基于能量高效的传感器网络路由算法研究
|
摘要
随着“普适计算”技术模式的出现,传感器网络作为一种新型数据采集的技术手段,在未来具有无限光明的应用前景。目前,传感器网络许多相关技术内容仍然处于探索阶段,比如:网络协议设计、能源管理、数据传输安全性和可靠性等问题。只有有效解决所面临的这些技术问题,传感器网络才能有机会真正应用到军事、医疗、商业、教育、环境等领域,发挥潜在的巨大价值,才能真正转化为生产力。因此,对其研究是大有裨益的。本文从解决传感器网路路由协议算法角度进行探讨,作了一些有益的尝试,主要反映在以下四个方面:
第一,论述了传感器网络区别于其它无线网络(如MANET、蜂窝网络)的一些内在特征,分析了一些传感器网络路由算法设计的影响因素。对现有的一些传感器网络路由协议算法进行分类的基础上,综述了它们的优缺点及其性能问题,为设计新的性能更好的路由协议算法奠定基础;
第二,为延缓传感器网络寿命,提高能量使用效率,提出一种新的能效高的可靠聚类路由算法——多类头方法的传感器网络聚类路由算法。该算法采用每个类多类头节点共同承担类头节点的作用——收集数据、聚合数据并发送数据包到sink节点,解决单类头节点因故障等原因带来的不可靠而导致的能量损失,改善网络能量使用效率,提高数据传输可靠性。在仿真环境下,该算法与单类头方法的聚类路由算法进行了比较,结果表明,该算法改善了能量消耗均衡性,提高了能量使用效率以及类头节点数据传输可靠性,从而也有效延长了网络寿命。
第三,从关注能量节约和均衡运用来延长网络寿命的角度,提出一种新的基于权重引导的多跳路由算法,该算法适应连续流数据传输应用模型的需要,在兼顾每个节点的能量状况的同时,充分利用路由方向性信息,引入路由权重概念,可以实现引导节点既考虑能量均衡使用,同时实现快速路由数据到目标节点(即sink节点)的目的。经仿真验证,该算法有效节约能量,均衡使用能量,延长网络寿命,路由数据快速。
第四,结合传感器网络事件驱动型数据传输模型具有不同于其它数据传输
As a new technique of implementing ubiquitous computing, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) can be used in many aspects in the coming future. However, several technologies related to WSNs are still explored, such as network routing protocol, energy management, data transmission security and reliability, etc. If they can be designed successfully and implemented effectively, WSNs will really be used in a wide range of applications in the military, health, commerce, education, environment etc., and their potential and great values can be produced and transformed into productivity. Therefore, it is most meaningful to make scientific researches on wireless sensor networks. In this paper, mainly focusing on routing technique in WSNs, some problems of designing WSNs' routing algorithm are discussed and several new routing algorithms are presented as follows:· Several WSNs' inherent characteristics are firstly described, which are different from traditional wireless networks like mobile ad hoc network (MANET) or cellular network. Then, design challenges for routing protocols in WSNs are outlined. Next, a comprehensive survey of different routing techniques is done and the advantages, disadvantages and performance issues of each routing techniques are also highlighted. Finally, some possible future research areas about WSNs' routing techniques are proposed in this paper.· In order to postpone system lifetime and enhance energy efficiency, an energy-efficient routing algorithm for WSNs, termed as Clustering Routing Algorithm using Multi-CHs-One-Cluster method (CRAM), is presented in this paper. This algorithm selects Multi-Cluster-Heads (Multi-CHs) in every cluster together as one cluster head to perform data fusion and data transmission to improve energy efficiency and enhance data transmission reliability, since one cluster-head in a cluster may be unreliable and cause energy losing in case of node failure. Detailed simulations of sensor network environments indicate that CRAM algorithm improves energy
efficiency, balances energy consumption of all sensor nodes, enhances data transmission reliability of cluster-head and postpones network system lifetime in comparison to clustering routing algorithm using one-CH-one cluster method.? A new multi-hop routing algorithm (WDM algorithm, Weight-Directed based Multi-hop routing algorithm) to meet the requirements of the continuous application model is also proposed in this paper. This algorithm can transfer data quickly to goal sensor node using the directional information and RWVs (route weight value) of sensor nodes as well as balance energy consumption of all sensor nodes. Detailed simulations of sensor network environments indicate that this algorithm improves energy efficiency and proportions energy consumption of all sensor nodes to extend network system lifetime, and routes data quickly in comparison to the flooding algorithm.? An energy-efficient Event-Driven Clustering routing algorithm (for short, EDC algorithm) for WSNs is presented in this paper. The algorithm can make decisions about which nodes become cluster-head nodes according to the maximum remainder energy of nodes that have sensed one event occurred and first switch to active state if their several components are in sleeping state. This strategy can keep sensor nodes with lower remainder energy out of being used up quickly. Detailed simulations of sensor network environments demonstrate that EDC algorithm reduces energy consumption, prolongs system lifetime, and improves the evenness of dissipated network energy.
第一,论述了传感器网络区别于其它无线网络(如MANET、蜂窝网络)的一些内在特征,分析了一些传感器网络路由算法设计的影响因素。对现有的一些传感器网络路由协议算法进行分类的基础上,综述了它们的优缺点及其性能问题,为设计新的性能更好的路由协议算法奠定基础;
第二,为延缓传感器网络寿命,提高能量使用效率,提出一种新的能效高的可靠聚类路由算法——多类头方法的传感器网络聚类路由算法。该算法采用每个类多类头节点共同承担类头节点的作用——收集数据、聚合数据并发送数据包到sink节点,解决单类头节点因故障等原因带来的不可靠而导致的能量损失,改善网络能量使用效率,提高数据传输可靠性。在仿真环境下,该算法与单类头方法的聚类路由算法进行了比较,结果表明,该算法改善了能量消耗均衡性,提高了能量使用效率以及类头节点数据传输可靠性,从而也有效延长了网络寿命。
第三,从关注能量节约和均衡运用来延长网络寿命的角度,提出一种新的基于权重引导的多跳路由算法,该算法适应连续流数据传输应用模型的需要,在兼顾每个节点的能量状况的同时,充分利用路由方向性信息,引入路由权重概念,可以实现引导节点既考虑能量均衡使用,同时实现快速路由数据到目标节点(即sink节点)的目的。经仿真验证,该算法有效节约能量,均衡使用能量,延长网络寿命,路由数据快速。
第四,结合传感器网络事件驱动型数据传输模型具有不同于其它数据传输
As a new technique of implementing ubiquitous computing, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) can be used in many aspects in the coming future. However, several technologies related to WSNs are still explored, such as network routing protocol, energy management, data transmission security and reliability, etc. If they can be designed successfully and implemented effectively, WSNs will really be used in a wide range of applications in the military, health, commerce, education, environment etc., and their potential and great values can be produced and transformed into productivity. Therefore, it is most meaningful to make scientific researches on wireless sensor networks. In this paper, mainly focusing on routing technique in WSNs, some problems of designing WSNs' routing algorithm are discussed and several new routing algorithms are presented as follows:· Several WSNs' inherent characteristics are firstly described, which are different from traditional wireless networks like mobile ad hoc network (MANET) or cellular network. Then, design challenges for routing protocols in WSNs are outlined. Next, a comprehensive survey of different routing techniques is done and the advantages, disadvantages and performance issues of each routing techniques are also highlighted. Finally, some possible future research areas about WSNs' routing techniques are proposed in this paper.· In order to postpone system lifetime and enhance energy efficiency, an energy-efficient routing algorithm for WSNs, termed as Clustering Routing Algorithm using Multi-CHs-One-Cluster method (CRAM), is presented in this paper. This algorithm selects Multi-Cluster-Heads (Multi-CHs) in every cluster together as one cluster head to perform data fusion and data transmission to improve energy efficiency and enhance data transmission reliability, since one cluster-head in a cluster may be unreliable and cause energy losing in case of node failure. Detailed simulations of sensor network environments indicate that CRAM algorithm improves energy
efficiency, balances energy consumption of all sensor nodes, enhances data transmission reliability of cluster-head and postpones network system lifetime in comparison to clustering routing algorithm using one-CH-one cluster method.? A new multi-hop routing algorithm (WDM algorithm, Weight-Directed based Multi-hop routing algorithm) to meet the requirements of the continuous application model is also proposed in this paper. This algorithm can transfer data quickly to goal sensor node using the directional information and RWVs (route weight value) of sensor nodes as well as balance energy consumption of all sensor nodes. Detailed simulations of sensor network environments indicate that this algorithm improves energy efficiency and proportions energy consumption of all sensor nodes to extend network system lifetime, and routes data quickly in comparison to the flooding algorithm.? An energy-efficient Event-Driven Clustering routing algorithm (for short, EDC algorithm) for WSNs is presented in this paper. The algorithm can make decisions about which nodes become cluster-head nodes according to the maximum remainder energy of nodes that have sensed one event occurred and first switch to active state if their several components are in sleeping state. This strategy can keep sensor nodes with lower remainder energy out of being used up quickly. Detailed simulations of sensor network environments demonstrate that EDC algorithm reduces energy consumption, prolongs system lifetime, and improves the evenness of dissipated network energy.
引文
[1]. M. Weiser, The computer for the 21st century. Scientific American, 1991, 265(3): 94-104.
[2]. I. A. Essa, Ubiquitous sensing for smart and aware environments. IEEE Personal Communications, pp.47-49, Oct. 2000.
[3]. C. Herring, S. Kaplan, Component-based software systems for smart environments. IEEE Personal Communications, pp. 60-61, Oct. 2000.
[4]. E. M. Petriu, N. D. Geoganas, D. C. Petriu, D. Makrakis, V. Z. Groza, Sensor-based information appliances. IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Magazine, pp.31-35, Dec. 2000.
[5]. P. Johnson et al., Remote continuous physiological monitoring in the home. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2 (2), pp. 107-113, 1996.
[6]. M. Ogawa et al., Fully automated biosignal acquisition in daily routine through 1 month. International Conference on IEEE-EMBS, pp. 1947-1950, Hong Kong, 1998.
[7]. B. G. Celler et al., An instrumentation system for the remote monitoring of changes in functional health status of the elderly. International Conference IEEE-EMBS, pp. 908-909, New York, 1994.
[8]. G. Coyle et al., Home telecare for the elderly. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 1, pp. 183-184, 1995.
[9]. L. Schwiebert, S. K. S. Gupta, J. Weinmann, etc., Research Challenges in Wireless Networks of Biomedical Sensors. MobiCOM'01, pp. 151-165, July 2001.
[10]. A. Mainwaring, J. Polastre, R. Szewczyk, and D. Culler, Wireless Sensor Networks for Habitat Monitoring. ACM WSNA'02; Atlanta, Georgia, Sept. 2002.
[11]. A. Cerpa, J. Elson, M. Hamilton, J. Zhao, Habitat monitoring: application driver for wireless communications technology. ACM SIGCOMM'2000, Costa, Rica, April 2001.
[12]. D. C. Steere, A. Baptista, D. McNamee, C. Pu, J. Walpole, Research Challenges in Environmental Observation and Forecasting Systems. Proc. 6 ACM/IEEE MobiCOM, pp. 292-299, Aug. 2000.
[13]. P. Bonnet, J. Gehrke, P. Seshadri, Querying the physical world. IEEE Personal Communications, pp. 10-15, Oct. 2000.
[14]. http://www.alertsystems.org/
[15]. T. Imielinski, S. Goel, DataSpace: querying and monitoring deeply networked collections in physical space. ACM International Workshop on Data Engineering for Wireless and Mobile Access MobiDE 1999, pp. 44-51, Seattle, Washington, 1999.
[16]. http://www.save-u.org/file_html/summary.htm
[17]. Seong-Moo Yoo, Sensor networks for automobile tracking and routing. http://utca.eng.ua.edu/projects/final_reports/03303fnl.pdf, UTCA Report 03303, March 2004.
[18]. B. Rickett, A Vision of Future Applications for an Automotive Radar Network. 1st International Workshop on Intelligent Transportation (WIT 2004), 23-24 March 2004, Hamburg, Germany.
[19]. Geoff Werner-Allen, Jeff Johnson, Mario Ruiz, et al., Monitoring Volcanic Eruptions with a Wireless Sensor Network. In Proceedings of the 2nd European Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks (EWSN'05), January 2005.
[20]. http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/bwn/Sensor/
[21]. http://www.isi.edu/scadds/
[22]. http://telegraph.cs.berkeley.edu/
[23]. Sam Madden and Michael J. Franklin, Fjording the Stream: An Architecture for Queries over Streaming Sensor Data. ICDE Conference, San Jose, February, 2002.
[24]. Yong Yao, Johannes Gehrke, The Cougar Approach to In-Networks Query Processing in Sensor Networks. SIGMOD Record, Vol. 31, No. 3, Sept. 2002.
[25]. http://www.ecosensorweb.dcu.ie/Overview.html
[26]. http://www.eyes.eu.org/index.htm
[27]. http://www.i2r.a-star.edu.sg/icsd/SecureSensor/index.html
[28]. C. Karlof and D. Wagner, Secure Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks: Attacks and Countermeasures. In First IEEE International Workshop on Sensor Network Protocols and Applications, pp. 113--127, May 2003.
[29]. S. Avancha, J. Undercoffer, A. Joshi and J. Pinkston, Security for Sensor Networks, Wireless Sensor Networks (C.S. Raghavendra et al eds.), Chapter 12, pp. 253-275, January 2004.
[30]. http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/bwn/UWASN/
[31]. Ning Xu, A Survey of Sensor Network Applications. http://enl.usc.edu/～ningxu/papers/survey.pdf
[32]. I. F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubrarnaniam, E. Cayirci, A survey on sensor networks, Computer Networks (Elsevier) Journal, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 393-422, March 2002.
[33].任丰原,黄海宁,林闯,无线传感器网络,软件学报,2003,14(7):1282～1291.Ren FY, Huang HN, Lin C, Wireless sensor networks. Journal of Software, 2003, 14(7): 1282～1291. http://www.jos.org.cn/1000-9825/14/1282.htm
[34]. D. B. Johnson, and D. A. Maltz, Dynamic Source Routing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networking, in Mobile Computing, T. Imielinski and H. Korth, editors, Kluwer Academic Publishing, 1996.
[35]. C. Perkins, Ad Hoc Networking, Addison-Wesley, 2000.
[36]. C. Perkins, Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing, IETF MANET, Internet-Draft, Dec. 1997.
[37]. Y. Tseng, S. Wu, C. Lin, J. Sheu, A multi-channel MAC protocol with power control for multi-hop mobile ad hoc networks, IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, Mesa, AZ, April 2001, pp. 419-424.
[38]. S. Wu, C. Lin, Y. Tseng, J. Sheu, A new multi channel MAC protocol with on-demand channel assignment for multihop mobile ad hoc networks, International Symposium on Parallel Architectures, Algorithms and Networks, I-SPAN 2000, Dallas, 2000, pp. 232-237.
[39]. S. Wu, Y. Tseng, J. Sheu, Intelligent medium access for mobile ad hoc networks with busy tones and power control, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, September 2000, pp. 1647-1657.
[40].李建中,李金宝,石胜飞,传感器网络及其数据管理的概念、问题与进展,软件学报,2003,14(10):1717～1727.Li JZ, Li JB, Shi SF, Concepts, issues and advance of sensor networks and data management of sensor networks, Journal of Software, 2003, 14(10): 1717～1727. http://www.jos.org.cn/1000-9825/14/1717.htm
[41]. Y. Xu, J. Heidemann, D. Estrin, Geography-informed energy conservation for ad hoc routing, Proceedings of ACM MobiCom'2001, Rome, Italy, July 2001.
[42]. http://www.eecis.udel.edu/～mills/ntp.html
[43]. Mills, D. L. Internet time synchronization: the Network Time Protocol. IEEE Trans. Communications COM-39, 10 (October 1991), 1482-1493. Also in: Yang, Z., and T. A. Marsland (Eds.). Global States and Time in Distributed Systems, IEEE Press, Los Alamitos, CA, 91-102.
[44]. Kopetz, H., and W. Ochsenreiter. Clock synchronization in distributed real-time systems. IEEE Trans. Computers C-36, 8 (August 1987), 933-939.
[45]. Rockwell WINS & Hidra Nodes, http://wins.rsc.rockwell.com/
[46]. Crossbow's wireless sensor node, http://www.xbow.com/Products/Wireless_Sensor_Networks.htm
[47]. PicoNode, http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/Research/Pico_Radio/
[48]. UCLA iBadge, http://nesl.ee.ucla.edu/projects/ibadge/hardware.htm
[49]. MIT d'Arbeloff Lab - The ring sensor, H. Asada, R. Hutchinson, "A New Ring Sensor Design for Improved Motion Artifact Reduction without Circulatory Interference," http://darbelofflab.mit.edu/ProgressReports/progrep3-4-main.html#Sensors
[50]. Curt Schurgers, Vlasios Tsiatsis, Saurabh Ganeriwal, Mani B. Srivastava, "Optimizing Sensor Networks in the Energy-Latency-Density Design Space," IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, Vol.1, No.1, pp. 70-80, January-March 2002.
[51]. Deborah Estrin, Akbar Sayeed, and Mani Srivastava, Mobicom'02 Tutorial "Wireless Sensor Networks", http://nesl.ee.ucla.edu/tutorials/mobicom02/
[52]. E. Shih, S. Cho, N. Ickes, R. Min, A. Sinha, A. Wang, A.Chandrakasan, "Physical Layer Driven Protocol and Algorithm Design for Energy-Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. ACM MobiCom '01, Rome, Italy, pp. 272-286, July 2001.
[53]. National Semiconductor Corporation, LMX3162 Single Chip Radio Transceiver, Evaluation Notes and Datasheet, March 2000.
[54]. Michiel S. J. Steyaert, Bram De Muer, Paul Leroux, Marc Borremans, and Koen Mertens, "Low-Voltage Low-Power CMOS-RF Transceiver Design," IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 50, NO.1, JANUARY 2002.
[55]. A. Vouilloz, C. Dehollain, M. Declercq, "A Low-Power CMOS Super-Regenerative Receiver at 1GHz," Proc. IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC'00), Orlando, USA, pp. 167-170, May 21-24, 2000.
[56]. A. S. Porret, T. Melly, D. Python, C. Enz, E. Vittoz, "A Low-Power Low-Voltage Transceiver Architecture suitable for Wireless Distributed Sensors Network," Proc. IEEE Int. Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS'00), Geneva, Switzerland, vol. 1, pp. 56-59, May 28-3, 2000.
[57]. W. C. Wang, K. H. Huang, and C. K. Wang, "Pulse Position Modulation Based Transceiver Architecture with Fast Acquisition Slot-Locked-Loop," U. S. Patent No. 6, 219, 380, April, 2001.
[58]. SUPREGE Project, http://www.lowpower.org/Repository/S_suprege.html
[59]. G. Pottie, W. Kaiser, "Wireless integrated network sensors," Communication of the ACM, vol. 43, pp. 51--58, May 2000.
[60]. Johan Pouwelse, Koen Langendoen, Henk Sips, "Dynamic voltage scaling on a low-power microprocessor," Proceedings of the 7th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking, Rome, Italy, pp. 251-259, July 2001.
[61]. R. Jejurikar, C. Pereira, R. Gupta, "Leakage aware dynamic voltage scaling for real-time embedded systems," Proceedings of the Design Automation Conference, San Diego, California, USA, June 7-11, 2004.
[62]. R. Jejurikar, R. Gupta, "Integrating Preemption Threshold Scheduling and Dynamic Voltage Scaling for Energy Efficient Real-Time Systems," In Proc. of International Conference on Real-Time and Embedded Computing Systems and Applications (RTCSA '04), Aug 2004.
[63]. R. Jejurikar, R. Gupta, "Dynamic Voltage Scaling for System-wide Energy minimization in Real-Time Embedded Systems," In Proc. of International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (ISLPED'04), Aug 2004.
[64]. L. Shang,, L. S. Peh,, and N. K. Jha, "Dynamic voltage scaling with links for power optimization of interconnection networks," In Proceedings of International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture, pp. 91—102, 2003.
[65]. Trevor Pering, Tom Burd, Robert Brodersen, "The Simulation and Evaluation of Dynamic Voltage Scaling Algorithms," Proceedings of the international symposium on Low power electronics and design, Monterey, California, United States, pp. 76-81, 1998.
[66]. R. Min, T. Furrer, and A. Chandrakasan, "Dynamic Voltage Scaling Techniques for Distributed Microsensor Networks," Proc. IEEE Computer Society Annual Workshop VLSI (WVLSI'00), Orlando, FL. pp. 43-46, Apr. 2000.
[67]. Padmanabhan Pillai and Kang G. Shin, "Real-time dynamic voltage scaling for low-power embedded operating systems," In 18th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, pp. 89-102, 2001.
[68]. A. Sinha, "Energy-Scalable Software," SM Thesis, Depart-. ment of EECS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, February 2000.
[69]. A. Sinha, A. Chandrakasan, "Dynamic power management in wireless sensor networks," IEEE Design & Test of Computers, March 2001, 18(2): 62-74.
[70]. Rodrigo M. Passos, Claudionor J. N. Coelho Jr., Antonio A. F. Loureiro, Raquel A. F. Mini, Dynamic Power Management in Wireless Sensor Networks: An Application-Driven Approach, the Second Annual Conference on Wireless On-demand Network Systems and Services (WONS'05), St. Moritz, Switzerland, January 19-21, 2005.
[71]. Yuvraj Agarwal, Curt Schurgers, Rajesh Gupta, "Dynamic Power Management using On Demand Paging for Networked Embedded Systems," Asia South Pacific Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC'05), Shanghai, China, Jan 18-21, 2005.
[72]. Q. Qiu and M. Pedram, "Dynamic power management based on. continuous-time Markov decision processes," in Design Automation. Conference (DAC'99), pp. 555-561, June 1999.
[73]. B. Brock and K. Rajamani. Dynamic power management for embedded systems. In Proceedings of the IEEE Int'l SOC Conference (SOCC 2003), September 2003.
[74]. Luca Benini, Giuliano Castelli, Alberto Macii, and Riccardo Scarsi. Battery-driven dynamic power management. IEEE Design & Test of Computers special issue on Dynamic Power Management of Electronic Systems, pages 53-60, March/April 2001.
[75]. L. Benini, A. Bogliolo, S. Cavallucci, and Bruno Ricco. Monitoring system activity of os-directed dynamic power managament. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Low-Power Electronics and Design ISLPED'98, 1998.
[76]. The MIT? AMPS Project, http://www-mtl.mit.edu/research/icsystems/uamps/.
[77]. N. Bulusu, J. Heidemann, D. Estrin, "GPS-less low cost outdoor localization for very small devices", Technical report 00-729, Computer science department, University of Southern California, Apr. 2000.
[78]. A. Savvides, C-C Han, aind M. Srivastava, "Dynamic fine-grained localization in Ad-Hoc networks of sensors," Proceedings of the Seventh ACM Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom), pp. 166-179, July 2001.
[79]. Jamal N. Al-Karaki Ahmed E. Kamal, "Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey", IEEE Personal Communications, Vol. 11, Issue: 6 pp. 6-28, Dec. 2004.
[80]. Y. Yao and J. Gehrke, "The cougar approach to in-network query processing in sensor networks", in SIGMOD Record, September 2002.
[81]. S. Tilak, N. Abu-Ghazaleh, and W. Heinzelman, "A Taxonomy of Wireless Micro-Sensor Network Models," ACM Mobile Computing and Communications Review (MC2R), Volume 6, Number 2, Apr. 2002.
[82]. F. Ye, H. Luo, J. Cheng, S. Lu, L. Zhang, "A Two-tier data dissemination model for large-scale wireless sensor networks", proceedings of ACM/IEEE MOBICOM, 2002.
[83]. W. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan and H. Balakrishnan, "Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Microsensor Networks," Proceedings of the 33rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS '00), January 2000.
[84]. Vipin Mehta, Magda El Zarki, "A bluetooth based sensor network for civil infrastructure health monitoring", Wireless Networks, Volume 10, Issue 4, pp. 401-412, July 2004.
[85]. W. Heinzelman, J. Kulik, and H. Balakrishnan, "Adaptive Protocols for Information Dissemination in Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. 5th ACM/IEEE Mobicom Conference (MobiCom '99), Seattle, WA, pp. 174-85, August, 1999.
[86]. J. Kulik, W. R. Heinzelman, and H. Balakrishnan, "Negotiation-based protocols for disseminating information in wireless sensor networks," Wireless Networks, Volume: 8, pp. 169-185, 2002.
[87]. C. Intanagonwiwat, R. Govindan, and D. Estrin, "Directed diffusion: a scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks," Proceedings of ACM MobiCom '00, Boston, MA, 2000, pp. 56-67.
[88]. S. Hedetniemi and A. Liestman, "A survey of gossiping and broadcasting in communication networks", IEEE Networks, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 319-349, 1988.
[89].郑增威,吴朝晖,“普适计算综述”,计算机科学,重庆,2003,30(4):18—22,29.Zheng Zeng-wei, Wu Zhao-hui, "A Survey on Pervasive Computing," Computer Science, Volume: 30, No. 4, pp. 18-22, 29, Chongqing, China, Apr., 2003.
[90]. Florian Michahelles, Michael Samulowitz and Bernt Schiele, "Detecting Context in Distributed Sensor Networks by Using Smart Context-Aware Packets", International Conference on Architecture of Computing Systems (ARCS 2002), Karlsruhe, Germany, April 2002.
[91]. 美国国防部关键技术计划(1992财年),北京:国防科技信息中心,1993.
[92]. Burrell, J., Brooke, T., Beckwith, R., Vineyard computing: sensor networks in agricultural production, IEEE Pervasive Computing, Volume 3, Issue 1, Page(s): 38-45, Jan.-March 2004.
[93]. Joshua Lifton and Mathew Laibowitz, "Application-led Research in Ubiquitous Computing: A Wireless Sensor Network Perspective", Responsive Environments Group, MIT Media Lab. www.cl.cam.ac.uk/～gfc22/ubiappws/finalpapers/ubiappws-Lifton.pdf
[94]. David E. Culler, "System Design Techniques for Large-Scale Pervasive Computing Environments", Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley, Final Report 2002-2003 for Micro Project# 02-017. www.ucop.edu/research/micro/02_03/02_017.pdf
[95]. M. Satyanarayanan, "Pervasive computing: Vision and challenges," IEEE Personal Communications, vol. 8, pp. 10—17, Aug. 2001.
[96]. TPS70158 voltage regulator, Texas Instruments, http://www.ti.com
[97]. Dimitrios Lymberopoulos, Andreas Savvides, "XYZ: A Motion-Enabled, Power Aware Sensor Node Platform for Distributed Sensor Network Applications", 4th International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN 2005), UCLA, Los Angeles, Califomia, USA, pp. 449-454, April 2005.
[98]. Archana Bharathidasan and Vijay Anand Sai Ponduru, "Sensor Networks: An Overview", Survey Paper, IEEE INFOCOM 2004. wwwcsif.cs.ucdavis.edu/～bharathi/sensor/survey.pdf
[99]. K. Akkaya and M. Younis, "A Survey of Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks," Elsevier Ad Hoe Network Journal, Vol. 3/3 pp. 325-349, 2005.
[100]. K. Yao, R. E. Hudson, C. W. Reed, D. Chen, and F. Lorenzelli, "Blind Beamforming on a Randomly Distributed Sensor Array System", Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE Workshop on Signal Processing Systems (SIPS' 98), October, 1998.
[101]. S. Haykin, J. Litva, and T. J. Shepherd, "Radar Array Processing", Springer-Verlag, New York, USA, 1993.
[102]. R. A. Gabel, R. R. Kurth, "Synthesis of efficient digital beamformers", J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., 70 (S1): 517, 1981.
[103]. D. Braginsky and D. Estrin, "Rumor Routing Algorithm for Sensor Networks," Proceedings of the First Workshop on Sensor Networks and Applications (WSNA 2002), Atlanta, GA, October 2002.
[104]. R. Min, et al., "An Architecture for a Power-Aware Distributed Mierosensor Node," IEEE Workshop on Signal Processing Systems (SIPS '00), Oct. 2000.
[105]. Kris Pister, "My view of sensor networks in 2010", http://roboties.eecs.berkeley.edu/～pister/SmartDust/
[106]. M. Chu, H. Haussecker, and F. Zhao, "Scalable Information-Driven Sensor Querying and Routing for ad hoc Heterogeneous Sensor Networks," International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications, Vol, 16, No. 3, August 2002.
[107]. Y. Yao and J. Gehrke, "The cougar approach to in-network query processing in sensor networks", in SIGMOD Record, September 2002.
[108]. N. Sadagopan et al., "The ACQUIRE mechanism for efficient querying in sensor networks", Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Sensor Network Protocol and Applications, Anchorage, Alaska, May 2003.
[109]. C. Rahul, J. Rabae, "Energy Aware Routing for Low Energy Ad Hoc Sensor Networks", IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), Orlando, FL, March 17-21, 2002.
[110]. A. Sinha, et al., "Power-Aware Software," Proc. Of the 13th Int. Conference on VLSI Design, Calcutta, India, Jan. 2000.
[111]. W. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan and H. Balakrishnan, "Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Microsensor Networks," Proceedings of the 33rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'00), January 2000.
[112]. W. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan, and H. Balakrishnan, "An Application-Specific Protocol Architecture for Wireless Microsensor Networks," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 660-670, Oct. 2002.
[113]. W. Heinzelman, "Application-Specific Protocol Architectures for Wireless Networks," Ph.D. Dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, June 2000.
[114]. S. Lindsey, C. Raghavendra, "PEGASIS: Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems", IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings, 2002, Vol. 3, 9-16 pp. 1125-1130.
[115]. Zheng Zeng-wei, Wu Zhao-hui, Lin Huai-zhong, "An Event-Driven Clustering Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks", 2004 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS 2004), Sendai, Japan, Sept. 28-Oct. 2, 2004.
[116]. A. Manjeshwar and D. P. Agarwal, "TEEN: a routing protocol for enhanced efficiency in wireless sensor networks," 1st International Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Computing Issues in Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing, April 2001.
[117]. A. Manjeshwar and D. P. Agarwal, "APTEEN: A hybrid protocol for efficient routing and comprehensive information retrieval in wireless sensor networks," Proceedings International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS 2002), PP. 195-202, 2002.
[118]. N. Bulusu, D. Estrin, L. Girod and J. Heidemann, "Scalable Coordination for wireless sensor networks: Self-Configuring Localization Systems", Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Communication Theory and Applications (ISCTA 2001), Ambleside, Lake District, UK, July 2001.
[119]. Q. Fang, F. Zhao, and L. Guibas, "Lightweight Sensing and Communication Protocols for Target Enumeration and Aggregation", Proceedings of the 4th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking and computing (MOBIHOC), pp. 165-176, 2003.
[120]. Bhaskar Krishnamachari, Deborah Estrin, and Stephen Wicker, "Modelling data-centric routing in wireless sensor networks", submitted for publication, 2002.
[121]. Q. Li and J. Aslam and D. Rus, "Hierarchical Power-aware Routing in Sensor Networks", Proceedings of the DIMACS Workshop on Pervasive Networking, May, 2001.
[122]. S. Capkun, M. Hamdi, J. Hubaux, "GPS-free positioning in mobile ad-hoc networks", Proceedings of the 34th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, pp. 3481-3490, 2001.
[123]. B. Chen, K. Jamieson, H. Balakrishnan, R. Morris, "SPAN: an energy-efficient coordination algorithm for topology maintenance in ad hoc wireless networks", Wireless Networks, Vol. 8, No. 5, Page(s): 481-494, September 2002.
[124]. Y. Yu, D. Estrin, and R. Govindan, "Geographical and Energy-Aware Routing: A Recursive Data Dissemination Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks", UCLA Computer Science Department Technical Report, UCLA-CSD TR-01-0023, May 2001.
[125]. B. Karp and H. T. Kung, "GPSR: Greedy perimeter stateless routing for wireless sensor networks", Proceedings of the 6th Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom '00), Boston, MA, August 2000.
[126]. Bhaskar Krishnamachari, Deborah Estrin, Stephen Wicker, "The Impact of Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks", Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCSW 2002), pp. 575-578, 2002.
[127]. D. Estrin, R. Govindan, J. Heidemann, S. Kumar, "Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in Sensor Networks", Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom'99, pp. 263-270, Seattle, Washington, 1999.
[128]. J.-H. Chang and L. Tassiulas, "Maximum Lifetime Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks", Proc. Advanced Telecommunications and Information Distribution Research Program (ATIRP2000), College Park, MD, Mar. 2000.
[129]. S. Dulman, T. Nieberg, J. Wu, P. Havinga, "Trade-Off between Traffic Overhead and Reliability in Multipath Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks", WCNC Workshop, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, March 2003.
[130]. D. Ganesan, R. Govindan, S. Shenker, and D. Estrin, "Highly-resilient, energy-efficient multipath routing in wireless sensor networks", ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1125, 2001.
[131]. K. Sohrabi, J. Pottie, "Protocols for self-organization of a wireless sensor network", IEEE Personal Communications, Volume 7, Issue 5, pp 16-27, 2000.
[132]. T. He et al., "SPEED: A stateless protocol for real-time communication in sensor networks", Proceedings of International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, Providence, RI, May 2003.
[133]. D. Goodman, "Wireless Personal Communications Systems", Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1997.
[2]. I. A. Essa, Ubiquitous sensing for smart and aware environments. IEEE Personal Communications, pp.47-49, Oct. 2000.
[3]. C. Herring, S. Kaplan, Component-based software systems for smart environments. IEEE Personal Communications, pp. 60-61, Oct. 2000.
[4]. E. M. Petriu, N. D. Geoganas, D. C. Petriu, D. Makrakis, V. Z. Groza, Sensor-based information appliances. IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Magazine, pp.31-35, Dec. 2000.
[5]. P. Johnson et al., Remote continuous physiological monitoring in the home. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2 (2), pp. 107-113, 1996.
[6]. M. Ogawa et al., Fully automated biosignal acquisition in daily routine through 1 month. International Conference on IEEE-EMBS, pp. 1947-1950, Hong Kong, 1998.
[7]. B. G. Celler et al., An instrumentation system for the remote monitoring of changes in functional health status of the elderly. International Conference IEEE-EMBS, pp. 908-909, New York, 1994.
[8]. G. Coyle et al., Home telecare for the elderly. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 1, pp. 183-184, 1995.
[9]. L. Schwiebert, S. K. S. Gupta, J. Weinmann, etc., Research Challenges in Wireless Networks of Biomedical Sensors. MobiCOM'01, pp. 151-165, July 2001.
[10]. A. Mainwaring, J. Polastre, R. Szewczyk, and D. Culler, Wireless Sensor Networks for Habitat Monitoring. ACM WSNA'02; Atlanta, Georgia, Sept. 2002.
[11]. A. Cerpa, J. Elson, M. Hamilton, J. Zhao, Habitat monitoring: application driver for wireless communications technology. ACM SIGCOMM'2000, Costa, Rica, April 2001.
[12]. D. C. Steere, A. Baptista, D. McNamee, C. Pu, J. Walpole, Research Challenges in Environmental Observation and Forecasting Systems. Proc. 6 ACM/IEEE MobiCOM, pp. 292-299, Aug. 2000.
[13]. P. Bonnet, J. Gehrke, P. Seshadri, Querying the physical world. IEEE Personal Communications, pp. 10-15, Oct. 2000.
[14]. http://www.alertsystems.org/
[15]. T. Imielinski, S. Goel, DataSpace: querying and monitoring deeply networked collections in physical space. ACM International Workshop on Data Engineering for Wireless and Mobile Access MobiDE 1999, pp. 44-51, Seattle, Washington, 1999.
[16]. http://www.save-u.org/file_html/summary.htm
[17]. Seong-Moo Yoo, Sensor networks for automobile tracking and routing. http://utca.eng.ua.edu/projects/final_reports/03303fnl.pdf, UTCA Report 03303, March 2004.
[18]. B. Rickett, A Vision of Future Applications for an Automotive Radar Network. 1st International Workshop on Intelligent Transportation (WIT 2004), 23-24 March 2004, Hamburg, Germany.
[19]. Geoff Werner-Allen, Jeff Johnson, Mario Ruiz, et al., Monitoring Volcanic Eruptions with a Wireless Sensor Network. In Proceedings of the 2nd European Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks (EWSN'05), January 2005.
[20]. http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/bwn/Sensor/
[21]. http://www.isi.edu/scadds/
[22]. http://telegraph.cs.berkeley.edu/
[23]. Sam Madden and Michael J. Franklin, Fjording the Stream: An Architecture for Queries over Streaming Sensor Data. ICDE Conference, San Jose, February, 2002.
[24]. Yong Yao, Johannes Gehrke, The Cougar Approach to In-Networks Query Processing in Sensor Networks. SIGMOD Record, Vol. 31, No. 3, Sept. 2002.
[25]. http://www.ecosensorweb.dcu.ie/Overview.html
[26]. http://www.eyes.eu.org/index.htm
[27]. http://www.i2r.a-star.edu.sg/icsd/SecureSensor/index.html
[28]. C. Karlof and D. Wagner, Secure Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks: Attacks and Countermeasures. In First IEEE International Workshop on Sensor Network Protocols and Applications, pp. 113--127, May 2003.
[29]. S. Avancha, J. Undercoffer, A. Joshi and J. Pinkston, Security for Sensor Networks, Wireless Sensor Networks (C.S. Raghavendra et al eds.), Chapter 12, pp. 253-275, January 2004.
[30]. http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/bwn/UWASN/
[31]. Ning Xu, A Survey of Sensor Network Applications. http://enl.usc.edu/～ningxu/papers/survey.pdf
[32]. I. F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubrarnaniam, E. Cayirci, A survey on sensor networks, Computer Networks (Elsevier) Journal, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 393-422, March 2002.
[33].任丰原,黄海宁,林闯,无线传感器网络,软件学报,2003,14(7):1282～1291.Ren FY, Huang HN, Lin C, Wireless sensor networks. Journal of Software, 2003, 14(7): 1282～1291. http://www.jos.org.cn/1000-9825/14/1282.htm
[34]. D. B. Johnson, and D. A. Maltz, Dynamic Source Routing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networking, in Mobile Computing, T. Imielinski and H. Korth, editors, Kluwer Academic Publishing, 1996.
[35]. C. Perkins, Ad Hoc Networking, Addison-Wesley, 2000.
[36]. C. Perkins, Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing, IETF MANET, Internet-Draft, Dec. 1997.
[37]. Y. Tseng, S. Wu, C. Lin, J. Sheu, A multi-channel MAC protocol with power control for multi-hop mobile ad hoc networks, IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, Mesa, AZ, April 2001, pp. 419-424.
[38]. S. Wu, C. Lin, Y. Tseng, J. Sheu, A new multi channel MAC protocol with on-demand channel assignment for multihop mobile ad hoc networks, International Symposium on Parallel Architectures, Algorithms and Networks, I-SPAN 2000, Dallas, 2000, pp. 232-237.
[39]. S. Wu, Y. Tseng, J. Sheu, Intelligent medium access for mobile ad hoc networks with busy tones and power control, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, September 2000, pp. 1647-1657.
[40].李建中,李金宝,石胜飞,传感器网络及其数据管理的概念、问题与进展,软件学报,2003,14(10):1717～1727.Li JZ, Li JB, Shi SF, Concepts, issues and advance of sensor networks and data management of sensor networks, Journal of Software, 2003, 14(10): 1717～1727. http://www.jos.org.cn/1000-9825/14/1717.htm
[41]. Y. Xu, J. Heidemann, D. Estrin, Geography-informed energy conservation for ad hoc routing, Proceedings of ACM MobiCom'2001, Rome, Italy, July 2001.
[42]. http://www.eecis.udel.edu/～mills/ntp.html
[43]. Mills, D. L. Internet time synchronization: the Network Time Protocol. IEEE Trans. Communications COM-39, 10 (October 1991), 1482-1493. Also in: Yang, Z., and T. A. Marsland (Eds.). Global States and Time in Distributed Systems, IEEE Press, Los Alamitos, CA, 91-102.
[44]. Kopetz, H., and W. Ochsenreiter. Clock synchronization in distributed real-time systems. IEEE Trans. Computers C-36, 8 (August 1987), 933-939.
[45]. Rockwell WINS & Hidra Nodes, http://wins.rsc.rockwell.com/
[46]. Crossbow's wireless sensor node, http://www.xbow.com/Products/Wireless_Sensor_Networks.htm
[47]. PicoNode, http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/Research/Pico_Radio/
[48]. UCLA iBadge, http://nesl.ee.ucla.edu/projects/ibadge/hardware.htm
[49]. MIT d'Arbeloff Lab - The ring sensor, H. Asada, R. Hutchinson, "A New Ring Sensor Design for Improved Motion Artifact Reduction without Circulatory Interference," http://darbelofflab.mit.edu/ProgressReports/progrep3-4-main.html#Sensors
[50]. Curt Schurgers, Vlasios Tsiatsis, Saurabh Ganeriwal, Mani B. Srivastava, "Optimizing Sensor Networks in the Energy-Latency-Density Design Space," IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, Vol.1, No.1, pp. 70-80, January-March 2002.
[51]. Deborah Estrin, Akbar Sayeed, and Mani Srivastava, Mobicom'02 Tutorial "Wireless Sensor Networks", http://nesl.ee.ucla.edu/tutorials/mobicom02/
[52]. E. Shih, S. Cho, N. Ickes, R. Min, A. Sinha, A. Wang, A.Chandrakasan, "Physical Layer Driven Protocol and Algorithm Design for Energy-Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. ACM MobiCom '01, Rome, Italy, pp. 272-286, July 2001.
[53]. National Semiconductor Corporation, LMX3162 Single Chip Radio Transceiver, Evaluation Notes and Datasheet, March 2000.
[54]. Michiel S. J. Steyaert, Bram De Muer, Paul Leroux, Marc Borremans, and Koen Mertens, "Low-Voltage Low-Power CMOS-RF Transceiver Design," IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 50, NO.1, JANUARY 2002.
[55]. A. Vouilloz, C. Dehollain, M. Declercq, "A Low-Power CMOS Super-Regenerative Receiver at 1GHz," Proc. IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC'00), Orlando, USA, pp. 167-170, May 21-24, 2000.
[56]. A. S. Porret, T. Melly, D. Python, C. Enz, E. Vittoz, "A Low-Power Low-Voltage Transceiver Architecture suitable for Wireless Distributed Sensors Network," Proc. IEEE Int. Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS'00), Geneva, Switzerland, vol. 1, pp. 56-59, May 28-3, 2000.
[57]. W. C. Wang, K. H. Huang, and C. K. Wang, "Pulse Position Modulation Based Transceiver Architecture with Fast Acquisition Slot-Locked-Loop," U. S. Patent No. 6, 219, 380, April, 2001.
[58]. SUPREGE Project, http://www.lowpower.org/Repository/S_suprege.html
[59]. G. Pottie, W. Kaiser, "Wireless integrated network sensors," Communication of the ACM, vol. 43, pp. 51--58, May 2000.
[60]. Johan Pouwelse, Koen Langendoen, Henk Sips, "Dynamic voltage scaling on a low-power microprocessor," Proceedings of the 7th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking, Rome, Italy, pp. 251-259, July 2001.
[61]. R. Jejurikar, C. Pereira, R. Gupta, "Leakage aware dynamic voltage scaling for real-time embedded systems," Proceedings of the Design Automation Conference, San Diego, California, USA, June 7-11, 2004.
[62]. R. Jejurikar, R. Gupta, "Integrating Preemption Threshold Scheduling and Dynamic Voltage Scaling for Energy Efficient Real-Time Systems," In Proc. of International Conference on Real-Time and Embedded Computing Systems and Applications (RTCSA '04), Aug 2004.
[63]. R. Jejurikar, R. Gupta, "Dynamic Voltage Scaling for System-wide Energy minimization in Real-Time Embedded Systems," In Proc. of International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (ISLPED'04), Aug 2004.
[64]. L. Shang,, L. S. Peh,, and N. K. Jha, "Dynamic voltage scaling with links for power optimization of interconnection networks," In Proceedings of International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture, pp. 91—102, 2003.
[65]. Trevor Pering, Tom Burd, Robert Brodersen, "The Simulation and Evaluation of Dynamic Voltage Scaling Algorithms," Proceedings of the international symposium on Low power electronics and design, Monterey, California, United States, pp. 76-81, 1998.
[66]. R. Min, T. Furrer, and A. Chandrakasan, "Dynamic Voltage Scaling Techniques for Distributed Microsensor Networks," Proc. IEEE Computer Society Annual Workshop VLSI (WVLSI'00), Orlando, FL. pp. 43-46, Apr. 2000.
[67]. Padmanabhan Pillai and Kang G. Shin, "Real-time dynamic voltage scaling for low-power embedded operating systems," In 18th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, pp. 89-102, 2001.
[68]. A. Sinha, "Energy-Scalable Software," SM Thesis, Depart-. ment of EECS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, February 2000.
[69]. A. Sinha, A. Chandrakasan, "Dynamic power management in wireless sensor networks," IEEE Design & Test of Computers, March 2001, 18(2): 62-74.
[70]. Rodrigo M. Passos, Claudionor J. N. Coelho Jr., Antonio A. F. Loureiro, Raquel A. F. Mini, Dynamic Power Management in Wireless Sensor Networks: An Application-Driven Approach, the Second Annual Conference on Wireless On-demand Network Systems and Services (WONS'05), St. Moritz, Switzerland, January 19-21, 2005.
[71]. Yuvraj Agarwal, Curt Schurgers, Rajesh Gupta, "Dynamic Power Management using On Demand Paging for Networked Embedded Systems," Asia South Pacific Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC'05), Shanghai, China, Jan 18-21, 2005.
[72]. Q. Qiu and M. Pedram, "Dynamic power management based on. continuous-time Markov decision processes," in Design Automation. Conference (DAC'99), pp. 555-561, June 1999.
[73]. B. Brock and K. Rajamani. Dynamic power management for embedded systems. In Proceedings of the IEEE Int'l SOC Conference (SOCC 2003), September 2003.
[74]. Luca Benini, Giuliano Castelli, Alberto Macii, and Riccardo Scarsi. Battery-driven dynamic power management. IEEE Design & Test of Computers special issue on Dynamic Power Management of Electronic Systems, pages 53-60, March/April 2001.
[75]. L. Benini, A. Bogliolo, S. Cavallucci, and Bruno Ricco. Monitoring system activity of os-directed dynamic power managament. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Low-Power Electronics and Design ISLPED'98, 1998.
[76]. The MIT? AMPS Project, http://www-mtl.mit.edu/research/icsystems/uamps/.
[77]. N. Bulusu, J. Heidemann, D. Estrin, "GPS-less low cost outdoor localization for very small devices", Technical report 00-729, Computer science department, University of Southern California, Apr. 2000.
[78]. A. Savvides, C-C Han, aind M. Srivastava, "Dynamic fine-grained localization in Ad-Hoc networks of sensors," Proceedings of the Seventh ACM Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom), pp. 166-179, July 2001.
[79]. Jamal N. Al-Karaki Ahmed E. Kamal, "Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey", IEEE Personal Communications, Vol. 11, Issue: 6 pp. 6-28, Dec. 2004.
[80]. Y. Yao and J. Gehrke, "The cougar approach to in-network query processing in sensor networks", in SIGMOD Record, September 2002.
[81]. S. Tilak, N. Abu-Ghazaleh, and W. Heinzelman, "A Taxonomy of Wireless Micro-Sensor Network Models," ACM Mobile Computing and Communications Review (MC2R), Volume 6, Number 2, Apr. 2002.
[82]. F. Ye, H. Luo, J. Cheng, S. Lu, L. Zhang, "A Two-tier data dissemination model for large-scale wireless sensor networks", proceedings of ACM/IEEE MOBICOM, 2002.
[83]. W. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan and H. Balakrishnan, "Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Microsensor Networks," Proceedings of the 33rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS '00), January 2000.
[84]. Vipin Mehta, Magda El Zarki, "A bluetooth based sensor network for civil infrastructure health monitoring", Wireless Networks, Volume 10, Issue 4, pp. 401-412, July 2004.
[85]. W. Heinzelman, J. Kulik, and H. Balakrishnan, "Adaptive Protocols for Information Dissemination in Wireless Sensor Networks," Proc. 5th ACM/IEEE Mobicom Conference (MobiCom '99), Seattle, WA, pp. 174-85, August, 1999.
[86]. J. Kulik, W. R. Heinzelman, and H. Balakrishnan, "Negotiation-based protocols for disseminating information in wireless sensor networks," Wireless Networks, Volume: 8, pp. 169-185, 2002.
[87]. C. Intanagonwiwat, R. Govindan, and D. Estrin, "Directed diffusion: a scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks," Proceedings of ACM MobiCom '00, Boston, MA, 2000, pp. 56-67.
[88]. S. Hedetniemi and A. Liestman, "A survey of gossiping and broadcasting in communication networks", IEEE Networks, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 319-349, 1988.
[89].郑增威,吴朝晖,“普适计算综述”,计算机科学,重庆,2003,30(4):18—22,29.Zheng Zeng-wei, Wu Zhao-hui, "A Survey on Pervasive Computing," Computer Science, Volume: 30, No. 4, pp. 18-22, 29, Chongqing, China, Apr., 2003.
[90]. Florian Michahelles, Michael Samulowitz and Bernt Schiele, "Detecting Context in Distributed Sensor Networks by Using Smart Context-Aware Packets", International Conference on Architecture of Computing Systems (ARCS 2002), Karlsruhe, Germany, April 2002.
[91]. 美国国防部关键技术计划(1992财年),北京:国防科技信息中心,1993.
[92]. Burrell, J., Brooke, T., Beckwith, R., Vineyard computing: sensor networks in agricultural production, IEEE Pervasive Computing, Volume 3, Issue 1, Page(s): 38-45, Jan.-March 2004.
[93]. Joshua Lifton and Mathew Laibowitz, "Application-led Research in Ubiquitous Computing: A Wireless Sensor Network Perspective", Responsive Environments Group, MIT Media Lab. www.cl.cam.ac.uk/～gfc22/ubiappws/finalpapers/ubiappws-Lifton.pdf
[94]. David E. Culler, "System Design Techniques for Large-Scale Pervasive Computing Environments", Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley, Final Report 2002-2003 for Micro Project# 02-017. www.ucop.edu/research/micro/02_03/02_017.pdf
[95]. M. Satyanarayanan, "Pervasive computing: Vision and challenges," IEEE Personal Communications, vol. 8, pp. 10—17, Aug. 2001.
[96]. TPS70158 voltage regulator, Texas Instruments, http://www.ti.com
[97]. Dimitrios Lymberopoulos, Andreas Savvides, "XYZ: A Motion-Enabled, Power Aware Sensor Node Platform for Distributed Sensor Network Applications", 4th International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN 2005), UCLA, Los Angeles, Califomia, USA, pp. 449-454, April 2005.
[98]. Archana Bharathidasan and Vijay Anand Sai Ponduru, "Sensor Networks: An Overview", Survey Paper, IEEE INFOCOM 2004. wwwcsif.cs.ucdavis.edu/～bharathi/sensor/survey.pdf
[99]. K. Akkaya and M. Younis, "A Survey of Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks," Elsevier Ad Hoe Network Journal, Vol. 3/3 pp. 325-349, 2005.
[100]. K. Yao, R. E. Hudson, C. W. Reed, D. Chen, and F. Lorenzelli, "Blind Beamforming on a Randomly Distributed Sensor Array System", Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE Workshop on Signal Processing Systems (SIPS' 98), October, 1998.
[101]. S. Haykin, J. Litva, and T. J. Shepherd, "Radar Array Processing", Springer-Verlag, New York, USA, 1993.
[102]. R. A. Gabel, R. R. Kurth, "Synthesis of efficient digital beamformers", J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., 70 (S1): 517, 1981.
[103]. D. Braginsky and D. Estrin, "Rumor Routing Algorithm for Sensor Networks," Proceedings of the First Workshop on Sensor Networks and Applications (WSNA 2002), Atlanta, GA, October 2002.
[104]. R. Min, et al., "An Architecture for a Power-Aware Distributed Mierosensor Node," IEEE Workshop on Signal Processing Systems (SIPS '00), Oct. 2000.
[105]. Kris Pister, "My view of sensor networks in 2010", http://roboties.eecs.berkeley.edu/～pister/SmartDust/
[106]. M. Chu, H. Haussecker, and F. Zhao, "Scalable Information-Driven Sensor Querying and Routing for ad hoc Heterogeneous Sensor Networks," International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications, Vol, 16, No. 3, August 2002.
[107]. Y. Yao and J. Gehrke, "The cougar approach to in-network query processing in sensor networks", in SIGMOD Record, September 2002.
[108]. N. Sadagopan et al., "The ACQUIRE mechanism for efficient querying in sensor networks", Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Sensor Network Protocol and Applications, Anchorage, Alaska, May 2003.
[109]. C. Rahul, J. Rabae, "Energy Aware Routing for Low Energy Ad Hoc Sensor Networks", IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), Orlando, FL, March 17-21, 2002.
[110]. A. Sinha, et al., "Power-Aware Software," Proc. Of the 13th Int. Conference on VLSI Design, Calcutta, India, Jan. 2000.
[111]. W. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan and H. Balakrishnan, "Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Microsensor Networks," Proceedings of the 33rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'00), January 2000.
[112]. W. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan, and H. Balakrishnan, "An Application-Specific Protocol Architecture for Wireless Microsensor Networks," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 660-670, Oct. 2002.
[113]. W. Heinzelman, "Application-Specific Protocol Architectures for Wireless Networks," Ph.D. Dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, June 2000.
[114]. S. Lindsey, C. Raghavendra, "PEGASIS: Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems", IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings, 2002, Vol. 3, 9-16 pp. 1125-1130.
[115]. Zheng Zeng-wei, Wu Zhao-hui, Lin Huai-zhong, "An Event-Driven Clustering Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks", 2004 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS 2004), Sendai, Japan, Sept. 28-Oct. 2, 2004.
[116]. A. Manjeshwar and D. P. Agarwal, "TEEN: a routing protocol for enhanced efficiency in wireless sensor networks," 1st International Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Computing Issues in Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing, April 2001.
[117]. A. Manjeshwar and D. P. Agarwal, "APTEEN: A hybrid protocol for efficient routing and comprehensive information retrieval in wireless sensor networks," Proceedings International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS 2002), PP. 195-202, 2002.
[118]. N. Bulusu, D. Estrin, L. Girod and J. Heidemann, "Scalable Coordination for wireless sensor networks: Self-Configuring Localization Systems", Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Communication Theory and Applications (ISCTA 2001), Ambleside, Lake District, UK, July 2001.
[119]. Q. Fang, F. Zhao, and L. Guibas, "Lightweight Sensing and Communication Protocols for Target Enumeration and Aggregation", Proceedings of the 4th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking and computing (MOBIHOC), pp. 165-176, 2003.
[120]. Bhaskar Krishnamachari, Deborah Estrin, and Stephen Wicker, "Modelling data-centric routing in wireless sensor networks", submitted for publication, 2002.
[121]. Q. Li and J. Aslam and D. Rus, "Hierarchical Power-aware Routing in Sensor Networks", Proceedings of the DIMACS Workshop on Pervasive Networking, May, 2001.
[122]. S. Capkun, M. Hamdi, J. Hubaux, "GPS-free positioning in mobile ad-hoc networks", Proceedings of the 34th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, pp. 3481-3490, 2001.
[123]. B. Chen, K. Jamieson, H. Balakrishnan, R. Morris, "SPAN: an energy-efficient coordination algorithm for topology maintenance in ad hoc wireless networks", Wireless Networks, Vol. 8, No. 5, Page(s): 481-494, September 2002.
[124]. Y. Yu, D. Estrin, and R. Govindan, "Geographical and Energy-Aware Routing: A Recursive Data Dissemination Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks", UCLA Computer Science Department Technical Report, UCLA-CSD TR-01-0023, May 2001.
[125]. B. Karp and H. T. Kung, "GPSR: Greedy perimeter stateless routing for wireless sensor networks", Proceedings of the 6th Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom '00), Boston, MA, August 2000.
[126]. Bhaskar Krishnamachari, Deborah Estrin, Stephen Wicker, "The Impact of Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks", Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCSW 2002), pp. 575-578, 2002.
[127]. D. Estrin, R. Govindan, J. Heidemann, S. Kumar, "Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in Sensor Networks", Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom'99, pp. 263-270, Seattle, Washington, 1999.
[128]. J.-H. Chang and L. Tassiulas, "Maximum Lifetime Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks", Proc. Advanced Telecommunications and Information Distribution Research Program (ATIRP2000), College Park, MD, Mar. 2000.
[129]. S. Dulman, T. Nieberg, J. Wu, P. Havinga, "Trade-Off between Traffic Overhead and Reliability in Multipath Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks", WCNC Workshop, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, March 2003.
[130]. D. Ganesan, R. Govindan, S. Shenker, and D. Estrin, "Highly-resilient, energy-efficient multipath routing in wireless sensor networks", ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1125, 2001.
[131]. K. Sohrabi, J. Pottie, "Protocols for self-organization of a wireless sensor network", IEEE Personal Communications, Volume 7, Issue 5, pp 16-27, 2000.
[132]. T. He et al., "SPEED: A stateless protocol for real-time communication in sensor networks", Proceedings of International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, Providence, RI, May 2003.
[133]. D. Goodman, "Wireless Personal Communications Systems", Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1997.