环境犯罪原因与因应措施研究
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摘要
随着社会的发展,人类改造环境的能力得到了很大提升,特别是进入工业社会之来,人类对环境的影响急剧加强,大自然处处留下了人类的痕迹。在人类文明高度发达的今天环境问题不仅没有很好地得到解决,而且不断地升级,现代社会环境危机此起彼伏,生态状况持续恶化。可以说,上个世纪是有史以来环境破坏最为严重的一个世纪,全世界的科学家都已经指出,对资源的过度损耗,对生态环境的严重污染,正使人们面临着前所未有的惩罚,这也将是人类当前以及今后一段时间遇到的新的严峻挑战。全球环境的严重破坏,迫使各国的立法者不得不采取各种法律保护措施来限制环境的进一步恶化。在各种破坏环境的行为中,环境犯罪的社会危害性巨大,且给人类的生存和繁衍带来了严重的威胁,随着经济的发展和社会的快节奏进步,我国的环境犯罪问题也日趋严重。因此,环境犯罪的原因与因应措施的研究对于打击环境犯罪、保护环境有十分重要的意义。
本文立足于从环境犯罪的原因及因应措施的角度出发去研究环境犯罪的相关理论问题。文章首先界定了环境犯罪的概念、归纳了环境犯罪的特征、介绍了环境犯罪的范围、阐述了现阶段我国环境犯罪的严峻现状。其次,从国家立法缺陷、政府执法不严、企业追求高利润以及个人环保意识薄弱的视角分析了环境犯罪频发的原因。并针对各原因提出了完善立法、提高执法质量、加强企业生产引导以及提高公众环保意识的对策。最后,笔者认为只有从国家、政府、企业、个人等方面全方位的思考环境犯罪的因应措施,才能有效的打击和预防环境犯罪。本文的初浅与不足之处还有待后人的进一步研究与完善。
With the development of the society, the ability of the human environment much promotion, especially to industrial society, human impact on the environment rapidly strengthened, leaving human nature everywhere. In human civilization highly developed environmental problems today not only is not well resolved, and continually upgrade, modern social environment crisis after another, ecological situation continues to worsen. It can be said, in the last century in the history of the environmental damage is most severe for a century, scientists around the world have already pointed out, on the resources of excessive wear and tear, environmental pollution, is that people are faced with unprecedented penalties, this being the current and near future time encountered new challenges. Global environmental damage, forcing national legislators have to take all legal protection measures to limit the further deterioration of the environment. In a variety of destruction of the Environment Act, the environmental crime huge social harm, and to human survival and reproduction has brought with it a serious threat, with economic development and social progress of fast-paced, China's environmental crime are becoming increasingly serious. Therefore, environmental crime and corresponding measures for combating environmental crime, protect the environment.
This article is based on the causes of environmental crime and measures in terms of environmental crime related theoretical issues. Full-text articles on 44 remainder, first defined the concept of environmental crime, conclude environmental crime characteristics, describes the scope of environmental crime, gives the present status of serious environmental crime. Secondly, from the national legislation, government enforcement of the law is not strict, pursuit of profit of enterprises and personal awareness of weak perspective on a frequent cause of environmental crime. And for various reasons put forward sound legislation, improving quality and strengthening enforcement enterprise production Guide and raise public awareness of countermeasures. Finally, I think that only from the State, Government, business, personal, comprehensive consideration of environmental crime, taking into account the measures, in order to effectively combat and prevent environmental crime. This article is preliminary and inadequacies have yet to be descendants of further research and improvement.
本文立足于从环境犯罪的原因及因应措施的角度出发去研究环境犯罪的相关理论问题。文章首先界定了环境犯罪的概念、归纳了环境犯罪的特征、介绍了环境犯罪的范围、阐述了现阶段我国环境犯罪的严峻现状。其次,从国家立法缺陷、政府执法不严、企业追求高利润以及个人环保意识薄弱的视角分析了环境犯罪频发的原因。并针对各原因提出了完善立法、提高执法质量、加强企业生产引导以及提高公众环保意识的对策。最后,笔者认为只有从国家、政府、企业、个人等方面全方位的思考环境犯罪的因应措施,才能有效的打击和预防环境犯罪。本文的初浅与不足之处还有待后人的进一步研究与完善。
With the development of the society, the ability of the human environment much promotion, especially to industrial society, human impact on the environment rapidly strengthened, leaving human nature everywhere. In human civilization highly developed environmental problems today not only is not well resolved, and continually upgrade, modern social environment crisis after another, ecological situation continues to worsen. It can be said, in the last century in the history of the environmental damage is most severe for a century, scientists around the world have already pointed out, on the resources of excessive wear and tear, environmental pollution, is that people are faced with unprecedented penalties, this being the current and near future time encountered new challenges. Global environmental damage, forcing national legislators have to take all legal protection measures to limit the further deterioration of the environment. In a variety of destruction of the Environment Act, the environmental crime huge social harm, and to human survival and reproduction has brought with it a serious threat, with economic development and social progress of fast-paced, China's environmental crime are becoming increasingly serious. Therefore, environmental crime and corresponding measures for combating environmental crime, protect the environment.
This article is based on the causes of environmental crime and measures in terms of environmental crime related theoretical issues. Full-text articles on 44 remainder, first defined the concept of environmental crime, conclude environmental crime characteristics, describes the scope of environmental crime, gives the present status of serious environmental crime. Secondly, from the national legislation, government enforcement of the law is not strict, pursuit of profit of enterprises and personal awareness of weak perspective on a frequent cause of environmental crime. And for various reasons put forward sound legislation, improving quality and strengthening enforcement enterprise production Guide and raise public awareness of countermeasures. Finally, I think that only from the State, Government, business, personal, comprehensive consideration of environmental crime, taking into account the measures, in order to effectively combat and prevent environmental crime. This article is preliminary and inadequacies have yet to be descendants of further research and improvement.
引文
[1]孙淑坤.环境安全是国家安全与发展的基础[J].环境安全2003(2)：6
[2]张梅颖.关注我们行为的致灾因素[N].中国环境报.2004-07-20(3)
[3]张兴杰.跨世纪的忧患——影响中国稳定发展的主要社会问题[M].兰州：兰州大学出版社,1997：89
[4]恩格斯.自然辩证法.马克思恩格斯选集(第4卷)[M].北京：人民出版社,1995：517
[5]俞雷.中国现阶段犯罪问题研究[M].北京：中国人民公安大学出版社,1993：13
[6]郗小林,樊立宏,邓雪明.中国公众环境意识状况公众调查结果剖析[J].中国软科学1998(9)
[7]王树义.可持续发展与中国环境法治[M].北京：科学出版社,2007：82
[8]杨源.我国刑法关于环境犯罪的规定存在的问题[J].中央政法管理干部学院学报,2001(4)
[9]付立忠.环境刑法学[M].北京：中国方正出版社,2001：76
[10]戚道孟.有关环境犯罪刑事立法几个问题的思考[J].南开学报,2000(6)：10
[11]邵道萍.中国环境犯罪立法模式之构想[J].广西政法管理干部学院学报,2004(2)：45
[12]汪金英.我国环境刑事立法完善初探(硕士学位论文)[D].哈尔滨：东北林业大学,2004(5)
[13]Report for 1993 and Resource Material series
[14]Report for 1993 and Resource Material series
[15][英]J·R·斯潘塞著,周昭益.对公害罪的批判性研究[J].法学译丛,1990(1)：29
[16]藤木英雄,从选功译.公害犯罪[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,1992
[17]陈明华,王占启.海峡两岸环境犯罪之比较研究[J].法律科学,2001(1)
[18]陈航.日本公害犯罪理论及其对我们的启示[J].兰州商学院学报,2001(5)
[19]王秀梅.破坏环境资源保护罪的定罪与量刑[M].北京：人民法院出版社,1992：62
[20]付立忠.环境刑法学[M].北京：中国方正出版社,2001
[21]向泽选.危害环境犯罪的概念及其行政属性[J].法商研究,1997(6)
[22]魏平雄.市场经济条件下的犯罪与对策[M].北京：群众出版社,1995
[23]杨春洗,向泽选.论环境与刑法[J].法律科学,1996(1)
[24]陈明义.环境保护法规与论文选编[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,1989
[25]邱聪智.公害法原理[M].台湾：台湾三民书局股份有限公司1984：19-22
[26]陈泉生.环境法原理[M].北京：法律出版社1997：87-90
[27]程万高.论环境犯罪的构成特征[J].人民检察》1997(2)：23
[28]王秀梅.破坏环境资源保护罪[M].北京：中国人民公安大学出版社2003：17
[29]王牧.犯罪学[M].吉林：吉林大学出版社1992
[30]郑昆山.环境刑法之基础理论[M].台湾：五南图书出版公司,1998：179-180
[31]法制日报[D].2002-12-1
[32]蒋兰香.环境刑法[M].北京：中国林业出版社,2004
[33]黄霞,徐建平.矿产资源开发中环境公害犯罪研究[J],法制与社,2006(9)：76
[34]郭高中,柴爱新.谁在阻止节约型社会的建立[J].瞭望东方周刊,2005(8)
[35]Edwards, SallyMitehel!, 《Environmen 怕 lerimeandCrimina{ity:theoreticaland Praetiealissues》1996,183, SagePublieation, Ine, internationallEduCationaland PmfeSSIOnalPUblisherThOUSandOakS.LOndon.Delhi
[36]王秀梅.破坏环境资源保护罪[M].北京：中国人民公安大学出版社,2003(16)
[37]叶俊荣著.环境政策与法律[M].台湾：台湾月旦出版公司1993： 140—141
[38]陈晟,周珂.论环境犯罪的刑事处罚[J].东南学术,2009(1)
[39]陈晓虎,单纯刚.政府引资建钢厂、污水直排丹江口[N],北京青年报,2005—3—9
[40]郭建安,张桂荣环境犯罪与环境刑法[M].北京：群众出版社,2006
[41]领导决策信息2008(50)
[42]张梓太.环境法律责任研究[M].北京：商务印书馆,2004(328)
[43]Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project(Hung. v.Slovak.),19971.C.J.97,97-110 (Sept.25)
[44][日]原田尚彦, 于敏译[M].环境法[M].北京：法律出版社1999(81)
[45]杨源.我国刑法关于环境犯罪的规定存在的问题[J].中央政法管理干部学院学报,2001
[46]齐振海.未竟的浪潮[M].北京：北京师范大学出版社,1996(227)
[47]徐冬青.环境问题：21世纪中国面临的严峻挑战[J].学海,2002(5)期：184-187
[2]张梅颖.关注我们行为的致灾因素[N].中国环境报.2004-07-20(3)
[3]张兴杰.跨世纪的忧患——影响中国稳定发展的主要社会问题[M].兰州：兰州大学出版社,1997：89
[4]恩格斯.自然辩证法.马克思恩格斯选集(第4卷)[M].北京：人民出版社,1995：517
[5]俞雷.中国现阶段犯罪问题研究[M].北京：中国人民公安大学出版社,1993：13
[6]郗小林,樊立宏,邓雪明.中国公众环境意识状况公众调查结果剖析[J].中国软科学1998(9)
[7]王树义.可持续发展与中国环境法治[M].北京：科学出版社,2007：82
[8]杨源.我国刑法关于环境犯罪的规定存在的问题[J].中央政法管理干部学院学报,2001(4)
[9]付立忠.环境刑法学[M].北京：中国方正出版社,2001：76
[10]戚道孟.有关环境犯罪刑事立法几个问题的思考[J].南开学报,2000(6)：10
[11]邵道萍.中国环境犯罪立法模式之构想[J].广西政法管理干部学院学报,2004(2)：45
[12]汪金英.我国环境刑事立法完善初探(硕士学位论文)[D].哈尔滨：东北林业大学,2004(5)
[13]Report for 1993 and Resource Material series
[14]Report for 1993 and Resource Material series
[15][英]J·R·斯潘塞著,周昭益.对公害罪的批判性研究[J].法学译丛,1990(1)：29
[16]藤木英雄,从选功译.公害犯罪[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,1992
[17]陈明华,王占启.海峡两岸环境犯罪之比较研究[J].法律科学,2001(1)
[18]陈航.日本公害犯罪理论及其对我们的启示[J].兰州商学院学报,2001(5)
[19]王秀梅.破坏环境资源保护罪的定罪与量刑[M].北京：人民法院出版社,1992：62
[20]付立忠.环境刑法学[M].北京：中国方正出版社,2001
[21]向泽选.危害环境犯罪的概念及其行政属性[J].法商研究,1997(6)
[22]魏平雄.市场经济条件下的犯罪与对策[M].北京：群众出版社,1995
[23]杨春洗,向泽选.论环境与刑法[J].法律科学,1996(1)
[24]陈明义.环境保护法规与论文选编[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,1989
[25]邱聪智.公害法原理[M].台湾：台湾三民书局股份有限公司1984：19-22
[26]陈泉生.环境法原理[M].北京：法律出版社1997：87-90
[27]程万高.论环境犯罪的构成特征[J].人民检察》1997(2)：23
[28]王秀梅.破坏环境资源保护罪[M].北京：中国人民公安大学出版社2003：17
[29]王牧.犯罪学[M].吉林：吉林大学出版社1992
[30]郑昆山.环境刑法之基础理论[M].台湾：五南图书出版公司,1998：179-180
[31]法制日报[D].2002-12-1
[32]蒋兰香.环境刑法[M].北京：中国林业出版社,2004
[33]黄霞,徐建平.矿产资源开发中环境公害犯罪研究[J],法制与社,2006(9)：76
[34]郭高中,柴爱新.谁在阻止节约型社会的建立[J].瞭望东方周刊,2005(8)
[35]Edwards, SallyMitehel!, 《Environmen 怕 lerimeandCrimina{ity:theoreticaland Praetiealissues》1996,183, SagePublieation, Ine, internationallEduCationaland PmfeSSIOnalPUblisherThOUSandOakS.LOndon.Delhi
[36]王秀梅.破坏环境资源保护罪[M].北京：中国人民公安大学出版社,2003(16)
[37]叶俊荣著.环境政策与法律[M].台湾：台湾月旦出版公司1993： 140—141
[38]陈晟,周珂.论环境犯罪的刑事处罚[J].东南学术,2009(1)
[39]陈晓虎,单纯刚.政府引资建钢厂、污水直排丹江口[N],北京青年报,2005—3—9
[40]郭建安,张桂荣环境犯罪与环境刑法[M].北京：群众出版社,2006
[41]领导决策信息2008(50)
[42]张梓太.环境法律责任研究[M].北京：商务印书馆,2004(328)
[43]Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project(Hung. v.Slovak.),19971.C.J.97,97-110 (Sept.25)
[44][日]原田尚彦, 于敏译[M].环境法[M].北京：法律出版社1999(81)
[45]杨源.我国刑法关于环境犯罪的规定存在的问题[J].中央政法管理干部学院学报,2001
[46]齐振海.未竟的浪潮[M].北京：北京师范大学出版社,1996(227)
[47]徐冬青.环境问题：21世纪中国面临的严峻挑战[J].学海,2002(5)期：184-187