CO_2激光共线差频产生太赫兹的理论和实验研究
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摘要
太赫兹科学与技术给成像与感测等应用领域和医药、化学与生命科学等基础研究领域带来深远的影响，而成为近年来热门的研究课题，而对如何获得太赫兹波辐射源的研究是其关键问题研究之一。获得在常温下稳定运转、相干和可调谐的太赫兹波辐射源的最有效的方法之一是利用非线性光学差频的方法，通过差频方法产生太赫兹有着广阔的应用前景。差频方法产生太赫兹的原理是利用两束波长接近的泵浦光在非线性光学晶体中满足相位匹配时差频产生波长在太赫兹区域的辐射源。而在共线差频时两束泵浦光的传播方向相同，这样能够有效地使用在晶体中作用的有效面积和长度来提高产生太赫兹的效率。
本论文基于共线差频原理，以CO_2激光在非线性晶体中共线差频为研究对象，从理论上分析周期结构的非线性晶体通过共线差频如何有效产生太赫兹；相比其它激光，根据Manley-Rowe定理，理论上利用输出波长在10μm左右的CO_2激光差频能够更有效地产生太赫兹源。从实验方面利用自行搭建的双波长输出、正交偏振、可调谐的CO_2激光装置对GaSe晶体和周期反转的GaAs晶体片堆中共线差频产生太赫兹进行研究，并逐一展开论述和讨论。论文主要的内容如下：
(1)理论上从描述光波与物质相互作用的三波耦合方程出发，推导出共线差频中准相位匹配时产生太赫兹的功率和转换效率的表达式，理论分析CO_2激光在周期反转的非线性晶体GaAs中产生太赫兹波源转换效率。提出可以利用CO_2激光进行准相位匹配共线差频表面辐射产生太赫兹的方法，推导出表面辐射产生太赫兹波源的转换效率的表达式，并具体提出竖直、倾斜和二维结构的周期性晶体的方案。理论上研究通过表面辐射提高太赫兹波源功率的方法，计算了共线准相位匹配周期性晶体的周期、匹配角和太赫兹波长之间的关系，发现随着周期性晶体的周期长度增加，所产生太赫兹波辐射源的波长增加。
(2)为了获得共线差频实验中波长可调谐的CO_2激光，分析了CO_2气体激光器分子能级结构，探讨了光栅调谐技术，以此获得可调谐的CO_2激光器。基于光栅调谐理论，搭建了一台双波长输出、正交偏振的脉冲放电可调谐CO_2激光器装置，调谐出18组双波长输出时间同步波长，为共线差频产生太赫兹提供了泵浦源。仅用一台可输出双波长的可调谐CO_2激光器，在共线差频中产生太赫兹波辐射源是一种很有意义的应用，这可使太赫兹波辐射源发生器结构紧凑简单。
(3)利用自行搭建可以在9.1-10.7μm之间调谐的一台正交偏振双波长输出的CO_2激光器的装置，研究了在非线性晶体GaSe中共线差频产生太赫兹波辐射源实验。对GaSe晶体的光学特性和相位匹配理论进行了分析。实验产生了波长范围在236.3-1104.5μm (0.27-1.3THz)的可调谐输出的窄带太赫兹波辐射源。在实验中对CO_2激光在GaSe晶体中的相位匹配角，相位匹配允许角进行分析，实验结果跟理论计算相符合。实验在243.6μm波长处获得太赫兹波的最大单脉冲能量为11nJ，其峰值功率182mW。
(4)实验研究了周期性反转的GaAs晶体片堆在准相位匹配条件下，利用双波长输出的CO_2激光器共线差频产生太赫兹辐射源。分析了GaAs晶体片的晶向选取和厚度，利用光学键合法对GaAs晶体片进行键合，并对GaAs晶体片堆的CO_2激光透过率进行测量。实验产生了波长为319μm (0.94THz)的太赫兹，太赫兹最大单脉冲能量随晶体片数增加而增大，在GaAs晶体片数为10片时获得太赫兹波源的最大单脉冲能量为12nJ，其峰值功率200mW，该能量比GaSe中共线差频产生的太赫兹提高了10%。并提出可以利用一台双波长输出可调谐CO_2激光在扇形结构非线性晶体中共线差频，通过简单平移改变扇形结构非线性晶体的周期长度，就能实现太赫兹波可调谐输出的方案。
Terahertz (THz) science and technology attract world-wide research interest for itspotential applications including spectroscopy, pharmaceutical, chemicals, biomedicaldiagnostics, and so on. THz source is one of the key issues. Difference frequencygeneration (DFG) is one of the effective ways to produce stable operation, tunable andcoherent THz radiation at room temperature. The principle of nonlinear optical DFG THz isthe use of two similar wavelength laser beam matching DFG the wavelength of radiation inthe THz region. Due to the same propagation of the two beams, collinear DFG can acquireefficient THz using the area and length of in the crystal.
In this thesis, CO_2laser collinear DFG are investigated for producing THz in nonlinearcrystals. The theory of efficient THz acquired for periodic crystals is introduced. Accordingto the Manley-Rowe relation, compared to other lasers, the maximum conversion efficiencycan be improved by mid-infrared CO_2laser for the wavelength running at10μm.Theexperiments are established pumped by one self-made CO_2laser with dual-wavelengthoutput based on collinear DFG in a stacked GaAs wafers and a GaSe crystal. The maincontents are as follows:
(1) According to the coupled wave equation, the power and efficiency transfer amongthe three waves has been studied in the process of terahertz wave collinear DFG in quasiphase matched (QPM). Surface-emitted difference frequency generation (SEDFG) usingQPM has been proposed. We explore the generation of the high power conversionefficiency of THz wave in periodically-inverted crystals with mid-infrared CO_2laser byusing three schemes including perpendicular structure, slant-stripe structure andtwo-dimensional structure. The relations of the angle and the THz wavelength areconsidered. The relation of the grating period is increased when THz wavelength isincreased.
(2) In order to obtain various THz waves, the wavelength of the CO_2laser must betuned. So grating tuning technology is used to obtain the wavelength tuning of CO_2laser. Adual-wavelength output, the orthogonal polarization pulses discharge tunable CO_2laser isestablished. Temporal waveforms of dual-wavelength CO_2laser pulses acquired18. Using a compact dual-wavelength CO_2laser around10μm as collinear DFG pumping source, weacquired a compact THz source.
(3) Using one self-made CO_2laser with dual-wavelength output, orthogonalpolarization pulses can be tuned range of9.1-10.7μm, the experiment is success tocollinearly phase-matched DFG in a GaSe crystal. THz pulses have been generated at awavelength range of236.3-1104.5μm (0.27-1.3THz). THz pulses phase-matching angleand phase-matching conditions agrees with theoretical calculations. The maximum singlepulse energy of11nJ was generated at a wavelength of243.6μm (1.23THz),corresponding to a peak output power182mW.
(4) Pumped by one self-made CO_2laser with dual-wavelength output based oncollinear QPM-DFG in a stacked GaAs wafers. GaAs wafers thickness and orientation isselected, and optically-contacted method is bonded to stacked GaAs wafers. We observedthat the QPM-GaAs wafers can effectively increase the THz generation power andefficiency by increasing the number of periods. The maximum single pulse energy of12nJwas generated at a frequency of0.94THz (319μm) by using ten GaAs wafers,corresponding to a peak output power200mW. The maximum single pulse energy isincreasing by10%than that of a GaSe crystal. The scheme for generation of tunable THzwave in fan out structure crystal with CO_2laser is proposed. The length of periodical crystalcan be change by a simple movement, and will be able to achieve tunable THz wave outputin this scheme.
本论文基于共线差频原理，以CO_2激光在非线性晶体中共线差频为研究对象，从理论上分析周期结构的非线性晶体通过共线差频如何有效产生太赫兹；相比其它激光，根据Manley-Rowe定理，理论上利用输出波长在10μm左右的CO_2激光差频能够更有效地产生太赫兹源。从实验方面利用自行搭建的双波长输出、正交偏振、可调谐的CO_2激光装置对GaSe晶体和周期反转的GaAs晶体片堆中共线差频产生太赫兹进行研究，并逐一展开论述和讨论。论文主要的内容如下：
(1)理论上从描述光波与物质相互作用的三波耦合方程出发，推导出共线差频中准相位匹配时产生太赫兹的功率和转换效率的表达式，理论分析CO_2激光在周期反转的非线性晶体GaAs中产生太赫兹波源转换效率。提出可以利用CO_2激光进行准相位匹配共线差频表面辐射产生太赫兹的方法，推导出表面辐射产生太赫兹波源的转换效率的表达式，并具体提出竖直、倾斜和二维结构的周期性晶体的方案。理论上研究通过表面辐射提高太赫兹波源功率的方法，计算了共线准相位匹配周期性晶体的周期、匹配角和太赫兹波长之间的关系，发现随着周期性晶体的周期长度增加，所产生太赫兹波辐射源的波长增加。
(2)为了获得共线差频实验中波长可调谐的CO_2激光，分析了CO_2气体激光器分子能级结构，探讨了光栅调谐技术，以此获得可调谐的CO_2激光器。基于光栅调谐理论，搭建了一台双波长输出、正交偏振的脉冲放电可调谐CO_2激光器装置，调谐出18组双波长输出时间同步波长，为共线差频产生太赫兹提供了泵浦源。仅用一台可输出双波长的可调谐CO_2激光器，在共线差频中产生太赫兹波辐射源是一种很有意义的应用，这可使太赫兹波辐射源发生器结构紧凑简单。
(3)利用自行搭建可以在9.1-10.7μm之间调谐的一台正交偏振双波长输出的CO_2激光器的装置，研究了在非线性晶体GaSe中共线差频产生太赫兹波辐射源实验。对GaSe晶体的光学特性和相位匹配理论进行了分析。实验产生了波长范围在236.3-1104.5μm (0.27-1.3THz)的可调谐输出的窄带太赫兹波辐射源。在实验中对CO_2激光在GaSe晶体中的相位匹配角，相位匹配允许角进行分析，实验结果跟理论计算相符合。实验在243.6μm波长处获得太赫兹波的最大单脉冲能量为11nJ，其峰值功率182mW。
(4)实验研究了周期性反转的GaAs晶体片堆在准相位匹配条件下，利用双波长输出的CO_2激光器共线差频产生太赫兹辐射源。分析了GaAs晶体片的晶向选取和厚度，利用光学键合法对GaAs晶体片进行键合，并对GaAs晶体片堆的CO_2激光透过率进行测量。实验产生了波长为319μm (0.94THz)的太赫兹，太赫兹最大单脉冲能量随晶体片数增加而增大，在GaAs晶体片数为10片时获得太赫兹波源的最大单脉冲能量为12nJ，其峰值功率200mW，该能量比GaSe中共线差频产生的太赫兹提高了10%。并提出可以利用一台双波长输出可调谐CO_2激光在扇形结构非线性晶体中共线差频，通过简单平移改变扇形结构非线性晶体的周期长度，就能实现太赫兹波可调谐输出的方案。
Terahertz (THz) science and technology attract world-wide research interest for itspotential applications including spectroscopy, pharmaceutical, chemicals, biomedicaldiagnostics, and so on. THz source is one of the key issues. Difference frequencygeneration (DFG) is one of the effective ways to produce stable operation, tunable andcoherent THz radiation at room temperature. The principle of nonlinear optical DFG THz isthe use of two similar wavelength laser beam matching DFG the wavelength of radiation inthe THz region. Due to the same propagation of the two beams, collinear DFG can acquireefficient THz using the area and length of in the crystal.
In this thesis, CO_2laser collinear DFG are investigated for producing THz in nonlinearcrystals. The theory of efficient THz acquired for periodic crystals is introduced. Accordingto the Manley-Rowe relation, compared to other lasers, the maximum conversion efficiencycan be improved by mid-infrared CO_2laser for the wavelength running at10μm.Theexperiments are established pumped by one self-made CO_2laser with dual-wavelengthoutput based on collinear DFG in a stacked GaAs wafers and a GaSe crystal. The maincontents are as follows:
(1) According to the coupled wave equation, the power and efficiency transfer amongthe three waves has been studied in the process of terahertz wave collinear DFG in quasiphase matched (QPM). Surface-emitted difference frequency generation (SEDFG) usingQPM has been proposed. We explore the generation of the high power conversionefficiency of THz wave in periodically-inverted crystals with mid-infrared CO_2laser byusing three schemes including perpendicular structure, slant-stripe structure andtwo-dimensional structure. The relations of the angle and the THz wavelength areconsidered. The relation of the grating period is increased when THz wavelength isincreased.
(2) In order to obtain various THz waves, the wavelength of the CO_2laser must betuned. So grating tuning technology is used to obtain the wavelength tuning of CO_2laser. Adual-wavelength output, the orthogonal polarization pulses discharge tunable CO_2laser isestablished. Temporal waveforms of dual-wavelength CO_2laser pulses acquired18. Using a compact dual-wavelength CO_2laser around10μm as collinear DFG pumping source, weacquired a compact THz source.
(3) Using one self-made CO_2laser with dual-wavelength output, orthogonalpolarization pulses can be tuned range of9.1-10.7μm, the experiment is success tocollinearly phase-matched DFG in a GaSe crystal. THz pulses have been generated at awavelength range of236.3-1104.5μm (0.27-1.3THz). THz pulses phase-matching angleand phase-matching conditions agrees with theoretical calculations. The maximum singlepulse energy of11nJ was generated at a wavelength of243.6μm (1.23THz),corresponding to a peak output power182mW.
(4) Pumped by one self-made CO_2laser with dual-wavelength output based oncollinear QPM-DFG in a stacked GaAs wafers. GaAs wafers thickness and orientation isselected, and optically-contacted method is bonded to stacked GaAs wafers. We observedthat the QPM-GaAs wafers can effectively increase the THz generation power andefficiency by increasing the number of periods. The maximum single pulse energy of12nJwas generated at a frequency of0.94THz (319μm) by using ten GaAs wafers,corresponding to a peak output power200mW. The maximum single pulse energy isincreasing by10%than that of a GaSe crystal. The scheme for generation of tunable THzwave in fan out structure crystal with CO_2laser is proposed. The length of periodical crystalcan be change by a simple movement, and will be able to achieve tunable THz wave outputin this scheme.
引文
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