长春市城区大气降尘特征及来源研究
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摘要
大气降尘是指以自身重力作用自然沉降于地面的颗粒物,粒径一般大于10μm,小于100μm,它对土壤、水体、植物和人体都有一定的危害。目前我国的学者对一些大中型城市的大气降尘进行了较为系统和全面的研究,但是对长春市降尘的研究却很少,已发表的成果仅有两例,因此对长春市大气降尘的时空分布、特征及来源进行系统的分析和研究不仅具有较强的理论意义,而且还可为环保部门提供基础数据。本文以长春市城区为研究对象,收集了长春市近10年的降尘资料,揭示了长春市降尘量的变化趋势;采集了2006年10月~2007年2月的降尘样品以及污染源样品,对降尘样品进行了粒度分析、元素分析;应用化学质量平衡法和富集因子法,从定量和定性两个方面对降尘的来源进行了解析,并根据分析结果提出了防治降尘污染的对策和建议。
从近10年的降尘资料分析结果看,长春市降尘量总体变化呈波动下降趋势,每年二季度的降尘量在全年总降尘量中占较大的比例,三季度是长春市空气质量相对较好的时期;应用ICP-AES法,对采暖期降尘样品和源样品中的10种元素As、Ca、Cu、Mg、Zn、Fe、Al、Ti、Mn和Pb进行了测试和分析,结合前人对非采暖期降尘的研究结果发现,采暖期和非采暖期大气降尘的元素组成差异不大,Al、Fe、Ca为长春市大气降尘的主要元素;粒度分析结果表明,各采样点的粒度分布曲线形态很相似,且都为三峰或四峰,降尘的搬运方式是以跃移为主,说明其来自于周边地区,且主要是风力和人为活动所致。
应用化学质量平衡法和富集因子法对降尘进行来源解析的结果表明,长春市大气降尘来源以自然源即土壤风沙尘为主,人为源主要是燃煤尘和汽车尾气尘。从各个功能区来看,居民区、工业区及交通繁忙地段污染元素含量较高,清洁对照区除Pb元素没有其他污染元素富集。燃煤尘是采暖期降尘的主要来源,非采暖期降尘的主要来源为土壤风沙尘。从全年来看,长春市大气降尘的主要来源是燃煤尘和土壤风沙尘,其次为道路尘、建筑尘和机动车尾气尘。
对长春市大气降尘污染进行治理和控制,应该首先以城市生态建设为基础,加强绿化建设和水域建设,实现社会、经济和环境的可持续发展。在城市生态建设的基础上进行城市综合整治,包括工业布局调整、供热系统的改进以及城市公共基础设施的建设。
The atmosphereic dustfall is a kind of particles which fall on the ground with its own gravitation. Its diameter was more than 10μm and less than 100μm. It is very bad for soil, water, vegetation and human being. At present, a lot of systematic and comprehensive research about larger cities have been done by Chinese scholars. But there was rarely dustfall research in Changchun city. There were not only strong theoretical significance but also provide the basic data for the environmental department.and if we can analysis and research on space-time distribution, characteristics and sources of dustfall.
In this paper, the Changchun city was taken as the study area. The data about 10 years on dustfall were collected, the change tendency of dustfall was disclosed. Dustfall samples from October 2005 to February 2006 and samples of pollution sources were collected also. The samples were measured and analyzed by particle size analyzer and ICP-AES. EF and CMB receptor model is used to make source apportiontment of the dustfall.
The data of dustfall in recent 10 years showed that the mainly change trend of dustfall in Changchun was fluctuatedly descend. Dustfall was much in the Second Quarter and there was the best atmosphere quality in the Third Quarter . Content of 10 elements (As、Ca、Cu、Mg、Zn、Fe、Al、Ti、Mn、Pb) and samples of pollution sources were measured by ICP-AES. Combined with the formerly research we can see that there is little different in element composition in heating period and non- heating period. The main elements of dustfall in Changchun city are Al、Fe、Ca. The result of Particle Analysis showed that the size distribution curve of all the sample locations are similar and there were three peaks or four peaks . The convey mode of dustfall is saltation, so we can say that the dustfall came from surrounding region, and were caused by wind force and human activities.
CMB and EF receptor model was used to make source apportiontment of dustfall. The results showed that the main sources of dustfall in Changchun was natural source. Coal smoke dust and automotive exhaust dust were main source from human being. From the various functional areas, we can see that there are more pollution elements in residential area and industrial area. In clean area there was not any pollution element except Pb. The main source of dustfall in heating period was Coal smoke dust and soil dust was the main source of non-heating period. In conclusion, the main source of dust in Changchun city were Coal smoke dust and soil dust.
To control and harness the pollution of dustfall in Changchun city, we should base on the construction of the ecological city, we also should enforce afforestation construction and water construction, and then we could achieve social, economic and environmentally sustainable development. Comprehensive treatment of urban Environment must base on the construction of the ecological city, Including the modification of industrial spatial distribution, improvement of heating system and urban public construction of infrastructure.
从近10年的降尘资料分析结果看,长春市降尘量总体变化呈波动下降趋势,每年二季度的降尘量在全年总降尘量中占较大的比例,三季度是长春市空气质量相对较好的时期;应用ICP-AES法,对采暖期降尘样品和源样品中的10种元素As、Ca、Cu、Mg、Zn、Fe、Al、Ti、Mn和Pb进行了测试和分析,结合前人对非采暖期降尘的研究结果发现,采暖期和非采暖期大气降尘的元素组成差异不大,Al、Fe、Ca为长春市大气降尘的主要元素;粒度分析结果表明,各采样点的粒度分布曲线形态很相似,且都为三峰或四峰,降尘的搬运方式是以跃移为主,说明其来自于周边地区,且主要是风力和人为活动所致。
应用化学质量平衡法和富集因子法对降尘进行来源解析的结果表明,长春市大气降尘来源以自然源即土壤风沙尘为主,人为源主要是燃煤尘和汽车尾气尘。从各个功能区来看,居民区、工业区及交通繁忙地段污染元素含量较高,清洁对照区除Pb元素没有其他污染元素富集。燃煤尘是采暖期降尘的主要来源,非采暖期降尘的主要来源为土壤风沙尘。从全年来看,长春市大气降尘的主要来源是燃煤尘和土壤风沙尘,其次为道路尘、建筑尘和机动车尾气尘。
对长春市大气降尘污染进行治理和控制,应该首先以城市生态建设为基础,加强绿化建设和水域建设,实现社会、经济和环境的可持续发展。在城市生态建设的基础上进行城市综合整治,包括工业布局调整、供热系统的改进以及城市公共基础设施的建设。
The atmosphereic dustfall is a kind of particles which fall on the ground with its own gravitation. Its diameter was more than 10μm and less than 100μm. It is very bad for soil, water, vegetation and human being. At present, a lot of systematic and comprehensive research about larger cities have been done by Chinese scholars. But there was rarely dustfall research in Changchun city. There were not only strong theoretical significance but also provide the basic data for the environmental department.and if we can analysis and research on space-time distribution, characteristics and sources of dustfall.
In this paper, the Changchun city was taken as the study area. The data about 10 years on dustfall were collected, the change tendency of dustfall was disclosed. Dustfall samples from October 2005 to February 2006 and samples of pollution sources were collected also. The samples were measured and analyzed by particle size analyzer and ICP-AES. EF and CMB receptor model is used to make source apportiontment of the dustfall.
The data of dustfall in recent 10 years showed that the mainly change trend of dustfall in Changchun was fluctuatedly descend. Dustfall was much in the Second Quarter and there was the best atmosphere quality in the Third Quarter . Content of 10 elements (As、Ca、Cu、Mg、Zn、Fe、Al、Ti、Mn、Pb) and samples of pollution sources were measured by ICP-AES. Combined with the formerly research we can see that there is little different in element composition in heating period and non- heating period. The main elements of dustfall in Changchun city are Al、Fe、Ca. The result of Particle Analysis showed that the size distribution curve of all the sample locations are similar and there were three peaks or four peaks . The convey mode of dustfall is saltation, so we can say that the dustfall came from surrounding region, and were caused by wind force and human activities.
CMB and EF receptor model was used to make source apportiontment of dustfall. The results showed that the main sources of dustfall in Changchun was natural source. Coal smoke dust and automotive exhaust dust were main source from human being. From the various functional areas, we can see that there are more pollution elements in residential area and industrial area. In clean area there was not any pollution element except Pb. The main source of dustfall in heating period was Coal smoke dust and soil dust was the main source of non-heating period. In conclusion, the main source of dust in Changchun city were Coal smoke dust and soil dust.
To control and harness the pollution of dustfall in Changchun city, we should base on the construction of the ecological city, we also should enforce afforestation construction and water construction, and then we could achieve social, economic and environmentally sustainable development. Comprehensive treatment of urban Environment must base on the construction of the ecological city, Including the modification of industrial spatial distribution, improvement of heating system and urban public construction of infrastructure.
引文
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