温度对颗粒聚团传热传质过程的影响。对气流中孤立单颗粒的传热传质模拟计算表明,模拟结果与现有关联式预测的结果相吻合的。随着入口气体流速的增加,气体对颗粒聚团的对流换热系数和传质系数增加。随着颗粒聚团空隙率的增大,气体与颗粒聚团之间的对流换热系数和传质系数增加。随着颗粒聚团中颗粒数的增加,气体与颗粒聚团之间的对流换热系数和传质系数下降。颗粒团聚将降低气体与颗粒之间的对流换热系数和传质系数,进而降低气体与颗粒之间的传递能力。
Hydrodynamics of dense gas-solid two-phase flow is a key research field in multiphase flow, and the formation of cluster is a main phenomenon in the dense gas-solid two-phase flow. The mechanism of dense gas-solid two-phase flow is not completely understood due to the complexity of flow. With the rapid development of hardware and calculation technique, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) have been become an important research approach because of its unique advantage.
A discrete particle motion-collision decoupled model is established in which particle collision is modeled by means of direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. A mathematical model which couples gas phase in the Euler coordinate with particles in the Lagrange coordinate is proposed on the basis of the balance of the transport kinetic energy. From the transport kinetic energy, the gas parameters are determined from local particle positions and porosity. Based on the kinetic theory of granular flow and the mean free path of particles, the particles belong to the cluster are determined. The radial distribution function is introduced in order to take into account the effect of the uneven local particle concentration on the particle collision probability. The large eddy simulation (LES) is used to model gas turbulence. The sub-cell technology is applied to save computational time and reduce uneven local particle concentration on the particle collision probability in computational cell. The interaction between gas phase and simulated particle is determined by means of Newtonian third law. A modified velocity-dependent restitution coefficient in which the impact velocity is replaced by the absolute relative velocity between two particles and the collision joins the two regimes of dissipations (viscoelastic and plastic) is used to model particle collisions in the numerical simulations.
Numerical simulations of flow behavior of dispersed particles and clusters are performed in a circulating fluidized bed by means of the LES-DSMC methods. The distributions of time-averaged particle velocity and concentration are obtained. The effects of superficial gas velocities and restitution coefficients on existence time of cluster, average concentration of particle, occurrence frequency of cluster and the flow behavior of two-phase flow are analyzed. For the clusters and dispersed particles, the collision frequencies and granular temperature as a function of particle concentration are obtained. The granular temperature of dispersed particles increases, reaches a maxima, then decreases with the increase of particle concentration, while particle in cluster the granular temperature decreases with the increase of particle concentration. For both dispersed particles and particles in cluster, the collisional frequency increases with the increase of particle concentration. Simulated collisional frequencies are lower than the computational results based on the kinetic theory of granular flow. Comparing to the motion of dispersed particles, the cluster of particles has more fluctuating energy. The particle clustering will increase the residence time of particles in the riser.
The transient combustion 1-dimensional model for spherical cloud of particles is proposed. Ignition and combustion of coal cloud under quiescent condition have been studied, at the same time the effects of structural and ambient conditional parameters of particles on ignition and combustion are analyzed. When the group number G is less than 60, the heterogeneous ignition occurs earlier than the homogeneous ignition, whereas when the group number G is larger than 60, the homogeneous ignition occurs earlier than the heterogeneous ignition. The ignition delay decreases, and then increases with the increase of the particle number density. The homogenous ignition time delay decreases as the ambient gas temperature increases, but the burning rate is no significant difference. Richer oxygen decreases the ignition time delays, at the same time increases the combustion rate.
The combustion model for cluster of char particles is introduced to characterize the combustion process of gas through the cluster. The effect of cluster porosity, inlet gas velocity, inlet gas temperature and active energy on char particle cluster combustion is analyzed. Particles located in different position of the cluster have the different mass loss rate of char. Particles located in the front of the cluster facing the incoming gas have the high gas temperature and O2 content. With the increase of cluster porosity, inlet gas temperature and velocity and the decrease of active energy, the mass loss rate of char due to combustion of carbon particle cluster is increased. The axial distributions of NO and N2O in carbon particle cluster is predicted. Simulation shows that the carbon particle cluster can reduce the emission of NO and N2O in effect. The dynamics of gas flowing in particle cluster and isolated particle are analyzed. The ratio of resistance coefficient of particle cluster and isolated particle is predicted. Results indicate that the dynamic force of an isolated particle is higher than any individual particle in cluster. The ratio of resistance coefficient of particle cluster and isolated particle is close to unity with the increase of cluster porosity. The movement of the moving particle is calculated by means of the dynamic mesh model of adaptively sampled distance fields. As the particle is moving toward the cluster, the gas dynamic forces between particles in the cluster and gases are reduced since the gas flux passing through the cluster is altered. Simulated results indicate that the reduction of the resistance between gas and cluster is due to particle clustering.
A mathematical model coupling hydrodynamics with chemical reactions is proposed for predicting sulphur retentions emissions by the calcium oxide particle cluster. The effect of cluster porosity, inlet gas temperature and velocity on being captured SO2 by the CaO particle in the cluster is analyzed. With the increase of cluster porosity and inlet gas velocity, the SO2 captured by CaO particle cluster is increased. The specific surface area of CaO particle is related to operation temperature. When the temperature is less than 1253K, the specific surface is reduced with the increase of temperature, but SO2 capture rate is increased with the increase of gas temperature. Hence, SO2 capture rate is reduced with the increase of gas temperature. For the isolated particle, the captured SO2 is more than any individual particle in the cluster. The effect of CaO cluster on NO emissions is analyzed. The emissions of NO can be reduced by particle clustering.
Heat and mass transfer of air to naphthalene particle cluster in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) is investigated via computational fluid dynamic (CFD) approach. Distributions of naphthalene vapor concentration and velocity in the spherical cluster are numerically predicted. The heat and mass transfer coefficient of an isolated particle in the stream are predicted and compared with calculations by empirical formulas. The computed results indicate that the heat and mass transfer of air to particles in the cluster is reduced due to the particle clustering and increments of particle size and temperature. Influences of the porosity of the cluster, inlet gas velocity and temperature on heat and mass transfer of air to the cluster are analyzed. The heat and mass transfer coefficients of gas to cluster increase with the increase of porosity of the cluster and inlet air velocity, but decrease with the particle diameter and the number of particles in the cluster. The down-moving cluster gives higher heat and mass transfer than that of the upward moving cluster. The reduction of heat and mass transfer of gas-particle is due to particle clustering. The computed Nusselt number and Sherwood numbers are compared with the estimated values from empirical equations reported in literature.
本文建立了离散颗粒运动—碰撞解耦模型,模型中应用直接模拟蒙特卡罗方法(DSMC)模拟颗粒间的碰撞过程。基于气相输送能量守恒,建立了以输送能分配确定气相欧拉坐标与颗粒相拉格朗日坐标耦合的计算方法,提出了确定颗粒当地局部气体速度的计算模型。该计算方法考虑了在计算网格气体作用的贡献,同时也考虑了颗粒的空间分布和局部颗粒浓度的影响。从而合理地反映颗粒聚团导致局部颗粒浓度分布不均对当地气体速度的影响。基于分子动力学和颗粒动理学,应用颗粒平均自由程,导出了确定颗粒聚团中颗粒数的计算方法。应用考虑颗粒碰撞过程中弹性变形和塑性变形的颗粒非弹性碰撞恢复系数,模拟颗粒的碰撞过程。采用了引入径向分布函数的颗粒间碰撞概率的计算方法,考虑局部颗粒浓度不均匀性对颗粒碰撞概率的影响。采用大涡模拟(LES)研究气相湍流。应用了子网格技术进行颗粒碰撞对的抽样,采用此技术可以减小计算工作量并且减小计算网格内颗粒浓度不均匀性对颗粒碰撞概率计算的影响。
应用LES-DSMC方法模拟了循环流化床上升管内气固两相流动特性,得到了时均颗粒速度和浓度的分布情况,以及单颗粒的运动规律。研究了气体表观速度和颗粒碰撞弹性恢复系数对团聚物存在时间、平均颗粒浓度、生成频率以及两相流流动特性的影响。研究了颗粒聚团和分散颗粒的颗粒温度和颗粒碰撞频率随颗粒浓度的变化规律。研究表明分散颗粒的颗粒温度随颗粒浓度增加,达到最大值后,随颗粒浓度增大而下降。而颗粒聚团的颗粒温度随着颗粒浓度增加而下降。随着颗粒浓度的增加,颗粒聚团的颗粒碰撞频率和分散颗粒的碰撞频率增加,模拟计算值低于颗粒动理学计算值。随着颗粒浓度的增加,聚团内的颗粒数增加。与分散颗粒相比,颗粒聚团具有大的脉动能量。同时颗粒团聚将增加颗粒的停留时间。
建立了一维非稳态球形颗粒群燃烧模型,模拟了静态下煤粉颗粒团的着火和燃烧过程,同时给出了颗粒团的结构参数和环境参数对着火和燃烧的影响。颗粒群燃烧数G小于60时,煤粉颗粒团的着火先是异相着火,而当颗粒群燃烧数G大于60时,煤粉颗粒团的着火先是均相着火。随着煤粉聚团的颗粒浓度的增加,煤粉聚团的着火延迟先减小后增加。煤粉颗粒尺寸的增加和外部温度的降低会明显延迟均相着火,但是对颗粒团的燃烧速率影响不大。环境氧气浓度的增加会减小着火延迟,加快颗粒团的燃烧速率。
建立碳颗粒聚团燃烧反应模型,数值模拟气体流过碳颗粒聚团的燃烧过程,分析聚团空隙率、进口气体速度、进口气体温度和活化能等对碳颗粒聚团燃烧过程的影响,分析了颗粒聚团内不同位置的颗粒所消耗的碳量的变化规律。模拟结果表明碳颗粒聚团内沿来流方向温度以及CO和CO2含量逐渐升高,O2含量逐渐降低。碳颗粒聚团燃烧消耗的碳量随着聚团空隙率、进口气体速度和进口气体温度的增加而增加,随活化能的增加而减少。研究碳颗粒聚团轴向方向NO和N2O的变化规律,碳颗粒的团聚可有效降低燃烧过程中NO和N2O的排放。研究颗粒聚团和孤立单颗粒所受到的气动力的变化,获得了颗粒聚团的阻力系数与孤立单颗粒的阻力系数的比值的变化规律。孤立单颗粒所受到的气动力高于聚团中任何单颗粒。颗粒聚团的阻力系数与孤立单颗粒的阻力系数的比值随聚团空隙率的增加而趋近于1。采用动态分层动网格更新方法,对颗粒团聚过程中气体对颗粒聚团作用力进行了数值模拟。计算表明在颗粒团聚过程中,气体作用在颗粒聚团上的气动力逐渐减小,直至颗粒聚团后所具有的气动力为最小。颗粒团聚将明显降低气体与颗粒之间的作用。
建立了石灰石颗粒聚团脱硫化学反应过程数学模型,数值模拟了气体流过石灰石颗粒聚团的脱硫过程,分析了聚团空隙率、进口气体速度和温度对石灰石颗粒聚团和孤立单石灰石颗粒脱除SO2的影响。石灰石颗粒聚团吸收的SO2的量随聚团空隙率和进口气体速度的增加而增加,石灰石颗粒的比表面积与煅烧温度有关,在温度低于1253K时,比表面积随温度的增加而减少,但脱硫反应速率随温度的升高而增加,综合考虑以上两个因素,脱硫反应速率随温度的增加先增加后减少,孤立单颗粒吸收SO2的量高于聚团中任一单颗粒。研究了石灰石颗粒聚团对脱除NO的影响,石灰石颗粒的团聚可降低NO的排放。
建立了萘颗粒聚团传热传质过程数学模型,数值模拟了气体流过萘颗粒和萘颗粒聚团的传热传质过程,分析了聚团空隙率、进口气体速度和温度对颗粒聚团传热传质过程的影响。对气流中孤立单颗粒的传热传质模拟计算表明,模拟结果与现有关联式预测的结果相吻合的。随着入口气体流速的增加,气体对颗粒聚团的对流换热系数和传质系数增加。随着颗粒聚团空隙率的增大,气体与颗粒聚团之间的对流换热系数和传质系数增加。随着颗粒聚团中颗粒数的增加,气体与颗粒聚团之间的对流换热系数和传质系数下降。颗粒团聚将降低气体与颗粒之间的对流换热系数和传质系数,进而降低气体与颗粒之间的传递能力。
Hydrodynamics of dense gas-solid two-phase flow is a key research field in multiphase flow, and the formation of cluster is a main phenomenon in the dense gas-solid two-phase flow. The mechanism of dense gas-solid two-phase flow is not completely understood due to the complexity of flow. With the rapid development of hardware and calculation technique, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) have been become an important research approach because of its unique advantage.
A discrete particle motion-collision decoupled model is established in which particle collision is modeled by means of direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. A mathematical model which couples gas phase in the Euler coordinate with particles in the Lagrange coordinate is proposed on the basis of the balance of the transport kinetic energy. From the transport kinetic energy, the gas parameters are determined from local particle positions and porosity. Based on the kinetic theory of granular flow and the mean free path of particles, the particles belong to the cluster are determined. The radial distribution function is introduced in order to take into account the effect of the uneven local particle concentration on the particle collision probability. The large eddy simulation (LES) is used to model gas turbulence. The sub-cell technology is applied to save computational time and reduce uneven local particle concentration on the particle collision probability in computational cell. The interaction between gas phase and simulated particle is determined by means of Newtonian third law. A modified velocity-dependent restitution coefficient in which the impact velocity is replaced by the absolute relative velocity between two particles and the collision joins the two regimes of dissipations (viscoelastic and plastic) is used to model particle collisions in the numerical simulations.
Numerical simulations of flow behavior of dispersed particles and clusters are performed in a circulating fluidized bed by means of the LES-DSMC methods. The distributions of time-averaged particle velocity and concentration are obtained. The effects of superficial gas velocities and restitution coefficients on existence time of cluster, average concentration of particle, occurrence frequency of cluster and the flow behavior of two-phase flow are analyzed. For the clusters and dispersed particles, the collision frequencies and granular temperature as a function of particle concentration are obtained. The granular temperature of dispersed particles increases, reaches a maxima, then decreases with the increase of particle concentration, while particle in cluster the granular temperature decreases with the increase of particle concentration. For both dispersed particles and particles in cluster, the collisional frequency increases with the increase of particle concentration. Simulated collisional frequencies are lower than the computational results based on the kinetic theory of granular flow. Comparing to the motion of dispersed particles, the cluster of particles has more fluctuating energy. The particle clustering will increase the residence time of particles in the riser.
The transient combustion 1-dimensional model for spherical cloud of particles is proposed. Ignition and combustion of coal cloud under quiescent condition have been studied, at the same time the effects of structural and ambient conditional parameters of particles on ignition and combustion are analyzed. When the group number G is less than 60, the heterogeneous ignition occurs earlier than the homogeneous ignition, whereas when the group number G is larger than 60, the homogeneous ignition occurs earlier than the heterogeneous ignition. The ignition delay decreases, and then increases with the increase of the particle number density. The homogenous ignition time delay decreases as the ambient gas temperature increases, but the burning rate is no significant difference. Richer oxygen decreases the ignition time delays, at the same time increases the combustion rate.
The combustion model for cluster of char particles is introduced to characterize the combustion process of gas through the cluster. The effect of cluster porosity, inlet gas velocity, inlet gas temperature and active energy on char particle cluster combustion is analyzed. Particles located in different position of the cluster have the different mass loss rate of char. Particles located in the front of the cluster facing the incoming gas have the high gas temperature and O2 content. With the increase of cluster porosity, inlet gas temperature and velocity and the decrease of active energy, the mass loss rate of char due to combustion of carbon particle cluster is increased. The axial distributions of NO and N2O in carbon particle cluster is predicted. Simulation shows that the carbon particle cluster can reduce the emission of NO and N2O in effect. The dynamics of gas flowing in particle cluster and isolated particle are analyzed. The ratio of resistance coefficient of particle cluster and isolated particle is predicted. Results indicate that the dynamic force of an isolated particle is higher than any individual particle in cluster. The ratio of resistance coefficient of particle cluster and isolated particle is close to unity with the increase of cluster porosity. The movement of the moving particle is calculated by means of the dynamic mesh model of adaptively sampled distance fields. As the particle is moving toward the cluster, the gas dynamic forces between particles in the cluster and gases are reduced since the gas flux passing through the cluster is altered. Simulated results indicate that the reduction of the resistance between gas and cluster is due to particle clustering.
A mathematical model coupling hydrodynamics with chemical reactions is proposed for predicting sulphur retentions emissions by the calcium oxide particle cluster. The effect of cluster porosity, inlet gas temperature and velocity on being captured SO2 by the CaO particle in the cluster is analyzed. With the increase of cluster porosity and inlet gas velocity, the SO2 captured by CaO particle cluster is increased. The specific surface area of CaO particle is related to operation temperature. When the temperature is less than 1253K, the specific surface is reduced with the increase of temperature, but SO2 capture rate is increased with the increase of gas temperature. Hence, SO2 capture rate is reduced with the increase of gas temperature. For the isolated particle, the captured SO2 is more than any individual particle in the cluster. The effect of CaO cluster on NO emissions is analyzed. The emissions of NO can be reduced by particle clustering.
Heat and mass transfer of air to naphthalene particle cluster in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) is investigated via computational fluid dynamic (CFD) approach. Distributions of naphthalene vapor concentration and velocity in the spherical cluster are numerically predicted. The heat and mass transfer coefficient of an isolated particle in the stream are predicted and compared with calculations by empirical formulas. The computed results indicate that the heat and mass transfer of air to particles in the cluster is reduced due to the particle clustering and increments of particle size and temperature. Influences of the porosity of the cluster, inlet gas velocity and temperature on heat and mass transfer of air to the cluster are analyzed. The heat and mass transfer coefficients of gas to cluster increase with the increase of porosity of the cluster and inlet air velocity, but decrease with the particle diameter and the number of particles in the cluster. The down-moving cluster gives higher heat and mass transfer than that of the upward moving cluster. The reduction of heat and mass transfer of gas-particle is due to particle clustering. The computed Nusselt number and Sherwood numbers are compared with the estimated values from empirical equations reported in literature.
引文
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