冠状动脉与颈动脉粥样硬化影像学特点的相关性分析
|
摘要
第一部分冠状动脉钙化积分与颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性分析
目的:探讨冠状动脉钙化与颈动脉粥样硬化病变的相关性。
材料和方法:本研究选取123例临床怀疑冠状动脉病变的患者,所有患者在双源CT扫描机上进行低剂量钙化积分(CACS)的扫描,并于两周内完成双侧颈动脉的多对比加权的MR成像。颈动脉MR扫描在3.0T磁共振机上完成,对每一层图像进行颈动脉斑块形态学及斑块成分的评价。形态学指标的测量包括:管腔面积(LA)、管壁面积(WA)、总血管面积(TVA)、平均管壁厚度(MWT)、管壁标准化指数(NWI)。所测双侧颈动脉指标的平均值作为该患者此项指标的结果。颈动脉斑块成分及特点的评价指标包括:钙化、富含脂质的坏死核(LRNC)、斑块内出血(IPH)及斑块表面破裂。CT和MR图像分析采用双盲法进行,其中MR图像分析由两名专业人员使用分析软件CASCADE辅助完成。按CACS的高低将患者分为高CACS组(CACS≥400)和低CACS组(CACS＜400),按CACS的分值分为4个不同等级:0级(CACS=0),1级(CACS=1～100),2级(CACS=101～400),3级(CACS＞400)。不同CACS组及等级之间颈动脉指标的比较分别采用t检验和单因素方差分析,应用Spearman等级相关方法分析CACS与颈动脉斑块内成分及其容积的相关性。当p＜0.05时定义为具有显著性统计学意义。
结果:CACS与颈动脉平均WA和MWT呈中等度正相关(r值分别为0.521、0.556),与TVA和NWI呈弱正相关(r值分别为0.215、0.377),而与LA无明显相关。高CACS组的平均WA、TVA和MWT明显大于低CACS组。随着CACS等级的增加,颈动脉斑块负荷(WA、TVA、MWT、NWI)均呈增高的趋势。颈动脉斑块钙化和LRNC的出现几率与CACS明显相关。颈动脉斑块IPH和斑块表面破裂的出现与CACS没有明显相关性。CACS与颈动脉斑块内钙化、LRNC的容积呈中等程度正相关,与IPH容积呈弱相关。
结论:CACS与颈动脉的斑块负荷、斑块内成分具有明显相关性。CACS对颈动脉斑块负荷和斑块内成分具有一定的预测价值。
第二部分冠状动脉狭窄程度与颈动脉重构效应的相关性分析
目的:探讨冠状动脉狭窄程度与颈动脉血管重构效应的关系。
材料和方法:本研究共纳入123例临床怀疑冠状动脉病变的患者,所有患者在双源CT机上进行冠状动脉CTA检查,并于两周内完成双侧颈动脉多对比加权MR成像。采用美国心脏协会(AHA)推荐的15分段法分析冠状动脉树,评价每一个血管节段管腔狭窄程度。将管腔狭窄分为5级,0级:管腔正常;1级:管腔狭窄1%～29%;2级:管腔狭窄30%～49%;3级:管腔狭窄50%～69%;4级:管腔狭窄70%～100%。CT和MR图像分析采用双盲法进行,其中MR图像分析由两名专业人员使用分析软件CASCADE辅助完成。颈动脉MR形态学指标包括:管腔面积(LA)、管壁面积(WA)、总血管面积(TVA)、平均管壁厚度(MWT)、管壁标准化指数(NWI)。对每一层面进行上述指标的测量,所测双侧颈动脉指标的平均值作为该患者此项指标的结果。另外,对颈动脉的3个不同节段:颈内动脉(ICA)、球部(Bulb)和颈总动脉(CCA)分别进行上述指标的计算。应用spearman等级相关方法分析冠状动脉狭窄程度与颈动脉形态学指标的相关性。
结果:冠状动脉狭窄等级与颈动脉WA、MWT、NWI呈正相关,相关指数r分别为0.396、0.438、0.348。随着冠状动脉狭窄等级增加,颈内动脉LA减小、WA增大、TVA无明显变化;颈总动脉的WA、TVA增大,LA无明显变化;颈动脉球部WA增大,LA和TVA无明显变化。
结论:冠状动脉狭窄程度与颈动脉负荷具有明显正相关。随着冠状动脉狭窄程度的加重,颈总动脉表现为正性重构效应,颈内动脉表现为负性重构效应。
第三部分冠状动脉与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块成分的相关性分析
目的:探讨冠状动脉与颈动脉斑块成分的相关性。
材料与方法:本研究共纳入123例临床怀疑冠状动脉病变的患者,所有患者在双源CT机上进行冠状动脉CTA检查,并于两周内完成双侧颈动脉多对比加权MR成像。采用美国心脏协会(AHA)推荐的15分段法分析冠状动脉树,评价每一个血管节段的斑块类型。根据CT值的大小将冠状动脉斑块分为非钙化斑块、钙化斑块和混合斑块三种类型。对每个患者的斑块类型进行分析,每一种斑块类型的数量总和即为该类型斑块的计数。双侧颈动脉任意一侧出现斑块内钙化、LRNC或IPH,则该患者的该项指标记为阳性。分析冠状动脉不同斑块类型与颈动脉斑块成分的相关性。
结果:冠状动脉混合斑块计数与颈动脉IPH具有明显相关性(OR=1.50,P＜0.05)。冠状动脉三种斑块类型均与颈动脉LRNC及钙化具有明显相关性(p＜0.05)。在判断颈动脉斑块是否出现IPH方面,冠状动脉混合斑块计数具有较高的诊断效能(AUC=0.74)。在判断颈动脉斑块是否出现LRNC及钙化方面,冠状动脉钙化斑块计数具有较高的诊断效能(AUC均为0.75)。
结论:冠状动脉斑块类型与颈动脉斑块成分具有明显的相关性。冠状动脉混合斑块可能是颈动脉高危斑块的一个预示因素。
Part One Association between Coronary Artery Calcium Score and Carotid Atherosclerotic Disease
Objective:To evaluate the association between coronary calcification and carotid atherosclerosis.
Materials and methods:One hundred and twenty-three subjects with suspected coronary artery disease were recruited in this study.A pre-contrast low-dose CT scan was performed for all the subjects to measure the coronary artery calcium score(CACS) by a Dual Source CT scanner.Multi-contrast carotid magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) was performed by a 3.0T MR scanner within two weeks after coronary CT scan.The parameters of the carotid morphological measurement,including lumen area(LA),wall area(WA),total vessel area(TVA), mean wall thickness(MWT),and normalized wall index(NWI),were measured for each location.The mean value of each measurement was calculated for bilateral carotid arteries of each subject.The presence or absence of carotid plaque tissue compositions,including calcification(CA),lipid-rich necrotic core (LRNC),and intraplaque hemorrhage(IPH),was recorded for each subject.The plaque surface disruption was also recorded.Two reviewers blinded to CACS results interpreted MR images with consensus using customer-designed software (CASCADE).All subjects were divided into two groups:high-CACS group (CACS≥400) and low-CACS group(CACS＜400).Furthermore,CACS was partitioned as following categories:scores of 0 as grade 0,scores of 1-100 as grade 1,101-400 as grade 2,and＞400 as grade 3.The carotid morphological measurements in all the CACS groups and categories were compared using independent t test and one way ANOVA,respectively.The correlation between CACS and presence of carotid plaque compositions was analyzed using Spearman's correlation analysis.A P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistical significance.
Results:CACS showed moderate correlation with carotid WA(r=0.521) and MWT(r=0.556),weak correlation with TVA(r=0.215) and NWI(r=0.377).There was no significant correlation between CACS and carotid LA(p＞0.05).Compared to low-CACS group,high-CACS group showed larger carotid WA,TVA and MWT.In the entire cohort,carotid plaque burden showed an increasing trend with CACS increasing.Significant correlation was found between CACS and presence of carotid CA and LRNC.There was no significant correlation of CACS with carotid IPH and surface disruption.CACS showed moderate correlation with carotid calcification volume and LRNC volume,weak correlation with carotid IPH volume.
Conclusion:CACS significantly associates with carotid atherosclerotic plaque burden and the presence of tissue compositions.CACS may be a predictor for carotid plaque burden and tissue compositions.
Part Two Association between Coronary Stenosis and Carotid Artery Remodeling
Objective:To investigate the relationship between coronary stenosis on CT and carotid artery remodeling on MRI.
Materials and Methods:One hundred and twenty-three subjects with suspected coronary artery disease were recruited in this study All the patients obtained CT angiography(CTA) by a Dual Source CT scanner.Multi-contrast carotid magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) was performed in bilateral carotid arteries within two weeks after coronary CT scan.Coronary segmental evaluation was performed according to AHA classification and subdivision of coronary arteries into 15 segments.Coronary artery luminal stenosis was partitioned into five grades:grade 0(normal coronary artery),grade 1(1%-29%stenosis),grade 2(30%-49% stenosis),grade 3(50%-69%stenosis),and grade 4(70%-100%stenosis).Two reviewers blinded to coronary results interpreted MR images with consensus using customer-designed software(CASCADE).The parameters of the carotid morphological measurement,including lumen area(LA),wall area(WA),total vessel area(TVA),mean wall thickness(MWT),and normalized wall index (NWI),were measured for each location.The overall mean value of each measurement was calculated for bilateral carotid arteries of each subject.In addition,the mean value of these morphological measurements was also calculated in three segments of carotid artery:in internal carotid artery(ICA), bulb,and common carotid artery(CCA).The association of coronary stenosis with carotid morphological measurements was analyzed using Spearman's correlation analysis.
Results:Coronary stenosis showed positive correlation with carotid WA(r=0.396), MWT(r=0.438) and NWI(r=0.348).In the segment of ICA,LA and WA showed negative and positive correlation with coronary stenosis,respectively.However, there was no significant correlation between TVA and coronary stenosis.In the segment of CCA,WA and TVA showed positive correlation with coronary stenosis. No significant correlation between LA and coronary stenosis can be found.In the segment of Bulb,WA showed positive correlation with coronary stenosis.There was no significant correlation of coronary stenosis with LA and TVA.
Conclusions:Coronary stenosis is significantly positive correlated with carotid plaque burden.There might be positive remodeling in CCA and negative remodeling in ICA with coronary stenosis progressing.
Part Three Correlation of Atherosclerotic Plaque Compositions in Coronary and Carotid Arteries
Objective:To evaluate the relationship between coronary and carotid plaque compositions.
Materials and methods:One hundred and twenty-three subjects with suspected coronary artery disease were recruited in this study.All the patients obtained CT angiography(CTA) examination by a Dual Source CT scanner.Carotid multi-contrast magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) was performed in bilateral arteries within two weeks after coronary CT scan.Coronary segmental evaluation was performed according to AHA classification and subdivision of coronary arteries into 15 segments.Coronary plaques were classified into three types based on CT attenuation value(HU):non-calcified,calcified,and mixed plaques.The presence or absence of coronary plaques was visually scored.Each type of plaque score was recorded according to the number of corresponding type of plaque for each subject.The presence or absence of carotid plaque tissue compositions, including calcification(CA),lipid-rich necrotic core(LRNC),and intraplaque hemorrhage(IPH),was identified for each subject.The relationship between different type of coronary plaques and carotid tissue compsitions was evaluated.
Results:Significant correlation of carotid IPH with mixed plaque score (OR=1.50 ) was found.There was significant correlation between three types of plaque scores in coronary artery and LRNC and calcification in carotid artery.In classifying subjects with and without carotid IPH,coronary mixed plaque score showed the highest AUC(0.74).In classifying subjects with and without carotid LRNC and calcification,coronary calcified plaque score showed the highest AUC (0.75).
Conclusions:Coronary plaque types significantly associate with carotid plaque compositions.Coronary mixed plaque might be a predictor for carotid high risk plaque features
目的:探讨冠状动脉钙化与颈动脉粥样硬化病变的相关性。
材料和方法:本研究选取123例临床怀疑冠状动脉病变的患者,所有患者在双源CT扫描机上进行低剂量钙化积分(CACS)的扫描,并于两周内完成双侧颈动脉的多对比加权的MR成像。颈动脉MR扫描在3.0T磁共振机上完成,对每一层图像进行颈动脉斑块形态学及斑块成分的评价。形态学指标的测量包括:管腔面积(LA)、管壁面积(WA)、总血管面积(TVA)、平均管壁厚度(MWT)、管壁标准化指数(NWI)。所测双侧颈动脉指标的平均值作为该患者此项指标的结果。颈动脉斑块成分及特点的评价指标包括:钙化、富含脂质的坏死核(LRNC)、斑块内出血(IPH)及斑块表面破裂。CT和MR图像分析采用双盲法进行,其中MR图像分析由两名专业人员使用分析软件CASCADE辅助完成。按CACS的高低将患者分为高CACS组(CACS≥400)和低CACS组(CACS＜400),按CACS的分值分为4个不同等级:0级(CACS=0),1级(CACS=1～100),2级(CACS=101～400),3级(CACS＞400)。不同CACS组及等级之间颈动脉指标的比较分别采用t检验和单因素方差分析,应用Spearman等级相关方法分析CACS与颈动脉斑块内成分及其容积的相关性。当p＜0.05时定义为具有显著性统计学意义。
结果:CACS与颈动脉平均WA和MWT呈中等度正相关(r值分别为0.521、0.556),与TVA和NWI呈弱正相关(r值分别为0.215、0.377),而与LA无明显相关。高CACS组的平均WA、TVA和MWT明显大于低CACS组。随着CACS等级的增加,颈动脉斑块负荷(WA、TVA、MWT、NWI)均呈增高的趋势。颈动脉斑块钙化和LRNC的出现几率与CACS明显相关。颈动脉斑块IPH和斑块表面破裂的出现与CACS没有明显相关性。CACS与颈动脉斑块内钙化、LRNC的容积呈中等程度正相关,与IPH容积呈弱相关。
结论:CACS与颈动脉的斑块负荷、斑块内成分具有明显相关性。CACS对颈动脉斑块负荷和斑块内成分具有一定的预测价值。
第二部分冠状动脉狭窄程度与颈动脉重构效应的相关性分析
目的:探讨冠状动脉狭窄程度与颈动脉血管重构效应的关系。
材料和方法:本研究共纳入123例临床怀疑冠状动脉病变的患者,所有患者在双源CT机上进行冠状动脉CTA检查,并于两周内完成双侧颈动脉多对比加权MR成像。采用美国心脏协会(AHA)推荐的15分段法分析冠状动脉树,评价每一个血管节段管腔狭窄程度。将管腔狭窄分为5级,0级:管腔正常;1级:管腔狭窄1%～29%;2级:管腔狭窄30%～49%;3级:管腔狭窄50%～69%;4级:管腔狭窄70%～100%。CT和MR图像分析采用双盲法进行,其中MR图像分析由两名专业人员使用分析软件CASCADE辅助完成。颈动脉MR形态学指标包括:管腔面积(LA)、管壁面积(WA)、总血管面积(TVA)、平均管壁厚度(MWT)、管壁标准化指数(NWI)。对每一层面进行上述指标的测量,所测双侧颈动脉指标的平均值作为该患者此项指标的结果。另外,对颈动脉的3个不同节段:颈内动脉(ICA)、球部(Bulb)和颈总动脉(CCA)分别进行上述指标的计算。应用spearman等级相关方法分析冠状动脉狭窄程度与颈动脉形态学指标的相关性。
结果:冠状动脉狭窄等级与颈动脉WA、MWT、NWI呈正相关,相关指数r分别为0.396、0.438、0.348。随着冠状动脉狭窄等级增加,颈内动脉LA减小、WA增大、TVA无明显变化;颈总动脉的WA、TVA增大,LA无明显变化;颈动脉球部WA增大,LA和TVA无明显变化。
结论:冠状动脉狭窄程度与颈动脉负荷具有明显正相关。随着冠状动脉狭窄程度的加重,颈总动脉表现为正性重构效应,颈内动脉表现为负性重构效应。
第三部分冠状动脉与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块成分的相关性分析
目的:探讨冠状动脉与颈动脉斑块成分的相关性。
材料与方法:本研究共纳入123例临床怀疑冠状动脉病变的患者,所有患者在双源CT机上进行冠状动脉CTA检查,并于两周内完成双侧颈动脉多对比加权MR成像。采用美国心脏协会(AHA)推荐的15分段法分析冠状动脉树,评价每一个血管节段的斑块类型。根据CT值的大小将冠状动脉斑块分为非钙化斑块、钙化斑块和混合斑块三种类型。对每个患者的斑块类型进行分析,每一种斑块类型的数量总和即为该类型斑块的计数。双侧颈动脉任意一侧出现斑块内钙化、LRNC或IPH,则该患者的该项指标记为阳性。分析冠状动脉不同斑块类型与颈动脉斑块成分的相关性。
结果:冠状动脉混合斑块计数与颈动脉IPH具有明显相关性(OR=1.50,P＜0.05)。冠状动脉三种斑块类型均与颈动脉LRNC及钙化具有明显相关性(p＜0.05)。在判断颈动脉斑块是否出现IPH方面,冠状动脉混合斑块计数具有较高的诊断效能(AUC=0.74)。在判断颈动脉斑块是否出现LRNC及钙化方面,冠状动脉钙化斑块计数具有较高的诊断效能(AUC均为0.75)。
结论:冠状动脉斑块类型与颈动脉斑块成分具有明显的相关性。冠状动脉混合斑块可能是颈动脉高危斑块的一个预示因素。
Part One Association between Coronary Artery Calcium Score and Carotid Atherosclerotic Disease
Objective:To evaluate the association between coronary calcification and carotid atherosclerosis.
Materials and methods:One hundred and twenty-three subjects with suspected coronary artery disease were recruited in this study.A pre-contrast low-dose CT scan was performed for all the subjects to measure the coronary artery calcium score(CACS) by a Dual Source CT scanner.Multi-contrast carotid magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) was performed by a 3.0T MR scanner within two weeks after coronary CT scan.The parameters of the carotid morphological measurement,including lumen area(LA),wall area(WA),total vessel area(TVA), mean wall thickness(MWT),and normalized wall index(NWI),were measured for each location.The mean value of each measurement was calculated for bilateral carotid arteries of each subject.The presence or absence of carotid plaque tissue compositions,including calcification(CA),lipid-rich necrotic core (LRNC),and intraplaque hemorrhage(IPH),was recorded for each subject.The plaque surface disruption was also recorded.Two reviewers blinded to CACS results interpreted MR images with consensus using customer-designed software (CASCADE).All subjects were divided into two groups:high-CACS group (CACS≥400) and low-CACS group(CACS＜400).Furthermore,CACS was partitioned as following categories:scores of 0 as grade 0,scores of 1-100 as grade 1,101-400 as grade 2,and＞400 as grade 3.The carotid morphological measurements in all the CACS groups and categories were compared using independent t test and one way ANOVA,respectively.The correlation between CACS and presence of carotid plaque compositions was analyzed using Spearman's correlation analysis.A P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistical significance.
Results:CACS showed moderate correlation with carotid WA(r=0.521) and MWT(r=0.556),weak correlation with TVA(r=0.215) and NWI(r=0.377).There was no significant correlation between CACS and carotid LA(p＞0.05).Compared to low-CACS group,high-CACS group showed larger carotid WA,TVA and MWT.In the entire cohort,carotid plaque burden showed an increasing trend with CACS increasing.Significant correlation was found between CACS and presence of carotid CA and LRNC.There was no significant correlation of CACS with carotid IPH and surface disruption.CACS showed moderate correlation with carotid calcification volume and LRNC volume,weak correlation with carotid IPH volume.
Conclusion:CACS significantly associates with carotid atherosclerotic plaque burden and the presence of tissue compositions.CACS may be a predictor for carotid plaque burden and tissue compositions.
Part Two Association between Coronary Stenosis and Carotid Artery Remodeling
Objective:To investigate the relationship between coronary stenosis on CT and carotid artery remodeling on MRI.
Materials and Methods:One hundred and twenty-three subjects with suspected coronary artery disease were recruited in this study All the patients obtained CT angiography(CTA) by a Dual Source CT scanner.Multi-contrast carotid magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) was performed in bilateral carotid arteries within two weeks after coronary CT scan.Coronary segmental evaluation was performed according to AHA classification and subdivision of coronary arteries into 15 segments.Coronary artery luminal stenosis was partitioned into five grades:grade 0(normal coronary artery),grade 1(1%-29%stenosis),grade 2(30%-49% stenosis),grade 3(50%-69%stenosis),and grade 4(70%-100%stenosis).Two reviewers blinded to coronary results interpreted MR images with consensus using customer-designed software(CASCADE).The parameters of the carotid morphological measurement,including lumen area(LA),wall area(WA),total vessel area(TVA),mean wall thickness(MWT),and normalized wall index (NWI),were measured for each location.The overall mean value of each measurement was calculated for bilateral carotid arteries of each subject.In addition,the mean value of these morphological measurements was also calculated in three segments of carotid artery:in internal carotid artery(ICA), bulb,and common carotid artery(CCA).The association of coronary stenosis with carotid morphological measurements was analyzed using Spearman's correlation analysis.
Results:Coronary stenosis showed positive correlation with carotid WA(r=0.396), MWT(r=0.438) and NWI(r=0.348).In the segment of ICA,LA and WA showed negative and positive correlation with coronary stenosis,respectively.However, there was no significant correlation between TVA and coronary stenosis.In the segment of CCA,WA and TVA showed positive correlation with coronary stenosis. No significant correlation between LA and coronary stenosis can be found.In the segment of Bulb,WA showed positive correlation with coronary stenosis.There was no significant correlation of coronary stenosis with LA and TVA.
Conclusions:Coronary stenosis is significantly positive correlated with carotid plaque burden.There might be positive remodeling in CCA and negative remodeling in ICA with coronary stenosis progressing.
Part Three Correlation of Atherosclerotic Plaque Compositions in Coronary and Carotid Arteries
Objective:To evaluate the relationship between coronary and carotid plaque compositions.
Materials and methods:One hundred and twenty-three subjects with suspected coronary artery disease were recruited in this study.All the patients obtained CT angiography(CTA) examination by a Dual Source CT scanner.Carotid multi-contrast magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) was performed in bilateral arteries within two weeks after coronary CT scan.Coronary segmental evaluation was performed according to AHA classification and subdivision of coronary arteries into 15 segments.Coronary plaques were classified into three types based on CT attenuation value(HU):non-calcified,calcified,and mixed plaques.The presence or absence of coronary plaques was visually scored.Each type of plaque score was recorded according to the number of corresponding type of plaque for each subject.The presence or absence of carotid plaque tissue compositions, including calcification(CA),lipid-rich necrotic core(LRNC),and intraplaque hemorrhage(IPH),was identified for each subject.The relationship between different type of coronary plaques and carotid tissue compsitions was evaluated.
Results:Significant correlation of carotid IPH with mixed plaque score (OR=1.50 ) was found.There was significant correlation between three types of plaque scores in coronary artery and LRNC and calcification in carotid artery.In classifying subjects with and without carotid IPH,coronary mixed plaque score showed the highest AUC(0.74).In classifying subjects with and without carotid LRNC and calcification,coronary calcified plaque score showed the highest AUC (0.75).
Conclusions:Coronary plaque types significantly associate with carotid plaque compositions.Coronary mixed plaque might be a predictor for carotid high risk plaque features
引文
[1]A randomised,blinded,trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events(CAPRIE).CAPRIE Steering Committee.Lancet.1996;348(9038):1329-1339.
[2]Kannel WB,Wolf PA.Peripheral and cerebral atherothrombosis and cardiovascular events in different vascular territories:insights from the Framingham Study.Curr Atheroscler Rep.2006;8(4):3 17-323.
[3]Meco JF,Pinto X,Escriba JM,et al.Cardiovascular risk factors associated with clinically isolated and diffuse atherosclerosis in Spanish patients with coronary artery disease.Eur J Clin Invest.1998;28(8):643-650.
[4]Rampersaud E,Bielak LF,Parsa A,et al.The association of coronary artery calcification and carotid artery intima-media thickness with distinct,traditional coronary artery disease risk factors in asymptomatic adults.Am J Epidemiol.2008;168(9):1016-1023.
[5]Taylor AJ,Bindeman J,Le TP,et al.Progression of calcified coronary atherosclerosis:relationship to coronary risk factors and carotid intima-media thickness.Atherosclerosis.2008;197(1):339-345.
[6]Underhill HR,Yuan C,Terry JG,et al.Differences in carotid arterial morphology and composition between individuals with and without obstructive coronary artery disease:a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study.J Cardiovasc Magn Reson.2008;10(1):31.
[7]Manolio TA,Arnold AM,Post W,et al.Ethnic differences in the relationship of carotid atherosclerosis to coronary calcification:the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.Atherosclerosis.2008;197(1):132-138.
[8]El-Saed A,Sekikawa A,Edmundowicz D,et al.Coronary calcification is more predictive of carotid intimal medial thickness in black compared to white middle aged men.Atherosclerosis.2008,196(2)913-918.
[9]Coll B,Feinstein SB.Carotid intima-media thickness measurements:techniques and clinical relevance.Curr Atheroscler Rep.2008;10(5):444-450.
[10]Cai J,Hatsukami TS,Ferguson MS,et al.In vivo quantitative measurement of intact fibrous cap and lipid-rich necrotic core size in atherosclerotic carotid plaque:comparison of high-resolution,contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and histology.Circulation.2005;112(22):3437-3444.
[11]Chu B,Kampschulte A,Ferguson MS,et al.Hemorrhage in the atherosclerotic carotid plaque:a high-resolution MRI study.Stroke.2004;35(5):1079-1084.
[12]Chu B,Phan BA,Balu N,et al.Reproducibility of carotid atherosclerotic lesion type characterization using high resolution multicontrast weighted cardiovascular magnetic resonance.J Cardiovasc Magn Reson.2006;8(6):793-799.
[13]Rumberger JA,Simons DB,Fitzpatrick LA,et al.Coronary artery calcium area by electron-beam computed tomography and coronary atherosclerotic plaque area.A histopathologic correlative study.Circulation.1995;92(8):2157-2162.
[14]Sangiorgi G,Rumberger JA,Severson A,et al.Arterial calcification and not lumen stenosis is highly correlated with atherosclerotic plaque burden in humans:a histologic study of 723 coronary artery segments using nondecalcifying methodology.J Am Coll Cardiol.1998;31(1):126-133.
[15]Shaw LJ,Raggi P,Schisterman E,et al.Prognostic value of cardiac risk factors and coronary artery calcium screening for all-cause mortality.Radiology.2003;228(3):826-833.
[16]Weintraub WS,Diamond GA.Predicting cardiovascular events with coronary calcium scoring.N Engl J Med.2008;358(13):1394-1396.
[17]Rumberger JA.Coronary artery calcium scanning using computed tomography:clinical recommendations for cardiac risk assessment and treatment.Semin Ultrasound CT MR.2008;29(3):223-229.
[18]Amato M,Montorsi P,Ravani A,et al.Carotid intima-media thickness by B-mode ultrasound as surrogate of coronary atherosclerosis:correlation with quantitative coronary angiography and coronary intravascular ultrasound findings.Eur Heart J.2007;28(17):2094-2101.
[19]Chien KL,Su TC,Jeng JS,et al.Carotid artery intima-media thickness,carotid plaque and coronary heart disease and stroke in Chinese.PLoS ONE.2008;3(10):e3435.
[20]Alaee A,Khademloo M.Evaluation of correlation between carotid artery intima media wall thickness and coronary artery stenosis in Sari,north of Iran.Pak J Biol Sci.2008;11(19):2360-2363.
[21]Newman AB,Naydeck BL,Ives DG,et al.Coronary artery calcium,carotid artery wall thickness,and cardiovascular disease outcomes in adults 70 to 99 years old.Am J Cardiol.2008;101(2):186-192.
[22]Odink AE,van der Lugt A,Hofrnan A,et al.Association between calcification in the coronary arteries,aortic arch and carotid arteries:the Rotterdam study.Atherosclerosis.2007;193(2):408-413.
[23]Johnsen SH,Mathiesen EB.Carotid plaque compared with intima-media thickness as a predictor of coronary and cerebrovascular disease.Curr Cardiol Rep.2009;11(1):21-27.
[24]Brook RD,Bard RL,Patel S,et al.A negative carotid plaque area test is superior to other noninvasive atherosclerosis studies for reducing the likelihood of having underlying significant coronary artery disease.Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.2006;26(3):656-662.
[25]Salzar RS,Thubrikar MJ,Eppink RT.Pressure-induced mechanical stress in the carotid artery bifurcation:a possible correlation to atherosclerosis.J Biomech.1995;28(11):1333-1340.
[26]Bauer M,Mohlenkamp S,Lehmann N,et al.The effect of age and risk factors on coronary and carotid artery atherosclerotic burden in males-Results of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study.Atherosclerosis.2009.
[27]Dalager S,Paaske WP,Kristensen IB,et al.Artery-related differences in atherosclerosis expression:implications for atherogenesis and dynamics in intima-media thickness.Stroke.2007;38(10):2698-2705.
[28]Watson KE.Pathophysiology of coronary calcification.J Cardiovasc Risk.2000;7(2):93-97.
[29]Richardson PD,Davies MJ,Born GV.Influence of plaque configuration and stress distribution on Assuring of coronary atherosclerotic plaques.Lancet.1989;2(8669):941-944.
[30]Felton CV,Crook D,Davies MJ,et al.Relation of plaque lipid composition and morphology to the stability of human aortic plaques.Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol.1997;17(7):1337-1345.
[31]Davies MJ,Richardson PD,Woolf N,et al.Risk of thrombosis in human atherosclerotic plaques:role of extracellular lipid,macrophage,and smooth muscle cell content.Br Heart J.1993;69(5):377-381.
[32]Cappendijk VC,Kessels AG,Heeneman S,et al.Comparison of lipid-rich necrotic core size in symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid atherosclerotic plaque:Initial results.J Magn Reson Imaging.2008;27(6):1356-1361.
[33]Vliegenthart R,Hollander M,Breteler MM,et al.Stroke is associated with coronary calcification as detected by electron-beam CT:the Rotterdam Coronary Calcification Study.Stroke.2002;33(2):462-465.
[1]Glagov S,Weisenberg E,Zarins CK,et al.Compensatory enlargement of human atherosclerotic coronary arteries.N Engl J Med.1987;3 16(22):1371-1375.
[2]Pasterkamp G,Schoneveld AH,van der Wal AC,et al.Relation of arterial geometry to luminal narrowing and histologic markers for plaque vulnerability:the remodeling paradox.J Am Coll Cardiol.1998;32(3):655-662.
[3]Smits PC,Pasterkamp G,de Jaegere PP,et al.Angioscopic complex lesions are predominantly compensatory enlarged:an angioscopy and intracoronary ultrasound study.Cardiovasc Res.1999;41(2):458-464.
[4]Varnava AM,Mills PG,Davies MJ.Relationship between coronary artery remodeling and plaque vulnerability.Circulation.2002;105(8):939-943.
[5]Hardie AD,Kramer CM,Raghavan P,et al.The impact of expansive arterial remodeling on clinical presentation in carotid artery disease:a multidetector CT angiography study.AJNR Am J Neuroradiol.2007;28(6):1067-1070.
[6]Seo WK,Yong HS,Koh SB,et al.Correlation of coronary artery atherosclerosis with atherosclerosis of the intracranial cerebral artery and the extracranial carotid artery.Eur Neurol.2008;59(6):292-298.
[7]Underhill HR,Yuan C,Terry JG,et al.Differences in carotid arterial morphology and composition between individuals with and without obstructive coronary artery disease:a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study.J Cardiovasc Magn Reson.2008;10(1):31.
[8]Rixe J,Rolf A,Conradi G,et al.Detection of relevant coronary artery disease using dual-source computed tomography in a high probability patient series:comparison with invasive angiography.Circ J.2009;73(2):316-322.
[9]Alaee A,Khademloo M.Evaluation of correlation between carotid artery intima media wall thickness and coronary artery stenosis in Sari,north of Iran.Pak J Biol Sci.2008;11(19):2360-2363.
[10]Kablak-Ziembicka A,Przewlocki T,Tracz W,et al.Carotid intima-media thickness in pre-and postmenopausal women with suspected coronary artery disease.Heart Vessels.2008;23(5):295-300.
[11]Graner M,Varpula M,Kahri J,et al.Association of carotid intima-media thickness with angiographic severity and extent of coronary artery disease.Am J Cardiol.2006;97(5):624-629.
[12]Hermiller JB,Tenaglia AN,Kisslo KB,et al.In vivo validation of compensatory enlargement of atherosclerotic coronary arteries.Am J Cardiol.1993;71(8):665-668.
[13]McPherson DD,Sirna SJ,Hiratzka LF,et al.Coronary arterial remodeling studied by high-frequency epicardial echocardiography:an early compensatory mechanism in patients with obstructive coronary atherosclerosis.J Am Coll Cardiol.1991;17(1)79-86.
[14]Nishioka T,Luo H,Eigler NL,et al.Contribution of inadequate compensatory enlargement to development of human coronary artery stenosis:an in vivo intravascular ultrasound study.J Am Coll Cardiol.1996;27(7):1571-1576.
[15]Pasterkamp G,Wensing PJ,Post MJ,et al.Paradoxical arterial wall shrinkage may contribute to luminal narrowing of human atherosclerotic femoral arteries.Circulation.1995;91(5):1444-1449.
[16]Schoenhagen P,Ziada KM,Kapadia SR,et al.Extent and direction of arterial remodeling in stable versus unstable coronary syndromes:an intravascular ultrasound study.Circulation.2000;101(6):598-603.
[17]Jeremias A,Spies C,Herity NA,et al.Coronary artery distensibility and compensatory vessel enlargement--a novel parameter influencing vascular remodeling?Basic Res Cardiol.2001;96(5):506-512.
[18]Hong MK,Park SW,Lee CW,et al.Prospective comparison of coronary artery remodeling between acute coronary syndrome and stable angina in single-vessel disease,correlation between C-reactive protein and extent of arterial remodeling.Clin Cardiol.2003;26(4):169-172.
[19]Ehara S,Kobayashi Y,Yoshiyama M,et al.Spotty calcification typifies the culprit plaque in patients with acute myocardial infarction:an intravascular ultrasound study.Circulation.2004;110(22):3424-3429.
[20]Higashikuni Y,Tanabe K,Yamamoto H,et al.Relationship between coronary artery remodeling and plaque composition in culprit lesions:an intravascular ultrasound radiofrequency analysis.Circ J.2007;71(5):654-660.
[21]Kume T,Okura H,Kawamoto T,et al.Relationship between coronary remodeling and plaque characterization in patients without clinical evidence of coronary artery disease.Atherosclerosis.2008;197(2):799-805.
[22]Nakamura M,Nishikawa H,Mukai S,et al.Impact of coronary artery remodeling on clinical presentation of coronary artery disease:an intravascular ultrasound study.J Am Coll Cardiol.2001;37(1):63-69.
[23]Manfrini O,Pizzi C,Viecca M,et al.Abnormalities of cardiac autonomic nervous activity correlate with expansive coronary artery remodeling.Atherosclerosis.2008;197(1):183-189.
[24]Imazeki T,Sato Y,Inoue F,et al.Evaluation of coronary artery remodeling in patients with acute coronary syndrome and stable angina by multislice computed tomography.Circ J.2004;68(11):1045-1050.
[25]Miao C,Chen S,Macedo R,et al.Positive remodeling of the coronary arteries detected by magnetic resonance imaging in an asymptomatic population:MESA(Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis).J Am Coll Cardiol.2009;53(18):1708-1715.
[26]Pasterkamp G,Fitzgerald PF,de Kleijn DP.Atherosclerotic expansive remodeled plaques:a wolf in sheep's clothing.J Vasc Res.2002;39(6):514-523.
[27]Pasterkamp G,Schoneveld AH,van Wolferen W,et al.The impact of atherosclerotic arterial remodeling on percentage of luminal stenosis varies widely within the arterial system.A postmortem study.Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.1997;17(11):3057-3063.
[28]Zarins CK,Weisenberg E,Kolettis G,et al.Differential enlargement of artery segments in response to enlarging atherosclerotic plaques.J Vasc Surg.1988;7(3):386-394.
[29]Kato M,Dote K,Habara S,et al.Clinical implications of carotid artery remodeling in acute coronary syndrome:ultrasonographic assessment of positive remodeling.J Am Coll Cardiol.2003;42(6):1026-1032.
[1]Liu HL,Zhang J,Ma DX,et al.Coronary plaque characterization of nonculprit or nontarget lesions assessed by analysis of in vivo intracoronary ultrasound radio-frequency data.Chin Med J(Engl).2009;122(6).622-626.
[2]Pundziute G,Schuijf JD,Jukema JW,et al.Evaluation of plaque characteristics in acute coronary syndromes:non-invasive assessment with multi-slice computed tomography and invasive evaluation with intravascular ultrasound radiofrequency data analysis.Eur Heart J.2008;29(19):2373-2381.
[3]Biasucci LM,Leo M,De Maria GL.Local and systemic mechanisms of plaque rupture.Angiology.2008;59(2 Suppl):73S-76S.
[4]Virmani R,Kolodgie FD,Burke AP,et al.Lessons from sudden coronary death:a comprehensive morphological classification scheme for atherosclerotic lesions.Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.2000;20(5):1262-1275.
[5]Palmer ND,Northridge D,Lessells A,et al.In vitro analysis of coronary atheromatous lesions by intravascular ultrasound;reproducibility and histological correlation of lesion morphology.Eur Heart J.1999;20(23):1701-1706.
[6]Watson RJ,McLean CC,Moore MP,et al.Classification of arterial plaque by spectral analysis of in vitro radio frequency intravascular ultrasound data.Ultrasound Med Biol.2000;26(1):73-80.
[7]Sun J,Zhang Z,Lu B,et al.Identification and quantification of coronary atherosclerotic plaques:a comparison of 64-MDCT and intravascular ultrasound.AJR Am J Roentgenol.2008;190(3):748-754.
[8]Komatsu S,Hirayama A,Omori Y,et al.Detection of coronary plaque by computed tomography with a novel plaque analysis system,‘Plaque Map’,and comparison with intravascular ultrasound and angioscopy.Circ J.2005;69(1):72-77.
[9]Davies MJ,Richardson PD,Woolf N,et al.Risk of thrombosis in human atherosclerotic plaques:role of extracellular lipid,macrophage,and smooth muscle cell content.Br Heart J.1993;69(5):377-381.
[10]Felton CV,Crook D,Davies MJ,et al.Relation of plaque lipid composition and morphology to the stability of human aortic plaques.Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.1997;17(7):1337-1345.
[11]Cai J,Hatsukami TS,Ferguson MS,et al.In vivo quantitative measurement of intact fibrous cap and lipid-rich necrotic core size in atherosclerotic carotid plaque:comparison of high-resolution,contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and histology.Circulation.2005;112(22):3437-3444.
[12]Dalager S,Paaske WP,Kristensen IB,et al.Artery-related differences in atherosclerosis expression,implications for atherogenesis and dynamics in intima-media thickness.Stroke.2007;38(10):2698-2705.
[13]Falk E,Shah PK,Fuster V.Coronary plaque disruption.Circulation.1995;92(3):657-671.
[14]Libby P.Molecular bases of the acute coronary syndromes.Circulation.1995;91(11):2844-2850.
[15]Pasterkamp G,Falk E,Woutman H,et al.Techniques characterizing the coronary atherosclerotic plaque:influence on clinical decision making?J Am Coll Cardiol.2000;36(1):13-21.
[16]Becker CR,Knez A,Ohnesorge B,et al.Imaging of noncalcified coronary plaques using helical CT with retrospective ECG gating.AJR Am J Roentgenol.2000;175(2):423-424.
[17]Kopp AF,Schroeder S,Baumbach A,et al.Non-invasive characterisation of coronary lesion morphology and composition by multislice CT:first results in comparison with intracoronary ultrasound.Eur Radiol.2001;11(9):1607-1611.
[18]Choi BJ,Kang DK,Tahk SJ,et al.Comparison of 64-slice multidetector computed tomography with spectral analysis of intravascular ultrasound backscatter signals for characterizations of noncalcified coronary arterial plaques.Am J Cardiol.2008;102(8):988-993.
[19]Hur J,Kim YJ,Lee HJ,et al.Quantification and characterization of obstructive coronary plaques using 64-slice computed tomography:a comparison with intravascular ultrasound.J Comput Assist Tomogr.2009;33(2):186-192.
[20]Petranovic M,Soni A,Bezzera H,et al.Assessment of nonstenotic coronary lesions by 64-slice multidetector computed tomography in comparison to intravascular ultrasound:evaluation of nonculprit coronary lesions.J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr.2009;3(1):24-31.
[21]Chu B,Kampschulte A,Ferguson MS,et al.Hemorrhage in the atherosclerotic carotid plaque:a high-resolution MRI study.Stroke.2004;35(5):1079-1084.
[22]Odink AE,van der Lugt A,Hofman A,et al.Association between calcification in the coronary arteries,aortic arch and carotid arteries:the Rotterdam study.Atherosclerosis.2007;193(2):408-413.
[23]Wagenknecht LE,Langefeld CD,Freedman BI,et al.A comparison of risk factors for calcified atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary,carotid,and abdominal aortic arteries:the diabetes heart study.Am J Epidemiol.2007;166(3):340-347.
[24]Sarno G,Vanhoenacker P,Decramer 1,et al..Characterisation of the“vulnerable”coronary plaque by multi-detector computed tomography:a correlative study with intravascular ultrasound-derived radiofrequency analysis of plaque composition.EuroIntervention.2008;4(3):318-323.
[25]Richardson PD,Davies MJ,Born GV.Influence of plaque configuration and stress distribution on Assuring of coronary atherosclerotic plaques.Lancet.1989;2(8669):941-944.
[26]Watson KE.Pathophysiology of coronary calcification.J Cardiovasc Risk.2000;7(2):93-97.
[27]Cappendijk VC,Kessels AG,Heeneman S,et al.Comparison of lipid-rich necrotic core size in symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid atherosclerotic plaque:Initial results.J Magn Reson Imaging.2008,27(6):1356-1361.
[1]Yuan C,Kerwin WS.MRI of atherosclerosis.J Magn Reson Imaging.2004;19(6):710-719.
[2]A randomised,blinded,trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events(CAPRIE).CAPRIE Steering Committee.Lancet.1996;348(9038):1329-1339.
[3]Kannel WB,Wolf PA.Peripheral and cerebral atherothrombosis and cardiovascular events in different vascular territories:insights from the Framingham Study.Curr Atheroscler Rep.2006;8(4):317-323.
[4]Meco JF,Pinto X,Escriba JM,et al.Cardiovascular risk factors associated with clinically isolated and diffuse atherosclerosis in Spanish patients with coronary artery disease.Eur J Clin Invest.1998;28(8):643-650.
[5]Dalager S,Paaske WP,Kristensen IB,et al.Artery-related differences in atherosclerosis expression:implications for atherogenesis and dynamics in intima-media thickness.Stroke.2007;38(10):2698-2705.
[6]Rampersaud E,Bielak LF,Parsa A,et al.The association of coronary artery calcification and carotid artery intima-media thickness with distinct,traditional coronary artery disease risk factors in asymptomatic adults.Am J Epidemiol.2008;168(9):1016-1023.
[7]Taylor AJ,Bindeman J,Le TP,et al.Progression of calcified coronary atherosclerosis:relationship to coronary risk factors and carotid intima-media thickness.Atherosclerosis.2008;197(1):339-345.
[8]Underhill HR,Yuan C,Terry JG,et al.Differences in carotid arterial morphology and composition between individuals with and without obstructive coronary artery disease:a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study.J Cardiovasc Magn Reson.2008;10(1):31.
[9]Rumberger JA,Simons DB,Fitzpatrick LA,et al.Coronary artery calcium area by electron-beam computed tomography and coronary atherosclerotic plaque area.A histopathologic correlative study.Circulation.1995;92(8):2157-2162.
[10]Sangiorgi G,Rumberger JA,Severson A,et al.Arterial calcification and not lumen stenosis is highly correlated with atherosclerotic plaque burden in humans:a histologic study of 723 coronary artery segments using nondecalcifying methodology.J Am Coll Cardiol.1998;31(1):126-133.
[11]Weintraub WS,Diamond GA.Predicting cardiovascular events with coronary calcium scoring.N Engl J Med.2008,358(13):1394-1396.
[12]Wong M,Edelstein J,Wollman J,et al.Ultrasonic-pathological comparison of the human arterial wall.Verification of intima-media thickness.Arterioscler Thromb.1993;13(4):482-486.
[13]El-Saed A,Sekikawa A,Edmundowicz D,et al.Coronary calcification is more predictive of carotid intimal medial thickness in black compared to white middle aged men.Atherosclerosis.2008;196(2):913-918.
[14]Manolio TA,Arnold AM,Post W,et al.Ethnic differences in the relationship of carotid atherosclerosis to coronary calcification:the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.Atherosclerosis.2008;197(1):132-138.
[15]Wagenknecht LE,Langefeld CD,Freedman BI,et al.A comparison of risk factors for calcified atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary,carotid,and abdominal aortic arteries:the diabetes heart study.Am J Epidemiol.2007;166(3):340-347.
[16]Bauer M,Mohlenkamp S,Lehmann N,et al.The effect of age and risk factors on coronary and carotid artery atherosclerotic burden in males-Results of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study.Atherosclerosis.2009.
[17]Alaee A,Khademloo M.Evaluation of correlation between carotid artery intima media wall thickness and coronary artery stenosis in Sari,north of Iran.Pak J Biol Sci.2008;11(19):2360-2363.
[18]Graner M,Varpula M,Kahri J,et al.Association of carotid intima-media thickness with angiographic severity and extent of coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol.2006;97(5):624-629.
[19]Amato M,Montorsi P,Ravani A,et al.Carotid intima-media thickness by B-mode ultrasound as surrogate of coronary atherosclerosis:correlation with quantitative coronary angiography and coronary intravascular ultrasound findings.Eur Heart J.2007;28(17):2094-2101.
[20]Kasliwal RR,Bansal M,Gupta H,et al.Association of carotid intima-media thickness with left main coronary artery disease.Indian Heart J.2007;59(1):50-55.
[21]Kablak-Ziembicka A,Przewlocki T,Tracz W,et al.Gender differences in carotid intima-media thickness in patients with suspected coronary artery disease.Am J Cardiol.2005,96(9):1217-1222.
[22]Kablak-Ziembicka A,Przewlocki T,Tracz W,et al.Carotid intima-media thickness in pre-and postmenopausal women with suspected coronary artery disease.Heart Vessels.2008;23(5):295-300.
[23]Vliegenthart R,Hollander M,Breteler MM,et al.Stroke is associated with coronary calcification as detected by electron-beam CT:the Rotterdam Coronary Calcification Study.Stroke.2002;33(2):462-465.
[24]Odink AE,van der Lugt A,Hofman A,et al.Association between calcification in the coronary arteries,aortic arch and carotid arteries:the Rotterdam study.Atherosclerosis.2007;193(2):408-413.
[25]Newman AB,Nay deck BL,Ives DG,et al.Coronary artery calcium,carotid artery wall thickness,and cardiovascular disease outcomes in adults 70 to 99 years old.Am J Cardiol.2008;101(2):186-192.
[26]Nikic P,Savic M,Jakovljevic V,et al.Carotid atherosclerosis,coronary atherosclerosis and carotid intima-media thickness in patients with ischemic cerebral disease:Is there any link?Exp Clin Cardiol.2006;11(2):102-106.
[27]Chien KL,Su TC,Jeng JS,et al.Carotid artery intima-media thickness, carotid plaque and coronary heart disease and stroke in Chinese.PLoS ONE.2008;3(10):e3435.
[28]Zielinski T,Dzielinska Z,Januszewicz A,et al.Carotid intima-media thickness as a marker of cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease.Am J Hypertens.2007;20(10):1058-1064.
[29]Leone N,Ducimetiere P,Gariepy J,et al.Distension of the carotid artery and risk of coronary events:the three-city study.Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.2008;28(7):1392-1397.
[30]Sawabe M,Hamamatsu A,Chida K,et al.Elderly patients with minimal common carotid atherosclerosis not infrequently have severe coronary atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction.Circ J.2008;72(12):1946-1952.
[1]Blankenhorn DH,Hodis HN.George Lyman Duff Memorial Lecture.Arterial imaging and atherosclerosis reversal.Arterioscler Thromb.1994,14(2):177-192.
[2]Chambless LE,Heiss G,Folsom AR,et al.Association of coronary heart disease incidence with carotid arterial wall thickness and major risk factors:the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities(ARIC) Study,1987-1993.Am J Epidemiol.1997,146(6):483-494.
[3]O'Leary DH,Polak JF,Kronmal RA,et al.Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults.Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group.N Engl J Med.1999,340(1):14-22.
[4]Hollander M,Bots ML,del Sol AI,et al.Carotid plaques increase the risk of stroke and subtypes of cerebral infarction in asymptomatic elderly:the Rotterdam Study.Circulation.2002,105(24):2872-2877.
[5]Heuten H,Goovaerts I,Ennekens G,et al.Carotid artery intima-media thickness is associated with coronary artery disease.Acta Cardiol.2008,63(3):309-313.
[6]Jukema JW,Bruschke AVG,van Boven AJ,et al.Effects of lipid lowering by pravastatin on progression and regression of coronary artery disease in symptomatic men with normal to moderately elevated serum cholesterol levels:the Regression Growth Evaluation Statin Study(REGRESS).Circulation.1995,91(10):2528-2540.
[7]Taylor AJ,Kent SM,Flaherty PJ,et al.ARBITER:Arterial Biology for the Investigation of the Treatment Effects of Reducing Cholesterol:a randomized trial comparing the effects of atorvastatin and pravastatin on carotid intima medial thickness.Circulation.2002,106(16):2055-2060.
[8]Kastelein JJP,de Groot E,Sankatsing R.Atherosclerosis measured by B-Mode ultrasonography:effect of statin therapy on disease progression. Am J Med.2004,116 Suppl 6A:31s-36s.
[9]Wiegman A,de Groot E,Hutten BA,et al.Arterial intima-media thickness in children heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolaemia.Lancet.2004,363(9406):369-370.
[10]Wiegman A,Hutten BA,de Groot E,et al.Efficacy and safety of statin therapy in children with familial hypercholesterolemia:a randomized controlled trial.JAMA.2004,292(3):33 1-337.
[11]Van Dam MJ,de Groot E,Clee SM,et al.Association between increased arterial-wall thickness and impairment in ABCA1-driven cholesterol efflux:an observational study.Lancet.2002,359(9300):37-42.
[12]Hovingh GK,Brownlie A,Bisoendial RJ,et al.A novel apoA-I mutation (L178P) leads to endothelial dysfunction,increased arterial wall thickness,and premature coronary artery disease.J Am Coll Cardiol.2004,44(7):1429-1435.
[13]Terpstra WF,May JF,Smit AJ,et al.Effects of nifedipine on carotid and femoral arterial wall thickness in previously untreated hypertensive patients.Blood Press Suppl.2003,1:22-29.
[14]Lorenz MW,Markus HS,Bots ML,et al.Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima-media thickness:a systematic review and meta-analysis.Circulation.2007,115(4):459-467.
[15]Kablak-Ziembicka A,Tracz W,Przewlocki T,et al.Association of increased carotid intima-media thickness with the extent of coronary artery disease.Heart.2004,90(11):1286-1290.
[16]Pletcher MJ,Tice JA,Pignone M,Browner WS.Using the coronary artery calcium score to predict coronary heart disease events:a systematic review and meta-analysis.Arch Intern Med.2004,164(12):1285-1292.
[17]Greenland P,LaBree L,Azen SP,et al.Coronary artery calcium score combined with Framingham score for risk prediction in asymptomatic individuals.JAMA.2004,291(2):210-215.
[18]Shaw LJ,Raggi P,Schisterman E,et al.Prognostic value of cardiac risk factors and coronary artery calcium screening for all-cause mortality.Radiology.2003,228(3):826-833.
[19]Leber AW,Knez A,Becker A,et al.Accuracy of multidetector spiral computed tomography in identifying and differentiating the composition of coronary atherosclerotic plaques:A comparative study with intracoronary ultrasound.J Am Coll Cardiol.2004,43(7):1241-1247.
[20]Achenbach S,Moselewski F,Ropers D,et al.Detection of calcified and noncalcified coronary atherosclerotic plaque by contrast-enhanced,submillimeter multidetector spiral computed tomography:a segment-based comparison with intravascular ultrasound.Circulation.2004,109(1):14-17.
[21]Becker CR,Nikolaou K,Muder M,et al.Ex vivo coronary atherosclerotic plaque characterization with multi-detector-row CT.Eur Radiol.2003,13(9):2094-2098.
[22]Desai MY,Lai SG,Barmet C,et al.Reproducibility of 3D free-breathing magnetic resonance coronary vessel wall imaging.European Heart Journal.2005,26(21):2320-2324.
[23]Botnar RM,Kim WY,Bornert P,et al.3D coronary vessel wall imaging utilizing a local inversion technique with spiral image acquisition.Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.2001,46(5):848-854.
[24]Koktzoglou L,Simonetti O,Li D.Coronary Artery Wall Imaging:Initial Experience at 3 Tesla.J Magn Reson Imaging.2005,21(2):128-132.
[25]Kies P,Bruschke AVG,Jukema JW.Progression and regression of coronary artherosclerosis.Observational studies and(statin) intervention trials in perspective.In:Gaw A,Packard CJ,Shepherd J,editors.Statins,the HMG CoA reductase inhinitors in perspective,second edition.London:Martin Dunitz;2004.pp.73-95.A recent and comprehensive overview of progression and regression of coronary atherosclerosis with focus on observational studies and(statin-) intervention trials evaluated by QCA and intravascular ultrasound.
[26]Glagov S,Weisenberg E,Zarins CK,et al.Compensatory enlargement of human atherosclerotic coronary arteries.N Engl J Med.1987,3 16(22):1371-1375.
[27]Marcus ML,Armstrong ML,Heistad DD,et al.Comparison of three methods of evaluating coronary obstructive lesions:postmortem arteriography,pathologic examination and measurement of regional myocardium perfusion during maximal vasodilation.Am J Cardiol.1982,49(7):1699-1706.
[28]Escolar E,Weigold G,Fuisz A,et al.New imaging techniques for diagnosing coronary artery disease.CMAJ.2006,174(4):487-495.
[29]Rasouli ML,Shavelle DM,French WJ,et al.Assessment of coronary plaque morphology by contrast-enhanced computed tomographic angiography:comparison with intravascular ultrasound.Coron Artery Dis.2006,17(4):359-364.
[30]Rieber J,Meissner O,Babaryka G,et al.Diagnostic accuracy of optical coherence tomography and intravascular ultrasound for the detection and characterization of atherosclerotic plaque composition in ex-vivo coronary specimens:a comparison with histology.Coron Artery Dis.2006,17(5):425-430.
[2]Kannel WB,Wolf PA.Peripheral and cerebral atherothrombosis and cardiovascular events in different vascular territories:insights from the Framingham Study.Curr Atheroscler Rep.2006;8(4):3 17-323.
[3]Meco JF,Pinto X,Escriba JM,et al.Cardiovascular risk factors associated with clinically isolated and diffuse atherosclerosis in Spanish patients with coronary artery disease.Eur J Clin Invest.1998;28(8):643-650.
[4]Rampersaud E,Bielak LF,Parsa A,et al.The association of coronary artery calcification and carotid artery intima-media thickness with distinct,traditional coronary artery disease risk factors in asymptomatic adults.Am J Epidemiol.2008;168(9):1016-1023.
[5]Taylor AJ,Bindeman J,Le TP,et al.Progression of calcified coronary atherosclerosis:relationship to coronary risk factors and carotid intima-media thickness.Atherosclerosis.2008;197(1):339-345.
[6]Underhill HR,Yuan C,Terry JG,et al.Differences in carotid arterial morphology and composition between individuals with and without obstructive coronary artery disease:a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study.J Cardiovasc Magn Reson.2008;10(1):31.
[7]Manolio TA,Arnold AM,Post W,et al.Ethnic differences in the relationship of carotid atherosclerosis to coronary calcification:the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.Atherosclerosis.2008;197(1):132-138.
[8]El-Saed A,Sekikawa A,Edmundowicz D,et al.Coronary calcification is more predictive of carotid intimal medial thickness in black compared to white middle aged men.Atherosclerosis.2008,196(2)913-918.
[9]Coll B,Feinstein SB.Carotid intima-media thickness measurements:techniques and clinical relevance.Curr Atheroscler Rep.2008;10(5):444-450.
[10]Cai J,Hatsukami TS,Ferguson MS,et al.In vivo quantitative measurement of intact fibrous cap and lipid-rich necrotic core size in atherosclerotic carotid plaque:comparison of high-resolution,contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and histology.Circulation.2005;112(22):3437-3444.
[11]Chu B,Kampschulte A,Ferguson MS,et al.Hemorrhage in the atherosclerotic carotid plaque:a high-resolution MRI study.Stroke.2004;35(5):1079-1084.
[12]Chu B,Phan BA,Balu N,et al.Reproducibility of carotid atherosclerotic lesion type characterization using high resolution multicontrast weighted cardiovascular magnetic resonance.J Cardiovasc Magn Reson.2006;8(6):793-799.
[13]Rumberger JA,Simons DB,Fitzpatrick LA,et al.Coronary artery calcium area by electron-beam computed tomography and coronary atherosclerotic plaque area.A histopathologic correlative study.Circulation.1995;92(8):2157-2162.
[14]Sangiorgi G,Rumberger JA,Severson A,et al.Arterial calcification and not lumen stenosis is highly correlated with atherosclerotic plaque burden in humans:a histologic study of 723 coronary artery segments using nondecalcifying methodology.J Am Coll Cardiol.1998;31(1):126-133.
[15]Shaw LJ,Raggi P,Schisterman E,et al.Prognostic value of cardiac risk factors and coronary artery calcium screening for all-cause mortality.Radiology.2003;228(3):826-833.
[16]Weintraub WS,Diamond GA.Predicting cardiovascular events with coronary calcium scoring.N Engl J Med.2008;358(13):1394-1396.
[17]Rumberger JA.Coronary artery calcium scanning using computed tomography:clinical recommendations for cardiac risk assessment and treatment.Semin Ultrasound CT MR.2008;29(3):223-229.
[18]Amato M,Montorsi P,Ravani A,et al.Carotid intima-media thickness by B-mode ultrasound as surrogate of coronary atherosclerosis:correlation with quantitative coronary angiography and coronary intravascular ultrasound findings.Eur Heart J.2007;28(17):2094-2101.
[19]Chien KL,Su TC,Jeng JS,et al.Carotid artery intima-media thickness,carotid plaque and coronary heart disease and stroke in Chinese.PLoS ONE.2008;3(10):e3435.
[20]Alaee A,Khademloo M.Evaluation of correlation between carotid artery intima media wall thickness and coronary artery stenosis in Sari,north of Iran.Pak J Biol Sci.2008;11(19):2360-2363.
[21]Newman AB,Naydeck BL,Ives DG,et al.Coronary artery calcium,carotid artery wall thickness,and cardiovascular disease outcomes in adults 70 to 99 years old.Am J Cardiol.2008;101(2):186-192.
[22]Odink AE,van der Lugt A,Hofrnan A,et al.Association between calcification in the coronary arteries,aortic arch and carotid arteries:the Rotterdam study.Atherosclerosis.2007;193(2):408-413.
[23]Johnsen SH,Mathiesen EB.Carotid plaque compared with intima-media thickness as a predictor of coronary and cerebrovascular disease.Curr Cardiol Rep.2009;11(1):21-27.
[24]Brook RD,Bard RL,Patel S,et al.A negative carotid plaque area test is superior to other noninvasive atherosclerosis studies for reducing the likelihood of having underlying significant coronary artery disease.Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.2006;26(3):656-662.
[25]Salzar RS,Thubrikar MJ,Eppink RT.Pressure-induced mechanical stress in the carotid artery bifurcation:a possible correlation to atherosclerosis.J Biomech.1995;28(11):1333-1340.
[26]Bauer M,Mohlenkamp S,Lehmann N,et al.The effect of age and risk factors on coronary and carotid artery atherosclerotic burden in males-Results of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study.Atherosclerosis.2009.
[27]Dalager S,Paaske WP,Kristensen IB,et al.Artery-related differences in atherosclerosis expression:implications for atherogenesis and dynamics in intima-media thickness.Stroke.2007;38(10):2698-2705.
[28]Watson KE.Pathophysiology of coronary calcification.J Cardiovasc Risk.2000;7(2):93-97.
[29]Richardson PD,Davies MJ,Born GV.Influence of plaque configuration and stress distribution on Assuring of coronary atherosclerotic plaques.Lancet.1989;2(8669):941-944.
[30]Felton CV,Crook D,Davies MJ,et al.Relation of plaque lipid composition and morphology to the stability of human aortic plaques.Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol.1997;17(7):1337-1345.
[31]Davies MJ,Richardson PD,Woolf N,et al.Risk of thrombosis in human atherosclerotic plaques:role of extracellular lipid,macrophage,and smooth muscle cell content.Br Heart J.1993;69(5):377-381.
[32]Cappendijk VC,Kessels AG,Heeneman S,et al.Comparison of lipid-rich necrotic core size in symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid atherosclerotic plaque:Initial results.J Magn Reson Imaging.2008;27(6):1356-1361.
[33]Vliegenthart R,Hollander M,Breteler MM,et al.Stroke is associated with coronary calcification as detected by electron-beam CT:the Rotterdam Coronary Calcification Study.Stroke.2002;33(2):462-465.
[1]Glagov S,Weisenberg E,Zarins CK,et al.Compensatory enlargement of human atherosclerotic coronary arteries.N Engl J Med.1987;3 16(22):1371-1375.
[2]Pasterkamp G,Schoneveld AH,van der Wal AC,et al.Relation of arterial geometry to luminal narrowing and histologic markers for plaque vulnerability:the remodeling paradox.J Am Coll Cardiol.1998;32(3):655-662.
[3]Smits PC,Pasterkamp G,de Jaegere PP,et al.Angioscopic complex lesions are predominantly compensatory enlarged:an angioscopy and intracoronary ultrasound study.Cardiovasc Res.1999;41(2):458-464.
[4]Varnava AM,Mills PG,Davies MJ.Relationship between coronary artery remodeling and plaque vulnerability.Circulation.2002;105(8):939-943.
[5]Hardie AD,Kramer CM,Raghavan P,et al.The impact of expansive arterial remodeling on clinical presentation in carotid artery disease:a multidetector CT angiography study.AJNR Am J Neuroradiol.2007;28(6):1067-1070.
[6]Seo WK,Yong HS,Koh SB,et al.Correlation of coronary artery atherosclerosis with atherosclerosis of the intracranial cerebral artery and the extracranial carotid artery.Eur Neurol.2008;59(6):292-298.
[7]Underhill HR,Yuan C,Terry JG,et al.Differences in carotid arterial morphology and composition between individuals with and without obstructive coronary artery disease:a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study.J Cardiovasc Magn Reson.2008;10(1):31.
[8]Rixe J,Rolf A,Conradi G,et al.Detection of relevant coronary artery disease using dual-source computed tomography in a high probability patient series:comparison with invasive angiography.Circ J.2009;73(2):316-322.
[9]Alaee A,Khademloo M.Evaluation of correlation between carotid artery intima media wall thickness and coronary artery stenosis in Sari,north of Iran.Pak J Biol Sci.2008;11(19):2360-2363.
[10]Kablak-Ziembicka A,Przewlocki T,Tracz W,et al.Carotid intima-media thickness in pre-and postmenopausal women with suspected coronary artery disease.Heart Vessels.2008;23(5):295-300.
[11]Graner M,Varpula M,Kahri J,et al.Association of carotid intima-media thickness with angiographic severity and extent of coronary artery disease.Am J Cardiol.2006;97(5):624-629.
[12]Hermiller JB,Tenaglia AN,Kisslo KB,et al.In vivo validation of compensatory enlargement of atherosclerotic coronary arteries.Am J Cardiol.1993;71(8):665-668.
[13]McPherson DD,Sirna SJ,Hiratzka LF,et al.Coronary arterial remodeling studied by high-frequency epicardial echocardiography:an early compensatory mechanism in patients with obstructive coronary atherosclerosis.J Am Coll Cardiol.1991;17(1)79-86.
[14]Nishioka T,Luo H,Eigler NL,et al.Contribution of inadequate compensatory enlargement to development of human coronary artery stenosis:an in vivo intravascular ultrasound study.J Am Coll Cardiol.1996;27(7):1571-1576.
[15]Pasterkamp G,Wensing PJ,Post MJ,et al.Paradoxical arterial wall shrinkage may contribute to luminal narrowing of human atherosclerotic femoral arteries.Circulation.1995;91(5):1444-1449.
[16]Schoenhagen P,Ziada KM,Kapadia SR,et al.Extent and direction of arterial remodeling in stable versus unstable coronary syndromes:an intravascular ultrasound study.Circulation.2000;101(6):598-603.
[17]Jeremias A,Spies C,Herity NA,et al.Coronary artery distensibility and compensatory vessel enlargement--a novel parameter influencing vascular remodeling?Basic Res Cardiol.2001;96(5):506-512.
[18]Hong MK,Park SW,Lee CW,et al.Prospective comparison of coronary artery remodeling between acute coronary syndrome and stable angina in single-vessel disease,correlation between C-reactive protein and extent of arterial remodeling.Clin Cardiol.2003;26(4):169-172.
[19]Ehara S,Kobayashi Y,Yoshiyama M,et al.Spotty calcification typifies the culprit plaque in patients with acute myocardial infarction:an intravascular ultrasound study.Circulation.2004;110(22):3424-3429.
[20]Higashikuni Y,Tanabe K,Yamamoto H,et al.Relationship between coronary artery remodeling and plaque composition in culprit lesions:an intravascular ultrasound radiofrequency analysis.Circ J.2007;71(5):654-660.
[21]Kume T,Okura H,Kawamoto T,et al.Relationship between coronary remodeling and plaque characterization in patients without clinical evidence of coronary artery disease.Atherosclerosis.2008;197(2):799-805.
[22]Nakamura M,Nishikawa H,Mukai S,et al.Impact of coronary artery remodeling on clinical presentation of coronary artery disease:an intravascular ultrasound study.J Am Coll Cardiol.2001;37(1):63-69.
[23]Manfrini O,Pizzi C,Viecca M,et al.Abnormalities of cardiac autonomic nervous activity correlate with expansive coronary artery remodeling.Atherosclerosis.2008;197(1):183-189.
[24]Imazeki T,Sato Y,Inoue F,et al.Evaluation of coronary artery remodeling in patients with acute coronary syndrome and stable angina by multislice computed tomography.Circ J.2004;68(11):1045-1050.
[25]Miao C,Chen S,Macedo R,et al.Positive remodeling of the coronary arteries detected by magnetic resonance imaging in an asymptomatic population:MESA(Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis).J Am Coll Cardiol.2009;53(18):1708-1715.
[26]Pasterkamp G,Fitzgerald PF,de Kleijn DP.Atherosclerotic expansive remodeled plaques:a wolf in sheep's clothing.J Vasc Res.2002;39(6):514-523.
[27]Pasterkamp G,Schoneveld AH,van Wolferen W,et al.The impact of atherosclerotic arterial remodeling on percentage of luminal stenosis varies widely within the arterial system.A postmortem study.Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.1997;17(11):3057-3063.
[28]Zarins CK,Weisenberg E,Kolettis G,et al.Differential enlargement of artery segments in response to enlarging atherosclerotic plaques.J Vasc Surg.1988;7(3):386-394.
[29]Kato M,Dote K,Habara S,et al.Clinical implications of carotid artery remodeling in acute coronary syndrome:ultrasonographic assessment of positive remodeling.J Am Coll Cardiol.2003;42(6):1026-1032.
[1]Liu HL,Zhang J,Ma DX,et al.Coronary plaque characterization of nonculprit or nontarget lesions assessed by analysis of in vivo intracoronary ultrasound radio-frequency data.Chin Med J(Engl).2009;122(6).622-626.
[2]Pundziute G,Schuijf JD,Jukema JW,et al.Evaluation of plaque characteristics in acute coronary syndromes:non-invasive assessment with multi-slice computed tomography and invasive evaluation with intravascular ultrasound radiofrequency data analysis.Eur Heart J.2008;29(19):2373-2381.
[3]Biasucci LM,Leo M,De Maria GL.Local and systemic mechanisms of plaque rupture.Angiology.2008;59(2 Suppl):73S-76S.
[4]Virmani R,Kolodgie FD,Burke AP,et al.Lessons from sudden coronary death:a comprehensive morphological classification scheme for atherosclerotic lesions.Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.2000;20(5):1262-1275.
[5]Palmer ND,Northridge D,Lessells A,et al.In vitro analysis of coronary atheromatous lesions by intravascular ultrasound;reproducibility and histological correlation of lesion morphology.Eur Heart J.1999;20(23):1701-1706.
[6]Watson RJ,McLean CC,Moore MP,et al.Classification of arterial plaque by spectral analysis of in vitro radio frequency intravascular ultrasound data.Ultrasound Med Biol.2000;26(1):73-80.
[7]Sun J,Zhang Z,Lu B,et al.Identification and quantification of coronary atherosclerotic plaques:a comparison of 64-MDCT and intravascular ultrasound.AJR Am J Roentgenol.2008;190(3):748-754.
[8]Komatsu S,Hirayama A,Omori Y,et al.Detection of coronary plaque by computed tomography with a novel plaque analysis system,‘Plaque Map’,and comparison with intravascular ultrasound and angioscopy.Circ J.2005;69(1):72-77.
[9]Davies MJ,Richardson PD,Woolf N,et al.Risk of thrombosis in human atherosclerotic plaques:role of extracellular lipid,macrophage,and smooth muscle cell content.Br Heart J.1993;69(5):377-381.
[10]Felton CV,Crook D,Davies MJ,et al.Relation of plaque lipid composition and morphology to the stability of human aortic plaques.Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.1997;17(7):1337-1345.
[11]Cai J,Hatsukami TS,Ferguson MS,et al.In vivo quantitative measurement of intact fibrous cap and lipid-rich necrotic core size in atherosclerotic carotid plaque:comparison of high-resolution,contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and histology.Circulation.2005;112(22):3437-3444.
[12]Dalager S,Paaske WP,Kristensen IB,et al.Artery-related differences in atherosclerosis expression,implications for atherogenesis and dynamics in intima-media thickness.Stroke.2007;38(10):2698-2705.
[13]Falk E,Shah PK,Fuster V.Coronary plaque disruption.Circulation.1995;92(3):657-671.
[14]Libby P.Molecular bases of the acute coronary syndromes.Circulation.1995;91(11):2844-2850.
[15]Pasterkamp G,Falk E,Woutman H,et al.Techniques characterizing the coronary atherosclerotic plaque:influence on clinical decision making?J Am Coll Cardiol.2000;36(1):13-21.
[16]Becker CR,Knez A,Ohnesorge B,et al.Imaging of noncalcified coronary plaques using helical CT with retrospective ECG gating.AJR Am J Roentgenol.2000;175(2):423-424.
[17]Kopp AF,Schroeder S,Baumbach A,et al.Non-invasive characterisation of coronary lesion morphology and composition by multislice CT:first results in comparison with intracoronary ultrasound.Eur Radiol.2001;11(9):1607-1611.
[18]Choi BJ,Kang DK,Tahk SJ,et al.Comparison of 64-slice multidetector computed tomography with spectral analysis of intravascular ultrasound backscatter signals for characterizations of noncalcified coronary arterial plaques.Am J Cardiol.2008;102(8):988-993.
[19]Hur J,Kim YJ,Lee HJ,et al.Quantification and characterization of obstructive coronary plaques using 64-slice computed tomography:a comparison with intravascular ultrasound.J Comput Assist Tomogr.2009;33(2):186-192.
[20]Petranovic M,Soni A,Bezzera H,et al.Assessment of nonstenotic coronary lesions by 64-slice multidetector computed tomography in comparison to intravascular ultrasound:evaluation of nonculprit coronary lesions.J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr.2009;3(1):24-31.
[21]Chu B,Kampschulte A,Ferguson MS,et al.Hemorrhage in the atherosclerotic carotid plaque:a high-resolution MRI study.Stroke.2004;35(5):1079-1084.
[22]Odink AE,van der Lugt A,Hofman A,et al.Association between calcification in the coronary arteries,aortic arch and carotid arteries:the Rotterdam study.Atherosclerosis.2007;193(2):408-413.
[23]Wagenknecht LE,Langefeld CD,Freedman BI,et al.A comparison of risk factors for calcified atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary,carotid,and abdominal aortic arteries:the diabetes heart study.Am J Epidemiol.2007;166(3):340-347.
[24]Sarno G,Vanhoenacker P,Decramer 1,et al..Characterisation of the“vulnerable”coronary plaque by multi-detector computed tomography:a correlative study with intravascular ultrasound-derived radiofrequency analysis of plaque composition.EuroIntervention.2008;4(3):318-323.
[25]Richardson PD,Davies MJ,Born GV.Influence of plaque configuration and stress distribution on Assuring of coronary atherosclerotic plaques.Lancet.1989;2(8669):941-944.
[26]Watson KE.Pathophysiology of coronary calcification.J Cardiovasc Risk.2000;7(2):93-97.
[27]Cappendijk VC,Kessels AG,Heeneman S,et al.Comparison of lipid-rich necrotic core size in symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid atherosclerotic plaque:Initial results.J Magn Reson Imaging.2008,27(6):1356-1361.
[1]Yuan C,Kerwin WS.MRI of atherosclerosis.J Magn Reson Imaging.2004;19(6):710-719.
[2]A randomised,blinded,trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events(CAPRIE).CAPRIE Steering Committee.Lancet.1996;348(9038):1329-1339.
[3]Kannel WB,Wolf PA.Peripheral and cerebral atherothrombosis and cardiovascular events in different vascular territories:insights from the Framingham Study.Curr Atheroscler Rep.2006;8(4):317-323.
[4]Meco JF,Pinto X,Escriba JM,et al.Cardiovascular risk factors associated with clinically isolated and diffuse atherosclerosis in Spanish patients with coronary artery disease.Eur J Clin Invest.1998;28(8):643-650.
[5]Dalager S,Paaske WP,Kristensen IB,et al.Artery-related differences in atherosclerosis expression:implications for atherogenesis and dynamics in intima-media thickness.Stroke.2007;38(10):2698-2705.
[6]Rampersaud E,Bielak LF,Parsa A,et al.The association of coronary artery calcification and carotid artery intima-media thickness with distinct,traditional coronary artery disease risk factors in asymptomatic adults.Am J Epidemiol.2008;168(9):1016-1023.
[7]Taylor AJ,Bindeman J,Le TP,et al.Progression of calcified coronary atherosclerosis:relationship to coronary risk factors and carotid intima-media thickness.Atherosclerosis.2008;197(1):339-345.
[8]Underhill HR,Yuan C,Terry JG,et al.Differences in carotid arterial morphology and composition between individuals with and without obstructive coronary artery disease:a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study.J Cardiovasc Magn Reson.2008;10(1):31.
[9]Rumberger JA,Simons DB,Fitzpatrick LA,et al.Coronary artery calcium area by electron-beam computed tomography and coronary atherosclerotic plaque area.A histopathologic correlative study.Circulation.1995;92(8):2157-2162.
[10]Sangiorgi G,Rumberger JA,Severson A,et al.Arterial calcification and not lumen stenosis is highly correlated with atherosclerotic plaque burden in humans:a histologic study of 723 coronary artery segments using nondecalcifying methodology.J Am Coll Cardiol.1998;31(1):126-133.
[11]Weintraub WS,Diamond GA.Predicting cardiovascular events with coronary calcium scoring.N Engl J Med.2008,358(13):1394-1396.
[12]Wong M,Edelstein J,Wollman J,et al.Ultrasonic-pathological comparison of the human arterial wall.Verification of intima-media thickness.Arterioscler Thromb.1993;13(4):482-486.
[13]El-Saed A,Sekikawa A,Edmundowicz D,et al.Coronary calcification is more predictive of carotid intimal medial thickness in black compared to white middle aged men.Atherosclerosis.2008;196(2):913-918.
[14]Manolio TA,Arnold AM,Post W,et al.Ethnic differences in the relationship of carotid atherosclerosis to coronary calcification:the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.Atherosclerosis.2008;197(1):132-138.
[15]Wagenknecht LE,Langefeld CD,Freedman BI,et al.A comparison of risk factors for calcified atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary,carotid,and abdominal aortic arteries:the diabetes heart study.Am J Epidemiol.2007;166(3):340-347.
[16]Bauer M,Mohlenkamp S,Lehmann N,et al.The effect of age and risk factors on coronary and carotid artery atherosclerotic burden in males-Results of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study.Atherosclerosis.2009.
[17]Alaee A,Khademloo M.Evaluation of correlation between carotid artery intima media wall thickness and coronary artery stenosis in Sari,north of Iran.Pak J Biol Sci.2008;11(19):2360-2363.
[18]Graner M,Varpula M,Kahri J,et al.Association of carotid intima-media thickness with angiographic severity and extent of coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol.2006;97(5):624-629.
[19]Amato M,Montorsi P,Ravani A,et al.Carotid intima-media thickness by B-mode ultrasound as surrogate of coronary atherosclerosis:correlation with quantitative coronary angiography and coronary intravascular ultrasound findings.Eur Heart J.2007;28(17):2094-2101.
[20]Kasliwal RR,Bansal M,Gupta H,et al.Association of carotid intima-media thickness with left main coronary artery disease.Indian Heart J.2007;59(1):50-55.
[21]Kablak-Ziembicka A,Przewlocki T,Tracz W,et al.Gender differences in carotid intima-media thickness in patients with suspected coronary artery disease.Am J Cardiol.2005,96(9):1217-1222.
[22]Kablak-Ziembicka A,Przewlocki T,Tracz W,et al.Carotid intima-media thickness in pre-and postmenopausal women with suspected coronary artery disease.Heart Vessels.2008;23(5):295-300.
[23]Vliegenthart R,Hollander M,Breteler MM,et al.Stroke is associated with coronary calcification as detected by electron-beam CT:the Rotterdam Coronary Calcification Study.Stroke.2002;33(2):462-465.
[24]Odink AE,van der Lugt A,Hofman A,et al.Association between calcification in the coronary arteries,aortic arch and carotid arteries:the Rotterdam study.Atherosclerosis.2007;193(2):408-413.
[25]Newman AB,Nay deck BL,Ives DG,et al.Coronary artery calcium,carotid artery wall thickness,and cardiovascular disease outcomes in adults 70 to 99 years old.Am J Cardiol.2008;101(2):186-192.
[26]Nikic P,Savic M,Jakovljevic V,et al.Carotid atherosclerosis,coronary atherosclerosis and carotid intima-media thickness in patients with ischemic cerebral disease:Is there any link?Exp Clin Cardiol.2006;11(2):102-106.
[27]Chien KL,Su TC,Jeng JS,et al.Carotid artery intima-media thickness, carotid plaque and coronary heart disease and stroke in Chinese.PLoS ONE.2008;3(10):e3435.
[28]Zielinski T,Dzielinska Z,Januszewicz A,et al.Carotid intima-media thickness as a marker of cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease.Am J Hypertens.2007;20(10):1058-1064.
[29]Leone N,Ducimetiere P,Gariepy J,et al.Distension of the carotid artery and risk of coronary events:the three-city study.Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.2008;28(7):1392-1397.
[30]Sawabe M,Hamamatsu A,Chida K,et al.Elderly patients with minimal common carotid atherosclerosis not infrequently have severe coronary atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction.Circ J.2008;72(12):1946-1952.
[1]Blankenhorn DH,Hodis HN.George Lyman Duff Memorial Lecture.Arterial imaging and atherosclerosis reversal.Arterioscler Thromb.1994,14(2):177-192.
[2]Chambless LE,Heiss G,Folsom AR,et al.Association of coronary heart disease incidence with carotid arterial wall thickness and major risk factors:the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities(ARIC) Study,1987-1993.Am J Epidemiol.1997,146(6):483-494.
[3]O'Leary DH,Polak JF,Kronmal RA,et al.Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults.Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group.N Engl J Med.1999,340(1):14-22.
[4]Hollander M,Bots ML,del Sol AI,et al.Carotid plaques increase the risk of stroke and subtypes of cerebral infarction in asymptomatic elderly:the Rotterdam Study.Circulation.2002,105(24):2872-2877.
[5]Heuten H,Goovaerts I,Ennekens G,et al.Carotid artery intima-media thickness is associated with coronary artery disease.Acta Cardiol.2008,63(3):309-313.
[6]Jukema JW,Bruschke AVG,van Boven AJ,et al.Effects of lipid lowering by pravastatin on progression and regression of coronary artery disease in symptomatic men with normal to moderately elevated serum cholesterol levels:the Regression Growth Evaluation Statin Study(REGRESS).Circulation.1995,91(10):2528-2540.
[7]Taylor AJ,Kent SM,Flaherty PJ,et al.ARBITER:Arterial Biology for the Investigation of the Treatment Effects of Reducing Cholesterol:a randomized trial comparing the effects of atorvastatin and pravastatin on carotid intima medial thickness.Circulation.2002,106(16):2055-2060.
[8]Kastelein JJP,de Groot E,Sankatsing R.Atherosclerosis measured by B-Mode ultrasonography:effect of statin therapy on disease progression. Am J Med.2004,116 Suppl 6A:31s-36s.
[9]Wiegman A,de Groot E,Hutten BA,et al.Arterial intima-media thickness in children heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolaemia.Lancet.2004,363(9406):369-370.
[10]Wiegman A,Hutten BA,de Groot E,et al.Efficacy and safety of statin therapy in children with familial hypercholesterolemia:a randomized controlled trial.JAMA.2004,292(3):33 1-337.
[11]Van Dam MJ,de Groot E,Clee SM,et al.Association between increased arterial-wall thickness and impairment in ABCA1-driven cholesterol efflux:an observational study.Lancet.2002,359(9300):37-42.
[12]Hovingh GK,Brownlie A,Bisoendial RJ,et al.A novel apoA-I mutation (L178P) leads to endothelial dysfunction,increased arterial wall thickness,and premature coronary artery disease.J Am Coll Cardiol.2004,44(7):1429-1435.
[13]Terpstra WF,May JF,Smit AJ,et al.Effects of nifedipine on carotid and femoral arterial wall thickness in previously untreated hypertensive patients.Blood Press Suppl.2003,1:22-29.
[14]Lorenz MW,Markus HS,Bots ML,et al.Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima-media thickness:a systematic review and meta-analysis.Circulation.2007,115(4):459-467.
[15]Kablak-Ziembicka A,Tracz W,Przewlocki T,et al.Association of increased carotid intima-media thickness with the extent of coronary artery disease.Heart.2004,90(11):1286-1290.
[16]Pletcher MJ,Tice JA,Pignone M,Browner WS.Using the coronary artery calcium score to predict coronary heart disease events:a systematic review and meta-analysis.Arch Intern Med.2004,164(12):1285-1292.
[17]Greenland P,LaBree L,Azen SP,et al.Coronary artery calcium score combined with Framingham score for risk prediction in asymptomatic individuals.JAMA.2004,291(2):210-215.
[18]Shaw LJ,Raggi P,Schisterman E,et al.Prognostic value of cardiac risk factors and coronary artery calcium screening for all-cause mortality.Radiology.2003,228(3):826-833.
[19]Leber AW,Knez A,Becker A,et al.Accuracy of multidetector spiral computed tomography in identifying and differentiating the composition of coronary atherosclerotic plaques:A comparative study with intracoronary ultrasound.J Am Coll Cardiol.2004,43(7):1241-1247.
[20]Achenbach S,Moselewski F,Ropers D,et al.Detection of calcified and noncalcified coronary atherosclerotic plaque by contrast-enhanced,submillimeter multidetector spiral computed tomography:a segment-based comparison with intravascular ultrasound.Circulation.2004,109(1):14-17.
[21]Becker CR,Nikolaou K,Muder M,et al.Ex vivo coronary atherosclerotic plaque characterization with multi-detector-row CT.Eur Radiol.2003,13(9):2094-2098.
[22]Desai MY,Lai SG,Barmet C,et al.Reproducibility of 3D free-breathing magnetic resonance coronary vessel wall imaging.European Heart Journal.2005,26(21):2320-2324.
[23]Botnar RM,Kim WY,Bornert P,et al.3D coronary vessel wall imaging utilizing a local inversion technique with spiral image acquisition.Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.2001,46(5):848-854.
[24]Koktzoglou L,Simonetti O,Li D.Coronary Artery Wall Imaging:Initial Experience at 3 Tesla.J Magn Reson Imaging.2005,21(2):128-132.
[25]Kies P,Bruschke AVG,Jukema JW.Progression and regression of coronary artherosclerosis.Observational studies and(statin) intervention trials in perspective.In:Gaw A,Packard CJ,Shepherd J,editors.Statins,the HMG CoA reductase inhinitors in perspective,second edition.London:Martin Dunitz;2004.pp.73-95.A recent and comprehensive overview of progression and regression of coronary atherosclerosis with focus on observational studies and(statin-) intervention trials evaluated by QCA and intravascular ultrasound.
[26]Glagov S,Weisenberg E,Zarins CK,et al.Compensatory enlargement of human atherosclerotic coronary arteries.N Engl J Med.1987,3 16(22):1371-1375.
[27]Marcus ML,Armstrong ML,Heistad DD,et al.Comparison of three methods of evaluating coronary obstructive lesions:postmortem arteriography,pathologic examination and measurement of regional myocardium perfusion during maximal vasodilation.Am J Cardiol.1982,49(7):1699-1706.
[28]Escolar E,Weigold G,Fuisz A,et al.New imaging techniques for diagnosing coronary artery disease.CMAJ.2006,174(4):487-495.
[29]Rasouli ML,Shavelle DM,French WJ,et al.Assessment of coronary plaque morphology by contrast-enhanced computed tomographic angiography:comparison with intravascular ultrasound.Coron Artery Dis.2006,17(4):359-364.
[30]Rieber J,Meissner O,Babaryka G,et al.Diagnostic accuracy of optical coherence tomography and intravascular ultrasound for the detection and characterization of atherosclerotic plaque composition in ex-vivo coronary specimens:a comparison with histology.Coron Artery Dis.2006,17(5):425-430.