电影吸烟镜头与青少年吸烟认知的关联性研究
|
摘要
目的：了解吸烟镜头在中国电影中的存在情况,对青少年吸烟镜头的暴露情况进行评估,并了解青少年吸烟镜头的暴露情况,对吸烟镜头对青少年的危害进行研究,从而对政策的制定和保护青少年原理吸烟危害提供指导性依据。
方法：采用问卷调查对电影中吸烟镜头进行详细的统计和内容分析。并且用定量和定性调查结合的方式调查青少年电影中吸烟镜头的暴露以及吸烟镜头暴露与其认知之间的关系。
结果：结果在所有接受调查的144部电影中,含有吸烟镜头的电影比率为57%,平均每部电影3.25个吸烟镜头,平均每部电影吸烟镜头总时长为133秒(2.22分钟)。每一部国产电影的平均吸烟镜头数是非国产电影的3倍以上,平均时长则是非国产电影的4倍以上,差别有统计学意义。绝大部分吸烟镜头都是对吸烟行为的正面描述；调查对象对电影中吸烟镜头的平均暴露时间91.99分钟,单因素分析中,随着吸烟镜头暴露增高,青少年对吸烟行为的认同感上升,存在剂量反映关系。多因素分析中,也发现吸烟镜头是青少年对吸烟镜头产生认同感的危险因素。
结论：吸烟镜头存在情况严重且对吸烟行为多为正面描述；青少年吸烟镜头的暴露情况严重；吸烟镜头对青少年对吸烟行为认知有负面影响。
background:To investigate the smoking images exist in Chinese popular films, make detailed content analysis of each smoking image, to assess the smoking images exposure among adolescents, and the relevance between these exposure and their perception toward smoking behaviors.
Method:
According to the box office list announced on the network,144 Chinese most popular films were selected for investigation. To collect every smoking images exist in the film by questionnaires, including the frequency of smoking images and detailed content analysis.
Using cluster sampling method selected 9 class from middle school(250 students),and 8 class from high school(310 high school students). Anonymous questionnaire survey was used to investigate the students'exposure to smoking images, and their perception or behavioral characteristics toward smoking behavior, to determine the relevance between the exposure of smoking images and their perception or practice toward smoking behavior.
We applied focus group to investigate the familiarity and perception of adolescents toward smoking images, in order to ensure what we obtained from the quantitative study.
3. Results;
3.1 The result of smoking image existence and content analysis:
Among all the 144 films we investigated,57% films have smoking images, each contains 3.25 smoking images on average, and the total length of smoking images is 133 seconds(2.22 minutes).
During all the smokers in smoking images, lead role is the proportion of smoking, and important supporting role smokers are around 1/3, almost 70 percent smoking characters is positive and neutral characters. In most of the cases(66.34%), smokers were habitual smoking behavior, and there is no obvious connection between those smoking images and the role of personality characteristics, mental state, in addition to habitual smoking, the highest proportion of smoking behavior is to show the smoker is cool or sexy (17.82%). In more than half of the cases, We could not see any significant relationship between the presence of smoking images and plots (58.76%). There are plenty of smoking behavior happened in public places, including offices, bars and restaurants. In 86.39% of the cases, smokers are smoking in front of other people. Most of the smoking images described smoking behavior positively or neutral, describe smoking as a negative behavior only accounts for 1.98%.
From the comparison between domestic films and the imported films, we found that average number of smoking images in each domestic film was two times more than imported films, while the average duration of smoking images were more than four times that of imported movies. Difference was statistically significant (χ2= 6.98, P= 0.0083<0.05), Conclusion can be made that the presence of movie smoking images in the domestic films were higher than non domestic ones. The comparison of the content of smoking images in domestic and imported movies showed that the proportion of lead role smoking is 38.63% in domestic movies; while the same proportion in non-domestic films is only 15.66%, difference was statistically significant (χ2= 19.57, P= 0.0002<0.05). We can make the conclusion that the proportion of lead roles smoking in domestic movies is more than imported films. The proportion of smokers smoking in front of others has no statistically significant difference between these two kinds of films.
3.2 The result of correlation between Smoking image exposure and adolescents' perception and smoking behavior.
The average time of smoking image exposure is 91.99 minutes, the maximum exposure up to 236.43 minutes. The median length of exposure time was 87 minutes, use this as a cutoff point, the students were divided into 4 groups.
We define the adolescents believe that adult smoking is a normal behavior or do not know if it was normal as the wrong choice, this rate was 38.83 percent in the lowest exposure group, and was 46.62% in the highest in the exposed group. We could find statistically significant using Cochran-Artimage trend test (Z= 1.79, P= 0.0371<0.05), so the perception of adolescents toward whether adults smoking is a normal behavior has a linear trend with smoking image exposure. The adolescents believe that peers smoking is a normal behavior or do not know if it was normal as the wrong choice, this rate was 12.62% in the lowest exposure group, and was 25.56% in the highest in the exposed group. There is statistically significant using Cochran-Artimage trend test (Z= 2.83, P= 0.0023<0.05).
The proportion of respondents that believe smoking boys or girls have more friends than non-smokers was increased as the increase of smoking image exposure, trend analysis has statistical significance. The proportion of adolescent that believe smoking increased the attractiveness of boys or girls increased as the increase of smoking image exposure, but the trend test was not statistically significant. The proportion of adolescents believe that they will smoke in the next one year or five years also increased as the increase of smoking images exposure, and the trend test was statistically significant.
Using the logistic regression to analyze the possible influence factors of the adolescents' perception toward smoking behavior, we found that among all the factors that might influence the adolescents'perception toward adults smoking, exposure to smoking images, having friends smoking, exposure to tobacco advertisement in sports competitions, fairs, concerts are risk factors; and schools organized tobacco control activities is a protective factor. Among the factors which might influence the adolescents'agreement on whether peer smoking is normal, having teachers smoking, having friends smoking, and exposure to smoking images were risk factors, and schools had taught knowledge of health hazards about smoking, and had anti-smoking billboard were protective factors.
In the influence factors analysis of adolescents'perception toward smoking boys have more or less friends, having friends smoking, and smoking images exposure were risk factors. The factors might influence the perception toward smoking girls have more or less friends, having friends smoking, exposure to smoking images are risk factors, schools organized tobacco control activities are protect factors,.
The impact factors adolescents'perception towards that smoking can increase or decrease the attractiveness of boys, analysis showed that having friends smoking, exposure to smoking images, academic ranking were risk factors, schools had billboards about tobacco control were protective factors. The influence factors about adolescents'perception towards young girls'attractiveness are friends smoking, mother smoking were risk factors, and exposure to smoking images was a protection factor.
Among all the factors might influence the possibility that adolescents would smoke in the next 1 year, having teachers smoking, having friends smoking, exposure to smoking images were risk factors, school had taught knowledge of the health hazards of smoking was protective factor. Among all the factors that might influence young people's perception toward whether they will smoking in next five years, having teachers smoking, having friends smoking, exposure to risk factors of smoking images are risk factors, and schools had taught knowledge of the health hazards of smoking was a protective factor.
3.4 Focus Group:
During the interview process, all of the respondents can easily recall the smoking images exist in films they have ever seen. They could specifically describe which role is smoking in which movie. Respondents believe that smoking images have high frequency in movies and TV series. Most respondents believed that smoking images were closely linked with the negative subject matter, and that smoking behavior often appears to reflect the personality of smokers, and character and demonstrate the role of these chivalrous, smart, standing, cool, and thinking, degenerate, self-mutilation and so on.
The respondents made comments on the smoking images, the respondents believed that the smoking roles are depraved, decadence, imposing, and Big Brother style, giving the impression that they have a lot of money and so on. Respondents believed that for some young people who have low self-control is will be vulnerable to the impact of movie smoking images.
4 Conclusion:
4.1 smoking images are common in Chinese popular movies and most of them are positive description:
Smoking images exists greatly in Chinese popular movies and most of those images are positive description of smoking behaviors. And that the frequency and duration of smoking images the film is much higher than import films. The proportion of smokers were leading roles in Chinese domestic movies were significantly higher than imported movies.
Smoking images in movies make smoking behavior tightly linked with bravery, chivalry, and success. And the expression of smoking in all smoking images express the message that smoking can ease pressure, and could make boys become handsome, so girls become sexy, could seldom find any smoking images that describe the negative effects of smoking behavior. There are many smoking behaviors happened in public places, and offering each other cigarettes in social interaction, smoking in front of people, which is against what was advocated by China's tobacco control "three noes" (no smoking in public places, no smoking in front of people, no offering each other cigarettes in social interaction).
4.2 Adolescents'smoking images exposure is in serious condition:
According to the survey results, the average time of middle school students exposure of smoke images was 82.55 minutes, while high school students was 94.66 minutes, both were much higher than a cross-sectional survey from Mexico(51.7 minutes 4). In the focus group survey, respondents are very familiar with smoking images, could easily describe the smoking images in detail, which confirmed the exposure of young people smoking images are quite serious.
4.3 smoking images exposure have negative effects on the perception and smoking behavior of young people:
With the increasing duration of smoking images exposure, respondents'smoking behavior identity increased significantly, which has a dose-response relationship, suggesting that exposure to smoking images could influence young people's awareness, and as exposure increased, the proportion that young people consider themselves would smoke in the next 1 year and 5 years significantly increased as the increase of exposure to smoking images. All these demonstrate that smoking image exposure might influence adolescents'behavior.
After comprehensive consideration of various factors that may affect young people's perception, we found that as the increase of exposure to smoking images, adolescents are more likely to believe that smokers have more or the same amount of friends as non-smokers, and believe smoking boys or girls'attractiveness would increase compared with non-smokers, and also easy to think they might be smoking after 1 or 5 years. In some models, the regression coefficient of exposure to smoking images while not significant, but were close to 0.05, may be due to small sample size, making significant in these models are not reflected, but exposure to smoking images in these models are all risk factors.
Qualitative research also found that respondents believed that smoking images are linked with heroes, big brother, and rich person. Smoking behavior in movies is often reflected chivalry, cool, smart, smoking even become a status symbol.Some students said they just like the depraved images of the smoker in the film. All the findings are in accordance with the survey results of quantitative analysis.
5. Recommendation
5.1 Publicity and education on film and television makers, to enable them recognize the hazards of smoking images and reduce smoking scenes have no impact on the artistic expression or bad influence their box office;
5.2 Strict audit on movies and television, for those movies that contain too many smoking images, had to make deletion of changes before they can be shown on TV;
5.3 Establish a strict system of film classification, for movies that contains too many smoking images will be classified as X-rated film. In order to reduce the smoking images exposure among adolescents. It could also provide parents or teachers a guidance;
5.4 Publicity and education of teachers and parents, to raise the awareness of teachers that the dangers of smoking images, so that they would make education on their students or children, reducing the impact of smoking images.
5.5 Show an anti-smoking ads before film or television, to advertise the harm of smoking behavior in the form of video, enable the young people have a rational understanding on smoking behavior.
5.6 To organize tobacco control related activities in schools and establish tobacco control advocacy billboard, to carry out the education on health hazards of smoking.
方法：采用问卷调查对电影中吸烟镜头进行详细的统计和内容分析。并且用定量和定性调查结合的方式调查青少年电影中吸烟镜头的暴露以及吸烟镜头暴露与其认知之间的关系。
结果：结果在所有接受调查的144部电影中,含有吸烟镜头的电影比率为57%,平均每部电影3.25个吸烟镜头,平均每部电影吸烟镜头总时长为133秒(2.22分钟)。每一部国产电影的平均吸烟镜头数是非国产电影的3倍以上,平均时长则是非国产电影的4倍以上,差别有统计学意义。绝大部分吸烟镜头都是对吸烟行为的正面描述；调查对象对电影中吸烟镜头的平均暴露时间91.99分钟,单因素分析中,随着吸烟镜头暴露增高,青少年对吸烟行为的认同感上升,存在剂量反映关系。多因素分析中,也发现吸烟镜头是青少年对吸烟镜头产生认同感的危险因素。
结论：吸烟镜头存在情况严重且对吸烟行为多为正面描述；青少年吸烟镜头的暴露情况严重；吸烟镜头对青少年对吸烟行为认知有负面影响。
background:To investigate the smoking images exist in Chinese popular films, make detailed content analysis of each smoking image, to assess the smoking images exposure among adolescents, and the relevance between these exposure and their perception toward smoking behaviors.
Method:
According to the box office list announced on the network,144 Chinese most popular films were selected for investigation. To collect every smoking images exist in the film by questionnaires, including the frequency of smoking images and detailed content analysis.
Using cluster sampling method selected 9 class from middle school(250 students),and 8 class from high school(310 high school students). Anonymous questionnaire survey was used to investigate the students'exposure to smoking images, and their perception or behavioral characteristics toward smoking behavior, to determine the relevance between the exposure of smoking images and their perception or practice toward smoking behavior.
We applied focus group to investigate the familiarity and perception of adolescents toward smoking images, in order to ensure what we obtained from the quantitative study.
3. Results;
3.1 The result of smoking image existence and content analysis:
Among all the 144 films we investigated,57% films have smoking images, each contains 3.25 smoking images on average, and the total length of smoking images is 133 seconds(2.22 minutes).
During all the smokers in smoking images, lead role is the proportion of smoking, and important supporting role smokers are around 1/3, almost 70 percent smoking characters is positive and neutral characters. In most of the cases(66.34%), smokers were habitual smoking behavior, and there is no obvious connection between those smoking images and the role of personality characteristics, mental state, in addition to habitual smoking, the highest proportion of smoking behavior is to show the smoker is cool or sexy (17.82%). In more than half of the cases, We could not see any significant relationship between the presence of smoking images and plots (58.76%). There are plenty of smoking behavior happened in public places, including offices, bars and restaurants. In 86.39% of the cases, smokers are smoking in front of other people. Most of the smoking images described smoking behavior positively or neutral, describe smoking as a negative behavior only accounts for 1.98%.
From the comparison between domestic films and the imported films, we found that average number of smoking images in each domestic film was two times more than imported films, while the average duration of smoking images were more than four times that of imported movies. Difference was statistically significant (χ2= 6.98, P= 0.0083<0.05), Conclusion can be made that the presence of movie smoking images in the domestic films were higher than non domestic ones. The comparison of the content of smoking images in domestic and imported movies showed that the proportion of lead role smoking is 38.63% in domestic movies; while the same proportion in non-domestic films is only 15.66%, difference was statistically significant (χ2= 19.57, P= 0.0002<0.05). We can make the conclusion that the proportion of lead roles smoking in domestic movies is more than imported films. The proportion of smokers smoking in front of others has no statistically significant difference between these two kinds of films.
3.2 The result of correlation between Smoking image exposure and adolescents' perception and smoking behavior.
The average time of smoking image exposure is 91.99 minutes, the maximum exposure up to 236.43 minutes. The median length of exposure time was 87 minutes, use this as a cutoff point, the students were divided into 4 groups.
We define the adolescents believe that adult smoking is a normal behavior or do not know if it was normal as the wrong choice, this rate was 38.83 percent in the lowest exposure group, and was 46.62% in the highest in the exposed group. We could find statistically significant using Cochran-Artimage trend test (Z= 1.79, P= 0.0371<0.05), so the perception of adolescents toward whether adults smoking is a normal behavior has a linear trend with smoking image exposure. The adolescents believe that peers smoking is a normal behavior or do not know if it was normal as the wrong choice, this rate was 12.62% in the lowest exposure group, and was 25.56% in the highest in the exposed group. There is statistically significant using Cochran-Artimage trend test (Z= 2.83, P= 0.0023<0.05).
The proportion of respondents that believe smoking boys or girls have more friends than non-smokers was increased as the increase of smoking image exposure, trend analysis has statistical significance. The proportion of adolescent that believe smoking increased the attractiveness of boys or girls increased as the increase of smoking image exposure, but the trend test was not statistically significant. The proportion of adolescents believe that they will smoke in the next one year or five years also increased as the increase of smoking images exposure, and the trend test was statistically significant.
Using the logistic regression to analyze the possible influence factors of the adolescents' perception toward smoking behavior, we found that among all the factors that might influence the adolescents'perception toward adults smoking, exposure to smoking images, having friends smoking, exposure to tobacco advertisement in sports competitions, fairs, concerts are risk factors; and schools organized tobacco control activities is a protective factor. Among the factors which might influence the adolescents'agreement on whether peer smoking is normal, having teachers smoking, having friends smoking, and exposure to smoking images were risk factors, and schools had taught knowledge of health hazards about smoking, and had anti-smoking billboard were protective factors.
In the influence factors analysis of adolescents'perception toward smoking boys have more or less friends, having friends smoking, and smoking images exposure were risk factors. The factors might influence the perception toward smoking girls have more or less friends, having friends smoking, exposure to smoking images are risk factors, schools organized tobacco control activities are protect factors,.
The impact factors adolescents'perception towards that smoking can increase or decrease the attractiveness of boys, analysis showed that having friends smoking, exposure to smoking images, academic ranking were risk factors, schools had billboards about tobacco control were protective factors. The influence factors about adolescents'perception towards young girls'attractiveness are friends smoking, mother smoking were risk factors, and exposure to smoking images was a protection factor.
Among all the factors might influence the possibility that adolescents would smoke in the next 1 year, having teachers smoking, having friends smoking, exposure to smoking images were risk factors, school had taught knowledge of the health hazards of smoking was protective factor. Among all the factors that might influence young people's perception toward whether they will smoking in next five years, having teachers smoking, having friends smoking, exposure to risk factors of smoking images are risk factors, and schools had taught knowledge of the health hazards of smoking was a protective factor.
3.4 Focus Group:
During the interview process, all of the respondents can easily recall the smoking images exist in films they have ever seen. They could specifically describe which role is smoking in which movie. Respondents believe that smoking images have high frequency in movies and TV series. Most respondents believed that smoking images were closely linked with the negative subject matter, and that smoking behavior often appears to reflect the personality of smokers, and character and demonstrate the role of these chivalrous, smart, standing, cool, and thinking, degenerate, self-mutilation and so on.
The respondents made comments on the smoking images, the respondents believed that the smoking roles are depraved, decadence, imposing, and Big Brother style, giving the impression that they have a lot of money and so on. Respondents believed that for some young people who have low self-control is will be vulnerable to the impact of movie smoking images.
4 Conclusion:
4.1 smoking images are common in Chinese popular movies and most of them are positive description:
Smoking images exists greatly in Chinese popular movies and most of those images are positive description of smoking behaviors. And that the frequency and duration of smoking images the film is much higher than import films. The proportion of smokers were leading roles in Chinese domestic movies were significantly higher than imported movies.
Smoking images in movies make smoking behavior tightly linked with bravery, chivalry, and success. And the expression of smoking in all smoking images express the message that smoking can ease pressure, and could make boys become handsome, so girls become sexy, could seldom find any smoking images that describe the negative effects of smoking behavior. There are many smoking behaviors happened in public places, and offering each other cigarettes in social interaction, smoking in front of people, which is against what was advocated by China's tobacco control "three noes" (no smoking in public places, no smoking in front of people, no offering each other cigarettes in social interaction).
4.2 Adolescents'smoking images exposure is in serious condition:
According to the survey results, the average time of middle school students exposure of smoke images was 82.55 minutes, while high school students was 94.66 minutes, both were much higher than a cross-sectional survey from Mexico(51.7 minutes 4). In the focus group survey, respondents are very familiar with smoking images, could easily describe the smoking images in detail, which confirmed the exposure of young people smoking images are quite serious.
4.3 smoking images exposure have negative effects on the perception and smoking behavior of young people:
With the increasing duration of smoking images exposure, respondents'smoking behavior identity increased significantly, which has a dose-response relationship, suggesting that exposure to smoking images could influence young people's awareness, and as exposure increased, the proportion that young people consider themselves would smoke in the next 1 year and 5 years significantly increased as the increase of exposure to smoking images. All these demonstrate that smoking image exposure might influence adolescents'behavior.
After comprehensive consideration of various factors that may affect young people's perception, we found that as the increase of exposure to smoking images, adolescents are more likely to believe that smokers have more or the same amount of friends as non-smokers, and believe smoking boys or girls'attractiveness would increase compared with non-smokers, and also easy to think they might be smoking after 1 or 5 years. In some models, the regression coefficient of exposure to smoking images while not significant, but were close to 0.05, may be due to small sample size, making significant in these models are not reflected, but exposure to smoking images in these models are all risk factors.
Qualitative research also found that respondents believed that smoking images are linked with heroes, big brother, and rich person. Smoking behavior in movies is often reflected chivalry, cool, smart, smoking even become a status symbol.Some students said they just like the depraved images of the smoker in the film. All the findings are in accordance with the survey results of quantitative analysis.
5. Recommendation
5.1 Publicity and education on film and television makers, to enable them recognize the hazards of smoking images and reduce smoking scenes have no impact on the artistic expression or bad influence their box office;
5.2 Strict audit on movies and television, for those movies that contain too many smoking images, had to make deletion of changes before they can be shown on TV;
5.3 Establish a strict system of film classification, for movies that contains too many smoking images will be classified as X-rated film. In order to reduce the smoking images exposure among adolescents. It could also provide parents or teachers a guidance;
5.4 Publicity and education of teachers and parents, to raise the awareness of teachers that the dangers of smoking images, so that they would make education on their students or children, reducing the impact of smoking images.
5.5 Show an anti-smoking ads before film or television, to advertise the harm of smoking behavior in the form of video, enable the young people have a rational understanding on smoking behavior.
5.6 To organize tobacco control related activities in schools and establish tobacco control advocacy billboard, to carry out the education on health hazards of smoking.
引文
1. 中国疾病预防控制中心,2009年中国控制吸烟报告.2009.
2. 中国疾病预防控制中心,2008年中国控制吸烟报告.2008.
3. WHO, Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.2003.
4. 中华人民共和国广告法.1994.
5. 烟草广告管理暂行办法.1996.
6. Glantz, S.A., Smoking in movies:a major problem and a real solution. Lancet, 2003.362:258-9.
7. Keilah Worth, S.T., James D. Sargent., Trends in top box office movie tobacco use 1996-2004. American Legacy Foundation,2006. FIRST LOOK REPORT 16.
8. JesseGale, B., TaraSmith, et al., Smoking in film in New Zealand:measuring risk exposure. BMC Public Health,2006.6:243.
9. Reiner Hanewinkel, J.D.S., Exposure to Smoking in Internationally Distributed American Movies and Youth Smoking in Germany:A Cross-cultural Cohort Study. Pediatrics,2008.121:108-117.
10. Turin, T.C., Smoking scenes in popular Japanese serial television dramas: descriptive analysis during the same 3-month period in two consecutive years. Health Promotion International,2006.21(2):98-103.
11. Rob McGee, J.K.,2002-2004 Tobacco imagery on New Zealand television. Tobacco Control,2006.15:412-414.
12. Reiner Hanewinkel, G.W., Smoking in contemporary German television programming. Public Health,2007.52:308-312.
13. Gina Escamilla, A.L.C., Ichiro Kawachi, Women and Smoking in Hollywood Movies:A Content Analysis American Journal of Public Health,2000.90(3): 412-414.
14. D M Dozier, M.M.L., C A Day, S M Payne, et al., Leaders and elites:portrayals of smoking in popular films. Tobacco Control,2005.14:7-9.
15. Donovan, R., Weller, NJ & Clarkson, Incidental smoking in the media study; report to Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing. CBRCC Report No. 030324, Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer Control, Curtin University, Perth, WA.,2003.
16. Sone T, Tobacco-related scenes in television dramas for young Japanese audiences. Tobacco Control,,1999.8:350.
17. Pradeep P. Gidwani, M., MPH; Arthur Sobol, Television Viewing and Initiation of Smoking A mong Youth. PEDIATRICS,2002.110(3):505-508.
18. N. A. Watson, J.P.C., R. J. Donovan, Filthy or fashionable? Young people's perceptions of smoking in the media. Health Education Research,2003.18(5): 554-567.
19. Judith P. McCool, L., Keith J. Petrie, Adolescent perceptions of smoking imagery in film. Social Science&Medicine,2001.52:1577-1587.
20. Madeline A Dalton, J.D.S., Michael L Beach, Effect of viewing smoking in movies on adolescent smoking initiation:a cohort study. The Lancet,2003.362:281-285.
21. Linda Titus-Ernstoff, M.A.D., Anna M. Adachi-Mejia, Longitudinal Study of Viewing Smoking in Movies and Initiation of Smoking by Children. Pediatrics, 2008.121:15-21.
22. Janet M. Distefan, J.P.P., Elizabeth A. Gilpin, Do Favorite Movie Stars Influence Adolescent Smoking Initiation? American Journal of Public Health,2004.94(7): 1239-1244.
23. Jennifer J Tickle, J.D.S., Madeline A Dalton, et al., Favourite movie stars, their tobacco use in contemporary movies, and its association with adolescent smoking. Tobacco Control,2001.10:16-22.
24. Reiner Hanewinkel, J.D.S., Exposure to Smoking in Popular Contemporary Movies and Youth Smoking in Germany,. Am J Prev Med,2007.32(6):466-473.
25. James F. Thrasher, C. J., Edna Arillo-Santillan, Exposure to Smoking Imagery in Popular Films and Adolescent Smoking in Mexico. American Journal of Preventive Medicine,2008.35(2):95-102.
26. 马冠生,李艳平,胡小琪,我国城市儿童少年看电视时间的研究.中国健康教育,2002.18(7)：411-413.
27. 赵凤敏,吴广林,段蕾蕾等,中国近期影视剧中出现烟草镜头状况调查.中国公共卫生,2004.20(3)：372.
28. 耳玉亮,刘峥,高维等,2004～2005年电影电视剧中吸烟镜头调查.中国健康教育,2008.24(9)：719-720.
29. 张陌然,段松,动漫人物吸烟镜头调查报告.中国教师,2008.56：50-52.
30. 黄悦勤,刘肇瑞,李爱兰,青少年吸烟行为与烟草知识和大众传媒的相关分析.流行病学杂志,2002.23(6)：487.
31. 朱红,张.王.职.刘.,天津市成年居民超重与肥胖的流行病学调查.中华流行病学杂志,2009.30(11).
32. Film rating board to consider smoking as a factor. Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA),2007.
33. 电影剧本(梗概)备案、电影片管理规定.2006.
34. Keilah A. Worth, K.A., Duke, J., Green, M., Sargent, J.D., Character Smoking in Top Box Office Movies. American Legacy Foundation,2007. First Look Report 18.
35. James D. Sargent, M.L.B., Madeline A. Dalton., Effect of Parental R-Rated Movie Restriction on Adolescent Smoking Initiation A Prospective Study. Pediatrics,2004. 114:149-156.
36. Dalton MA, A.M., Sargent JD,et al., Relation between adolescent use of tobacco and alcohol and parental restrictions on movies. Effective Clinical Practice,2002. 5:1-10.
37. Dominic McVey, J.S., Can anti-smoking television advertising affect smoking behaviour? Controlled trial of the Health Education Authority for England's anti-smoking TV campaign. Tobacco Control,2000.9:273-282.
38. C A Edwards, W.C.H., D R Cook, K F Bedford and Y Zuo, Out of the Smokescreen:does an anti-smoking advertisement affect young women's perception of smoking in movies and their intention to smoke? Tobacco Control,2004.13: 277-282.
39. Cornelia Pechmann, E.T.R., Antismoking Advertisements for Youths:An Independent Evaluation of Health, Counter-Industry, and Industry Approaches. American Journal of Public Health,2006.96(5):906-913.
1. Glantz, S.A., Smoking in movies:a major problem and a real solution. Lancet,2003.362: 258-9.
2. Keilah Worth, S.T., James D. Sargent., Trends in top box office movie tobacco use 1996-2004. American Legacy Foundation,2006. FIRST LOOK REPORT 16.
3. JesseGale, B., TaraSmith, et al., Smoking in film in New Zealand:measuring risk exposure. BMC Public Health,2006.6:243.
4. Reiner Hanewinkel, J.D.S., Exposure to Smoking in Internationally Distributed American Movies and Youth Smoking in Germany:A Cross-cultural Cohort Study. Pediatrics,2008.121: 108-117.
5. Turin, T.C., Smoking scenes in popular Japanese serial television dramas:descriptive analysis during the same 3-month period in two consecutive years. Health Promotion International,2006.21(2):98-103.
6. Rob McGee, J.K.,2002-2004 Tobacco imagery on New Zealand television. Tobacco Control, 2006.15:412-414.
7. Reiner Hanewinkel, G.W., Smoking in contemporary German television programming. Public Health,2007.52:308-312.
8. Reiner Hanewinkel, G.W., Smoking in a popular German television crime series1985-2004. Preventive Medicine,2008.46:596-598.
9. 赵凤敏,吴广林,段蕾蕾等,中国近期影视剧中出现烟草镜头状况调查.中国公共卫生,2004.20(3)：372.
10. 耳玉亮,刘峥,高维等,2004～2005年电影电视剧中吸烟镜头调查.中国健康教育,2008. 24(9)：719-720.
11. 张陌然,段松,动漫人物吸烟镜头调查报告.中国教师,2008.56：50-52.
12. Gina Escamilla, A.L.C., Ichiro Kawachi, Women and Smoking in Hollywood Movies:A Content Analysis American Journal of Public Health,2000.90(3):412-414.
13. D M Dozier, M.M.L., C A Day, S M Payne, et al., Leaders and elites:portrayals of smoking in popular films. Tobacco Control,2005.14:7-9.
14. Donovan, R., Weller, NJ & Clarkson, Incidental smoking in the media study; report to Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing. CBRCC Report No.030324, Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer Control, Curtin University, Perth, WA.,2003.
15. Sone T, Tobacco-related scenes in television dramas for young Japanese audiences. Tobacco Control,,1999.8:350.
16. N. A. Watson, J.P.C., R. J. Donovan, Filthy or fashionable? Young people's perceptions of smoking in the media. Health Education Research,2003.18(5):554-567.
17. Judith P. McCool, L., Keith J. Petrie, Adolescent perceptions of smoking imagery in film. Social Science&Medicine,2001.52:1577-1587.
18. Janet M. Distefan, J.P.P., Elizabeth A. Gilpin, Do Favorite Movie Stars Influence Adolescent Smoking Initiation? American Journal of Public Health,2004.94(7):1239-1244.
19. BAdhikari, J., AMa-larcher, et al., Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Years of Potential Life Lost, and Productivity Losses United States,2000-2004.. JAMA,2009.301(6):593-594.
20. Pradeep P. Gidwani, M., MPH; Arthur Sobol, Television Viewing and Initiation of Smoking A mong Youth. PEDIATRICS,2002.110(3):505-508.
21. Madeline A Dalton, J.D.S., Michael L Beach, Effect of viewing smoking in movies on adolescent smoking initiation:a cohort study. The Lancet,2003.362:281-285.
22. Linda Titus-Ernstoff, M.A.D., Anna M. Adachi-Mejia, Longitudinal Study of Viewing Smoking in Movies and Initiation of Smoking by Children. Pediatrics,2008.121:15-21.
23. Jennifer J Tickle, J.D.S., Madeline A Dalton, et al., Favourite movie stars, their tobacco use in contemporary movies, and its association with adolescent smoking. Tobacco Control,2001. 10:16-22.
24. Reiner Hanewinkel, J.D.S., Exposure to Smoking in Popular Contemporary Movies and Youth Smoking in Germany,Am J Prev Med,2007.32(6):466-473.
25. James F. Thrasher, C.J., Edna Arillo-Santillan, Exposure to Smoking Imagery in Popular Films and Adolescent Smoking in Mexico. American Journal of Preventive Medicine,2008.35(2): 95-102.
26. 黄悦勤,刘肇瑞,李爱兰,青少年吸烟行为与烟草知识和大众传媒的相关分析.流行病学杂志,2002.23(6)：487.
27. 马冠生,李艳平,胡小琪,我国城市儿童少年看电视时间的研究.中国健康教育,2002.18(7)：411-413.
28. Keilah A. Worth, K.A., Duke, J., Green, M., Sargent, J.D., Character Smoking in Top Box Office Movies. American Legacy Foundation,2007. First Look Report 18.
29. Film rating board to consider smoking as a factor. Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA),2007.
30. James D. Sargent, M.L:B., Madeline A. Dalton., Effect of Parental R-Rated Movie Restriction on Adolescent Smoking Initiation A Prospective Study. Pediatrics,2004.114:149-156.
31. Dalton MA, A.M., Sargent JD,et al., Relation between adolescent use of tobacco and alcohol and parental restrictions on movies. Effective Clinical Practice,2002.5:1-10.
32. Dominic McVey, J.S., Can anti-smoking television advertising affect smoking behaviour? Controlled trial of the Health Education Authority for England's anti-smoking TV campaign. Tobacco Control,2000.9:273-282.
33. C A Edwards, W.C.H., D R Cook, K F Bedford and Y Zuo, Out of the Smokescreen:does an anti-smoking advertisement affect young women's perception of smoking in movies and their intention to smoke? Tobacco Control,2004.13:277-282.
34. Cornelia Pechmann, E.T.R., Antismoking Advertisements for Youths:An Independent Evaluation of Health, Counter-Industry, and Industry Approaches. American Journal of Public Health,2006.96(5):906-913.
2. 中国疾病预防控制中心,2008年中国控制吸烟报告.2008.
3. WHO, Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.2003.
4. 中华人民共和国广告法.1994.
5. 烟草广告管理暂行办法.1996.
6. Glantz, S.A., Smoking in movies:a major problem and a real solution. Lancet, 2003.362:258-9.
7. Keilah Worth, S.T., James D. Sargent., Trends in top box office movie tobacco use 1996-2004. American Legacy Foundation,2006. FIRST LOOK REPORT 16.
8. JesseGale, B., TaraSmith, et al., Smoking in film in New Zealand:measuring risk exposure. BMC Public Health,2006.6:243.
9. Reiner Hanewinkel, J.D.S., Exposure to Smoking in Internationally Distributed American Movies and Youth Smoking in Germany:A Cross-cultural Cohort Study. Pediatrics,2008.121:108-117.
10. Turin, T.C., Smoking scenes in popular Japanese serial television dramas: descriptive analysis during the same 3-month period in two consecutive years. Health Promotion International,2006.21(2):98-103.
11. Rob McGee, J.K.,2002-2004 Tobacco imagery on New Zealand television. Tobacco Control,2006.15:412-414.
12. Reiner Hanewinkel, G.W., Smoking in contemporary German television programming. Public Health,2007.52:308-312.
13. Gina Escamilla, A.L.C., Ichiro Kawachi, Women and Smoking in Hollywood Movies:A Content Analysis American Journal of Public Health,2000.90(3): 412-414.
14. D M Dozier, M.M.L., C A Day, S M Payne, et al., Leaders and elites:portrayals of smoking in popular films. Tobacco Control,2005.14:7-9.
15. Donovan, R., Weller, NJ & Clarkson, Incidental smoking in the media study; report to Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing. CBRCC Report No. 030324, Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer Control, Curtin University, Perth, WA.,2003.
16. Sone T, Tobacco-related scenes in television dramas for young Japanese audiences. Tobacco Control,,1999.8:350.
17. Pradeep P. Gidwani, M., MPH; Arthur Sobol, Television Viewing and Initiation of Smoking A mong Youth. PEDIATRICS,2002.110(3):505-508.
18. N. A. Watson, J.P.C., R. J. Donovan, Filthy or fashionable? Young people's perceptions of smoking in the media. Health Education Research,2003.18(5): 554-567.
19. Judith P. McCool, L., Keith J. Petrie, Adolescent perceptions of smoking imagery in film. Social Science&Medicine,2001.52:1577-1587.
20. Madeline A Dalton, J.D.S., Michael L Beach, Effect of viewing smoking in movies on adolescent smoking initiation:a cohort study. The Lancet,2003.362:281-285.
21. Linda Titus-Ernstoff, M.A.D., Anna M. Adachi-Mejia, Longitudinal Study of Viewing Smoking in Movies and Initiation of Smoking by Children. Pediatrics, 2008.121:15-21.
22. Janet M. Distefan, J.P.P., Elizabeth A. Gilpin, Do Favorite Movie Stars Influence Adolescent Smoking Initiation? American Journal of Public Health,2004.94(7): 1239-1244.
23. Jennifer J Tickle, J.D.S., Madeline A Dalton, et al., Favourite movie stars, their tobacco use in contemporary movies, and its association with adolescent smoking. Tobacco Control,2001.10:16-22.
24. Reiner Hanewinkel, J.D.S., Exposure to Smoking in Popular Contemporary Movies and Youth Smoking in Germany,. Am J Prev Med,2007.32(6):466-473.
25. James F. Thrasher, C. J., Edna Arillo-Santillan, Exposure to Smoking Imagery in Popular Films and Adolescent Smoking in Mexico. American Journal of Preventive Medicine,2008.35(2):95-102.
26. 马冠生,李艳平,胡小琪,我国城市儿童少年看电视时间的研究.中国健康教育,2002.18(7)：411-413.
27. 赵凤敏,吴广林,段蕾蕾等,中国近期影视剧中出现烟草镜头状况调查.中国公共卫生,2004.20(3)：372.
28. 耳玉亮,刘峥,高维等,2004～2005年电影电视剧中吸烟镜头调查.中国健康教育,2008.24(9)：719-720.
29. 张陌然,段松,动漫人物吸烟镜头调查报告.中国教师,2008.56：50-52.
30. 黄悦勤,刘肇瑞,李爱兰,青少年吸烟行为与烟草知识和大众传媒的相关分析.流行病学杂志,2002.23(6)：487.
31. 朱红,张.王.职.刘.,天津市成年居民超重与肥胖的流行病学调查.中华流行病学杂志,2009.30(11).
32. Film rating board to consider smoking as a factor. Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA),2007.
33. 电影剧本(梗概)备案、电影片管理规定.2006.
34. Keilah A. Worth, K.A., Duke, J., Green, M., Sargent, J.D., Character Smoking in Top Box Office Movies. American Legacy Foundation,2007. First Look Report 18.
35. James D. Sargent, M.L.B., Madeline A. Dalton., Effect of Parental R-Rated Movie Restriction on Adolescent Smoking Initiation A Prospective Study. Pediatrics,2004. 114:149-156.
36. Dalton MA, A.M., Sargent JD,et al., Relation between adolescent use of tobacco and alcohol and parental restrictions on movies. Effective Clinical Practice,2002. 5:1-10.
37. Dominic McVey, J.S., Can anti-smoking television advertising affect smoking behaviour? Controlled trial of the Health Education Authority for England's anti-smoking TV campaign. Tobacco Control,2000.9:273-282.
38. C A Edwards, W.C.H., D R Cook, K F Bedford and Y Zuo, Out of the Smokescreen:does an anti-smoking advertisement affect young women's perception of smoking in movies and their intention to smoke? Tobacco Control,2004.13: 277-282.
39. Cornelia Pechmann, E.T.R., Antismoking Advertisements for Youths:An Independent Evaluation of Health, Counter-Industry, and Industry Approaches. American Journal of Public Health,2006.96(5):906-913.
1. Glantz, S.A., Smoking in movies:a major problem and a real solution. Lancet,2003.362: 258-9.
2. Keilah Worth, S.T., James D. Sargent., Trends in top box office movie tobacco use 1996-2004. American Legacy Foundation,2006. FIRST LOOK REPORT 16.
3. JesseGale, B., TaraSmith, et al., Smoking in film in New Zealand:measuring risk exposure. BMC Public Health,2006.6:243.
4. Reiner Hanewinkel, J.D.S., Exposure to Smoking in Internationally Distributed American Movies and Youth Smoking in Germany:A Cross-cultural Cohort Study. Pediatrics,2008.121: 108-117.
5. Turin, T.C., Smoking scenes in popular Japanese serial television dramas:descriptive analysis during the same 3-month period in two consecutive years. Health Promotion International,2006.21(2):98-103.
6. Rob McGee, J.K.,2002-2004 Tobacco imagery on New Zealand television. Tobacco Control, 2006.15:412-414.
7. Reiner Hanewinkel, G.W., Smoking in contemporary German television programming. Public Health,2007.52:308-312.
8. Reiner Hanewinkel, G.W., Smoking in a popular German television crime series1985-2004. Preventive Medicine,2008.46:596-598.
9. 赵凤敏,吴广林,段蕾蕾等,中国近期影视剧中出现烟草镜头状况调查.中国公共卫生,2004.20(3)：372.
10. 耳玉亮,刘峥,高维等,2004～2005年电影电视剧中吸烟镜头调查.中国健康教育,2008. 24(9)：719-720.
11. 张陌然,段松,动漫人物吸烟镜头调查报告.中国教师,2008.56：50-52.
12. Gina Escamilla, A.L.C., Ichiro Kawachi, Women and Smoking in Hollywood Movies:A Content Analysis American Journal of Public Health,2000.90(3):412-414.
13. D M Dozier, M.M.L., C A Day, S M Payne, et al., Leaders and elites:portrayals of smoking in popular films. Tobacco Control,2005.14:7-9.
14. Donovan, R., Weller, NJ & Clarkson, Incidental smoking in the media study; report to Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing. CBRCC Report No.030324, Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer Control, Curtin University, Perth, WA.,2003.
15. Sone T, Tobacco-related scenes in television dramas for young Japanese audiences. Tobacco Control,,1999.8:350.
16. N. A. Watson, J.P.C., R. J. Donovan, Filthy or fashionable? Young people's perceptions of smoking in the media. Health Education Research,2003.18(5):554-567.
17. Judith P. McCool, L., Keith J. Petrie, Adolescent perceptions of smoking imagery in film. Social Science&Medicine,2001.52:1577-1587.
18. Janet M. Distefan, J.P.P., Elizabeth A. Gilpin, Do Favorite Movie Stars Influence Adolescent Smoking Initiation? American Journal of Public Health,2004.94(7):1239-1244.
19. BAdhikari, J., AMa-larcher, et al., Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Years of Potential Life Lost, and Productivity Losses United States,2000-2004.. JAMA,2009.301(6):593-594.
20. Pradeep P. Gidwani, M., MPH; Arthur Sobol, Television Viewing and Initiation of Smoking A mong Youth. PEDIATRICS,2002.110(3):505-508.
21. Madeline A Dalton, J.D.S., Michael L Beach, Effect of viewing smoking in movies on adolescent smoking initiation:a cohort study. The Lancet,2003.362:281-285.
22. Linda Titus-Ernstoff, M.A.D., Anna M. Adachi-Mejia, Longitudinal Study of Viewing Smoking in Movies and Initiation of Smoking by Children. Pediatrics,2008.121:15-21.
23. Jennifer J Tickle, J.D.S., Madeline A Dalton, et al., Favourite movie stars, their tobacco use in contemporary movies, and its association with adolescent smoking. Tobacco Control,2001. 10:16-22.
24. Reiner Hanewinkel, J.D.S., Exposure to Smoking in Popular Contemporary Movies and Youth Smoking in Germany,Am J Prev Med,2007.32(6):466-473.
25. James F. Thrasher, C.J., Edna Arillo-Santillan, Exposure to Smoking Imagery in Popular Films and Adolescent Smoking in Mexico. American Journal of Preventive Medicine,2008.35(2): 95-102.
26. 黄悦勤,刘肇瑞,李爱兰,青少年吸烟行为与烟草知识和大众传媒的相关分析.流行病学杂志,2002.23(6)：487.
27. 马冠生,李艳平,胡小琪,我国城市儿童少年看电视时间的研究.中国健康教育,2002.18(7)：411-413.
28. Keilah A. Worth, K.A., Duke, J., Green, M., Sargent, J.D., Character Smoking in Top Box Office Movies. American Legacy Foundation,2007. First Look Report 18.
29. Film rating board to consider smoking as a factor. Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA),2007.
30. James D. Sargent, M.L:B., Madeline A. Dalton., Effect of Parental R-Rated Movie Restriction on Adolescent Smoking Initiation A Prospective Study. Pediatrics,2004.114:149-156.
31. Dalton MA, A.M., Sargent JD,et al., Relation between adolescent use of tobacco and alcohol and parental restrictions on movies. Effective Clinical Practice,2002.5:1-10.
32. Dominic McVey, J.S., Can anti-smoking television advertising affect smoking behaviour? Controlled trial of the Health Education Authority for England's anti-smoking TV campaign. Tobacco Control,2000.9:273-282.
33. C A Edwards, W.C.H., D R Cook, K F Bedford and Y Zuo, Out of the Smokescreen:does an anti-smoking advertisement affect young women's perception of smoking in movies and their intention to smoke? Tobacco Control,2004.13:277-282.
34. Cornelia Pechmann, E.T.R., Antismoking Advertisements for Youths:An Independent Evaluation of Health, Counter-Industry, and Industry Approaches. American Journal of Public Health,2006.96(5):906-913.