航空静止变流器DC/DC级的研制
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摘要
本文以中功率航空静止变流器直流环节对主要研究对象,分析了常用的DC/DC变换器拓扑结构,优选电路结构简单、容易控制且较适合于中小容量的半桥电路作为直直变换拓扑。
在分析了变压器副边加无源无损缓冲吸收电路的脉宽调制对称半桥变换器工作原理及电路特性后,研制了270V直流输入,360V直流输出,输出功率为550W的样机一台,副边整流管两端电压尖峰得到有效抑制。随着高性能、高效率、轻量化和小型化越来越成为直直变换器所追求的目标,本文引入通过固定死区的互补调频控制LLC型串并联谐振变换器,充分地利用电路本身的特点,由串联谐振电感、谐振电容和变压器的激磁电感发生谐振,实现了原边开关管的零电压开关和整流管的零电流开关。
详尽分析了LLC型串并联谐振变换器在不同频率范围内的工作过程,并以其直流电压增益特性、谐振网络的归一化输入阻抗和零电压开关的条件为变换器主要特性进行了探讨,给出了参数设计方法和参数间及对变换器的影响,在上述理论基础上以同样的指标设计并研制了LLC谐振变换器样机一台,并给出实验结果和分析,验证了理论分析和工程设计的正确性。最后借助数学工具Mathcad对两种变换器主要器件的损耗进行了分析计算,包括MOS管、整流管、磁性元件等,给出了损耗分布和效率曲线图,为进一步优化设计具有一定的指导意义。
Aeronautical Static Inverter (ASI) used in medium power is being researched in this thesis, after reviewing and analyzing the common DC/DC converters, the DC/DC stage of ASI employs half-bridge converter, which is simple and easy to control in this power range situation.
The operation principles and characteristics of symmetry half-bridge converter which is controlled by pulse-width modulation mode and appending with passive and lossless snubber circuit were first presented. Then a 550W DC/DC converter of 270V DC input and 360V DC output PWM symmetry half-bridge converter is designed and the converter designed above had effective impact on restraining the high voltage stress of rectifying diodes at the side of secondary coil. Nowadays, high performance、high efficiency and light weight are the most important performance figure of all kinds of DC/DC converter. Adding a inductance and capacitance into the PWM symmetry half-bridge converter above, the LLC series-parallel resonant converter was gained. Using variable frequency control mode with a refined small times together, achieves the effect of Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) with the MOSFET and the effect of Zero Current Switching (ZCS) by the resonance of resonant inductor, resonant capacitance and the magnetic inductor of the transformer.
The thesis discusses the operation principles within different frequency rang, especially focusing on DC gain characteristics、normalized input impedance and ZVS constraints. By concluding the influence brought on the converter by the main parameters, the method of designing parameters of converter is outspreaded. The LLC resonant converter is produced with the same converter specification. At last the loss of these two converters is discussed including MOSFET, rectifier diode, magnetic components and etc., by means of Mathcad, also the loss distribution and theoretical efficiency are obtained. All of these are helpful to optimize further.
在分析了变压器副边加无源无损缓冲吸收电路的脉宽调制对称半桥变换器工作原理及电路特性后,研制了270V直流输入,360V直流输出,输出功率为550W的样机一台,副边整流管两端电压尖峰得到有效抑制。随着高性能、高效率、轻量化和小型化越来越成为直直变换器所追求的目标,本文引入通过固定死区的互补调频控制LLC型串并联谐振变换器,充分地利用电路本身的特点,由串联谐振电感、谐振电容和变压器的激磁电感发生谐振,实现了原边开关管的零电压开关和整流管的零电流开关。
详尽分析了LLC型串并联谐振变换器在不同频率范围内的工作过程,并以其直流电压增益特性、谐振网络的归一化输入阻抗和零电压开关的条件为变换器主要特性进行了探讨,给出了参数设计方法和参数间及对变换器的影响,在上述理论基础上以同样的指标设计并研制了LLC谐振变换器样机一台,并给出实验结果和分析,验证了理论分析和工程设计的正确性。最后借助数学工具Mathcad对两种变换器主要器件的损耗进行了分析计算,包括MOS管、整流管、磁性元件等,给出了损耗分布和效率曲线图,为进一步优化设计具有一定的指导意义。
Aeronautical Static Inverter (ASI) used in medium power is being researched in this thesis, after reviewing and analyzing the common DC/DC converters, the DC/DC stage of ASI employs half-bridge converter, which is simple and easy to control in this power range situation.
The operation principles and characteristics of symmetry half-bridge converter which is controlled by pulse-width modulation mode and appending with passive and lossless snubber circuit were first presented. Then a 550W DC/DC converter of 270V DC input and 360V DC output PWM symmetry half-bridge converter is designed and the converter designed above had effective impact on restraining the high voltage stress of rectifying diodes at the side of secondary coil. Nowadays, high performance、high efficiency and light weight are the most important performance figure of all kinds of DC/DC converter. Adding a inductance and capacitance into the PWM symmetry half-bridge converter above, the LLC series-parallel resonant converter was gained. Using variable frequency control mode with a refined small times together, achieves the effect of Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) with the MOSFET and the effect of Zero Current Switching (ZCS) by the resonance of resonant inductor, resonant capacitance and the magnetic inductor of the transformer.
The thesis discusses the operation principles within different frequency rang, especially focusing on DC gain characteristics、normalized input impedance and ZVS constraints. By concluding the influence brought on the converter by the main parameters, the method of designing parameters of converter is outspreaded. The LLC resonant converter is produced with the same converter specification. At last the loss of these two converters is discussed including MOSFET, rectifier diode, magnetic components and etc., by means of Mathcad, also the loss distribution and theoretical efficiency are obtained. All of these are helpful to optimize further.
引文
[1] M. Ehsani and K. Emadi, Aircraft power system: Technology state of the art and future trends, IEEE AES Systems Magazine, Vol.15, Issue 1, 2000: 28~32
[2]严仰光著,航空航天器供电系统,北京航空工业出版社,1995:101~103
[3]阮新波,严仰光,直流开关电源的软开关技术,北京,科学出版社,2000:34~50
[4]丁道宏,电力电子技术,北京,航空工业出版社,1999:194~200,285~292
[5] Ron Lenk,实用开关电源技术(王正仕,张军明译),北京,人民邮电出版社,2004:23~33
[6]王聪,软开关功率变换器及其应用,北京,科学出版社,2000年
[7]陈坚,电力电子学—电力电子变换和控制技术,北京,高等教育出版社,2002:289~314
[8] H. Liu, F. C. Lee, Resonant Switches—Topologies and characteristics, Proceedings of PESC, 1986: 404~413
[9] W. A. Tabt, F. C. Lee, Zero-voltage-switching multi-resonant technique—A novel approach to improve performance of high frequency quasi-resonant-converter, Proceedings of PESC, 1988: 9~17
[10] G. Hua, F. C. Lee, A new class of zero-voltage-switched PWM converters, Proceedings of the high frequency conversion conference, 1991: 244~251
[11] J. G. Cho, J. A. Sabate, G. Hua, F. C. Lee, Zero voltage and zero current switching full bridge PWM converter for high power applications, Pro, IEEE PESC’94, 1994
[12] W. Chen, F. C. Lee, M. M. Jovanovic, A comparatives study of a class of full bridge zero voltage switched PWM converters, Proc. IEEE APEC, 1995: 893~899
[13] Xinbo Ruan, Yangguang Yan, Soft-switching techniques for PWM full bridge converters, Pro, IEEE PESC’00, 2000:634~639
[14] Tobias Tolle, Thomas Duerbaum, Modeling of ZVS transitions in asymmetrical half-bridge PWM converters, IEEE PESC, Vancouver, BC, 2001, 1: 308~313
[15] G. Hua, C. S. Leu, Y. Jiang, F. C. Lee, Novel zero-voltage-switching PWM converters, IEEE Trans, Power Electron, vol9, No.2, Mar, 1994: 213~218
[16]金宁三环高技术磁业有限公司,软磁铁氧体磁芯手册,南京,金宁三环高技术磁业有限公司,2003
[17]赵修科,实用电源技术手册—磁性元器件分册,沈阳,辽宁科学技术出版社,2002:87~89,102~119
[18]步宏飞,燃料电池发电系统DC/DC变换器的研究,[南京航空航天大学硕士学位论文],南京,南京航空航天大学,2006年3月
[19] Robert L. Steigerwald, A comparison of half-bridge resonant converter topologies, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol.3, No.2, April 1988: 174~182
[20]杨益平,谐振DC/DC变换器的研究,[浙江大学硕士学位论文],杭州,浙江大学,2005年3月
[21] Tabisz W. A. Lee F. C., Zero-voltage-switching multi-resonant technique—A novel approach to improve performance of high-frequency quasi-resonant converter, IEEE PESC’88, Vol.1, New York, 1988: 9~17
[22] Young-Goo Kang, Anand K. Upadhyay, Dennis L. Stephens, Analysis and Design of a half-bridge parallel resonant converter operating above resonance, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. Vol.27, No.2, March/April 1991: 386~395
[23] A. K. S. Bhat, M. M. Swamy, Analysis of parallel resonant converter operating above resonance, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems. Vol.25, No.4, July 1989: 449~457
[24] A. J. Forsyth and S. V. Mollov, LCC resonant converter control for high power factor rectification, Electronics Letters, Vol.33, No.24, 20th November 1997: 1997~1998
[25] J. A. Sabaté, M. M. Jovanovic, F. C. Lee, R. T. Gean, Analysis and design-optimization of LCC resonant inverter for high-frequency AC distributed power system, IEEE Transactions on Industry Electronics. Vol.42, No.1, February 1995: 63~70
[26] Bo Yang, Fred C. Lee, Alpha J. Zhang, Guisong Huang, LLC resonant converter for front end DC/DC conversion, Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition. Vol.2, March 2002: 1108~1112
[27] Lazar, J. F., Martinelli. R, Steady-state analysis of the LLC series resonant converter, Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition. Vol.2, March 2001: 728~735
[28] Yan Liang, Wenduo Liu, Bing Lu, J. D van Wyk, Design of integrated passive component for a 1 MHz 1 kW half-bridge LLC resonant converter, IndustryApplications Conference. Vol.2, Oct. 2005: 2223~2228
[29]朱立泓,LLC谐振变换器的设计,[浙江大学硕士学位论文],杭州,浙江大学,2006年5月
[30] Chen. W, He. J. N, Luo. H, et al, Winding loss analysis and new air-gap arrangement for high-frequency inductors, Proceedings of the IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, Vancouver, Canada, 2001: 2084~2089
[31] Rahimi. K. A, Keyhani. A, Powell. J. M, Minimum Loss Design of a 100 kHz Inductor with Litz Wire, IEEE IAS, 1998: 1112~1119
[32]旷建军,阮新波,任小永,开关电源中电感气隙的设计与研究,第十七届全国电源技术年会论文集,合肥,中国电源学会编辑工作委员会,2007:41~43
[33] Kutkut. N. H, Divan. D. M, Optimal air gap design in high frequency foil windings, APEC‘97 Conference Proceedings 1997, Twelfth Annual(1), 1997: 381~387
[34] P. L. Dowell, Effect of eddy currents in transformer windings, Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., vol. 113, Aug. 1966: 1387~1394
[35] F. Robert, P. Mathys, J. P. Schauwers, Ohmic losses calculation in SMPS transformers: Numerical study of Dowell’s approach accuracy, IEEE Trans. Magnetics, vol.34, No.4, July 1998: 1255~1257
[36] R. Petkov, Optimum design of a high-power, high-frequency transformer, in Proc. IEEE PEDS, 1995, vol.1: 401~410
[37] R. E. Sepponen, M. Sippola, Accurate prediction of high-frequency power-transformer losses and temperature rise, IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, vol.17, No.5, Sept. 2002: 835~847
[38] Bruce Carsten, High frequency conductor losses in switch mode magnetics, Proc. of High Frequency Power Conversion Conference, 1986, 12(11): 34~40, 43~44
[39] P. S. Venkatraman, Winding eddy current losses in switch mode power transformers due to rectangular wave currents, Proc. PowerconⅡ, Dallas, Texas, USA, 1984: 1~11
[40] Use gate charge to design the gate drive circuit for power MOSFETs and IGBTs, International Rectifier, Application Note 944
[41] Gate drive characteristics and requirements for HEXFET power MOSFETs, International Rectifier, Application Note 937
[42] Jess Brown, Modeling the switching performance of a MOSFET in the high side of anon-isolated buck converter, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol.21, No.1, January 2006: 3~10
[43] U. Steinebrunner, Optimized diodes for switching applications, Application Note, IXYS, 2000
[44] R. Bürkel, T. Schneider, Characteristics and applications of fast recovery Epitaxial Diodes, Application Note, IXYS, 1999
[2]严仰光著,航空航天器供电系统,北京航空工业出版社,1995:101~103
[3]阮新波,严仰光,直流开关电源的软开关技术,北京,科学出版社,2000:34~50
[4]丁道宏,电力电子技术,北京,航空工业出版社,1999:194~200,285~292
[5] Ron Lenk,实用开关电源技术(王正仕,张军明译),北京,人民邮电出版社,2004:23~33
[6]王聪,软开关功率变换器及其应用,北京,科学出版社,2000年
[7]陈坚,电力电子学—电力电子变换和控制技术,北京,高等教育出版社,2002:289~314
[8] H. Liu, F. C. Lee, Resonant Switches—Topologies and characteristics, Proceedings of PESC, 1986: 404~413
[9] W. A. Tabt, F. C. Lee, Zero-voltage-switching multi-resonant technique—A novel approach to improve performance of high frequency quasi-resonant-converter, Proceedings of PESC, 1988: 9~17
[10] G. Hua, F. C. Lee, A new class of zero-voltage-switched PWM converters, Proceedings of the high frequency conversion conference, 1991: 244~251
[11] J. G. Cho, J. A. Sabate, G. Hua, F. C. Lee, Zero voltage and zero current switching full bridge PWM converter for high power applications, Pro, IEEE PESC’94, 1994
[12] W. Chen, F. C. Lee, M. M. Jovanovic, A comparatives study of a class of full bridge zero voltage switched PWM converters, Proc. IEEE APEC, 1995: 893~899
[13] Xinbo Ruan, Yangguang Yan, Soft-switching techniques for PWM full bridge converters, Pro, IEEE PESC’00, 2000:634~639
[14] Tobias Tolle, Thomas Duerbaum, Modeling of ZVS transitions in asymmetrical half-bridge PWM converters, IEEE PESC, Vancouver, BC, 2001, 1: 308~313
[15] G. Hua, C. S. Leu, Y. Jiang, F. C. Lee, Novel zero-voltage-switching PWM converters, IEEE Trans, Power Electron, vol9, No.2, Mar, 1994: 213~218
[16]金宁三环高技术磁业有限公司,软磁铁氧体磁芯手册,南京,金宁三环高技术磁业有限公司,2003
[17]赵修科,实用电源技术手册—磁性元器件分册,沈阳,辽宁科学技术出版社,2002:87~89,102~119
[18]步宏飞,燃料电池发电系统DC/DC变换器的研究,[南京航空航天大学硕士学位论文],南京,南京航空航天大学,2006年3月
[19] Robert L. Steigerwald, A comparison of half-bridge resonant converter topologies, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol.3, No.2, April 1988: 174~182
[20]杨益平,谐振DC/DC变换器的研究,[浙江大学硕士学位论文],杭州,浙江大学,2005年3月
[21] Tabisz W. A. Lee F. C., Zero-voltage-switching multi-resonant technique—A novel approach to improve performance of high-frequency quasi-resonant converter, IEEE PESC’88, Vol.1, New York, 1988: 9~17
[22] Young-Goo Kang, Anand K. Upadhyay, Dennis L. Stephens, Analysis and Design of a half-bridge parallel resonant converter operating above resonance, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. Vol.27, No.2, March/April 1991: 386~395
[23] A. K. S. Bhat, M. M. Swamy, Analysis of parallel resonant converter operating above resonance, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems. Vol.25, No.4, July 1989: 449~457
[24] A. J. Forsyth and S. V. Mollov, LCC resonant converter control for high power factor rectification, Electronics Letters, Vol.33, No.24, 20th November 1997: 1997~1998
[25] J. A. Sabaté, M. M. Jovanovic, F. C. Lee, R. T. Gean, Analysis and design-optimization of LCC resonant inverter for high-frequency AC distributed power system, IEEE Transactions on Industry Electronics. Vol.42, No.1, February 1995: 63~70
[26] Bo Yang, Fred C. Lee, Alpha J. Zhang, Guisong Huang, LLC resonant converter for front end DC/DC conversion, Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition. Vol.2, March 2002: 1108~1112
[27] Lazar, J. F., Martinelli. R, Steady-state analysis of the LLC series resonant converter, Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition. Vol.2, March 2001: 728~735
[28] Yan Liang, Wenduo Liu, Bing Lu, J. D van Wyk, Design of integrated passive component for a 1 MHz 1 kW half-bridge LLC resonant converter, IndustryApplications Conference. Vol.2, Oct. 2005: 2223~2228
[29]朱立泓,LLC谐振变换器的设计,[浙江大学硕士学位论文],杭州,浙江大学,2006年5月
[30] Chen. W, He. J. N, Luo. H, et al, Winding loss analysis and new air-gap arrangement for high-frequency inductors, Proceedings of the IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, Vancouver, Canada, 2001: 2084~2089
[31] Rahimi. K. A, Keyhani. A, Powell. J. M, Minimum Loss Design of a 100 kHz Inductor with Litz Wire, IEEE IAS, 1998: 1112~1119
[32]旷建军,阮新波,任小永,开关电源中电感气隙的设计与研究,第十七届全国电源技术年会论文集,合肥,中国电源学会编辑工作委员会,2007:41~43
[33] Kutkut. N. H, Divan. D. M, Optimal air gap design in high frequency foil windings, APEC‘97 Conference Proceedings 1997, Twelfth Annual(1), 1997: 381~387
[34] P. L. Dowell, Effect of eddy currents in transformer windings, Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., vol. 113, Aug. 1966: 1387~1394
[35] F. Robert, P. Mathys, J. P. Schauwers, Ohmic losses calculation in SMPS transformers: Numerical study of Dowell’s approach accuracy, IEEE Trans. Magnetics, vol.34, No.4, July 1998: 1255~1257
[36] R. Petkov, Optimum design of a high-power, high-frequency transformer, in Proc. IEEE PEDS, 1995, vol.1: 401~410
[37] R. E. Sepponen, M. Sippola, Accurate prediction of high-frequency power-transformer losses and temperature rise, IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, vol.17, No.5, Sept. 2002: 835~847
[38] Bruce Carsten, High frequency conductor losses in switch mode magnetics, Proc. of High Frequency Power Conversion Conference, 1986, 12(11): 34~40, 43~44
[39] P. S. Venkatraman, Winding eddy current losses in switch mode power transformers due to rectangular wave currents, Proc. PowerconⅡ, Dallas, Texas, USA, 1984: 1~11
[40] Use gate charge to design the gate drive circuit for power MOSFETs and IGBTs, International Rectifier, Application Note 944
[41] Gate drive characteristics and requirements for HEXFET power MOSFETs, International Rectifier, Application Note 937
[42] Jess Brown, Modeling the switching performance of a MOSFET in the high side of anon-isolated buck converter, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol.21, No.1, January 2006: 3~10
[43] U. Steinebrunner, Optimized diodes for switching applications, Application Note, IXYS, 2000
[44] R. Bürkel, T. Schneider, Characteristics and applications of fast recovery Epitaxial Diodes, Application Note, IXYS, 1999