应用表面功能化的纳米颗粒制备新型纳米复合物的研究
|
摘要
本文的主要研究工作是制备多种表面功能化的纳米粒子,并应用其构筑多种新型的纳米复合材料,我们对所得材料进行了深入的结构表征,研究了其结构与光学、电学性质的关系,探讨这些新材料在光电器件与生物医学领域的应用前景。
主要工作如下:
1.制备了高度有序的CdSe/TiO_2纳米复合材料,并研究了其光电转化性能。首先通过高温热解的方法合成了不同尺寸的CdSe量子点。随后,通过双官能团巯基乙酸将CdSe量子点组装到多孔的锐钛矿TiO_2薄膜表面,首次得到了CdSe量子点敏化的TiO_2薄膜,成功地将其光谱响应区拓展到可见光区。
2.制备了间距可控的CdSe/CNT纳米复合材料,实现了对CdSe量子点与碳纳米管之间的光致电荷传递过程的调控。首先使用三种不同长度的含巯基的羧酸修饰CdSe量子点的表面,得到具有不同厚度的核/壳结构。然后通过静电自组装的方法,成功制备了CdSe/CNT复合材料。复合物CdSe/CNT的荧光效率随着壳层厚度的增加而增大,证明我们有效地控制了CdSe与CNT之间的电荷转移。
3.我们设计并合成了OPE(oligo(phenylene ethynylene))与CdSe量子点的纳米复合物,并研究OPE与CdSe量子点之间的能量转移。通过OPE分子导线的端基巯基,使其固定到CdSe量子点表面,形成CdSe/Den-OPE复合物。我们研究了CdSe/Den-OPE复合物的荧光性质。由于能量转移和电荷转移,分子导线的荧光很大程度的淬灭,伴随着量子点荧光的增强。
4.利用交联法制备了Fe_3O_4/壳聚糖纳米复合物,然后通过共价反应将抗癌药物染料木黄酮连接在纳米复合物表面,形成了一种多功能的纳米载药体系。以胃癌细胞株SGC7901为实验对象,用噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法观察纳米粒子载药体系和染料木黄酮对其增殖活性的影响;采用流式细胞术检测癌细胞的凋亡率。相对于染料木黄酮分子,纳米载药体系表现了更高的抗肿瘤活性。这种纳米复合物在结合药物可控释放和磁性热疗的多功能化疗方面有潜在用途。
In this work,a series of surface functionalized nanopaticles were synthesized, and based on which novel nanohybrid materials were designed and fabricated.The structural,electronic and spectroscopic properties of the obtained nanohybrid materials were characterized to explore their potential applications in the fields like optoelectronics and biology.
The main results are as below:
1.CdSe quantum dots(QDs) modified porous TiO_2 films were prepared and their photo energy conversion efficiencies were studied.CdSe QDs with different sizes were prepared by pyrolytic method.Meanwhile,anatase form of TiO_2 thin films were prepared by anodic oxidation of titanium plates.By using bifunctional linkers modifiers,CdSe quantum dots(QDs) were assembled onto mesoscopic anatase TiO_2 films to give CdSe QDs sensitized TiO_2 thin films.The photoactivities of the new nanostructures under visible light illumination were investigated,and the possible electron transfer mechanism between CdSe QDs and the TiO_2 film was discussed.
2.Novel nanohybrids containing carbon nanotubes(CNTs) and CdSe quantum dots (QDs) were prepared through electrostatic self-assembly method.The CdSe QDs were capped by three mercaptocarboxylic acids,including thioglycolic acid(TGA), dihydrolipoic acid(DHLA) and mercaptoundecanoic acid(MUA),which provide shell thickness of 5.2,10.6 and 15.2 angstroms,respectively.The photoluminescence (PL) efficiencies of the CdSe/CNT nanohybrids increase significantly with the increase of the shell thickness,which is attributed to a distance-dependent charge transfer mechanism.This work demonstrates a simple mean for fine tuning the PL properties and gains new insights to the charge transfer in such CdSe/CNT nanostructures.
3.The energy transfer with in a series of nanocomposites consisting molecular wires and CdSe Qds were investigated.Thiol-substituted dendrimer encapsulated "core-shell" molecular wires(Den-OPE) were used to functionalize CdSe QDs. Attachment of the molecular wires to the CdSe QDs resulted in little change to the electronic structure of the molecular wires,as shown by the absorption spectra.The emission spectra of the CdSe/Den-OPE composite showed that Den-OPE molecular wires emission was quenched,while the emission of CdSe QDs was enhanced due to either an electron or an energy transfer mechanism.
4.A multifunctional drug delivery system for the anti-cancer drug genistein has been devised,which is based on covalently attaching genistein onto the Fe_3O_4 nanoparticles coated with cross-linked carboxymethylated chitosan(CMCH).The nano-conjugate shows good water solubility and superparamagnetic properties.The effects of genistein and Fe_3O_4-CMCH-genistein nano-conjugate on the proliferation and apoptosis of gastric cancer cell line SGC-7901 were investigated by MTT assay and flow cytometry.Compared with free genistein,the nano-conjugate shows much higher anti-tumor effect.This drug delivery system is promising for future multifunctional chemotherapeutic application that combines drug release and magnetic hyperthermia therapy.
主要工作如下:
1.制备了高度有序的CdSe/TiO_2纳米复合材料,并研究了其光电转化性能。首先通过高温热解的方法合成了不同尺寸的CdSe量子点。随后,通过双官能团巯基乙酸将CdSe量子点组装到多孔的锐钛矿TiO_2薄膜表面,首次得到了CdSe量子点敏化的TiO_2薄膜,成功地将其光谱响应区拓展到可见光区。
2.制备了间距可控的CdSe/CNT纳米复合材料,实现了对CdSe量子点与碳纳米管之间的光致电荷传递过程的调控。首先使用三种不同长度的含巯基的羧酸修饰CdSe量子点的表面,得到具有不同厚度的核/壳结构。然后通过静电自组装的方法,成功制备了CdSe/CNT复合材料。复合物CdSe/CNT的荧光效率随着壳层厚度的增加而增大,证明我们有效地控制了CdSe与CNT之间的电荷转移。
3.我们设计并合成了OPE(oligo(phenylene ethynylene))与CdSe量子点的纳米复合物,并研究OPE与CdSe量子点之间的能量转移。通过OPE分子导线的端基巯基,使其固定到CdSe量子点表面,形成CdSe/Den-OPE复合物。我们研究了CdSe/Den-OPE复合物的荧光性质。由于能量转移和电荷转移,分子导线的荧光很大程度的淬灭,伴随着量子点荧光的增强。
4.利用交联法制备了Fe_3O_4/壳聚糖纳米复合物,然后通过共价反应将抗癌药物染料木黄酮连接在纳米复合物表面,形成了一种多功能的纳米载药体系。以胃癌细胞株SGC7901为实验对象,用噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法观察纳米粒子载药体系和染料木黄酮对其增殖活性的影响;采用流式细胞术检测癌细胞的凋亡率。相对于染料木黄酮分子,纳米载药体系表现了更高的抗肿瘤活性。这种纳米复合物在结合药物可控释放和磁性热疗的多功能化疗方面有潜在用途。
In this work,a series of surface functionalized nanopaticles were synthesized, and based on which novel nanohybrid materials were designed and fabricated.The structural,electronic and spectroscopic properties of the obtained nanohybrid materials were characterized to explore their potential applications in the fields like optoelectronics and biology.
The main results are as below:
1.CdSe quantum dots(QDs) modified porous TiO_2 films were prepared and their photo energy conversion efficiencies were studied.CdSe QDs with different sizes were prepared by pyrolytic method.Meanwhile,anatase form of TiO_2 thin films were prepared by anodic oxidation of titanium plates.By using bifunctional linkers modifiers,CdSe quantum dots(QDs) were assembled onto mesoscopic anatase TiO_2 films to give CdSe QDs sensitized TiO_2 thin films.The photoactivities of the new nanostructures under visible light illumination were investigated,and the possible electron transfer mechanism between CdSe QDs and the TiO_2 film was discussed.
2.Novel nanohybrids containing carbon nanotubes(CNTs) and CdSe quantum dots (QDs) were prepared through electrostatic self-assembly method.The CdSe QDs were capped by three mercaptocarboxylic acids,including thioglycolic acid(TGA), dihydrolipoic acid(DHLA) and mercaptoundecanoic acid(MUA),which provide shell thickness of 5.2,10.6 and 15.2 angstroms,respectively.The photoluminescence (PL) efficiencies of the CdSe/CNT nanohybrids increase significantly with the increase of the shell thickness,which is attributed to a distance-dependent charge transfer mechanism.This work demonstrates a simple mean for fine tuning the PL properties and gains new insights to the charge transfer in such CdSe/CNT nanostructures.
3.The energy transfer with in a series of nanocomposites consisting molecular wires and CdSe Qds were investigated.Thiol-substituted dendrimer encapsulated "core-shell" molecular wires(Den-OPE) were used to functionalize CdSe QDs. Attachment of the molecular wires to the CdSe QDs resulted in little change to the electronic structure of the molecular wires,as shown by the absorption spectra.The emission spectra of the CdSe/Den-OPE composite showed that Den-OPE molecular wires emission was quenched,while the emission of CdSe QDs was enhanced due to either an electron or an energy transfer mechanism.
4.A multifunctional drug delivery system for the anti-cancer drug genistein has been devised,which is based on covalently attaching genistein onto the Fe_3O_4 nanoparticles coated with cross-linked carboxymethylated chitosan(CMCH).The nano-conjugate shows good water solubility and superparamagnetic properties.The effects of genistein and Fe_3O_4-CMCH-genistein nano-conjugate on the proliferation and apoptosis of gastric cancer cell line SGC-7901 were investigated by MTT assay and flow cytometry.Compared with free genistein,the nano-conjugate shows much higher anti-tumor effect.This drug delivery system is promising for future multifunctional chemotherapeutic application that combines drug release and magnetic hyperthermia therapy.
引文
[1]http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html.
[2]张立德,牟季美,纳米材料与纳米结构,科学出版社,2001.
[3]J.Liu,T.Tanaka,K.Sivula,A.P.Alivisatos,J.M.J.Frechet,J.Am.Chem.Soc.126,6550-51(2004).
[4]A.Henglein,Chem.Rev.89,1861-73(1989).
[5]K.J.Klabunde,J.stark,O.Koper,C.G.Part,S.Decker,Y.Jiang,I.Lagadic,D.Zhang,J.Phys.Chem.100,12142-53.(1996).
[6]Z.W.Pan,Z.R.Dai,Z.L.Wang,2001,Science 291,1947(2001).
[7]A.Hagfeld,M.Gratzer,Chem.Rev.95,49-68(1995).
[8]Y.Ping,G.C.Hdjinanayis,Appl.Phys.67,4502-04(1990).
[9]刘吉平,廖莉玲编著,无机纳米材料.科学出版社,.
[10]杨玉芬,陈清如,,2002,8(3),22.
[11]Y.Zhu,R.Birringer,U.Herv,H.Gleiter,Phys.Rev.35,9085-90(1987).
[12]A.K.Salem,P.C.Searson,K.W.Leong,Nat.Mater.2,668(2003).
[13]杨柏,沈家骢等,高等学校化学学报18,1219(1997).
[14]P.Ball,L.Garwin,Nature 355,761-66(1992).
[15]A.J.Legget,e.a.S.Chakravarty,Rev.Mod.Phys.59,1-85(1987).
[16]D.D.Awschalom,M.A.Mccord,G.Grinstein,Phys.Rev.Lett.65,783-86(1990).
[17]物.郑厚植,物理21(11),646(1992).
[18]何宇亮,半导体杂志19(4),8(1994).
[19]D.G.Wu,M.E.Kordesch,P.G.V.Patten,Chem.Mater.17,6436(2005).
[20]M.Bruchez,M.Moronne,P.Gin,S.Weiss,A.P.Alivisatos,Science 281,2013(1998).
[21]W.C.W.Chan,S.M.Nie,Science 281,2016(1998).
[22]V.L.Colvin,M.C.Schlamp,A.P.Alivisatos,Nature 370,354(1994).
[23]M.Kazes,D.Y.Lewis,Y.Ebenstein,T.Mokari,U.Bannin,Adv.Mater.14,317(2002).
[24]W.Huynh,X.Peng,A.P.Alivisatos,Adv.Mater.11,923(1999).
[25]I.Robel,V.Subramanian,M.Kuno,P.V.Kamat,J.Am.Chem.Soc.128,2385-93(2006).
[26]C.B.Murray,D.J.Norris,M.G.Bawendi,J.Am.Chem.Soc.115,8706(1993).
[27]X.Peng,M.C.Schlamp,A.V.Kadavanich,A.P.Alivisatos,J.Am.Chem.Soc.119,7019(1997).
[28]L.Qu,Z.A.Peng,X.Peng,Nano Lett.1,333(2001).
[29]G.Daniele,F.Pinaud,S.C.Williams,W.J.Parak,D.Zanchet,S.Weiss,A.P.Alivisatos,J.Phys.Chem.B 105,8861(2001).
[30]W.W.Yu,X.Peng,Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.46,2559(2007).
[31]A.P.Alivisatos,J.Phys.Chem.100,13226(1996).
[32]M.B.Mohamed,D.Tonti,A.Al-Salman,A.Chemseddine,M.Chergui,J.Phys.Chem.B 109,10533(2005).
[33]S.H.Tolbert,A.P.Alivisatos,Science 265,373(1994).
[34]W.W.Yu,E.Chang,R.Drezek,V.L.Colvin,Biochem.Bioph.Res.Co.348,781(2006).
[35]B.Dubertret,P.Skourides,D.J.Norris,V.Noireaux,A.H.Brivanlou,A.Libchaber,Science 2298,1759(2002).
[36]M.E.Akerman,W.C.W.Chan,P.Laakkonen,S.N.Bhatia,E.Ruoslahti,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.99,12617(2002).
[37]D.S.Ginger,N.C.Greenham,J.Appl.Phys.87,1361-68(2000).
[38]N.Y.Morgan,C.A.Leatherdale,M.Dmdic,M.V.Jarosz,M.A.Kastner,M.Bawendi,Phys.Rev.B66(2002).
[39]C.A.Leatherdale,C.R.Kagan,N.Y.Morgan,S.A.Empedocles,M.A.Kastner,M.G.Bawendi,Phys.Rev.B 62,2669-80(2000).
[40]N.M.Lawandy,R.M.Balachandran,A.S.L.Gomes,Nature 368,436(1994).
[41]包定华,顾豪爽,邝安详,等,无机材料学报11,453(1996).
[42]曾维勇,李秋珍,矿冶工程20,52(2000).
[43]李志军,王红英,广州化工34,23(2006).
[44]E.Haro-Poniatowsh,J.Mater.Res.9(8),2102(1994).
[45]卫志贤,无机盐工业30(5),527(1998).
[46]G.Degan,J.Phys.Chem.B 97(49),12651(1993).
[47]陈龙武,化学通报60(8),21(1997).
[48]沈伟韧,催化学报20(3),365(1999).
[49]张敬畅,无机材料学报14(1),29(1999).
[50]施利毅,李春忠,房鼎业,华东理工大学学报,24(3),291(1998).
[51]L.Manjari,C.Vishol,A.Pushan,J.Mater.Res.13(5),1249(1998).
[52]施尔畏,无机材料学报11(2),193(1996).
[53]赵文宽,无机材料学报13(4),608(1998).
[54]V.Zwilling,M.Aucouturier,E.Darque-Ceretti,Electrochimica Acta 45,921(1999).
[55]E.Gaul,J.Chem.Educ.70,176(1993).
[56]L.B.Hu,Y.L.Zhao,K.M.Ryu,C.W.Zhou,J.F.Stoddart,G.Gr(u|¨)ner,Adv.Mater.20,939(2008).
[57]D.Gong,C.A.Grimes,O.K.Varghese,J.Mater.Res.16(12),3331(2001).
[58]赖跃坤,孙岚,左娟,物理化学学报20(9),1063(2004).
[59]R.Beranek,H.Hildebrand,P.Schmuki,Electrochem.Solid-State Lett.6,B12(2003).
[60]J.M.Macak,K.Sirotna,P.Schmuki,Electrochimica Acta 50,3679(2005).
[61]C.Ruan,M.Paulose,O.K.Varghese,G.K.Mor,C.A.Grimes,J.Phys.Chem.B 109,15754(2005).
[62]M.Paulose,K.Shankar,S.Yoriya,H.E.Prakasam,O.K.Varghese,G.K.Mor,T.A.Latempa,A.Fitzgerald,C.A.Grimes,J.Phys.Chem.B 110,16179(2006).
[63]常红,王京刚,矿冶11(4),73(2002).
[64]姚健年,陈平,藤岛昭,感光科学与光化学(3),224(1996).
[65]下吹越光秀,工业材料45,80(1997).
[66]安罔悦章,工业材料45,83(1997).
[67]周铭,涂料工业361(1996(4)).
[68]边蕴静,化工新材料29,311(2001).
[69]李泉,等,化学通报(6),291(1995).
[70]申永良,现代化工19,461(1999).
[71]王训,祖庸,李晓娥,化工进展19,67(2000).
[72]王忠春,等,材料研究学13,527(1999).
[73]C.J.Barbe,F.Arendse,P.Comte,M.Jirousek,F.Lenzmann,V.Shklover,M.Gratzel,Journal of the American Ceramic Society 80,3157-71(1997).
[74]刘敬肖,等,材料研究学报15,4461(2001).
[75]肖奇,邱冠周,等,材料导报14,371(2001).
[76]B.C.Satishkumar,A.Govindaraj,E.M.Voli,J.Mater.Res.12(3),604(1997).
[77]S.Kazaoui,N.Minami,N.Matsuda,Appl.Phys.Lett.78,3433(2001).
[78]P.D.Cozzoli,A.Kornowski,J.Am.Chem.Soc.125,145(2003).
[79]B.B.Lakshmi,C.Patrissi,J.Chem.Mater.9,2544(1997).
[80]王世敏,许祖勋,傅晶,第一版.化学工业出版社2002).
[81]刘祖黎,杜玉卿,李震等,功能材料1,3-6(2005).
[82]Z.L.Liu,H.B.Wang,Q.H.Lu,e.al.,Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 283,258-62(2004).
[83]J.Rockenberger,E.C.Scher,A.P.Alivisatos,J.Am.Chem.Soc.121,11595-96(1999).
[84]T.Hyeon,S.S.Lee,e.a.J.Park,J.Am.Chem.Soc.123,12798-801(2001).
[85]S.Sun,H.Zeng,J.Am.Chem.Soc.124,8204-05(2002).
[86]S.Sun,H.Zeng,D.B.R.e.al.,J.Am.Chem.Soc.126,273-79(2004).
[87]N.Pinna,S.Grancharo,e.a.P.Beato,Chem.Mater.17,3044-49(2005).
[88]R.Molday,S.Yen,A.Rembaum,Nature 266,437(1977).
[89]A.S.L(u|¨)bbe,C.Alexiou,C.Bergemann,J.Surg.Res.95,200(2001).
[90]R.Weissleder,Radiology 193,593(1994).
[91]R.Weissleder,A.Bogdanov,E.A.Neuwelt,M.Papisov,Adv.Drug Deliver.Rev.16,321(1995).
[92]S.J.Mclachlan,M.R.Morris,M.A.Lucas,R.A.Fisco,M.N.Eakins,D.R.Fowler,R.B.Scheetz,A.Y.Olukoton,J.Magn.Reson.Imaging 4,301(1994).
[93]D.Bahadur,J.Girl,Biomaterials and magnetism.Sadhana 28,639(2003).
[94]e.a.R.Hergt,IEEE Trans.Magn.34,3745(1998).
[95]e.a.M.Babincov,J.Magn.Magn.Mater.225,109(2001).
[96]e.a.N.A.Brusentsov,J.Magn.Magn.Mater.225,113(2001).
[1]K.W.Neumanna,J.Adv.Coll.Int.Sci.81(1999) 167.
[2]黄惠忠等,高等学校化学学报6(1985)725.
[3]刘吉平,廖莉玲编著,无机纳米材料.科学出版社.
[4]M.P.Seah,W.A.Dench,Surf.Interf.Anal 1(1979) 2.
[1]N.G.Park,J.v.d.Lagemaat,A.J.Frank,J.Phys.Chem.B 104,8989-94(2000).
[2]M.Gratzel,Elektrotech.Inf.tech.114,579-86(1997).
[3]R.Vogel,P.Hoye,H.Weller,J.Phys.Chem.98,3183-88(1994).
[4]H.Dai,H.Zhu,Chem.Phys.Lett.363,509-14(2002).
[5]J.Wu,J.Lin,S.Y.e.al,J.Mater.Chem 11,3343-47(2001).
[6]J.Wu,S.Y.e.al.,J.Photochem.Photobio.A:Chem 128,129-33(1999).
[7]K.G.U.Wijayantha,L.M.Peter,L.C.Otley,Solar Energy Materials &Solar Cells 83,363-69(2004).
[8]Q.Shen,T.Sato,M.H.e.al,Thin Solid Films 499,299-305(2006).
[9]O.Niitsoo,S.K.Sarkar,C.P.e.al.,J.Photochem.Photobio.A:Chem 181,306-13(2006).
[10]M.Gratzel,Prog.Photovolt.Res.Appl.8,171-85(2000).
[11]M.Adachi,,Y.Murata,I.O.e.al.,J.Electrochem.Soc.150,G488-G93(2003).
[12]M.Adachi,Y.Murata,J.Takaoetal,J.Am.Chem.Soc.126,14943-49(2004).
[13]M.Law,L.E.Greene,e.a.J.C.Johnson,Nature Mater.4,455-59(2005).
[14]K.Hou,B.Z.Tian,e.a.F.Y.Li,J.Mater.Chem 15,2414-20(2005).
[15]W.U.Huynh,J.J.Dittmer,A.P.Alivisatos,Science 295,2425-27(2002).
[16]L.H.Qu,X.G.Peng,J.Am.Chem.Soc.124,2049-55(2002).
[17]X.G.Peng,L.Manna,W.D.Y.e.al.,Nature 404,59-61(2000).
[18]X.G.Peng,J.Wickham,A.P.Alivasatos,J.Am.Chem.Soc.120,1244-45(1998).
[19]L.H.Qu,Z.A.Peng,X.G.Peng,Nano Lett.1,333-37(2001).
[20]D.V.Talapin,A.L.Rogach,A.Kornowski,M.Haase,H.Wwller,Nano Lett.1,207-11(2001).
[21]M.Ivanda,S.Music,S.Popovic,M.Gotic,Journal of Molecular Structure 481,645-49(1999).
[22]B.Karunagaran,R.T.R.Kumar,V.S.Kumar,D.Mangalaraj,S.K.Narayandass,G.M.Rao,Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing 6,547-50(2003).
[23]N.Moritz,S.Areva,J.Wolke,T.Peltola,Biomaterials 26,4460-67(2005).
[24]B.M.Reddy,A.Khan,P.Lakshmanan,M.Aouine,S.Loridant,J.C.Volta,Journal of Physical Chemistry B 109,3355-63(2005).
[25]B.M.Reddy,P.Lakshmanan,A.Khan,Journal of Physical Chemistry B 108,16855-63(2004).
[26]B.M.Reddy,P.Lakshmanan,A.Khan,C.Lopez-Cartes,T.C.Rojas,A.Fernandez,Journal of Physical Chemistry B 109,1781-87(2005).
[27]M.K.Nazeeruddin,A.Kay,I.Rodicio,B.H.Baker,E.Mueller,P.Liska,N.Vlachopoulos,M.Graetzel,J.Am.Chem.Soc.115,6382(1993).
[28]T.Cassagneau,T.E.Mallouk,J.H.Fendler,J.Am.Chem.Soc.120,7848(1998).
[29]查全性,电极过程动力学.科学出版社103-10(1976).
[30]杨文治,化学通报10,41-42(1981).
[31]M.Gratzel,Nature 414,338-44(2001).
[32]I.Robel,M.Kuno,P.V.Kamat,J.Am.Chem.Soc.129,4136-37(2007).
[33]R.A.Marcus,N.Sutin,Biochim.Biophys.Acta 811,265(1985).
[34]R.A.Marcus,J.Chem.Phys.43,679(1965).
[35]R.Loef,A.J.Houtepen,E.Talgorn,J.Schoonman,A.Goossens,Nano Lett.9,856-59(2009).
[36]A.Kongkanand,K.Tvrdy,K.Takechi,M.Kuno,P.V.Kamat,J.Am.Chem.Soc.130,4007-15(2008).
[1]S.Iijima,Nature 354(1991) 275.
[2]H.W.Kroto,J.R.Heath,S.C.O'Brien,R.F.Curl,R.E.Smalley,Nature 318(1985) 162.
[3]孙晓刚,曾效舒,程国安,中国粉体技术6(2001)29.
[4]B.R.Azamian,K.S.Coleman,J.J.Davis,N.Hanson,M.L.H.Green,Chem.Commun.(2002) 366.
[5]B.J.Landi,S.L.Castro,H.J.Ruf,C.M.Evans,S.G.Bailey,R.P.Raffaelle,Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 87(2005) 733.
[6]G.M.A.Rahman,D.M.Guldi,E.Zambon,L.Pasquato,N.Tagmatarchis,M.Prato,small 1(2005) 527.
[7]S.Ravindran,S.Chaudhary,B.Colburn,M.Ozkan,C.S.Ozkan,Nano.Lett 3(2003) 447.
[8]I.Robel,B.A.Bunker,P.V.Kamat,Adv.Mater.17(2005) 2458.
[9]D.M.Guldi,I.Zilbermann,G.Anderson,N.A.Kotov,N.Tagmatarchis,M.Prato,J.Mater.Chem 15(2005) 114.
[10]P.V.Kamat,J.Phys.Chem.C 111(2007) 2834.
[11]N.N.Ratchford,S.Bangsaruntip,X.M.S.K.Welsher,H.J.Dai,J.Am.Chem.Soc.129(2007) 2448.
[12]S.Chaudhary,J.H.Kim,K.V.Singh,M.Ozkan,Nano Lett.4(2004) 2415.
[13]W.Li,C.Gao,H.Qian,J.Ren,D.Yan,J.Mater.Chem.16(2006) 1852.
[14]D.M.Guldi,G.M.A.Rahman,V.Sgobba,N.A.Kotov,D.Bonifazi,M.Prato,J.Am.Chem.Soc.128(2006) 2315.
[15]L.Sheeney-Haj-Ichia,B.Basnar,I.Willner,Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.44(2005)78.
[16]V.Biju,T.Itoh,Y.Baba,M.Ishikawa,J.Phys.Chem.B 110(2006) 26068.
[17]B.F.Pan,D.X.Cui,C.S.Ozkan,M.Ozkan,P.Xu,T.Huang,F.T.Liu,H.Chen,Q.Li,R.He,F.Gao,J.Phys.Chem.C 112(2008) 939.
[18]J.M.Du,L.Fu,Z.M.Liu,B.X.Han,Z.It.Li,Y.Q.Liu,Z.Y.Sun,D.B. Zhu, J.Phys.Chem.B 109 (2005)12772.
[19]Q.W.Li, B.Q.Sun, I.A.Kinloch, D.Zhi, H.Sirringhaus, A.H.Windle,Chem.Mater 1 8(2006)164.
[20]L.B.Hu, Y.L.Zhao, K.M.Ryu, C.W.Zhou, J.F.Stoddart, G Gruner, Adv.Mater.20 (2008)939.
[21]S.H.Hwang, C.N.Moorefield, P.S.Wang, K.U.Jeong, S.Z.D.Cheng, K.K.Kotta, G R.Newkome, J.Am.Chem.Soc.128 (2006)7505.
[22]M.Olek, T.Busgen, M.HilgendorfF, M.Giersig, J.Phys.Chem.B 110 (2006)12901.
[23]M.Grzelcaak, M.A.Correa-Duarte, V.Salgueirino-Maceira, M.Giersig, R.Diaz, L.M.Liz-Marzan, Adv.Mater.18 (2006)415.
[24]H.T.Uyeda, I.L.Medintz, J.K.Jaiswal, S.M.Simon, H.Mattoussi, J.Am.Chem.Soc.127(2005)3870.
[25]H.Mattoussi, J.M.Mauro, E.R.Goldman, G P.Anderson, V.C.Sundar, F.V.Mikulec, M.G Bawendi, J.Am.Chem.Soc.122 (2000)12142.
[26]M.Gratzel, Nature 414 (2001)338.
[27]S.Kazaoui, N.Minami, N.Matsuda, Appl.Phys.Lett.78 (2001)3433.
[28]M.Shiraishi, M.Ata, Carbon 39 (2001)1913.
[29]Q.W.Li, B.Q.Sun, I.A.Kinloch, D.Zhi, H.Sirringhaus, A.H.Windle,Chem.Mater 18 (2006)164.
[30]Z.X.Cai, X.P.Yan, Nanotechnology 17 (2006)4212.
[31]J.M.Haremza, M.A.Hahn, T.D.Krauss, Nano.Lett 2 (2002)1253.
[32]S.Barnerjee, S.S.Wong, Adv.Mater.16 (2004)34.
[33]O.K.N.Strekal, A.Yaroshevich, S.Maskevich, S.Gaponenko, I.Nabiev, U.Woggon, M.Artemyev, 1449., Nano Lett.2 (2002)1449.
[1]S.Coe,W.K.Woo,M.Bawendi,V.Bulovic,Nature 420(2002) 800-03.
[2]I.Gur,N.A.Fromer,M.L.Geier,A.P.Alivisatos,Science 310(2005) 462-65.
[3]M.Y.Odoi,N.I.Hammer,K.Sill,T.Emrick,M.D.Barnes,J.Am.Chem.Soc.128(2006) 3506-07.
[4]R.E.Martin,F.Diederich,Angew.Chem.,Int.Ed.38(1999) 1350-77.
[5]M.Kuno,J.K.Lee,B.O.Dabbousi,F.V.Mikulec,M.G.Bawendi,J.Chem.Phys.106(1997) 9869.
[6]W.U.Huynh,J.J.Dittmer,A.P.Alivisatos,Science 295(2002) 2425-27.
[7]N.C.Greenham,X.G.Peng,A.P.Alivisatos,Phys.Rev.B 54(1996)17628-37.
[8]J.Locklin,D.Patton,S.X.Deng,A.Baba,M.Millan,R.C.Advincula,Chem.Mater.16(2004) 5187-93.
[9]B.C.Sih,M.O.Wolf,J.Phys.Chem.C 111(2007) 17184-92.
[10]A.Javier,C.S.Yun,J.Sorena,G.F.Strouse,J.Phys.Chem.B 107(2003)435-42.
[11]Y.A.Wang,J.J.Li,H.Chen,X.G.Peng,J.Am.Chem.Soc.9(2002)2293-98.
[12]W.W.Yu,L.H.Qu,W.Z.Guo,X.G.Peng,Chem.Mater 15(2003) 2854-60.
[13]Z.F.Shi,L.J.Wang,H.Wang,X.P.Cao,H.L.Zhang,Org.Lett.9(2007)595-98.
[14]H.Wang,L.Tan,L.J.Wang,F.F.Yin,Z.F.Shi,H.L.Zhang,X.P.Cao,Chem.Phys.Lett.461(2008) 271-75.
[15]A.Khan,S.Muller,S.Hecht,Chem.Commun(2005) 584.
[16]L.T.Cai,Y.X.Yao,J.P.Yang,D.W.Price,Jr,J.M.Tour,Chem.Mater 14(2002) 2905-09.
[17]H.Y.Si,Z.H.Sun,H.L.Zhang,Colloids and Surfaces A(2008).
[18]J.E.B.Katari,V.L.Colvin,A.P.Alivisatos,J.Phys.Chem.B 98(1994)4109.
[19]M.J.Eilon,T.Mokari,U.J.Banin,J.Phys.Chem.B105(2001) 12726.
[20]A.Bagga,P.K.Chattopadhyay,S.Ghosh,Condensed Matter,Preprint Archive;Los Alamos National Laboratory,(2005) p1.
[21]H.Wang,L.J.Wang,Z.F.Shi,Y.Guo,X.P.Cao,H.L.Zhang,Electrochem.Commun.8(2006) 1779.
[22]I.Robel,M.Kuno,P.V.Kamat,J.Am.Chem.Soc.129(2007) 4136-37.
[1]K.Robards,M.Antolovich,Analyst 112,11R-34R(1997).
[2]G.Gao,E.Sofic,R.L.Prior,Free Radical Biol.Med.22,749-60(1997).
[3]胡春,丁霄霖,食品与发酵工业22,46-53(1996).
[4]张德权,台建祥,付勤,食品与发酵工业25,52-57(1999).
[5]K.Oho,H.Nakane,M.F.e.al.,Biochem Biophys Res Commun 160,982-84(1989).
[6]赵令斋,曾耀英,曾祥凤,林长乐,李海仙,黄秀艳,王通,中国免疫学杂志 23,99(2007).
[7]年进兴,董俊兴,中国药学杂志40,571-73(2005).
[8]许实波,杨东梅,广东药学院学报17,35(2001).
[9]S.Shibata,Planta Med.57,221(1991).
[10]N.D.Onwukaeme,J.Ethnopharmacol 46,121-24(1995).
[11]M.M.Rafi,R.T.Rosen,A.Vassil,C.T.Ho,H.Zhang,G.Ghai,G.Lambert,R.S.Dipaola,Anticancer Res.20,2653-58(2000).
[12]刘颖,卢琳,那晓琳,迟晓星,崔洪斌,营养学报3,218(2005).
[13]林成招,马海田,邹思湘,王国杰,陈伟华,韩正,生理学报57,517-22(2005).
[14]C.Sun,J.S.H.Lee,M.Zhang,Adv.Drug.Deliv.Rev.60,1252-65(2008).
[15]Y.W.Jun,J.H.Lee,J.Cheon,Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.47,5122-35(2008).
[16]C.J.Xu,S.H.Sun,Polymer Int.56,821-26(2007).
[17]M.Arruebo,R.Fernandez-Pacheco,M.R.Ibarra,Nano Today 2,22-32(2007).
[18]V.P.Torchilin,Pharm.Res.24,2333-34(2007).
[19]T.K.Jain,M.A.Morales,S.K.Sahoo,D.L.Leslie-Pelecky,V.Labhasetwar,Mol.Pharm.2,194-205(2005).
[20]N.Kohler,C.Sun,A.Fichtenholtz,J.Gunn,C.Fang,M.Zhang,Small 2,785-92(2006).
[21]S.J.Son,J.Reichel,B.He,M.Schuchman,S.B.Lee,J.Am.Chem.Soc.127,7316-17(2005).
[22]Y.Hu,J.Xie,Y.W.Tong,C.H.Wang,J.Contr.Release 118,7-17(2007).
[23]C.Fang,B.Shi,Y.Y.Pei,M.H.Hong,J.Wu,H.Z.Chen,Eur.J.Pharmaceut.Sci.27,27-36(2006).
[24]T.Akiyama,J.Ishida,S.Nakagawa,H.Ogawara,S.I.Watanabe,N.Itoh,J.Biol.Chem.262,5592-95(1987).
[25]J.Markovits,C.Linassier,P.Fosse,J.Couprie,J.Pierre,A.Jacquemin-Sablon,Cancer Res.49,5111-17(1989).
[26]E.Kyle,L.Neckers,C.Takimoto,G.Curt,R.Bergan,Mol.Pharmacol.51,193-200(1997).
[27]A.I.Constantinou,A.E.Krygier,R.R.Mehta,Am.J.Clin.Nutr.38,1426S-30S(1998).
[28]F.Lian,Y.Li,M.Bhuiyan,F.H.Sarkar,Nutr.Cancer 33,125-31(1998).
[29]F.M.Uckun,R.K.Narla,e.a.T.Zeren,Clin.Cancer Res.4,1125-34(1998).
[30]J.R.Zhou,E.T.Gugger,e.a.T.Tanaka,J.Nutr.129,1628-35(1999).
[31]Q.Cai,H.Wei,Nutr.Cancer 25,1-7(1996).
[32]K.Okazaki,S.Okazaki,H.Nakamura,Y.Kitamura,H.Hatayama,S.Wakabayashi,Arch.Toxicol.76,553-59(2002).
[33]R.Guo,L.Y.Zhang,Z.S.Zhu,X.Q.Jiang,Langmuir 24,3459-64(2008).
[34]M.J.Alonso,Biomed.Pharmacother.58,168-72(2004).
[35]A.Bozkir,O.M.Saka,Drug Deliv.11,107-12(2004).
[36]X.G.Chen,C.M.Lee,H.J.Park,J.Agric.Food Chem.51,3135-39(2003).
[37]Y.C.Chang,S.W.Chang,D.H.Chen,React.Funct.Polym.66,335(2003).
[38]A.Williams,I.T.Ibrahim,J.Am.Chem.Soc 103,7090(1981).
[39]Y.Y.Liang,L.M.Zhang,Biomacromolecules 8,1480(2007).
[40]S.J.Son,J.Reichel,B.He,M.Schuchman,S.B.Lee,J.Am.Chem.Soc.127,7316(2005).
[41]A.K.Guptaa,M.Gupta,Biomaterials 26,3995(2005).
[42]付荣霞,杨艳梅,张春艳,世界华人消化杂志15,1055-59(2007).
[43]E.J.Choi,T.Kim,M.S.Lee,Life Sci.80,1403-08(2007).
[44]J.C.Shen,R.D.Klein,e.a.Q.Wei 29,92-102(2000).
[45]D.Chodon,N.Ramamurty,D.Sakthisekaran,Toxicol In Vitro.21,887-91(2007).
[46]S.J.Su,N.H.Chow,M.L.Kung,T.C.Hung,K.L.C.e.al.,Nutr Cancer 45,113-23(2003).
[47]张继红,梁力建,黄洁夫,中华普通外科杂志21,654-56(2006).
[48]J.H.Park,S.Kwon,M.Lee,H.Chung,J.H.Kim,Y.S.Kim,R.W.Park,I.S.Kim,S.B.Seo,I.C.Kwon,S.Y.Jeong,Biomaterials 27,119(2006).
[49]M.Marcela,N.Sten,L.Lena,Z.X.Liu,T.Teuvo,R.Mika,H.R.Anders,Cat.Inist.24,1347(2004).
[50]H.Maeda,Adv.Enzyme Regul.41,189(2001).
[51]V.Dixit,J.V.Bossche,D.M.Sherman,D.H.Thompson,R.P.Andres,Bioconjugate Chem.17,603(2006).
[52]H.Aihara,Acid & Alkaline,1971;Macrobiotic Foundation.
[1]C.J.Kiely,J.Fink,M.Brust,D.Bethell,D.J.Schiffrin,Nature 396,444(1998).
[2]J.Fink,C.J.Kiely,D.Bethell,D.J.Schiffrin,Chem.Mater.10,922(1998).
[3]D.Zanchet,M.S.Moreno,D.Ugarte,Phys.Rev.Lett.82,5277(1999).
[4]M.Faraday,W.S.Sutherland,J.D.Winefordner,J.Colloid.Intelface Sci.48,129(1992).
[5]G.Frens,Nature Physical Science 241,20(1973).
[6]M.Grzelcaak,M.A.Correa-Duarte,V.Salgueirino-Maceira,M.Giersig,R.Diaz,L.M.Liz-Marzan,Adv.Mater.18,415(2006).
[7]S.Link,M.A.El-Sayed,J.Phys.Chem.B 103,8410(1999).
[8]B.F.Pan,D.X.Cui,C.S.Ozkan,M.Ozkan,P.Xu,T.Huang,F.T.Liu,H.Chen,Q.Li,R.He,F.Gao,J.Phys.Chem.C 112,939(2008).
[9]S.Link,M.A.El-Sayed,M.B.Mohamed,J.Phys.Chem.B 109,10531(2005).
[10]贺.昕,熊晓东,梁敬博,李治宇,张.曦,稀有金属29(4),471-74(2005).
[11]Z.C.Xu,C.M.Shen,T.Z.Yang,H.R.Zhang,H.L.Li,J.Q.Li,H.J.Gao,Chem.Phys.Lett.415,342(2005).
[12]邵媛,邓宇,离子液体的应用研究进展.6,14-18(2005).
[13]李汝雄,王建基,化工进展1,43-48(2002).
[14]张英锋,李长江,包富山,张永安,化学教育2,7-12(2005).
[15]石家华,孙逊,杨春和等,化学通报4,243-50(2002).
[16]孙茜,刘元兰,陆嘉星,化学通报2,112-14(2003).
[17]崔礼生,韩跃新,有色矿冶7,54-57(2005).
[18]Y.D.Li,H.W.Liao,Y.Ding,Y.Fan,Y.Zhang,Y.T.Qian,Inorg.chem,38,1382-87(1999).
[19]R.He,X.F.Qian,J.Yin,H.A.Xi,L.J.Bian,Z.K.Zhu,Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspects 220,151(2003).
[20]Y.Jiang,Y.J.Zhu,Chem.Lett.33,1390(2004).
[21]P.Christian,P.O'Brien,Chem.Commun.2817(2005).
[22]A.B.Panda,G.Glaspell,M.S.El-Shall,J.Am.Chem.Soc.128,2790(2006).
[23]J.L.Machol,F.W.Wise,D.B.Tanner,Phys.Rev.B.:Condens.Matter 48,2819-22(1993).
[24]C.Mitchell,C.A.Mirkin,R.L.Letsinger,J.Am.Chem.Soc 121,8122-23(1999).
[25]X.F.Lu,Y.Y.Zhao,C.F.Wang,Ady.Mater.17,2485(2005).
[26]K.Oho,H.Nakane,M.F.e.al.,Biochem Biophys Res Commun 160,982-84(1989).
[27]S.A.Hines,G.D.Scholes,Adv.Mater.15,1844(2003).
[28]J.Joo,H.B.Na,T.Yu,J.H.Yu,Y.W.Kim,F.X.Wu,J.Z.Zhang,T.Hyeon,J.Am.Chem.Soc.125,11100(2003).
[29]L.Cademartiri,E.Montanari,G.Calestani,A.Migliori,A.Guagliardi,G.A.Ozin,J.Am.Chem.Soc.128,10337-46(2006).
[2]张立德,牟季美,纳米材料与纳米结构,科学出版社,2001.
[3]J.Liu,T.Tanaka,K.Sivula,A.P.Alivisatos,J.M.J.Frechet,J.Am.Chem.Soc.126,6550-51(2004).
[4]A.Henglein,Chem.Rev.89,1861-73(1989).
[5]K.J.Klabunde,J.stark,O.Koper,C.G.Part,S.Decker,Y.Jiang,I.Lagadic,D.Zhang,J.Phys.Chem.100,12142-53.(1996).
[6]Z.W.Pan,Z.R.Dai,Z.L.Wang,2001,Science 291,1947(2001).
[7]A.Hagfeld,M.Gratzer,Chem.Rev.95,49-68(1995).
[8]Y.Ping,G.C.Hdjinanayis,Appl.Phys.67,4502-04(1990).
[9]刘吉平,廖莉玲编著,无机纳米材料.科学出版社,.
[10]杨玉芬,陈清如,,2002,8(3),22.
[11]Y.Zhu,R.Birringer,U.Herv,H.Gleiter,Phys.Rev.35,9085-90(1987).
[12]A.K.Salem,P.C.Searson,K.W.Leong,Nat.Mater.2,668(2003).
[13]杨柏,沈家骢等,高等学校化学学报18,1219(1997).
[14]P.Ball,L.Garwin,Nature 355,761-66(1992).
[15]A.J.Legget,e.a.S.Chakravarty,Rev.Mod.Phys.59,1-85(1987).
[16]D.D.Awschalom,M.A.Mccord,G.Grinstein,Phys.Rev.Lett.65,783-86(1990).
[17]物.郑厚植,物理21(11),646(1992).
[18]何宇亮,半导体杂志19(4),8(1994).
[19]D.G.Wu,M.E.Kordesch,P.G.V.Patten,Chem.Mater.17,6436(2005).
[20]M.Bruchez,M.Moronne,P.Gin,S.Weiss,A.P.Alivisatos,Science 281,2013(1998).
[21]W.C.W.Chan,S.M.Nie,Science 281,2016(1998).
[22]V.L.Colvin,M.C.Schlamp,A.P.Alivisatos,Nature 370,354(1994).
[23]M.Kazes,D.Y.Lewis,Y.Ebenstein,T.Mokari,U.Bannin,Adv.Mater.14,317(2002).
[24]W.Huynh,X.Peng,A.P.Alivisatos,Adv.Mater.11,923(1999).
[25]I.Robel,V.Subramanian,M.Kuno,P.V.Kamat,J.Am.Chem.Soc.128,2385-93(2006).
[26]C.B.Murray,D.J.Norris,M.G.Bawendi,J.Am.Chem.Soc.115,8706(1993).
[27]X.Peng,M.C.Schlamp,A.V.Kadavanich,A.P.Alivisatos,J.Am.Chem.Soc.119,7019(1997).
[28]L.Qu,Z.A.Peng,X.Peng,Nano Lett.1,333(2001).
[29]G.Daniele,F.Pinaud,S.C.Williams,W.J.Parak,D.Zanchet,S.Weiss,A.P.Alivisatos,J.Phys.Chem.B 105,8861(2001).
[30]W.W.Yu,X.Peng,Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.46,2559(2007).
[31]A.P.Alivisatos,J.Phys.Chem.100,13226(1996).
[32]M.B.Mohamed,D.Tonti,A.Al-Salman,A.Chemseddine,M.Chergui,J.Phys.Chem.B 109,10533(2005).
[33]S.H.Tolbert,A.P.Alivisatos,Science 265,373(1994).
[34]W.W.Yu,E.Chang,R.Drezek,V.L.Colvin,Biochem.Bioph.Res.Co.348,781(2006).
[35]B.Dubertret,P.Skourides,D.J.Norris,V.Noireaux,A.H.Brivanlou,A.Libchaber,Science 2298,1759(2002).
[36]M.E.Akerman,W.C.W.Chan,P.Laakkonen,S.N.Bhatia,E.Ruoslahti,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.99,12617(2002).
[37]D.S.Ginger,N.C.Greenham,J.Appl.Phys.87,1361-68(2000).
[38]N.Y.Morgan,C.A.Leatherdale,M.Dmdic,M.V.Jarosz,M.A.Kastner,M.Bawendi,Phys.Rev.B66(2002).
[39]C.A.Leatherdale,C.R.Kagan,N.Y.Morgan,S.A.Empedocles,M.A.Kastner,M.G.Bawendi,Phys.Rev.B 62,2669-80(2000).
[40]N.M.Lawandy,R.M.Balachandran,A.S.L.Gomes,Nature 368,436(1994).
[41]包定华,顾豪爽,邝安详,等,无机材料学报11,453(1996).
[42]曾维勇,李秋珍,矿冶工程20,52(2000).
[43]李志军,王红英,广州化工34,23(2006).
[44]E.Haro-Poniatowsh,J.Mater.Res.9(8),2102(1994).
[45]卫志贤,无机盐工业30(5),527(1998).
[46]G.Degan,J.Phys.Chem.B 97(49),12651(1993).
[47]陈龙武,化学通报60(8),21(1997).
[48]沈伟韧,催化学报20(3),365(1999).
[49]张敬畅,无机材料学报14(1),29(1999).
[50]施利毅,李春忠,房鼎业,华东理工大学学报,24(3),291(1998).
[51]L.Manjari,C.Vishol,A.Pushan,J.Mater.Res.13(5),1249(1998).
[52]施尔畏,无机材料学报11(2),193(1996).
[53]赵文宽,无机材料学报13(4),608(1998).
[54]V.Zwilling,M.Aucouturier,E.Darque-Ceretti,Electrochimica Acta 45,921(1999).
[55]E.Gaul,J.Chem.Educ.70,176(1993).
[56]L.B.Hu,Y.L.Zhao,K.M.Ryu,C.W.Zhou,J.F.Stoddart,G.Gr(u|¨)ner,Adv.Mater.20,939(2008).
[57]D.Gong,C.A.Grimes,O.K.Varghese,J.Mater.Res.16(12),3331(2001).
[58]赖跃坤,孙岚,左娟,物理化学学报20(9),1063(2004).
[59]R.Beranek,H.Hildebrand,P.Schmuki,Electrochem.Solid-State Lett.6,B12(2003).
[60]J.M.Macak,K.Sirotna,P.Schmuki,Electrochimica Acta 50,3679(2005).
[61]C.Ruan,M.Paulose,O.K.Varghese,G.K.Mor,C.A.Grimes,J.Phys.Chem.B 109,15754(2005).
[62]M.Paulose,K.Shankar,S.Yoriya,H.E.Prakasam,O.K.Varghese,G.K.Mor,T.A.Latempa,A.Fitzgerald,C.A.Grimes,J.Phys.Chem.B 110,16179(2006).
[63]常红,王京刚,矿冶11(4),73(2002).
[64]姚健年,陈平,藤岛昭,感光科学与光化学(3),224(1996).
[65]下吹越光秀,工业材料45,80(1997).
[66]安罔悦章,工业材料45,83(1997).
[67]周铭,涂料工业361(1996(4)).
[68]边蕴静,化工新材料29,311(2001).
[69]李泉,等,化学通报(6),291(1995).
[70]申永良,现代化工19,461(1999).
[71]王训,祖庸,李晓娥,化工进展19,67(2000).
[72]王忠春,等,材料研究学13,527(1999).
[73]C.J.Barbe,F.Arendse,P.Comte,M.Jirousek,F.Lenzmann,V.Shklover,M.Gratzel,Journal of the American Ceramic Society 80,3157-71(1997).
[74]刘敬肖,等,材料研究学报15,4461(2001).
[75]肖奇,邱冠周,等,材料导报14,371(2001).
[76]B.C.Satishkumar,A.Govindaraj,E.M.Voli,J.Mater.Res.12(3),604(1997).
[77]S.Kazaoui,N.Minami,N.Matsuda,Appl.Phys.Lett.78,3433(2001).
[78]P.D.Cozzoli,A.Kornowski,J.Am.Chem.Soc.125,145(2003).
[79]B.B.Lakshmi,C.Patrissi,J.Chem.Mater.9,2544(1997).
[80]王世敏,许祖勋,傅晶,第一版.化学工业出版社2002).
[81]刘祖黎,杜玉卿,李震等,功能材料1,3-6(2005).
[82]Z.L.Liu,H.B.Wang,Q.H.Lu,e.al.,Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 283,258-62(2004).
[83]J.Rockenberger,E.C.Scher,A.P.Alivisatos,J.Am.Chem.Soc.121,11595-96(1999).
[84]T.Hyeon,S.S.Lee,e.a.J.Park,J.Am.Chem.Soc.123,12798-801(2001).
[85]S.Sun,H.Zeng,J.Am.Chem.Soc.124,8204-05(2002).
[86]S.Sun,H.Zeng,D.B.R.e.al.,J.Am.Chem.Soc.126,273-79(2004).
[87]N.Pinna,S.Grancharo,e.a.P.Beato,Chem.Mater.17,3044-49(2005).
[88]R.Molday,S.Yen,A.Rembaum,Nature 266,437(1977).
[89]A.S.L(u|¨)bbe,C.Alexiou,C.Bergemann,J.Surg.Res.95,200(2001).
[90]R.Weissleder,Radiology 193,593(1994).
[91]R.Weissleder,A.Bogdanov,E.A.Neuwelt,M.Papisov,Adv.Drug Deliver.Rev.16,321(1995).
[92]S.J.Mclachlan,M.R.Morris,M.A.Lucas,R.A.Fisco,M.N.Eakins,D.R.Fowler,R.B.Scheetz,A.Y.Olukoton,J.Magn.Reson.Imaging 4,301(1994).
[93]D.Bahadur,J.Girl,Biomaterials and magnetism.Sadhana 28,639(2003).
[94]e.a.R.Hergt,IEEE Trans.Magn.34,3745(1998).
[95]e.a.M.Babincov,J.Magn.Magn.Mater.225,109(2001).
[96]e.a.N.A.Brusentsov,J.Magn.Magn.Mater.225,113(2001).
[1]K.W.Neumanna,J.Adv.Coll.Int.Sci.81(1999) 167.
[2]黄惠忠等,高等学校化学学报6(1985)725.
[3]刘吉平,廖莉玲编著,无机纳米材料.科学出版社.
[4]M.P.Seah,W.A.Dench,Surf.Interf.Anal 1(1979) 2.
[1]N.G.Park,J.v.d.Lagemaat,A.J.Frank,J.Phys.Chem.B 104,8989-94(2000).
[2]M.Gratzel,Elektrotech.Inf.tech.114,579-86(1997).
[3]R.Vogel,P.Hoye,H.Weller,J.Phys.Chem.98,3183-88(1994).
[4]H.Dai,H.Zhu,Chem.Phys.Lett.363,509-14(2002).
[5]J.Wu,J.Lin,S.Y.e.al,J.Mater.Chem 11,3343-47(2001).
[6]J.Wu,S.Y.e.al.,J.Photochem.Photobio.A:Chem 128,129-33(1999).
[7]K.G.U.Wijayantha,L.M.Peter,L.C.Otley,Solar Energy Materials &Solar Cells 83,363-69(2004).
[8]Q.Shen,T.Sato,M.H.e.al,Thin Solid Films 499,299-305(2006).
[9]O.Niitsoo,S.K.Sarkar,C.P.e.al.,J.Photochem.Photobio.A:Chem 181,306-13(2006).
[10]M.Gratzel,Prog.Photovolt.Res.Appl.8,171-85(2000).
[11]M.Adachi,,Y.Murata,I.O.e.al.,J.Electrochem.Soc.150,G488-G93(2003).
[12]M.Adachi,Y.Murata,J.Takaoetal,J.Am.Chem.Soc.126,14943-49(2004).
[13]M.Law,L.E.Greene,e.a.J.C.Johnson,Nature Mater.4,455-59(2005).
[14]K.Hou,B.Z.Tian,e.a.F.Y.Li,J.Mater.Chem 15,2414-20(2005).
[15]W.U.Huynh,J.J.Dittmer,A.P.Alivisatos,Science 295,2425-27(2002).
[16]L.H.Qu,X.G.Peng,J.Am.Chem.Soc.124,2049-55(2002).
[17]X.G.Peng,L.Manna,W.D.Y.e.al.,Nature 404,59-61(2000).
[18]X.G.Peng,J.Wickham,A.P.Alivasatos,J.Am.Chem.Soc.120,1244-45(1998).
[19]L.H.Qu,Z.A.Peng,X.G.Peng,Nano Lett.1,333-37(2001).
[20]D.V.Talapin,A.L.Rogach,A.Kornowski,M.Haase,H.Wwller,Nano Lett.1,207-11(2001).
[21]M.Ivanda,S.Music,S.Popovic,M.Gotic,Journal of Molecular Structure 481,645-49(1999).
[22]B.Karunagaran,R.T.R.Kumar,V.S.Kumar,D.Mangalaraj,S.K.Narayandass,G.M.Rao,Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing 6,547-50(2003).
[23]N.Moritz,S.Areva,J.Wolke,T.Peltola,Biomaterials 26,4460-67(2005).
[24]B.M.Reddy,A.Khan,P.Lakshmanan,M.Aouine,S.Loridant,J.C.Volta,Journal of Physical Chemistry B 109,3355-63(2005).
[25]B.M.Reddy,P.Lakshmanan,A.Khan,Journal of Physical Chemistry B 108,16855-63(2004).
[26]B.M.Reddy,P.Lakshmanan,A.Khan,C.Lopez-Cartes,T.C.Rojas,A.Fernandez,Journal of Physical Chemistry B 109,1781-87(2005).
[27]M.K.Nazeeruddin,A.Kay,I.Rodicio,B.H.Baker,E.Mueller,P.Liska,N.Vlachopoulos,M.Graetzel,J.Am.Chem.Soc.115,6382(1993).
[28]T.Cassagneau,T.E.Mallouk,J.H.Fendler,J.Am.Chem.Soc.120,7848(1998).
[29]查全性,电极过程动力学.科学出版社103-10(1976).
[30]杨文治,化学通报10,41-42(1981).
[31]M.Gratzel,Nature 414,338-44(2001).
[32]I.Robel,M.Kuno,P.V.Kamat,J.Am.Chem.Soc.129,4136-37(2007).
[33]R.A.Marcus,N.Sutin,Biochim.Biophys.Acta 811,265(1985).
[34]R.A.Marcus,J.Chem.Phys.43,679(1965).
[35]R.Loef,A.J.Houtepen,E.Talgorn,J.Schoonman,A.Goossens,Nano Lett.9,856-59(2009).
[36]A.Kongkanand,K.Tvrdy,K.Takechi,M.Kuno,P.V.Kamat,J.Am.Chem.Soc.130,4007-15(2008).
[1]S.Iijima,Nature 354(1991) 275.
[2]H.W.Kroto,J.R.Heath,S.C.O'Brien,R.F.Curl,R.E.Smalley,Nature 318(1985) 162.
[3]孙晓刚,曾效舒,程国安,中国粉体技术6(2001)29.
[4]B.R.Azamian,K.S.Coleman,J.J.Davis,N.Hanson,M.L.H.Green,Chem.Commun.(2002) 366.
[5]B.J.Landi,S.L.Castro,H.J.Ruf,C.M.Evans,S.G.Bailey,R.P.Raffaelle,Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 87(2005) 733.
[6]G.M.A.Rahman,D.M.Guldi,E.Zambon,L.Pasquato,N.Tagmatarchis,M.Prato,small 1(2005) 527.
[7]S.Ravindran,S.Chaudhary,B.Colburn,M.Ozkan,C.S.Ozkan,Nano.Lett 3(2003) 447.
[8]I.Robel,B.A.Bunker,P.V.Kamat,Adv.Mater.17(2005) 2458.
[9]D.M.Guldi,I.Zilbermann,G.Anderson,N.A.Kotov,N.Tagmatarchis,M.Prato,J.Mater.Chem 15(2005) 114.
[10]P.V.Kamat,J.Phys.Chem.C 111(2007) 2834.
[11]N.N.Ratchford,S.Bangsaruntip,X.M.S.K.Welsher,H.J.Dai,J.Am.Chem.Soc.129(2007) 2448.
[12]S.Chaudhary,J.H.Kim,K.V.Singh,M.Ozkan,Nano Lett.4(2004) 2415.
[13]W.Li,C.Gao,H.Qian,J.Ren,D.Yan,J.Mater.Chem.16(2006) 1852.
[14]D.M.Guldi,G.M.A.Rahman,V.Sgobba,N.A.Kotov,D.Bonifazi,M.Prato,J.Am.Chem.Soc.128(2006) 2315.
[15]L.Sheeney-Haj-Ichia,B.Basnar,I.Willner,Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.44(2005)78.
[16]V.Biju,T.Itoh,Y.Baba,M.Ishikawa,J.Phys.Chem.B 110(2006) 26068.
[17]B.F.Pan,D.X.Cui,C.S.Ozkan,M.Ozkan,P.Xu,T.Huang,F.T.Liu,H.Chen,Q.Li,R.He,F.Gao,J.Phys.Chem.C 112(2008) 939.
[18]J.M.Du,L.Fu,Z.M.Liu,B.X.Han,Z.It.Li,Y.Q.Liu,Z.Y.Sun,D.B. Zhu, J.Phys.Chem.B 109 (2005)12772.
[19]Q.W.Li, B.Q.Sun, I.A.Kinloch, D.Zhi, H.Sirringhaus, A.H.Windle,Chem.Mater 1 8(2006)164.
[20]L.B.Hu, Y.L.Zhao, K.M.Ryu, C.W.Zhou, J.F.Stoddart, G Gruner, Adv.Mater.20 (2008)939.
[21]S.H.Hwang, C.N.Moorefield, P.S.Wang, K.U.Jeong, S.Z.D.Cheng, K.K.Kotta, G R.Newkome, J.Am.Chem.Soc.128 (2006)7505.
[22]M.Olek, T.Busgen, M.HilgendorfF, M.Giersig, J.Phys.Chem.B 110 (2006)12901.
[23]M.Grzelcaak, M.A.Correa-Duarte, V.Salgueirino-Maceira, M.Giersig, R.Diaz, L.M.Liz-Marzan, Adv.Mater.18 (2006)415.
[24]H.T.Uyeda, I.L.Medintz, J.K.Jaiswal, S.M.Simon, H.Mattoussi, J.Am.Chem.Soc.127(2005)3870.
[25]H.Mattoussi, J.M.Mauro, E.R.Goldman, G P.Anderson, V.C.Sundar, F.V.Mikulec, M.G Bawendi, J.Am.Chem.Soc.122 (2000)12142.
[26]M.Gratzel, Nature 414 (2001)338.
[27]S.Kazaoui, N.Minami, N.Matsuda, Appl.Phys.Lett.78 (2001)3433.
[28]M.Shiraishi, M.Ata, Carbon 39 (2001)1913.
[29]Q.W.Li, B.Q.Sun, I.A.Kinloch, D.Zhi, H.Sirringhaus, A.H.Windle,Chem.Mater 18 (2006)164.
[30]Z.X.Cai, X.P.Yan, Nanotechnology 17 (2006)4212.
[31]J.M.Haremza, M.A.Hahn, T.D.Krauss, Nano.Lett 2 (2002)1253.
[32]S.Barnerjee, S.S.Wong, Adv.Mater.16 (2004)34.
[33]O.K.N.Strekal, A.Yaroshevich, S.Maskevich, S.Gaponenko, I.Nabiev, U.Woggon, M.Artemyev, 1449., Nano Lett.2 (2002)1449.
[1]S.Coe,W.K.Woo,M.Bawendi,V.Bulovic,Nature 420(2002) 800-03.
[2]I.Gur,N.A.Fromer,M.L.Geier,A.P.Alivisatos,Science 310(2005) 462-65.
[3]M.Y.Odoi,N.I.Hammer,K.Sill,T.Emrick,M.D.Barnes,J.Am.Chem.Soc.128(2006) 3506-07.
[4]R.E.Martin,F.Diederich,Angew.Chem.,Int.Ed.38(1999) 1350-77.
[5]M.Kuno,J.K.Lee,B.O.Dabbousi,F.V.Mikulec,M.G.Bawendi,J.Chem.Phys.106(1997) 9869.
[6]W.U.Huynh,J.J.Dittmer,A.P.Alivisatos,Science 295(2002) 2425-27.
[7]N.C.Greenham,X.G.Peng,A.P.Alivisatos,Phys.Rev.B 54(1996)17628-37.
[8]J.Locklin,D.Patton,S.X.Deng,A.Baba,M.Millan,R.C.Advincula,Chem.Mater.16(2004) 5187-93.
[9]B.C.Sih,M.O.Wolf,J.Phys.Chem.C 111(2007) 17184-92.
[10]A.Javier,C.S.Yun,J.Sorena,G.F.Strouse,J.Phys.Chem.B 107(2003)435-42.
[11]Y.A.Wang,J.J.Li,H.Chen,X.G.Peng,J.Am.Chem.Soc.9(2002)2293-98.
[12]W.W.Yu,L.H.Qu,W.Z.Guo,X.G.Peng,Chem.Mater 15(2003) 2854-60.
[13]Z.F.Shi,L.J.Wang,H.Wang,X.P.Cao,H.L.Zhang,Org.Lett.9(2007)595-98.
[14]H.Wang,L.Tan,L.J.Wang,F.F.Yin,Z.F.Shi,H.L.Zhang,X.P.Cao,Chem.Phys.Lett.461(2008) 271-75.
[15]A.Khan,S.Muller,S.Hecht,Chem.Commun(2005) 584.
[16]L.T.Cai,Y.X.Yao,J.P.Yang,D.W.Price,Jr,J.M.Tour,Chem.Mater 14(2002) 2905-09.
[17]H.Y.Si,Z.H.Sun,H.L.Zhang,Colloids and Surfaces A(2008).
[18]J.E.B.Katari,V.L.Colvin,A.P.Alivisatos,J.Phys.Chem.B 98(1994)4109.
[19]M.J.Eilon,T.Mokari,U.J.Banin,J.Phys.Chem.B105(2001) 12726.
[20]A.Bagga,P.K.Chattopadhyay,S.Ghosh,Condensed Matter,Preprint Archive;Los Alamos National Laboratory,(2005) p1.
[21]H.Wang,L.J.Wang,Z.F.Shi,Y.Guo,X.P.Cao,H.L.Zhang,Electrochem.Commun.8(2006) 1779.
[22]I.Robel,M.Kuno,P.V.Kamat,J.Am.Chem.Soc.129(2007) 4136-37.
[1]K.Robards,M.Antolovich,Analyst 112,11R-34R(1997).
[2]G.Gao,E.Sofic,R.L.Prior,Free Radical Biol.Med.22,749-60(1997).
[3]胡春,丁霄霖,食品与发酵工业22,46-53(1996).
[4]张德权,台建祥,付勤,食品与发酵工业25,52-57(1999).
[5]K.Oho,H.Nakane,M.F.e.al.,Biochem Biophys Res Commun 160,982-84(1989).
[6]赵令斋,曾耀英,曾祥凤,林长乐,李海仙,黄秀艳,王通,中国免疫学杂志 23,99(2007).
[7]年进兴,董俊兴,中国药学杂志40,571-73(2005).
[8]许实波,杨东梅,广东药学院学报17,35(2001).
[9]S.Shibata,Planta Med.57,221(1991).
[10]N.D.Onwukaeme,J.Ethnopharmacol 46,121-24(1995).
[11]M.M.Rafi,R.T.Rosen,A.Vassil,C.T.Ho,H.Zhang,G.Ghai,G.Lambert,R.S.Dipaola,Anticancer Res.20,2653-58(2000).
[12]刘颖,卢琳,那晓琳,迟晓星,崔洪斌,营养学报3,218(2005).
[13]林成招,马海田,邹思湘,王国杰,陈伟华,韩正,生理学报57,517-22(2005).
[14]C.Sun,J.S.H.Lee,M.Zhang,Adv.Drug.Deliv.Rev.60,1252-65(2008).
[15]Y.W.Jun,J.H.Lee,J.Cheon,Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.47,5122-35(2008).
[16]C.J.Xu,S.H.Sun,Polymer Int.56,821-26(2007).
[17]M.Arruebo,R.Fernandez-Pacheco,M.R.Ibarra,Nano Today 2,22-32(2007).
[18]V.P.Torchilin,Pharm.Res.24,2333-34(2007).
[19]T.K.Jain,M.A.Morales,S.K.Sahoo,D.L.Leslie-Pelecky,V.Labhasetwar,Mol.Pharm.2,194-205(2005).
[20]N.Kohler,C.Sun,A.Fichtenholtz,J.Gunn,C.Fang,M.Zhang,Small 2,785-92(2006).
[21]S.J.Son,J.Reichel,B.He,M.Schuchman,S.B.Lee,J.Am.Chem.Soc.127,7316-17(2005).
[22]Y.Hu,J.Xie,Y.W.Tong,C.H.Wang,J.Contr.Release 118,7-17(2007).
[23]C.Fang,B.Shi,Y.Y.Pei,M.H.Hong,J.Wu,H.Z.Chen,Eur.J.Pharmaceut.Sci.27,27-36(2006).
[24]T.Akiyama,J.Ishida,S.Nakagawa,H.Ogawara,S.I.Watanabe,N.Itoh,J.Biol.Chem.262,5592-95(1987).
[25]J.Markovits,C.Linassier,P.Fosse,J.Couprie,J.Pierre,A.Jacquemin-Sablon,Cancer Res.49,5111-17(1989).
[26]E.Kyle,L.Neckers,C.Takimoto,G.Curt,R.Bergan,Mol.Pharmacol.51,193-200(1997).
[27]A.I.Constantinou,A.E.Krygier,R.R.Mehta,Am.J.Clin.Nutr.38,1426S-30S(1998).
[28]F.Lian,Y.Li,M.Bhuiyan,F.H.Sarkar,Nutr.Cancer 33,125-31(1998).
[29]F.M.Uckun,R.K.Narla,e.a.T.Zeren,Clin.Cancer Res.4,1125-34(1998).
[30]J.R.Zhou,E.T.Gugger,e.a.T.Tanaka,J.Nutr.129,1628-35(1999).
[31]Q.Cai,H.Wei,Nutr.Cancer 25,1-7(1996).
[32]K.Okazaki,S.Okazaki,H.Nakamura,Y.Kitamura,H.Hatayama,S.Wakabayashi,Arch.Toxicol.76,553-59(2002).
[33]R.Guo,L.Y.Zhang,Z.S.Zhu,X.Q.Jiang,Langmuir 24,3459-64(2008).
[34]M.J.Alonso,Biomed.Pharmacother.58,168-72(2004).
[35]A.Bozkir,O.M.Saka,Drug Deliv.11,107-12(2004).
[36]X.G.Chen,C.M.Lee,H.J.Park,J.Agric.Food Chem.51,3135-39(2003).
[37]Y.C.Chang,S.W.Chang,D.H.Chen,React.Funct.Polym.66,335(2003).
[38]A.Williams,I.T.Ibrahim,J.Am.Chem.Soc 103,7090(1981).
[39]Y.Y.Liang,L.M.Zhang,Biomacromolecules 8,1480(2007).
[40]S.J.Son,J.Reichel,B.He,M.Schuchman,S.B.Lee,J.Am.Chem.Soc.127,7316(2005).
[41]A.K.Guptaa,M.Gupta,Biomaterials 26,3995(2005).
[42]付荣霞,杨艳梅,张春艳,世界华人消化杂志15,1055-59(2007).
[43]E.J.Choi,T.Kim,M.S.Lee,Life Sci.80,1403-08(2007).
[44]J.C.Shen,R.D.Klein,e.a.Q.Wei 29,92-102(2000).
[45]D.Chodon,N.Ramamurty,D.Sakthisekaran,Toxicol In Vitro.21,887-91(2007).
[46]S.J.Su,N.H.Chow,M.L.Kung,T.C.Hung,K.L.C.e.al.,Nutr Cancer 45,113-23(2003).
[47]张继红,梁力建,黄洁夫,中华普通外科杂志21,654-56(2006).
[48]J.H.Park,S.Kwon,M.Lee,H.Chung,J.H.Kim,Y.S.Kim,R.W.Park,I.S.Kim,S.B.Seo,I.C.Kwon,S.Y.Jeong,Biomaterials 27,119(2006).
[49]M.Marcela,N.Sten,L.Lena,Z.X.Liu,T.Teuvo,R.Mika,H.R.Anders,Cat.Inist.24,1347(2004).
[50]H.Maeda,Adv.Enzyme Regul.41,189(2001).
[51]V.Dixit,J.V.Bossche,D.M.Sherman,D.H.Thompson,R.P.Andres,Bioconjugate Chem.17,603(2006).
[52]H.Aihara,Acid & Alkaline,1971;Macrobiotic Foundation.
[1]C.J.Kiely,J.Fink,M.Brust,D.Bethell,D.J.Schiffrin,Nature 396,444(1998).
[2]J.Fink,C.J.Kiely,D.Bethell,D.J.Schiffrin,Chem.Mater.10,922(1998).
[3]D.Zanchet,M.S.Moreno,D.Ugarte,Phys.Rev.Lett.82,5277(1999).
[4]M.Faraday,W.S.Sutherland,J.D.Winefordner,J.Colloid.Intelface Sci.48,129(1992).
[5]G.Frens,Nature Physical Science 241,20(1973).
[6]M.Grzelcaak,M.A.Correa-Duarte,V.Salgueirino-Maceira,M.Giersig,R.Diaz,L.M.Liz-Marzan,Adv.Mater.18,415(2006).
[7]S.Link,M.A.El-Sayed,J.Phys.Chem.B 103,8410(1999).
[8]B.F.Pan,D.X.Cui,C.S.Ozkan,M.Ozkan,P.Xu,T.Huang,F.T.Liu,H.Chen,Q.Li,R.He,F.Gao,J.Phys.Chem.C 112,939(2008).
[9]S.Link,M.A.El-Sayed,M.B.Mohamed,J.Phys.Chem.B 109,10531(2005).
[10]贺.昕,熊晓东,梁敬博,李治宇,张.曦,稀有金属29(4),471-74(2005).
[11]Z.C.Xu,C.M.Shen,T.Z.Yang,H.R.Zhang,H.L.Li,J.Q.Li,H.J.Gao,Chem.Phys.Lett.415,342(2005).
[12]邵媛,邓宇,离子液体的应用研究进展.6,14-18(2005).
[13]李汝雄,王建基,化工进展1,43-48(2002).
[14]张英锋,李长江,包富山,张永安,化学教育2,7-12(2005).
[15]石家华,孙逊,杨春和等,化学通报4,243-50(2002).
[16]孙茜,刘元兰,陆嘉星,化学通报2,112-14(2003).
[17]崔礼生,韩跃新,有色矿冶7,54-57(2005).
[18]Y.D.Li,H.W.Liao,Y.Ding,Y.Fan,Y.Zhang,Y.T.Qian,Inorg.chem,38,1382-87(1999).
[19]R.He,X.F.Qian,J.Yin,H.A.Xi,L.J.Bian,Z.K.Zhu,Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspects 220,151(2003).
[20]Y.Jiang,Y.J.Zhu,Chem.Lett.33,1390(2004).
[21]P.Christian,P.O'Brien,Chem.Commun.2817(2005).
[22]A.B.Panda,G.Glaspell,M.S.El-Shall,J.Am.Chem.Soc.128,2790(2006).
[23]J.L.Machol,F.W.Wise,D.B.Tanner,Phys.Rev.B.:Condens.Matter 48,2819-22(1993).
[24]C.Mitchell,C.A.Mirkin,R.L.Letsinger,J.Am.Chem.Soc 121,8122-23(1999).
[25]X.F.Lu,Y.Y.Zhao,C.F.Wang,Ady.Mater.17,2485(2005).
[26]K.Oho,H.Nakane,M.F.e.al.,Biochem Biophys Res Commun 160,982-84(1989).
[27]S.A.Hines,G.D.Scholes,Adv.Mater.15,1844(2003).
[28]J.Joo,H.B.Na,T.Yu,J.H.Yu,Y.W.Kim,F.X.Wu,J.Z.Zhang,T.Hyeon,J.Am.Chem.Soc.125,11100(2003).
[29]L.Cademartiri,E.Montanari,G.Calestani,A.Migliori,A.Guagliardi,G.A.Ozin,J.Am.Chem.Soc.128,10337-46(2006).