放电引发非链式脉冲DF激光机理研究
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摘要
基于化学反应的DF激光器输出波段为3.5~4.2μm，处于大气红外传输窗口，其覆盖了众多原子及分子的吸收峰，因此在光谱学、激光雷达、大气监测及军事等诸多领域都有重要的应用价值和前景。DF激光器分为链式和非链式两种，链式DF激光器建立在链式化学反应上，其激光输出能量并不直接受注入能量的限制，因而能实现高能量、高效率激光输出，但链式反应激光器存在支链反应，有爆炸的危险。相反，非链式脉冲DF激光器具有无腐蚀性、反应可控不易爆炸、结构紧凑、操作简单、光束质量好等优点，并能实现高功率高能量激光输出，因而近年来受到广泛关注。本文采用理论和实验相结合的方法，对放电引发非链式脉冲DF激光机理进行了研究。
放电引发非链式脉冲DF激光器通常采用SF6气体作为F原子来源，对F原子产生过程的分析是建立非链式脉冲DF激光器动力学模型的前提。本文根据SF6气体与电子各种相互碰撞过程的碰撞截面、电子能量阈值和各反应过程的速率常数数据，找出了影响F原子产出和影响SF6气体击穿的重要过程，并获得了SF6气体及SF6-D2混合气体的击穿机理。
以SF6、D2为工作介质，根据非链式脉冲DF激光器的反应机理，采用速率方程理论，建立了非链式脉冲DF激光器动力学模型。采用Runge-Kutta法对该模型进行数值计算，得到了腔内各组分粒子数密度随时间的变化关系及DF分子各振动能级辐射跃迁激射光子情况。进而运用该模型研究了工作气体比例和输出镜反射率对DF激光器腔内光子数密度、单脉冲能量、脉冲宽度和输出功率的影响，得到了最佳气体比例和最佳输出镜反射率参数。
搭建了非链式脉冲DF激光实验平台，采用紫外预电离的横向放电方式和稳定光学谐振腔，使用无毒无腐蚀性的SF6和D2作为工作物质，研究了工作气体比例、总气压、充电电压和输出镜反射率对放电引发非链式脉冲DF激光器输出能量的影响。实验发现SF6与D2的最佳比例为10:1，最佳输出镜反射率为30%，上述实验结果与动力学模型模拟结果一致。激光输出能量随充电电压线性增加，但电压过高时将引起弧光放电现象，导致能量下降。对于每个充电电压存在与之对应的最佳工作气压，即工作气体存在最佳E/P值。在最佳工作条件下（SF6:D2=10:1，R=30%），充电电压为39kV时，激光单脉冲输出能量达到最大值4.95J，此时激光脉冲宽度为148.8ns，峰值功率为33.27MW。对激光脉冲特性进行了测量，给出了激光脉冲特性与气体比例、总气压、充电电压及输出镜反射率之间的变化关系。使用DF激光谱线分析仪对激光输出谱线进行了测量，得到了20条P支跃迁谱线，激光能量集中在v=2振动能级上。此外，采用烧蚀光斑法对稳腔结构的激光光斑进行了测量，得到DF激光近、远场发散角分别为1mrad和6mrad，在相同条件下，采用非稳腔可将激光光束远场发散角压缩到1.2mrad。
Deuterium fluoride (DF) laser，based on chemical reactions, radiates in thespectral range3.5~4.2μm, which is the infrared atmospheric transparency windowcovering the absorption peaks of many atoms and molecules, so this laser hassignificant applications in many fields such as spectroscopy, laser radar transmitters,laser ranging, atmospheric monitoring, military, etc. DF laser can be divided into twotypes, one is the traditional chain reaction and the other is non-chain reaction, theformer’s output laser energy is not directly limited by the input energy, which meansit can reach high energy, high efficiency laser output. However due to the branchedchain reaction, chain DF laser has the risk of premature ignition and explosion. Onthe contrary non-chain pulsed DF laser has no risk of corrosion and explosion.Besides, it has other advantages, such as compact structure, easy operation, goodbeam quality, high peak power, high energy, etc. Non-chain DF laser becomes moreattractive due to all these advantages recently. The mechanism of non-chain pulsedelectric-discharge DF laser is studied theoretically and experimentally in this paper.
Non-chain pulsed electric-discharge DF laser usually uses SF6gas as the donorof F atoms, so the analysis of the production process of F atoms is the premise of thebuilding of dynamical model. According to the impact cross sections, thresholdelectron energy and rate coefficients of different impact interactions between SF6 and electrons, the important processes which affect the generation of F atoms and thebreakdown of SF6are found, and the breakdown mechanism of pure SF6and SF6-D2mixture are obtained.
With SF6-D2as gas medium, according to the reaction mechanism in non-chainpulsed DF laser, a dynamical model for this laser is presented by using rate equationstheory. By solving this model with Runge-Kutta method, the dependence of speciesconcentration in laser cavity on time and the photons radiation by differentvibrational level of excited state DF molecules are obtained. Then the effects of theworking gas ratio and the reflectance of output mirror on photon number density,single pulse energy, pulse width, and output power are studied with this model. Theoptimum parameters of the working gas ratio and the reflectance of output mirror areattained based on the theory calculation.
The experiment platform of non-chain pulsed DF laser is built, on which theinfluences of the ratio and total pressure of working gas, the charging voltage and thereflectance of output mirror on the output energy of non-chain pulsed DF laser areinvestigated. The experimental research is based on UV-preionized transversedischarge method with a stable optical resonator, and the working mixtures used arenon-toxic and non-corrosive SF6and D2. The results show that the optimum ratio ofSF6-D2and the reflectance of output mirror, respectively, are10:1and30%, whichagree well with the theoretical calculation. The laser energy increases linearly withcharging voltage, but there will occur the phenomenon of arc discharge when thecharging voltage is too high, which will decrease the laser energy. There exists anoptimum gas pressure for each certain charging voltage, that is working gas has theoptimum E/P value. The maximum single pulse energy of4.95J, pulse duration of148.8ns, and peak power of33.27MW are achieved under the best workingconditions (SF6:D2=10:1, R=30%) when the charging voltage is39kV. Theinfluences of the mixture ratio, total pressure, charging voltage and the reflectance ofoutput mirror on impulse characteristics of non-chain DF laser are researched. Byusing a DF laser spectrum analyzer,20P-branch transition lines are recorded for the output spectrum of DF laser, which the laser energy concentrates on v=2vibrationlevel. Besides, by measuring laser spot with the laser ablation method, the laserbeam divergence angles of1mrad and6mrad in near field and far field respectivelyare attained. By replacing the resonator with a non-stable optical resonator, the farfield laser beam divergence angle can be compressed to1.2mrad in the sameexperimental conditions.
放电引发非链式脉冲DF激光器通常采用SF6气体作为F原子来源，对F原子产生过程的分析是建立非链式脉冲DF激光器动力学模型的前提。本文根据SF6气体与电子各种相互碰撞过程的碰撞截面、电子能量阈值和各反应过程的速率常数数据，找出了影响F原子产出和影响SF6气体击穿的重要过程，并获得了SF6气体及SF6-D2混合气体的击穿机理。
以SF6、D2为工作介质，根据非链式脉冲DF激光器的反应机理，采用速率方程理论，建立了非链式脉冲DF激光器动力学模型。采用Runge-Kutta法对该模型进行数值计算，得到了腔内各组分粒子数密度随时间的变化关系及DF分子各振动能级辐射跃迁激射光子情况。进而运用该模型研究了工作气体比例和输出镜反射率对DF激光器腔内光子数密度、单脉冲能量、脉冲宽度和输出功率的影响，得到了最佳气体比例和最佳输出镜反射率参数。
搭建了非链式脉冲DF激光实验平台，采用紫外预电离的横向放电方式和稳定光学谐振腔，使用无毒无腐蚀性的SF6和D2作为工作物质，研究了工作气体比例、总气压、充电电压和输出镜反射率对放电引发非链式脉冲DF激光器输出能量的影响。实验发现SF6与D2的最佳比例为10:1，最佳输出镜反射率为30%，上述实验结果与动力学模型模拟结果一致。激光输出能量随充电电压线性增加，但电压过高时将引起弧光放电现象，导致能量下降。对于每个充电电压存在与之对应的最佳工作气压，即工作气体存在最佳E/P值。在最佳工作条件下（SF6:D2=10:1，R=30%），充电电压为39kV时，激光单脉冲输出能量达到最大值4.95J，此时激光脉冲宽度为148.8ns，峰值功率为33.27MW。对激光脉冲特性进行了测量，给出了激光脉冲特性与气体比例、总气压、充电电压及输出镜反射率之间的变化关系。使用DF激光谱线分析仪对激光输出谱线进行了测量，得到了20条P支跃迁谱线，激光能量集中在v=2振动能级上。此外，采用烧蚀光斑法对稳腔结构的激光光斑进行了测量，得到DF激光近、远场发散角分别为1mrad和6mrad，在相同条件下，采用非稳腔可将激光光束远场发散角压缩到1.2mrad。
Deuterium fluoride (DF) laser，based on chemical reactions, radiates in thespectral range3.5~4.2μm, which is the infrared atmospheric transparency windowcovering the absorption peaks of many atoms and molecules, so this laser hassignificant applications in many fields such as spectroscopy, laser radar transmitters,laser ranging, atmospheric monitoring, military, etc. DF laser can be divided into twotypes, one is the traditional chain reaction and the other is non-chain reaction, theformer’s output laser energy is not directly limited by the input energy, which meansit can reach high energy, high efficiency laser output. However due to the branchedchain reaction, chain DF laser has the risk of premature ignition and explosion. Onthe contrary non-chain pulsed DF laser has no risk of corrosion and explosion.Besides, it has other advantages, such as compact structure, easy operation, goodbeam quality, high peak power, high energy, etc. Non-chain DF laser becomes moreattractive due to all these advantages recently. The mechanism of non-chain pulsedelectric-discharge DF laser is studied theoretically and experimentally in this paper.
Non-chain pulsed electric-discharge DF laser usually uses SF6gas as the donorof F atoms, so the analysis of the production process of F atoms is the premise of thebuilding of dynamical model. According to the impact cross sections, thresholdelectron energy and rate coefficients of different impact interactions between SF6 and electrons, the important processes which affect the generation of F atoms and thebreakdown of SF6are found, and the breakdown mechanism of pure SF6and SF6-D2mixture are obtained.
With SF6-D2as gas medium, according to the reaction mechanism in non-chainpulsed DF laser, a dynamical model for this laser is presented by using rate equationstheory. By solving this model with Runge-Kutta method, the dependence of speciesconcentration in laser cavity on time and the photons radiation by differentvibrational level of excited state DF molecules are obtained. Then the effects of theworking gas ratio and the reflectance of output mirror on photon number density,single pulse energy, pulse width, and output power are studied with this model. Theoptimum parameters of the working gas ratio and the reflectance of output mirror areattained based on the theory calculation.
The experiment platform of non-chain pulsed DF laser is built, on which theinfluences of the ratio and total pressure of working gas, the charging voltage and thereflectance of output mirror on the output energy of non-chain pulsed DF laser areinvestigated. The experimental research is based on UV-preionized transversedischarge method with a stable optical resonator, and the working mixtures used arenon-toxic and non-corrosive SF6and D2. The results show that the optimum ratio ofSF6-D2and the reflectance of output mirror, respectively, are10:1and30%, whichagree well with the theoretical calculation. The laser energy increases linearly withcharging voltage, but there will occur the phenomenon of arc discharge when thecharging voltage is too high, which will decrease the laser energy. There exists anoptimum gas pressure for each certain charging voltage, that is working gas has theoptimum E/P value. The maximum single pulse energy of4.95J, pulse duration of148.8ns, and peak power of33.27MW are achieved under the best workingconditions (SF6:D2=10:1, R=30%) when the charging voltage is39kV. Theinfluences of the mixture ratio, total pressure, charging voltage and the reflectance ofoutput mirror on impulse characteristics of non-chain DF laser are researched. Byusing a DF laser spectrum analyzer,20P-branch transition lines are recorded for the output spectrum of DF laser, which the laser energy concentrates on v=2vibrationlevel. Besides, by measuring laser spot with the laser ablation method, the laserbeam divergence angles of1mrad and6mrad in near field and far field respectivelyare attained. By replacing the resonator with a non-stable optical resonator, the farfield laser beam divergence angle can be compressed to1.2mrad in the sameexperimental conditions.
引文
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