牵牛子提取物对果园朱砂叶螨生物活性的研究
|
摘要
本试验以严重为害果树的朱砂叶螨为研究对象,对牵牛子进行了杀螨活性成分研究,并对分离出来的有效物质进行了作用机理初步探讨。
(1)采用玻片浸渍法室内测定了36种中草药提取物对朱砂叶螨的杀螨活性,结果表明:牵牛子石油醚提取物等10种中草药提取物的活性较高,其24h校正死亡率均大于90%;并对上述10种具有较高杀螨活性的中草药提取物对朱砂叶螨的触杀效果也进行了测定,按LC_(50)从低到高依次为:牵牛子石油醚提取物(0.6979±0.0598mg/ml)、马钱子石油醚提取物(0.7670±0.0554mg/ml)、苍耳子石油醚提取物(1.1239±0.0615mg/ml)、苍耳子甲醇提取物(1.3417±0.0773mg/ml)、马钱子甲醇提取物(1.3492±0.0738mg/ml)、百部石油醚提取物(1.3679±0.0810mg/ml)、红藤石油醚提取物(1.4863±0.0921mg/ml)、贯众氯仿提取物(1.6347±0.1060mg/ml)、白鲜皮氯仿提取物(1.7185±0.1003mg/ml)、贯众甲醇提取物(1.8201±0.0934mg/ml),结果表明牵牛子石油醚提取物的杀螨活性最高。
(2)测定牵牛子提取物对朱砂叶螨的生物活性。牵牛子石油醚提取物浓度为2mg/ml时,对朱砂叶螨的雌成螨和卵的校正死亡率分别达到93.7%和77.3%,LC_(50)分别为0.6979mg/ml和1.3037mg/ml;对雌成螨24h后的产卵抑制率和驱避率分别达到82.51%和94.54%。萃取物中石油醚相的活性明显高于甲醇相,浓度为2mg/ml时,石油醚萃取物以朱砂叶螨的雌成螨和卵的校正死亡率分别达到96.2%和82.1%,LC_(50)分别为0.5042mg/ml和1.1016mg/ml;对石油醚萃取物进行柱层析分离最终得到流分12个,其中以流分8杀螨效果最好,浓度为2mg/ml时,24h对雌成螨的校正死亡率达96.4%。流分8对成螨和卵的LC_(50)分别是0.4477mg/ml和1.1971mg/ml,LC_(90)分别是2.2321mg/ml和2.9152mg/ml。
(3)研究牵牛子石油醚提取物中流分8对朱砂叶螨生物活性的作用机理。采用叶片残毒法观察流分8对朱砂叶螨的中毒症状,并采用生化方法测定了谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶、单胺氧化酶、Ca~(2+)-ATP酶活性的影响,通过透射电镜观察流分8对螨体内亚显微结构的破坏。结果表明,牵牛子流分8处理朱砂叶螨后,螨体内解毒酶谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶被激活,这说明流分8中存在对朱砂叶螨有毒的物质;而乙酰胆碱酯酶、单胺氧化酶、Ca~(2+)-ATP酶均受到不同程度的抑制,这可能引起神经传递的阻断,从而导致螨体的死亡。透射电镜下可见,流分8对螨体内表皮结构、肌纤维、细胞核膜、线粒体、内质网等均有不同程度的破坏。牵牛子可以有效杀死朱砂叶螨,作为新型植物源农药具有良好的开发前景。
Pharbitis purpurea seeds was investigated for its acarocidal activity against Tetranychus cinnabarinus,a serious pest of many crops including fruit trees in china.Action mechanism of effective substance of P. purpurea seeds against T.cinnabarinus was also investigated.
(1)The acaricidic activities of herbal extracts were measured in laboratory by Slide-dip method.The results showed that 24 hours after treatment,the acaricidic activities of 10 herbal extracts were high, with corrected mortality over 90%.The contact toxicities of these 10 herbal extracts against T. cinnabarinus were also tested and the LC_(50) value of the 10 herbal extracts,ranging from low to high, with P.purpurea petroleum ether extract at 0.6979±0.0598mg/ml,followed by Strychnos nux-vomica petroleum ether extract at 0.7670±0.0554 mg/ml,Xanthium sibiricum petroleum ether extract at 1.1239±0.0615mg/ml,Xanthium sibiricum methanol extract at 1.3417±0.0773mg/ml,Strychnos nux-vomica methanol extract at 1.3492±0.0738mg/ml,Stemona japnicaapetroleum ether extract at 1.3679±0.0810mg/ml,Sargentodoxa cuueata,petroleum ether extract at 1.4863±0.0921mg/ml, Osmuncla japonica chloroform extract at 1.6347±0.1060mg/ml,Dictammus dasycarpus chloroform extract at 1.7185±0.1003mg/ml and Osmuncla japonica methanol extract at 1.8201±0.0934mg/ml.
(2)The extracts of P.purpurea seeds investigated for their biological activity against T.cinnabarinus. Slide-dip and Leaf-residue methods were used to measure biological activity.Liquid-liquid distribution and the silica gel column were used to separate and purify active matter.The results indicated that bioactivity(touch kill,oviposit inhibition,repellency)of petroleum ether extract of P.purpurea seeds was the highest with the adjusted mortalities of female mite and egg were 93.7%and 77.3%, Oviposition inhibition and repellency rate were 82.51%and 94.54%respectively at the concentration of 2 mg/ml.LC_(50) is 0.6979mg/ml and 1.3037mg/ml.The petroleum ether extract of P.purpurea seeds was then separated and purified.The bioactivity of petroleum ether purified extracts of P.purpurea seeds was the highest with the adjusted mortalities of female mite and egg were 96.2%and 82.1%,LC_(50) is 0.5042 mg/ml and 1.1016mg/ml.The silica gel column was used to separate and purify active constitutes of the crude purified extracts of petroleum ether.A total of 12 bands were seen by TLC analysis.The isolation fraction 8 appeared a strong acarocidal activity against T.cinnabarinus,the adjusted mortalities of female mite was 96.4%respectively at the concentration of 2 mg/ml.The isolation fraction 8 had strongly acaricidal activities against adult and egg of T.cinnabarinus,the LC_(50) value were 0.4477mg/ml and 1.1971mg/ml,the LC_(90) value were 2.2321mg/ml and 2.9152mg/ml.
(3) Action mechanism of isolation fraction 8 of petroleum ether extract of.purpurea seeds against T. cinnabarinus was investigated.The toxicosis symptom of T.cinnabarinus were measured by Leaf-residue,and several kinds of important enzymes in T.cinnabarinus treated with isolation fraction 8 were tested.The ultrastructure of T.cinnabarinus treated by isolation fraction 8 was observed through transmission electron microscope(TEM).The results showed that the activities of glutathione-S-transferase in T.cinnabarinus were strongly induced,but the activities of acetylcholinease, monoamine oxidase and Ca~(2+)-ATPase were restrained after treating with isolation fraction 8.The result suggested that isolation fraction 8 of P.purpurea seeds was effective against T.cinnabarinus,which may be the cause the transmit block of nerve in mites.Observation tinder TEM revealed that cuticle, muscular filament,nuclear membrane,mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum were ruptured.
The result from the experiment indicated that the discovery had a good developing prospect for making full use of P.purpurea seeds as new resources of botanical acaricide.
(1)采用玻片浸渍法室内测定了36种中草药提取物对朱砂叶螨的杀螨活性,结果表明:牵牛子石油醚提取物等10种中草药提取物的活性较高,其24h校正死亡率均大于90%;并对上述10种具有较高杀螨活性的中草药提取物对朱砂叶螨的触杀效果也进行了测定,按LC_(50)从低到高依次为:牵牛子石油醚提取物(0.6979±0.0598mg/ml)、马钱子石油醚提取物(0.7670±0.0554mg/ml)、苍耳子石油醚提取物(1.1239±0.0615mg/ml)、苍耳子甲醇提取物(1.3417±0.0773mg/ml)、马钱子甲醇提取物(1.3492±0.0738mg/ml)、百部石油醚提取物(1.3679±0.0810mg/ml)、红藤石油醚提取物(1.4863±0.0921mg/ml)、贯众氯仿提取物(1.6347±0.1060mg/ml)、白鲜皮氯仿提取物(1.7185±0.1003mg/ml)、贯众甲醇提取物(1.8201±0.0934mg/ml),结果表明牵牛子石油醚提取物的杀螨活性最高。
(2)测定牵牛子提取物对朱砂叶螨的生物活性。牵牛子石油醚提取物浓度为2mg/ml时,对朱砂叶螨的雌成螨和卵的校正死亡率分别达到93.7%和77.3%,LC_(50)分别为0.6979mg/ml和1.3037mg/ml;对雌成螨24h后的产卵抑制率和驱避率分别达到82.51%和94.54%。萃取物中石油醚相的活性明显高于甲醇相,浓度为2mg/ml时,石油醚萃取物以朱砂叶螨的雌成螨和卵的校正死亡率分别达到96.2%和82.1%,LC_(50)分别为0.5042mg/ml和1.1016mg/ml;对石油醚萃取物进行柱层析分离最终得到流分12个,其中以流分8杀螨效果最好,浓度为2mg/ml时,24h对雌成螨的校正死亡率达96.4%。流分8对成螨和卵的LC_(50)分别是0.4477mg/ml和1.1971mg/ml,LC_(90)分别是2.2321mg/ml和2.9152mg/ml。
(3)研究牵牛子石油醚提取物中流分8对朱砂叶螨生物活性的作用机理。采用叶片残毒法观察流分8对朱砂叶螨的中毒症状,并采用生化方法测定了谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶、单胺氧化酶、Ca~(2+)-ATP酶活性的影响,通过透射电镜观察流分8对螨体内亚显微结构的破坏。结果表明,牵牛子流分8处理朱砂叶螨后,螨体内解毒酶谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶被激活,这说明流分8中存在对朱砂叶螨有毒的物质;而乙酰胆碱酯酶、单胺氧化酶、Ca~(2+)-ATP酶均受到不同程度的抑制,这可能引起神经传递的阻断,从而导致螨体的死亡。透射电镜下可见,流分8对螨体内表皮结构、肌纤维、细胞核膜、线粒体、内质网等均有不同程度的破坏。牵牛子可以有效杀死朱砂叶螨,作为新型植物源农药具有良好的开发前景。
Pharbitis purpurea seeds was investigated for its acarocidal activity against Tetranychus cinnabarinus,a serious pest of many crops including fruit trees in china.Action mechanism of effective substance of P. purpurea seeds against T.cinnabarinus was also investigated.
(1)The acaricidic activities of herbal extracts were measured in laboratory by Slide-dip method.The results showed that 24 hours after treatment,the acaricidic activities of 10 herbal extracts were high, with corrected mortality over 90%.The contact toxicities of these 10 herbal extracts against T. cinnabarinus were also tested and the LC_(50) value of the 10 herbal extracts,ranging from low to high, with P.purpurea petroleum ether extract at 0.6979±0.0598mg/ml,followed by Strychnos nux-vomica petroleum ether extract at 0.7670±0.0554 mg/ml,Xanthium sibiricum petroleum ether extract at 1.1239±0.0615mg/ml,Xanthium sibiricum methanol extract at 1.3417±0.0773mg/ml,Strychnos nux-vomica methanol extract at 1.3492±0.0738mg/ml,Stemona japnicaapetroleum ether extract at 1.3679±0.0810mg/ml,Sargentodoxa cuueata,petroleum ether extract at 1.4863±0.0921mg/ml, Osmuncla japonica chloroform extract at 1.6347±0.1060mg/ml,Dictammus dasycarpus chloroform extract at 1.7185±0.1003mg/ml and Osmuncla japonica methanol extract at 1.8201±0.0934mg/ml.
(2)The extracts of P.purpurea seeds investigated for their biological activity against T.cinnabarinus. Slide-dip and Leaf-residue methods were used to measure biological activity.Liquid-liquid distribution and the silica gel column were used to separate and purify active matter.The results indicated that bioactivity(touch kill,oviposit inhibition,repellency)of petroleum ether extract of P.purpurea seeds was the highest with the adjusted mortalities of female mite and egg were 93.7%and 77.3%, Oviposition inhibition and repellency rate were 82.51%and 94.54%respectively at the concentration of 2 mg/ml.LC_(50) is 0.6979mg/ml and 1.3037mg/ml.The petroleum ether extract of P.purpurea seeds was then separated and purified.The bioactivity of petroleum ether purified extracts of P.purpurea seeds was the highest with the adjusted mortalities of female mite and egg were 96.2%and 82.1%,LC_(50) is 0.5042 mg/ml and 1.1016mg/ml.The silica gel column was used to separate and purify active constitutes of the crude purified extracts of petroleum ether.A total of 12 bands were seen by TLC analysis.The isolation fraction 8 appeared a strong acarocidal activity against T.cinnabarinus,the adjusted mortalities of female mite was 96.4%respectively at the concentration of 2 mg/ml.The isolation fraction 8 had strongly acaricidal activities against adult and egg of T.cinnabarinus,the LC_(50) value were 0.4477mg/ml and 1.1971mg/ml,the LC_(90) value were 2.2321mg/ml and 2.9152mg/ml.
(3) Action mechanism of isolation fraction 8 of petroleum ether extract of.purpurea seeds against T. cinnabarinus was investigated.The toxicosis symptom of T.cinnabarinus were measured by Leaf-residue,and several kinds of important enzymes in T.cinnabarinus treated with isolation fraction 8 were tested.The ultrastructure of T.cinnabarinus treated by isolation fraction 8 was observed through transmission electron microscope(TEM).The results showed that the activities of glutathione-S-transferase in T.cinnabarinus were strongly induced,but the activities of acetylcholinease, monoamine oxidase and Ca~(2+)-ATPase were restrained after treating with isolation fraction 8.The result suggested that isolation fraction 8 of P.purpurea seeds was effective against T.cinnabarinus,which may be the cause the transmit block of nerve in mites.Observation tinder TEM revealed that cuticle, muscular filament,nuclear membrane,mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum were ruptured.
The result from the experiment indicated that the discovery had a good developing prospect for making full use of P.purpurea seeds as new resources of botanical acaricide.
引文
[1]唐除痴,李煜昶,陈彬,等.农约化学[M].南开大学出版社,1998,3:225.
[2]王旭,高希武,郑炳宗.小菜蛾抗药性的研究[J].世界农业,1997,223(11):27-29.
[3]王甘树,陈洪国,江华.中国植物源农药的研究和应用综述[J].咸宁学院学报,2004,24(3):123-125.
[4]孙小洁,李庆,易成波.植物源杀虫剂开发利用现状及前景展望[J].经济林研究,2004,22(2):73-78.
[5]周仕涛.中国植物源农药的研究及前景[J].西南农业学报,2004,17(4):525-530.
[6]张一宾.农药[M].北京:中国物质出版社,1997.
[7]郝乃斌,戈巧英.中国植物源杀虫剂的研制与应用[J].植物学通报,1999,16(5):495-503.
[8]Anon.Neem:A tree for solving global problems[M].National Research Council.NationalAcademy Press,Washington,DC.1992.
[9]Lawrence A D,Williams,Ajai M.The insecticidal and acaricidal actions of compounds from Azadirachta indica(A.Juss.) and their use in tropical pest management[J],Intergrated Pest Management Reviews,1996,1(3):133-145.
[10]吴文君.天然产物杀虫剂—原理.方法.实践[M].西安:陕西科学技术出版社,1998.
[11]Kalaisekar A,Naidu V G,Rao N V.Efficacy of some pesticides against citrus rust mite,Phyllocoptruta oleivora[J].Indian Journal of Entomology,2003,65(3):308-310.
[12]Sanguanpong U,Schmutterer H.Laborversuche(u|¨)ber die wirkung von niemoel und niemsamenextrakten bei der gemeinen spinnmilbe Tetranychus urticae Koch(Acari:Tetranychidae)[J].Z.Pflanzenkr.Pflanzenschutz,1992,99:637-646.
[13]张锦.木本植物源农药的开发应用[J].中国野生植物资源,2003,22(3):23-25.
[14]Borges L M F,Ferri P H,Silva W J,et al.In vitro Efficacy of Extracts of Melia azedarach against the Tick Boophilus microplus[J].Medical and Veterinary Entomology,2003,17(6):228.
[15]韦成礼,陆清妹,韦东胜.苦楝核提取物对柑桔红蜘蛛卵的毒杀试验[J].广西农业科学,1995,(4):176-177.
[16]张兴.川楝素引致菜青虫中毒症状研究[J].西北农业大学学报,1993,21(1):27-30.
[17]Duan H,Takaishi Y,Jia Y,et al.Sesquiterpene alkaloids from extracts of Tripterygium wilfordii[J].ChemPharm,1999,47(11):1664-1667.
[18]舒孝顺,高中洪,杨祥良.雷公藤生物碱的化学和药理活性研究进展[J].广东药学院学报,2003,19(2):150-154.
[19]Gonzalez A G,Jimenez I A,Ravelo A G,et al.Antifeedant activity of sesquiterpenes from Celastraceae[J].Biochem System Ecol,1997,25:513-519.
[20]Spivey A C,Weston M,Woodhead S.Celastraceae sesquiterpenoids:biological activity and synthesis[J].Chem Soc Rev,2002,31:43.
[21]陈列忠,王开金,陈建明,等.雷公藤生物碱对小菜蛾幼虫生长及其解毒酶系的影响[J].华东昆虫学报,2005,14(3):238-242.
[22]童红云.雷公藤、黄杜鹃对菜青虫的毒力效应及防治的研究:[硕士论文][D].广州:华南农业大学,1986.
[23]罗都强,冯俊涛,明瓒,等.雷公藤生物碱的分离及杀虫活性研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报,2001,29(2):61-64.
[24]吴文君,曹高俊.植物杀虫剂苦皮藤作用方式的初步研究[J].西北农学院学报,1982,10(1):75-80.
[25]吴文君,涂永强,刘惠霞,等.苦皮藤麻醉成分(苦皮藤素Ⅳ)的结构鉴定[J].西北农业大学学报,1993,21(1):1-5.
[26]吴文君,胡兆农,刘惠霞,等.苦皮藤主要杀虫有效成分的杀虫作用机理及其应用[J].昆虫学报,2005,48(5):770-777.
[27]张兴,赵善欢.西北地区杀虫植物的筛选[J].西北农林科技大学学报,1999,27(2):67-69.
[28]Tattersfield F.Studies on contact insecticides.Part Ⅰ.Introduction and methods,Part Ⅱ.A quantatives examination of the toxicity of Tephrosia vogelii Hook,to Aphis rumicis L.(the bean aphis)[J].Journal of Annual Applied Biology,1925,12(1):61-67.
[29]Tattersfield F,Gimingham C T,Morris H M.Studies on contact insecticides,PartⅣ.A quantitative examination of the toxicity of certain plant and plant products to Aphis rumicis L.(the bean aphis)[J].Journal of Annual Applied Biology,1926,13(3):424 425.
[30]Norris R V.Quarterly report on the scientific staff,tea research institute,tea quarterly[J].Journal of Tea Research Institute Ceylon,1930,3(4):132-137.
[31]Minton N A,Adamson W C.Response of Tephrosia vogelii to four species of root-knot nematodes[J].Plant Disease Reporter,1979,63(6):514.
[32]Maraton A,Msonthi J D,Hostettmann K.On the reported molluscicidal activity from Tephrosia vogelii leaves[J].Phytochemistry,1984,23(8):1822-1825.
[33]张业光.非洲山毛豆提取物对菜青虫生物活性及其有效成分研究:[硕士论文][D].广州:华南农业大学,1990.
[34]张业光,徐汉虹,黄继光,等.非洲山毛豆的主要杀虫活性成分研究[J].天然产物研究与开发,2000,12(6):6-12.
[35]张业光,徐汉虹,黄继光,等.非洲山毛豆对菜粉蝶幼虫生长发育抑制作用[J].植物保护,2001,27(3):12-15.
[36]徐汉虹,张业光,黄继光,等.非洲山毛豆对菜粉蝶化蛹的影响[J].植物保护学报,2002,29(2):173-176.
[37]黄继光.非洲山毛豆中鱼藤酮的应用初步研究:[硕士论文][D].广州:华南农业大学,2001.
[38]张业光,徐汉虹,黄继光,等.非洲山毛豆对几种鳞翅目害虫的拒食作用[J].华南农业大学学报,2000,21(4):26-29.
[39]刘燕萍,高平,潘为高,等.紫茎泽兰等几种植物提取物对两种农业害螨的毒力作用研究[J].四川大学学报(自然科学版),2004,41(1):212-215.
[40]袁静,吕良忠,从斌,等.苦参生物碱杀虫生物活性测定[J].农药,2004,43(6):284-287.
[41]王建文,陈信石,叶榕,等.苦参素碱水剂防治茶树螨药剂试验[J].福建茶叶,1998,2:28-29.
[42]史应武.苦参素防治棉叶螨效果初报[J].植物保护,1999,4:19-20.
[43]马振江,芮欣虹,雍文,等.苦参素植物杀虫剂防治红蜘蛛和桃小食心虫的田间药效试验[J].宁夏农学院学报,2002,23(4):75-76.
[44]姜双林,赵国林,薛林贵.苦豆子总生物碱的杀虫活性研究[J].甘肃高师学报,1998,3(3):52-54.
[45]王国利,刘长仲.苦豆子和铁棒锤提取物对苜蓿蚜和二斑叶螨的毒力测定[J].甘肃科技,2001,4:32.
[46]覃荣.西藏植物源农药的种类及开发前景[J].西藏农业科技,2002,24(3):141.
[47]柴承佑,张锦.安徽木本植物源农药种类[J].安徽农业科学,2002,30(1):65-68.
[48]徐汉虹.杀虫植物与植物性杀虫剂[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2001.
[49]余向阳,高聪芬,张兴.砂地柏果实提取物杀虫活性初探[J].西北农业大学学报,1999,27(2):55-59.
[50]刘建宏,段立超,张兴,等.砂地柏提取物对棉铃虫生长发育的影响初探[J].吉林农业大学学报,2000,22(2):34-37.
[51]刘建宏,王东昌,张兴,等.砂地柏提取物对粘虫和玉米象取食、存活及繁殖的影响[J].吉林农业大学学报,2000,22(4):45-47.
[52]付昌斌,张兴.砂地柏果实提取物对棉铃虫生长发育的影响[J].西北农业大学学报,1998,26(1):8-12.
[53]王继栋,王宣,张兴.砂地柚叶中鬼臼毒素的分离与鉴定[J].西北农业大学学报,2000,28(6):25-29.
[54]GaoR,Gao C F,Tian X,et al.Insecticidal activity of deoxypodophyllotoxin,isolated from Juniperus Sabina L.and related lignans against larvae of Pieris rapae L[J].Pest Manag Sci,2004,60:1131-1136.
[55]朱海云,李广泽,廉应江,等.砂地柚果实中2种二萜类杀虫活性成分的分离[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2005,33(2):79-82.
[56]高聪芬,张兴.砂地柏精油的熏蒸杀虫活性初探[J].南京农业大学学报,1997,20(3):50-53.
[57]Liu Z G,Pan X Y.Studies on the chemical constituents of Chinese azalea[J].Acta Chimica Sinica(English edition),1989,3:235-239.
[58]Klocke J A,Hu M Y,Chiu S F.Granyanoid diterpene insect antifeedants and insecticides from Rhododendron molle[J].Phytochemistry,1991,30(6):1797-1800.
[59]尚稚珍,张庆林,刘准,等.黄杜鹃杀虫物质的提取与活性研究[J].化学生态物质,1990(2):6-9.
[60]濮全龙.羊掷鐲中的闹羊花素Ⅲ的结构鉴定[J].中草药,1983,14(7):5-6.
[61]钟国华,胡美英.杜鹃花科植物活性成分及作用机制研究进展[J].武汉植物学研究,2000,186(6):509-510.
[62]魏红梅.几种植物精油的熏蒸杀虫作用及其活性成分研究:[硕士论文][D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2000.
[63]程东美,张志祥,胡美英.黄杜鹃花粗提物及闹羊花素-Ⅲ对斜纹夜蛾幼虫杀虫活性的研究[J].长江蔬菜,2007,(5):47-49.
[64]冯夏,赵善欢.黄杜鹃提取物对几种害虫的生物活性及其作用机理的初步研究[J].华南农业大学学报(自然科学版),1990,11(2):68-76.
[65]胡美英,赵善欢.黄杜鹃花杀虫活性成分及其对害虫毒杀作用的研究[J].华南农业大学学报,1992,14(9):32-37.
[66]张国洲,王亚维,徐汉虹,等.瑞香狼毒提取物对昆虫生物活性的研究[J].湖南农业大学学报,2000,26(3):190-192.
[67]张国洲,王亚维,徐汉虹,等.瑞香狼毒提取物杀虫活性成分的分离与鉴定[J].湖北农学院学报,2000,20(1):19-22.
[68]潘为高,高平,刘燕萍,等.瑞香狼毒各组分杀螨活性及组分间相互作用的研究[J].四川大学学报,2004,41(1):208-211.
[69]Shi G L,Liu S Q,Cao Hi,et al.Acaricidal activities of extracts of Stellera chamaejasme against Tetranychus viennensis(Acari:Tetranychidae)[J].J Econo Entomol,2004,97(6):1912-1916.
[70]贺春贵.几种植物杀虫剂的初步研究[J].甘肃农业大学学报,1996,31(3):233-235.
[71]赵莉蔺,刘素琪,曹挥,等.河朔荛花提取物对山楂叶螨生物活性的初步研究[J].林业科学,2005,41(6):185-189.
[72]乐海洋,赵善欢.万寿菊提取物对白纹伊蚊(Aedes albopictus)幼虫的光活化活性及有效成分研究[J].华南农业大学学报,1998,19(2):8-12.
[73]刘贤谦,阎雄飞,冀卫荣,等.万寿菊根氯仿提取物对枣尺蠖的光化学活性研究[J].林业科学,2006,42(10):139-143.
[74]曹挥,刘素琪,王鸿雷,等.万寿菊根提取物对山楂叶螨几种酶活性的影响[J].林业科学,2003,39(2):114-118.
[75]孙双艳,胡敦孝.万寿菊粗提物对朱砂叶螨和烟粉虱生物活性的研究[C].中国昆虫学会——2002年学术年会论文集.中国昆虫学会,2002:700-704.
[76]师光禄,王有年,王鸿雷,等.万寿菊根提取物对山楂叶螨谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶和蛋白酶及蛋白质含量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2007,183(2):400-404.
[77]Aucoin R R,Fidlds P,Lewis M A,et al.The protective effect of antioxidants to a phototoxin-sensitive insect herbivore(Manduca sexta)[J].Chemical Ecology,1990,16(10):213.
[78]Iyenyar S,Arnason J T,Philogene B J R,et al.Comparative metabolism of the phototoxic allelochemical α-terthienyl in three species of Lepidopterans[J].Pestic Biochem Physilo,1990,37:154-164.
[79]Iyenyar S,Arnason J T,Philogene B J R,et al.Toxicokinetics and metabolism of α-terthienyl in three herbivorous lepidoptera[J].Pestcid Biochem Physiol,1987,29:1-9.
[80]李凯.从几种植物中筛选生物活性化合物:[硕士论文][D].北京:中国农业科学院,1998.
[81]Papachristos D.P,Stamopoulos D.C.Toxicity of vapours of threee essential oil to the immature of Acanthoscelides Obtectus(Say)(Coleoptera:Bruchidae)[J].Journal of Stored Products Research,2002,38:365-373.
[82]李保同.萎篙精油的杀虫活性与化学成分研究.第二届全国植物农药暨第六届药剂毒理学术讨论会论文集,2001,11.
[83]Chiasson H,Belanger A,Bostanian N,et al.Acaricidal Properties of Artemisia absinthium and Tanacetum vulgare(Asteraceae) Essential oils obtained by different methods of extraction[J].J Econ Entomol,2001,94:167-171.
[84]Jaenson T G T,Palsson K,Borg-Karlson A K.Evaluation of extracts and oils of tick-repellent plants from Sweden[J].Medical and Veterinary Entomology,2005,19:345-352.
[85]周宇杰,丁伟,王春升.青蒿粗提物对朱砂叶螨生物活性的初步研究[J].西南农业大学学报(自然 科学版),2006,28(2):305-308.
[86]朱芬,雷朝亮,王健.黄花蒿粗提物对几种害虫拒食性的初步研究[J].昆虫天敌,2003,25(1):16-19.
[87]高红明,王兆龙,张彪,等.植物提取液对菜青虫的杀虫活性研究[J].江苏农业研究,1999,20(4):32-34.
[88]侯华民,张兴.植物精油对三种鳞翅目害虫的杀虫活性[J].植物保护学报,2002,29(3):223-228.
[89]张舒.植物源杀虫剂的开发研究综述[J].湖北农业科学,2001,(4):53-56.
[90]曹挥,王有年,刘素琪,等.地肤提取物对山楂叶螨体内几种酶活性的影响[J].林业科学,2007,43(2):68-72.
[91]刘明霞,陈小丹,王春龙.我国植物源杀虫剂研究进展[J].辽宁农业科学,2004(2):29-30.
[92]董育新,吴文君.植物杀虫剂毒理学研究新进展[J].昆虫知识,1997,34(2):112-116.
[93]Gbewonyo W.S.K,Candy,D J,Anderson.M Structure—activity relationships of insecticidal amides from pipe guineense root[J].Pesticide Science,1993,37:57-66.
[94]张兴,赵善欢.川楝素对菜青虫体内几种酶活性的研究[J].华南农业大学学报,1992,21(1):27-30.
[95]张兴,赵善欢.川楝素对菜青虫中肠组织的影响[J].昆虫学报,1991,34(4).
[96]Rao S V,Rosaiah B.Evalution of botanical insecticides alone and in combination with against insect pest complex of oxra.In:Singh R.P,Chari M.S.,Rahejia A.K.,Kraus W.(Ed.)[J].Neem and Environment.New Delhi:Oxford&IBH Publishing Co.Pvt.Ltd.,1996,493-496.
[97]赵善欢,黄瑞平,张兴.楝科植物物质对亚洲玉米螟幼虫取食和生长发育的影响[J].昆虫学报,1985,8(4):450-453.
[98]Murugan K,Jahanmohini P,Bahu R.Effect of neem kernel extract and neem oil on nutritive and reproductive physiology of Heliothis armogera Hub.In:Singh R.P.,Chari M.S.,Rahejia A.K.,Kraus W.(Ed)[J].Neem and Environment.New Delhi:Oxford&IBH Publishing Co.Pvt.Ltd,1996,321-334.
[99]Subrahmanyam B,Remold H.Effect of azadirachtin -A of neuroendocrine activity in Locustamigratoria[J].Cell tissue Res.1989,256:513-517.
[100]Satasook C,Isman M B,Winyachitra P.Pesticide Science,1992,36:53-58.
[101]Janprasert J,Satasook C,Sssukumalanand P.Rocaglamide,a natural benzofuran insecticide from Aglaia odorata[J].PhytoChemistry,1993,32(1):67-69.
[102]吴文君,李绍白.新化合物苦皮藤素V的分离与结构鉴定简报[J].西北农业大学学报,1994,22(4):116-117.
[103]南玉生.植物源昆虫拒食剂苦皮藤种油化学成分的拒食效果[J].武汉植物学研究,1994,12(1):95-96.
[104]钟国华,胡美英,林进添,等.闹羊角花素-Ⅲ对菜粉蝶幼虫血淋巴和中肠酯酶的影响[J].华中农业大学学报,2001,20(1):15-19.
[105]潘文亮,张春民,刘枉,等.植物源杀虫剂的研究现状与发展前景[J].河北农业科学,2003,7(3):45-50.
[106]徐河山.植物源杀虫剂作用方式和机理的研究进展[J].热带医学杂志,2006,6(6):743-746.
[107]Bienen E J,Saric M,Pollakis G,et al.Mitochondrial development in Trypanosoma brucei transitional bloodstream forms[J].Molecular and Biological Parasitology,1991,45(2):185-192.
[108]Flujimoto Y,Eguchi T,Kakinuma K,et al.Squamocin,a new cytotoxic bis tetrahydrofuran containing Acetogemin from Annona squamosa[J].Chem Phyam Bull,1988,36(12):4802-4806.
[109]Ratnayake S,Ruppreuit J K,Potter W M,et al.Evaluation of viarious parts of the pawpaw tree,A simian triloba,as commercial sources of the pesticidal A nnonaceous A cetogeins[J].J of Econ Entomol,1992,85(6):2353-2356.
[110]Lewis M.A,Arnason J.T,Philogene B.J,et al.Inhibition of respiration at site I by asimicin,an insecticidal acetogenin of the paw,Asimina triloba(annonaceae}[J].Pesiticide Biochemistry and Physiology,1993,45(1):15-23.
[111]Mukanganyama S,Figueroa C C,Hasler J A,et al.Effects of DIMBO Aonde toxification enzymes of the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi(Homoptera:aphididae)[J].Journal of insectphysiology,2003,49:223-229.
[112]Towers G H N.International of light with phytochemicals in some matural and novel systems[J].Can J Bot,1984,62:2900-2911.
[113]李永夫,罗安程.植物源农药的研究和应用进展[J].科技通报,2003,19(5):434-438.
[114]赵莉,刘德立.国外植物源杀虫剂研究进展[J].农药,2008,47(2):82-86.
[115]万方浩,叶正楚,郭建英,等.我国生物防治研究的进展及展望[J].昆虫知识,2000,37(2):65-74.
[116]陈立娜,李萍,张重义,等.牵牛子脂肪油类成分分析[J].中草药,2003,34(11):983-984.
[117]敖冬梅,魏群.牵牛子研究进展[J].中国中医药信息杂志,2003,10(4):77-81.
[118]陈立娜,李萍.牵牛子化学成分研究[J].中国天然药物,2004,12(3):146-148.
[119]陈立娜,李萍.牵牛子化学成分研究(Ⅱ)[J].林产化学与工业,2007,27(6):105-108.
[120]黄泰康.常用中药成分与药理手册[M].北京:中国医药科技出版社,1994,1400.
[121]孙方成.牵牛子及其所致副作用[J].中医杂志,1964,(5):29.
[122]张颂,陈昭文,强美玉,等.牵牛子的研究[J].南京药学院学报,1959,(4):36.
[123]徐向荣.圆叶牵牛杀虫活性成分追踪及应用的初步研究:[硕士学位论文][D].北京:中国农业科学院.2005.
[124]余东坡,王兰菊,司芳,等.21种中草药醇提物抑菌活性研究[J].安徽农业科学,2008,36(3):1086-1087.
[125]余黎,洪敏,朱荃.牵牛子效应成分对动物离体子宫的兴奋作用研究[J].中华实用中西医杂志,2004,4(17):1883-1884.
[126]王凤宝,黄云祥,蔺建章,等.牵牛子浸提液对玉米、小麦、水稻、黄瓜幼苗生长的影响[J].河北农业技术师范学院学报,1994,8(3):76-80.
[127]雷建华.恒春降脂丸治疗高脂血症60例[J].中国民间疗法,2007,15(10):27-28.
[128]史爱国.牵牛子与马钱子治疗脾胃病[J].山西中医,2004,20(4):64.
[129]孟庆龙.小儿疾病外用方[J].家庭科技,1999(1):22-23.
[130]张怡然,郭镔荣.牵牛子胶囊治疗偏头痛的临床效果[J].实用医药杂志,2006,23(7):859.
[131]胡继文.牵牛子加味治肝腹水[J].医药世界,2006(10):167-168.
[132]燕玉芹.牵牛子粉治疗顽固性便秘25例[J].四川中医,2002,20(2):33.
[133]胡静娟.二珍饮治疗泌尿系结石58例[J].湖南中医杂志,1999(3):52.
[134]侯辉,赵莉蔺,曹挥,等.地肤中杀螨活性成分的提取与初步分离[J].山东农业科学,2004,1:47-48.
[135]侯辉,赵莉蔺,师光禄.地肤提取物杀螨活性的研究[J].植物保护,2004,30(3):42-45.
[136]Hazan A,Gerson U,Tahori A S.Spider mite webbing I.The production of webbing under various environmental conditions[J].Acarologia,1974,16:68-84.
[137]Ho C C,Lo C C,Chen W H.Spider mite(Acari:Tetranychidae) on various crops in Taiwan [J].J.Agr.Res.China,1997,46:333-346.
[138]何林,杨羽,符建章,等.朱砂叶螨阿维菌素抗性品系选育及适合度研究[J].植物保护学报,2004,31(4):395-400.
[139]Mansour F,Azaizeh H,Saad B.The potential of middle eastern flora as a source of new safe bio-acar-icides to control Tetranychus cinnabarinus,the carmine spider mite[J].Entomology,2004.,32(1):66-72.
[140]FAO.Plant production and protection 21,recommended methods for measurement of resistance to pesticides[M].Rome,Italy,1980,49-54.
[141]Abbott W S.A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide[J].Journal of Economic Entomology,1925,18:265-267.
[142]周琼,刘炳荣,舒迎花,等.苍耳等药用植物提取物对小菜蛾的拒食作用和产卵忌避效果[J].中国蔬菜,2006,2:17-20.
[143]朱九生,乔雄梧,王静,等.10种植物对4种主要害虫的生物活性研究[J].华北农学报,2004,19(2):95-99.
[144]徐向荣,蒋红云,张燕宁,等.牵牛子萃取物的杀虫活性研究[J].植物保护,2006,32(2):90-92.
[145]张永强.中药植物姜黄杀虫杀螨活性及作用机理研究:[硕士学位论文][D].重庆:西南农业大学,2005.
[146]周琼,梁广文,曾玲,等.多种植物乙醇提取物对桃蚜和萝卜蚜试验种群的控制作用[J].中国农业科学,2002,35(11):1356-1360.
[147]李澎灏,陈振德.牵牛子脂肪油超临界CO_2萃取及气相-质谱测定[J].中国药房,2003,14(7):431-432.
[148]曹挥,王有年,张铁强,等.地肤不同部位提取物对山楂叶螨活性的研究[J].林业科学,2007,43(9):27-30.
[149]王有年,苗沛芳,曹挥,等.核桃叶提取物对朱砂叶螨体内几种酶活性的影响[J].园艺学报,2007,34(5):1297-1300.
[150]任晓霞,韩召军,王荫长.棉铃虫乙酰胆碱酯酶cDNA片段的克隆和序列分析[J].动物学报,2002,48(1):121-124.
[151]吴文君.从天然产物到新农药创制——原理·方法[M].化学工业出版社.2006,172-175.
[152]冷欣夫,唐振华,王荫长.杀虫药剂分子毒理学及昆虫抗药性[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1996:18-21.
[153]Mark A,Dekeyser,Roger G H.Downer Biochemical and Physiological Targets for Miticides Pestic[J].Sci,1994.,(40):85-101.
[154]林忠莲,张立力.磷化氢对谷蠢和玉米象成虫体内乙酰胆碱酯酶的影响[J].郑州工程学院学报, 2001,22(4):35-41.
[155]刘素媛,孙黎光,邢伟,等.慢性染铅对大鼠海马区神经细胞Ca~(2+)浓度及Ca~(2+)-ATP酶活性的影响[J].卫生毒理学杂志,1999,13(1):16-17.
[156]Caulfield M P.Muscarinic receptors—characterization,coupling and function[J].Pharmac.Ther.1993,58:319-379.
[157]Kazuhiko M,Takashi S,Matazaemon U.Effect of a New,Fenpyroximate,on Energy Metabolism and Mitochondrial Morphlolgy in Adult Female Tetranychus urticae(Two-Spotted Mite)[J].Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology,1992,43:37-44.
[158]Zizka Z,Pelt R,Jizba J,Kandybin N V,Sergeeva M V.In Situ Assessment at Subcellar Level of the Effects of Macrotetrolide Insecticides on Mites by Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis[J].Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology,1997,58:165-172.
[2]王旭,高希武,郑炳宗.小菜蛾抗药性的研究[J].世界农业,1997,223(11):27-29.
[3]王甘树,陈洪国,江华.中国植物源农药的研究和应用综述[J].咸宁学院学报,2004,24(3):123-125.
[4]孙小洁,李庆,易成波.植物源杀虫剂开发利用现状及前景展望[J].经济林研究,2004,22(2):73-78.
[5]周仕涛.中国植物源农药的研究及前景[J].西南农业学报,2004,17(4):525-530.
[6]张一宾.农药[M].北京:中国物质出版社,1997.
[7]郝乃斌,戈巧英.中国植物源杀虫剂的研制与应用[J].植物学通报,1999,16(5):495-503.
[8]Anon.Neem:A tree for solving global problems[M].National Research Council.NationalAcademy Press,Washington,DC.1992.
[9]Lawrence A D,Williams,Ajai M.The insecticidal and acaricidal actions of compounds from Azadirachta indica(A.Juss.) and their use in tropical pest management[J],Intergrated Pest Management Reviews,1996,1(3):133-145.
[10]吴文君.天然产物杀虫剂—原理.方法.实践[M].西安:陕西科学技术出版社,1998.
[11]Kalaisekar A,Naidu V G,Rao N V.Efficacy of some pesticides against citrus rust mite,Phyllocoptruta oleivora[J].Indian Journal of Entomology,2003,65(3):308-310.
[12]Sanguanpong U,Schmutterer H.Laborversuche(u|¨)ber die wirkung von niemoel und niemsamenextrakten bei der gemeinen spinnmilbe Tetranychus urticae Koch(Acari:Tetranychidae)[J].Z.Pflanzenkr.Pflanzenschutz,1992,99:637-646.
[13]张锦.木本植物源农药的开发应用[J].中国野生植物资源,2003,22(3):23-25.
[14]Borges L M F,Ferri P H,Silva W J,et al.In vitro Efficacy of Extracts of Melia azedarach against the Tick Boophilus microplus[J].Medical and Veterinary Entomology,2003,17(6):228.
[15]韦成礼,陆清妹,韦东胜.苦楝核提取物对柑桔红蜘蛛卵的毒杀试验[J].广西农业科学,1995,(4):176-177.
[16]张兴.川楝素引致菜青虫中毒症状研究[J].西北农业大学学报,1993,21(1):27-30.
[17]Duan H,Takaishi Y,Jia Y,et al.Sesquiterpene alkaloids from extracts of Tripterygium wilfordii[J].ChemPharm,1999,47(11):1664-1667.
[18]舒孝顺,高中洪,杨祥良.雷公藤生物碱的化学和药理活性研究进展[J].广东药学院学报,2003,19(2):150-154.
[19]Gonzalez A G,Jimenez I A,Ravelo A G,et al.Antifeedant activity of sesquiterpenes from Celastraceae[J].Biochem System Ecol,1997,25:513-519.
[20]Spivey A C,Weston M,Woodhead S.Celastraceae sesquiterpenoids:biological activity and synthesis[J].Chem Soc Rev,2002,31:43.
[21]陈列忠,王开金,陈建明,等.雷公藤生物碱对小菜蛾幼虫生长及其解毒酶系的影响[J].华东昆虫学报,2005,14(3):238-242.
[22]童红云.雷公藤、黄杜鹃对菜青虫的毒力效应及防治的研究:[硕士论文][D].广州:华南农业大学,1986.
[23]罗都强,冯俊涛,明瓒,等.雷公藤生物碱的分离及杀虫活性研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报,2001,29(2):61-64.
[24]吴文君,曹高俊.植物杀虫剂苦皮藤作用方式的初步研究[J].西北农学院学报,1982,10(1):75-80.
[25]吴文君,涂永强,刘惠霞,等.苦皮藤麻醉成分(苦皮藤素Ⅳ)的结构鉴定[J].西北农业大学学报,1993,21(1):1-5.
[26]吴文君,胡兆农,刘惠霞,等.苦皮藤主要杀虫有效成分的杀虫作用机理及其应用[J].昆虫学报,2005,48(5):770-777.
[27]张兴,赵善欢.西北地区杀虫植物的筛选[J].西北农林科技大学学报,1999,27(2):67-69.
[28]Tattersfield F.Studies on contact insecticides.Part Ⅰ.Introduction and methods,Part Ⅱ.A quantatives examination of the toxicity of Tephrosia vogelii Hook,to Aphis rumicis L.(the bean aphis)[J].Journal of Annual Applied Biology,1925,12(1):61-67.
[29]Tattersfield F,Gimingham C T,Morris H M.Studies on contact insecticides,PartⅣ.A quantitative examination of the toxicity of certain plant and plant products to Aphis rumicis L.(the bean aphis)[J].Journal of Annual Applied Biology,1926,13(3):424 425.
[30]Norris R V.Quarterly report on the scientific staff,tea research institute,tea quarterly[J].Journal of Tea Research Institute Ceylon,1930,3(4):132-137.
[31]Minton N A,Adamson W C.Response of Tephrosia vogelii to four species of root-knot nematodes[J].Plant Disease Reporter,1979,63(6):514.
[32]Maraton A,Msonthi J D,Hostettmann K.On the reported molluscicidal activity from Tephrosia vogelii leaves[J].Phytochemistry,1984,23(8):1822-1825.
[33]张业光.非洲山毛豆提取物对菜青虫生物活性及其有效成分研究:[硕士论文][D].广州:华南农业大学,1990.
[34]张业光,徐汉虹,黄继光,等.非洲山毛豆的主要杀虫活性成分研究[J].天然产物研究与开发,2000,12(6):6-12.
[35]张业光,徐汉虹,黄继光,等.非洲山毛豆对菜粉蝶幼虫生长发育抑制作用[J].植物保护,2001,27(3):12-15.
[36]徐汉虹,张业光,黄继光,等.非洲山毛豆对菜粉蝶化蛹的影响[J].植物保护学报,2002,29(2):173-176.
[37]黄继光.非洲山毛豆中鱼藤酮的应用初步研究:[硕士论文][D].广州:华南农业大学,2001.
[38]张业光,徐汉虹,黄继光,等.非洲山毛豆对几种鳞翅目害虫的拒食作用[J].华南农业大学学报,2000,21(4):26-29.
[39]刘燕萍,高平,潘为高,等.紫茎泽兰等几种植物提取物对两种农业害螨的毒力作用研究[J].四川大学学报(自然科学版),2004,41(1):212-215.
[40]袁静,吕良忠,从斌,等.苦参生物碱杀虫生物活性测定[J].农药,2004,43(6):284-287.
[41]王建文,陈信石,叶榕,等.苦参素碱水剂防治茶树螨药剂试验[J].福建茶叶,1998,2:28-29.
[42]史应武.苦参素防治棉叶螨效果初报[J].植物保护,1999,4:19-20.
[43]马振江,芮欣虹,雍文,等.苦参素植物杀虫剂防治红蜘蛛和桃小食心虫的田间药效试验[J].宁夏农学院学报,2002,23(4):75-76.
[44]姜双林,赵国林,薛林贵.苦豆子总生物碱的杀虫活性研究[J].甘肃高师学报,1998,3(3):52-54.
[45]王国利,刘长仲.苦豆子和铁棒锤提取物对苜蓿蚜和二斑叶螨的毒力测定[J].甘肃科技,2001,4:32.
[46]覃荣.西藏植物源农药的种类及开发前景[J].西藏农业科技,2002,24(3):141.
[47]柴承佑,张锦.安徽木本植物源农药种类[J].安徽农业科学,2002,30(1):65-68.
[48]徐汉虹.杀虫植物与植物性杀虫剂[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2001.
[49]余向阳,高聪芬,张兴.砂地柏果实提取物杀虫活性初探[J].西北农业大学学报,1999,27(2):55-59.
[50]刘建宏,段立超,张兴,等.砂地柏提取物对棉铃虫生长发育的影响初探[J].吉林农业大学学报,2000,22(2):34-37.
[51]刘建宏,王东昌,张兴,等.砂地柏提取物对粘虫和玉米象取食、存活及繁殖的影响[J].吉林农业大学学报,2000,22(4):45-47.
[52]付昌斌,张兴.砂地柏果实提取物对棉铃虫生长发育的影响[J].西北农业大学学报,1998,26(1):8-12.
[53]王继栋,王宣,张兴.砂地柚叶中鬼臼毒素的分离与鉴定[J].西北农业大学学报,2000,28(6):25-29.
[54]GaoR,Gao C F,Tian X,et al.Insecticidal activity of deoxypodophyllotoxin,isolated from Juniperus Sabina L.and related lignans against larvae of Pieris rapae L[J].Pest Manag Sci,2004,60:1131-1136.
[55]朱海云,李广泽,廉应江,等.砂地柚果实中2种二萜类杀虫活性成分的分离[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2005,33(2):79-82.
[56]高聪芬,张兴.砂地柏精油的熏蒸杀虫活性初探[J].南京农业大学学报,1997,20(3):50-53.
[57]Liu Z G,Pan X Y.Studies on the chemical constituents of Chinese azalea[J].Acta Chimica Sinica(English edition),1989,3:235-239.
[58]Klocke J A,Hu M Y,Chiu S F.Granyanoid diterpene insect antifeedants and insecticides from Rhododendron molle[J].Phytochemistry,1991,30(6):1797-1800.
[59]尚稚珍,张庆林,刘准,等.黄杜鹃杀虫物质的提取与活性研究[J].化学生态物质,1990(2):6-9.
[60]濮全龙.羊掷鐲中的闹羊花素Ⅲ的结构鉴定[J].中草药,1983,14(7):5-6.
[61]钟国华,胡美英.杜鹃花科植物活性成分及作用机制研究进展[J].武汉植物学研究,2000,186(6):509-510.
[62]魏红梅.几种植物精油的熏蒸杀虫作用及其活性成分研究:[硕士论文][D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2000.
[63]程东美,张志祥,胡美英.黄杜鹃花粗提物及闹羊花素-Ⅲ对斜纹夜蛾幼虫杀虫活性的研究[J].长江蔬菜,2007,(5):47-49.
[64]冯夏,赵善欢.黄杜鹃提取物对几种害虫的生物活性及其作用机理的初步研究[J].华南农业大学学报(自然科学版),1990,11(2):68-76.
[65]胡美英,赵善欢.黄杜鹃花杀虫活性成分及其对害虫毒杀作用的研究[J].华南农业大学学报,1992,14(9):32-37.
[66]张国洲,王亚维,徐汉虹,等.瑞香狼毒提取物对昆虫生物活性的研究[J].湖南农业大学学报,2000,26(3):190-192.
[67]张国洲,王亚维,徐汉虹,等.瑞香狼毒提取物杀虫活性成分的分离与鉴定[J].湖北农学院学报,2000,20(1):19-22.
[68]潘为高,高平,刘燕萍,等.瑞香狼毒各组分杀螨活性及组分间相互作用的研究[J].四川大学学报,2004,41(1):208-211.
[69]Shi G L,Liu S Q,Cao Hi,et al.Acaricidal activities of extracts of Stellera chamaejasme against Tetranychus viennensis(Acari:Tetranychidae)[J].J Econo Entomol,2004,97(6):1912-1916.
[70]贺春贵.几种植物杀虫剂的初步研究[J].甘肃农业大学学报,1996,31(3):233-235.
[71]赵莉蔺,刘素琪,曹挥,等.河朔荛花提取物对山楂叶螨生物活性的初步研究[J].林业科学,2005,41(6):185-189.
[72]乐海洋,赵善欢.万寿菊提取物对白纹伊蚊(Aedes albopictus)幼虫的光活化活性及有效成分研究[J].华南农业大学学报,1998,19(2):8-12.
[73]刘贤谦,阎雄飞,冀卫荣,等.万寿菊根氯仿提取物对枣尺蠖的光化学活性研究[J].林业科学,2006,42(10):139-143.
[74]曹挥,刘素琪,王鸿雷,等.万寿菊根提取物对山楂叶螨几种酶活性的影响[J].林业科学,2003,39(2):114-118.
[75]孙双艳,胡敦孝.万寿菊粗提物对朱砂叶螨和烟粉虱生物活性的研究[C].中国昆虫学会——2002年学术年会论文集.中国昆虫学会,2002:700-704.
[76]师光禄,王有年,王鸿雷,等.万寿菊根提取物对山楂叶螨谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶和蛋白酶及蛋白质含量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2007,183(2):400-404.
[77]Aucoin R R,Fidlds P,Lewis M A,et al.The protective effect of antioxidants to a phototoxin-sensitive insect herbivore(Manduca sexta)[J].Chemical Ecology,1990,16(10):213.
[78]Iyenyar S,Arnason J T,Philogene B J R,et al.Comparative metabolism of the phototoxic allelochemical α-terthienyl in three species of Lepidopterans[J].Pestic Biochem Physilo,1990,37:154-164.
[79]Iyenyar S,Arnason J T,Philogene B J R,et al.Toxicokinetics and metabolism of α-terthienyl in three herbivorous lepidoptera[J].Pestcid Biochem Physiol,1987,29:1-9.
[80]李凯.从几种植物中筛选生物活性化合物:[硕士论文][D].北京:中国农业科学院,1998.
[81]Papachristos D.P,Stamopoulos D.C.Toxicity of vapours of threee essential oil to the immature of Acanthoscelides Obtectus(Say)(Coleoptera:Bruchidae)[J].Journal of Stored Products Research,2002,38:365-373.
[82]李保同.萎篙精油的杀虫活性与化学成分研究.第二届全国植物农药暨第六届药剂毒理学术讨论会论文集,2001,11.
[83]Chiasson H,Belanger A,Bostanian N,et al.Acaricidal Properties of Artemisia absinthium and Tanacetum vulgare(Asteraceae) Essential oils obtained by different methods of extraction[J].J Econ Entomol,2001,94:167-171.
[84]Jaenson T G T,Palsson K,Borg-Karlson A K.Evaluation of extracts and oils of tick-repellent plants from Sweden[J].Medical and Veterinary Entomology,2005,19:345-352.
[85]周宇杰,丁伟,王春升.青蒿粗提物对朱砂叶螨生物活性的初步研究[J].西南农业大学学报(自然 科学版),2006,28(2):305-308.
[86]朱芬,雷朝亮,王健.黄花蒿粗提物对几种害虫拒食性的初步研究[J].昆虫天敌,2003,25(1):16-19.
[87]高红明,王兆龙,张彪,等.植物提取液对菜青虫的杀虫活性研究[J].江苏农业研究,1999,20(4):32-34.
[88]侯华民,张兴.植物精油对三种鳞翅目害虫的杀虫活性[J].植物保护学报,2002,29(3):223-228.
[89]张舒.植物源杀虫剂的开发研究综述[J].湖北农业科学,2001,(4):53-56.
[90]曹挥,王有年,刘素琪,等.地肤提取物对山楂叶螨体内几种酶活性的影响[J].林业科学,2007,43(2):68-72.
[91]刘明霞,陈小丹,王春龙.我国植物源杀虫剂研究进展[J].辽宁农业科学,2004(2):29-30.
[92]董育新,吴文君.植物杀虫剂毒理学研究新进展[J].昆虫知识,1997,34(2):112-116.
[93]Gbewonyo W.S.K,Candy,D J,Anderson.M Structure—activity relationships of insecticidal amides from pipe guineense root[J].Pesticide Science,1993,37:57-66.
[94]张兴,赵善欢.川楝素对菜青虫体内几种酶活性的研究[J].华南农业大学学报,1992,21(1):27-30.
[95]张兴,赵善欢.川楝素对菜青虫中肠组织的影响[J].昆虫学报,1991,34(4).
[96]Rao S V,Rosaiah B.Evalution of botanical insecticides alone and in combination with against insect pest complex of oxra.In:Singh R.P,Chari M.S.,Rahejia A.K.,Kraus W.(Ed.)[J].Neem and Environment.New Delhi:Oxford&IBH Publishing Co.Pvt.Ltd.,1996,493-496.
[97]赵善欢,黄瑞平,张兴.楝科植物物质对亚洲玉米螟幼虫取食和生长发育的影响[J].昆虫学报,1985,8(4):450-453.
[98]Murugan K,Jahanmohini P,Bahu R.Effect of neem kernel extract and neem oil on nutritive and reproductive physiology of Heliothis armogera Hub.In:Singh R.P.,Chari M.S.,Rahejia A.K.,Kraus W.(Ed)[J].Neem and Environment.New Delhi:Oxford&IBH Publishing Co.Pvt.Ltd,1996,321-334.
[99]Subrahmanyam B,Remold H.Effect of azadirachtin -A of neuroendocrine activity in Locustamigratoria[J].Cell tissue Res.1989,256:513-517.
[100]Satasook C,Isman M B,Winyachitra P.Pesticide Science,1992,36:53-58.
[101]Janprasert J,Satasook C,Sssukumalanand P.Rocaglamide,a natural benzofuran insecticide from Aglaia odorata[J].PhytoChemistry,1993,32(1):67-69.
[102]吴文君,李绍白.新化合物苦皮藤素V的分离与结构鉴定简报[J].西北农业大学学报,1994,22(4):116-117.
[103]南玉生.植物源昆虫拒食剂苦皮藤种油化学成分的拒食效果[J].武汉植物学研究,1994,12(1):95-96.
[104]钟国华,胡美英,林进添,等.闹羊角花素-Ⅲ对菜粉蝶幼虫血淋巴和中肠酯酶的影响[J].华中农业大学学报,2001,20(1):15-19.
[105]潘文亮,张春民,刘枉,等.植物源杀虫剂的研究现状与发展前景[J].河北农业科学,2003,7(3):45-50.
[106]徐河山.植物源杀虫剂作用方式和机理的研究进展[J].热带医学杂志,2006,6(6):743-746.
[107]Bienen E J,Saric M,Pollakis G,et al.Mitochondrial development in Trypanosoma brucei transitional bloodstream forms[J].Molecular and Biological Parasitology,1991,45(2):185-192.
[108]Flujimoto Y,Eguchi T,Kakinuma K,et al.Squamocin,a new cytotoxic bis tetrahydrofuran containing Acetogemin from Annona squamosa[J].Chem Phyam Bull,1988,36(12):4802-4806.
[109]Ratnayake S,Ruppreuit J K,Potter W M,et al.Evaluation of viarious parts of the pawpaw tree,A simian triloba,as commercial sources of the pesticidal A nnonaceous A cetogeins[J].J of Econ Entomol,1992,85(6):2353-2356.
[110]Lewis M.A,Arnason J.T,Philogene B.J,et al.Inhibition of respiration at site I by asimicin,an insecticidal acetogenin of the paw,Asimina triloba(annonaceae}[J].Pesiticide Biochemistry and Physiology,1993,45(1):15-23.
[111]Mukanganyama S,Figueroa C C,Hasler J A,et al.Effects of DIMBO Aonde toxification enzymes of the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi(Homoptera:aphididae)[J].Journal of insectphysiology,2003,49:223-229.
[112]Towers G H N.International of light with phytochemicals in some matural and novel systems[J].Can J Bot,1984,62:2900-2911.
[113]李永夫,罗安程.植物源农药的研究和应用进展[J].科技通报,2003,19(5):434-438.
[114]赵莉,刘德立.国外植物源杀虫剂研究进展[J].农药,2008,47(2):82-86.
[115]万方浩,叶正楚,郭建英,等.我国生物防治研究的进展及展望[J].昆虫知识,2000,37(2):65-74.
[116]陈立娜,李萍,张重义,等.牵牛子脂肪油类成分分析[J].中草药,2003,34(11):983-984.
[117]敖冬梅,魏群.牵牛子研究进展[J].中国中医药信息杂志,2003,10(4):77-81.
[118]陈立娜,李萍.牵牛子化学成分研究[J].中国天然药物,2004,12(3):146-148.
[119]陈立娜,李萍.牵牛子化学成分研究(Ⅱ)[J].林产化学与工业,2007,27(6):105-108.
[120]黄泰康.常用中药成分与药理手册[M].北京:中国医药科技出版社,1994,1400.
[121]孙方成.牵牛子及其所致副作用[J].中医杂志,1964,(5):29.
[122]张颂,陈昭文,强美玉,等.牵牛子的研究[J].南京药学院学报,1959,(4):36.
[123]徐向荣.圆叶牵牛杀虫活性成分追踪及应用的初步研究:[硕士学位论文][D].北京:中国农业科学院.2005.
[124]余东坡,王兰菊,司芳,等.21种中草药醇提物抑菌活性研究[J].安徽农业科学,2008,36(3):1086-1087.
[125]余黎,洪敏,朱荃.牵牛子效应成分对动物离体子宫的兴奋作用研究[J].中华实用中西医杂志,2004,4(17):1883-1884.
[126]王凤宝,黄云祥,蔺建章,等.牵牛子浸提液对玉米、小麦、水稻、黄瓜幼苗生长的影响[J].河北农业技术师范学院学报,1994,8(3):76-80.
[127]雷建华.恒春降脂丸治疗高脂血症60例[J].中国民间疗法,2007,15(10):27-28.
[128]史爱国.牵牛子与马钱子治疗脾胃病[J].山西中医,2004,20(4):64.
[129]孟庆龙.小儿疾病外用方[J].家庭科技,1999(1):22-23.
[130]张怡然,郭镔荣.牵牛子胶囊治疗偏头痛的临床效果[J].实用医药杂志,2006,23(7):859.
[131]胡继文.牵牛子加味治肝腹水[J].医药世界,2006(10):167-168.
[132]燕玉芹.牵牛子粉治疗顽固性便秘25例[J].四川中医,2002,20(2):33.
[133]胡静娟.二珍饮治疗泌尿系结石58例[J].湖南中医杂志,1999(3):52.
[134]侯辉,赵莉蔺,曹挥,等.地肤中杀螨活性成分的提取与初步分离[J].山东农业科学,2004,1:47-48.
[135]侯辉,赵莉蔺,师光禄.地肤提取物杀螨活性的研究[J].植物保护,2004,30(3):42-45.
[136]Hazan A,Gerson U,Tahori A S.Spider mite webbing I.The production of webbing under various environmental conditions[J].Acarologia,1974,16:68-84.
[137]Ho C C,Lo C C,Chen W H.Spider mite(Acari:Tetranychidae) on various crops in Taiwan [J].J.Agr.Res.China,1997,46:333-346.
[138]何林,杨羽,符建章,等.朱砂叶螨阿维菌素抗性品系选育及适合度研究[J].植物保护学报,2004,31(4):395-400.
[139]Mansour F,Azaizeh H,Saad B.The potential of middle eastern flora as a source of new safe bio-acar-icides to control Tetranychus cinnabarinus,the carmine spider mite[J].Entomology,2004.,32(1):66-72.
[140]FAO.Plant production and protection 21,recommended methods for measurement of resistance to pesticides[M].Rome,Italy,1980,49-54.
[141]Abbott W S.A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide[J].Journal of Economic Entomology,1925,18:265-267.
[142]周琼,刘炳荣,舒迎花,等.苍耳等药用植物提取物对小菜蛾的拒食作用和产卵忌避效果[J].中国蔬菜,2006,2:17-20.
[143]朱九生,乔雄梧,王静,等.10种植物对4种主要害虫的生物活性研究[J].华北农学报,2004,19(2):95-99.
[144]徐向荣,蒋红云,张燕宁,等.牵牛子萃取物的杀虫活性研究[J].植物保护,2006,32(2):90-92.
[145]张永强.中药植物姜黄杀虫杀螨活性及作用机理研究:[硕士学位论文][D].重庆:西南农业大学,2005.
[146]周琼,梁广文,曾玲,等.多种植物乙醇提取物对桃蚜和萝卜蚜试验种群的控制作用[J].中国农业科学,2002,35(11):1356-1360.
[147]李澎灏,陈振德.牵牛子脂肪油超临界CO_2萃取及气相-质谱测定[J].中国药房,2003,14(7):431-432.
[148]曹挥,王有年,张铁强,等.地肤不同部位提取物对山楂叶螨活性的研究[J].林业科学,2007,43(9):27-30.
[149]王有年,苗沛芳,曹挥,等.核桃叶提取物对朱砂叶螨体内几种酶活性的影响[J].园艺学报,2007,34(5):1297-1300.
[150]任晓霞,韩召军,王荫长.棉铃虫乙酰胆碱酯酶cDNA片段的克隆和序列分析[J].动物学报,2002,48(1):121-124.
[151]吴文君.从天然产物到新农药创制——原理·方法[M].化学工业出版社.2006,172-175.
[152]冷欣夫,唐振华,王荫长.杀虫药剂分子毒理学及昆虫抗药性[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1996:18-21.
[153]Mark A,Dekeyser,Roger G H.Downer Biochemical and Physiological Targets for Miticides Pestic[J].Sci,1994.,(40):85-101.
[154]林忠莲,张立力.磷化氢对谷蠢和玉米象成虫体内乙酰胆碱酯酶的影响[J].郑州工程学院学报, 2001,22(4):35-41.
[155]刘素媛,孙黎光,邢伟,等.慢性染铅对大鼠海马区神经细胞Ca~(2+)浓度及Ca~(2+)-ATP酶活性的影响[J].卫生毒理学杂志,1999,13(1):16-17.
[156]Caulfield M P.Muscarinic receptors—characterization,coupling and function[J].Pharmac.Ther.1993,58:319-379.
[157]Kazuhiko M,Takashi S,Matazaemon U.Effect of a New,Fenpyroximate,on Energy Metabolism and Mitochondrial Morphlolgy in Adult Female Tetranychus urticae(Two-Spotted Mite)[J].Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology,1992,43:37-44.
[158]Zizka Z,Pelt R,Jizba J,Kandybin N V,Sergeeva M V.In Situ Assessment at Subcellar Level of the Effects of Macrotetrolide Insecticides on Mites by Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis[J].Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology,1997,58:165-172.