明代山东知县考论
摘要
县是中国古代政治体系中最基层的地方行政区划。县最早起源春秋时期,一直延续至今。学界关于县制的研究硕果累累,然而,相对于两汉、唐、宋、清等来说,关于明代县制的研究较为薄弱。其中很少有专门研究明代知县的论文,而对于明代某一地方知县的研究则寥寥无几。所以本文试图以明代山东知县为切入点,进而结合山东地方志资料,从知县的籍贯、出身、任期、升迁及职能等方面展开论述。
全文分为六部分：第一部分是绪论,主要是回顾了近五十年学界关于县制的研究状况。通过对比,发现明代职官在区域史方面研究较弱。接着,阐述了本文的写作意图及研究价值。第二部分是简单勾勒出明代以前知县的设置沿革。第三部分是详述明代山东知县的籍贯和出身。通过对山东地方志关于知县籍贯和出身的统计,得出明代山东知县主要来自邻省,基本上遵循籍贯回避制度。而明前期知县的出身主要是监生；明中后期,进士举人出身的知县占绝大多数。另外,因山东内部地域差异,西三府进士出身的知县要比东三府多。第四部分探讨了知县的任期及升迁情况。由于不同时期社会形势和统治者的需求不同,明前期知县任期为一般九年,而后期平均为三年,甚至更短。关于知县的升迁,本文主要从知县的升迁标准、升迁速度和方向三方面进行分析。明初,知县实行久任制度,按政绩考核,有才者高升重用；而明中后期,知县迁调频繁,且进士出身的知县升迁快,容易进入台署中央任职,举监出身的知县则很难得到升迁。第五部分是对知县职能的论述。知县职责主要集中为听讼断狱、征税派役、劝课农桑、打击盗贼、兴学教化以及兴修公共工程等。其中,明前期知县的施政重点是兴学劝农,明中后期则主要是完赋纳粮。第六部分是结语,对文章进行概括总结。
对明代山东知县的研究,不仅反映了明代国家机构的运作体制,也对现代县制的研究有所裨益。
The county was the most basic local administration regionalization of the political institution in ancient China. The county was setted up early in Spring and Autumn Period time, and has continued until now.At present the research about the county has achieved great achievements. Different from two Chintese, Tang, Song, and so on,it was weaker in the research about county system of the Ming Dynasty. There are very little about the special study about the county magistrate of Ming Dynasty,no to mention the reseach about some place county.Therefore this article attempts take Ming Dynasty Shandong county magistrate as a breakthrough point, then unifies the Shandong local chronicle material, and discusses county magistrate from native palace, the identity, the work time, promotion and function.
Paper is divided into six parts:The first part is the introduction, mainly reviewed the nearly five years of academic research on the county system status. Then, set up the intention of writing and research value. The second part is a simple outline about the set of coutry magistrate before the Ming History. The third part is relates in the native place and the family background of the Shandong county magistrate in Ming Dynasty. Basis in the statistics about the native and identity of county magistrate from Shandong local chronicle material, we can drawn that the native of the country mainly from the neighbor province of Shandong. But in the early of Ming the identity of county magistrate is mainly a imperial academy student;until mid and late period, successful candidate in the highest imperial examinations is major of county magistrate. Moreover, because of difference in the Shandong interior region, west three government office successful candidate in the highest imperial examinations family background's county magistrate must be more than the east three government offices. The fourth part has discussed county magistrate's tenure and promotion in office. Because the society situation and ruler's demand is different, the tenure in office is generally nine years in the early Ming time,but it is three years, even is shorter in the late. As to the county magistrate's promotion, this article is mainly discussd from the standard, speed and the direction of promotion.At the beginning of Ming dynastythe magistrate implemented long-term system; while out in the late magistrate Relocation frequent, and a former magistrate Scholars is promoted fast, easy access to the department's central office platform.The magistrate is hardly mentioned. The fifth part is the discussion of the magistrate functions. Duty of the magistrate focused on the prison, tax allocation, urged Agriculture and plant, setting up schools and conservancy educate, and the public works. Among them, the Ming Dynasty magistrate's policy focuses on schools and encouraging agriculture,but on the tax In the Late Ming.Part VI is the conclusion of the article.
To the Ming Dynasty Shandong county magistrate's research, it not only has reflected the Ming Dynasty state institution operation system, also has a benefit to the modern county system's research.
全文分为六部分：第一部分是绪论,主要是回顾了近五十年学界关于县制的研究状况。通过对比,发现明代职官在区域史方面研究较弱。接着,阐述了本文的写作意图及研究价值。第二部分是简单勾勒出明代以前知县的设置沿革。第三部分是详述明代山东知县的籍贯和出身。通过对山东地方志关于知县籍贯和出身的统计,得出明代山东知县主要来自邻省,基本上遵循籍贯回避制度。而明前期知县的出身主要是监生；明中后期,进士举人出身的知县占绝大多数。另外,因山东内部地域差异,西三府进士出身的知县要比东三府多。第四部分探讨了知县的任期及升迁情况。由于不同时期社会形势和统治者的需求不同,明前期知县任期为一般九年,而后期平均为三年,甚至更短。关于知县的升迁,本文主要从知县的升迁标准、升迁速度和方向三方面进行分析。明初,知县实行久任制度,按政绩考核,有才者高升重用；而明中后期,知县迁调频繁,且进士出身的知县升迁快,容易进入台署中央任职,举监出身的知县则很难得到升迁。第五部分是对知县职能的论述。知县职责主要集中为听讼断狱、征税派役、劝课农桑、打击盗贼、兴学教化以及兴修公共工程等。其中,明前期知县的施政重点是兴学劝农,明中后期则主要是完赋纳粮。第六部分是结语,对文章进行概括总结。
对明代山东知县的研究,不仅反映了明代国家机构的运作体制,也对现代县制的研究有所裨益。
The county was the most basic local administration regionalization of the political institution in ancient China. The county was setted up early in Spring and Autumn Period time, and has continued until now.At present the research about the county has achieved great achievements. Different from two Chintese, Tang, Song, and so on,it was weaker in the research about county system of the Ming Dynasty. There are very little about the special study about the county magistrate of Ming Dynasty,no to mention the reseach about some place county.Therefore this article attempts take Ming Dynasty Shandong county magistrate as a breakthrough point, then unifies the Shandong local chronicle material, and discusses county magistrate from native palace, the identity, the work time, promotion and function.
Paper is divided into six parts:The first part is the introduction, mainly reviewed the nearly five years of academic research on the county system status. Then, set up the intention of writing and research value. The second part is a simple outline about the set of coutry magistrate before the Ming History. The third part is relates in the native place and the family background of the Shandong county magistrate in Ming Dynasty. Basis in the statistics about the native and identity of county magistrate from Shandong local chronicle material, we can drawn that the native of the country mainly from the neighbor province of Shandong. But in the early of Ming the identity of county magistrate is mainly a imperial academy student;until mid and late period, successful candidate in the highest imperial examinations is major of county magistrate. Moreover, because of difference in the Shandong interior region, west three government office successful candidate in the highest imperial examinations family background's county magistrate must be more than the east three government offices. The fourth part has discussed county magistrate's tenure and promotion in office. Because the society situation and ruler's demand is different, the tenure in office is generally nine years in the early Ming time,but it is three years, even is shorter in the late. As to the county magistrate's promotion, this article is mainly discussd from the standard, speed and the direction of promotion.At the beginning of Ming dynastythe magistrate implemented long-term system; while out in the late magistrate Relocation frequent, and a former magistrate Scholars is promoted fast, easy access to the department's central office platform.The magistrate is hardly mentioned. The fifth part is the discussion of the magistrate functions. Duty of the magistrate focused on the prison, tax allocation, urged Agriculture and plant, setting up schools and conservancy educate, and the public works. Among them, the Ming Dynasty magistrate's policy focuses on schools and encouraging agriculture,but on the tax In the Late Ming.Part VI is the conclusion of the article.
To the Ming Dynasty Shandong county magistrate's research, it not only has reflected the Ming Dynasty state institution operation system, also has a benefit to the modern county system's research.
引文
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