采动引起边坡地表移动变形规律研究
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摘要
随着我国国民经济的快速增长,人们对矿产资源的需求量也越来越大,由于地下矿产的大量开挖,使得一些老的工业城市形成大规模的采空区,采空区所导致的地质灾害日益严重。于此同时随着我国城市化进程和城市人口的不断增加,一些大的工业厂房、民用建筑、隧道、高速公路、桥梁等不得不修建在采空区之上。煤炭储量丰富的西部城市大多位于地形地质条件复杂的丘陵地区或山区。由于地表移动角、沉陷角预测困难等原因使得矿区规划不合理,一些采煤工作面所形成的采空区直接或间接影响着边坡稳定性,极易造成边坡失稳形成大的滑坡、崩塌、沉陷等地质灾害,严重影响着人民的生命安全和建筑物的稳定性。因此,开展采空区对边坡稳定性的研究就显得尤为重要。
本文以晋城至侯马高速公路阳城～关门段(本文中以下简称阳关高速公路)下伏蒿峪煤矿、北崖煤矿采空区为实验研究基地,运用现场调查、相似材料模拟实验和运用FLAC 3D建立蒿峪煤矿采空区数学模型的方法,系统地研究和分析水平煤层当采煤工作面采宽从小变到大时,不同边坡角度情况下边坡覆岩稳定性及地表变形移动规律、采空区裂隙的分布发育规律以及荷载作用下采空区残余变形破坏规律。取得的主要成果如下：
1.根据物理模型实验研究了水平煤层在各工作面不同开采宽度条件下的开采沉陷规律；不同开采宽度、开采厚度,不同埋深以及地形等因素对覆岩移动和地表变形破坏规律的影响。
2.研究在不同等级荷载作用下采空区的残余变形规律,确定荷载的影响深度和影响范围。
3.运用FLAC 3D软件模拟矿山开采,得到煤层开采后的垂直、水平位移场图、应力场图和破坏场图,分析在不同边坡角度条件下边坡覆岩的稳定性及地表变形破坏情况,并根据模拟所得数据绘制不同地表移动曲线,探讨边坡覆岩岩层移动和地表沉陷的一般规律。
4.运用FLAC 3D软件模拟矿山开采,得到煤层开采后的垂直、水平位移场图、应力场图和破坏场图,分析在不同边坡下采煤工作面由小变大的过程中边坡覆岩的稳定性及地表变形破坏情况,绘制不同曲线探讨边坡覆岩稳定性和地表变形的一般规律。
With the rapid growth of Chinese national economy, there is an increasingly high demands for mineral resources. And because of the large number of underground mineral excavations, some of the old industrial cities have formed many large-scale mined-out areas, which caused increasingly serious geological disasters. In the meanwhile, with China's urbanization and growing urban population, a number of large industrial plants, civil construction, tunnels, highways and bridges have to be built on top of the mined-out areas. The western cities, which are rich of coal, are mainly located in the hills and mountainous areas. Because of bad plan of coal areas caused by different forecast of surface movement subsidence and angles, some mined-out areas, which are caused by coalfaces directly or indirectly influence the stability of the side slopes, are easily formed the geological disaster such as landslide, collapse, subsidence, which greatly affect the seriously affects personal and property safety and the stability of buildings. Thus, study on the side slope stability of mined-out areas becomes quite important. The thesis is adopting Haoyu and BeiYa mined-out area around Hou ma expressway which ranges from Yang cheng to Guang meng(the following paper calls it Yang Guan for short). It formed mathematical model by employing field investigation, similar material simulation experiment and 3D software, and systematically analyzed and investigated stability of side slope'overburden rock and laws of ground deformation and movement, fractures of distribution development in mined-out areas, as well as residual deformation of mined-out areas under the load functions, whose process is according to the mining width of coal face from. The main achievements made in my thesis are as follows:
1. According to the physical model test, the writer investigated the mining subsidence laws, influences of overburden rock movement and ground deformation in single seam conditions of room and pillar mining, in line with different mining width and thickness, burial depth, geomorphic factors.
2. The writer also investigated residual deformation laws in different level load, and confirmed the influence depth and influence scope of load.
3. The writer simulated the coal exploitation in FLAC 3D software, gained displacement, stress diagram and disruption field figure map, which is made after exploitation. I also analysed the stability of the overburden rock of side slope and the deformation and damage of terrain in different side slope angles, drew the different curve diagram of surface movement which is according to simulated data, discussing the general rules the overburden rock movement and subsidence in side slopes.
4. The writer simulated the coal exploitation in FLAC 3D software, gained displacement, stress diagram and disruption field figure map, which is made after exploitation. I also analyzed the stability of the overburden rock of side slope and the deformation and damage of terrain in different coal mining face of side slope (from small to large), drew different curve to discuss the general rules the overburden rock movement and subsidence in side slopes.
本文以晋城至侯马高速公路阳城～关门段(本文中以下简称阳关高速公路)下伏蒿峪煤矿、北崖煤矿采空区为实验研究基地,运用现场调查、相似材料模拟实验和运用FLAC 3D建立蒿峪煤矿采空区数学模型的方法,系统地研究和分析水平煤层当采煤工作面采宽从小变到大时,不同边坡角度情况下边坡覆岩稳定性及地表变形移动规律、采空区裂隙的分布发育规律以及荷载作用下采空区残余变形破坏规律。取得的主要成果如下：
1.根据物理模型实验研究了水平煤层在各工作面不同开采宽度条件下的开采沉陷规律；不同开采宽度、开采厚度,不同埋深以及地形等因素对覆岩移动和地表变形破坏规律的影响。
2.研究在不同等级荷载作用下采空区的残余变形规律,确定荷载的影响深度和影响范围。
3.运用FLAC 3D软件模拟矿山开采,得到煤层开采后的垂直、水平位移场图、应力场图和破坏场图,分析在不同边坡角度条件下边坡覆岩的稳定性及地表变形破坏情况,并根据模拟所得数据绘制不同地表移动曲线,探讨边坡覆岩岩层移动和地表沉陷的一般规律。
4.运用FLAC 3D软件模拟矿山开采,得到煤层开采后的垂直、水平位移场图、应力场图和破坏场图,分析在不同边坡下采煤工作面由小变大的过程中边坡覆岩的稳定性及地表变形破坏情况,绘制不同曲线探讨边坡覆岩稳定性和地表变形的一般规律。
With the rapid growth of Chinese national economy, there is an increasingly high demands for mineral resources. And because of the large number of underground mineral excavations, some of the old industrial cities have formed many large-scale mined-out areas, which caused increasingly serious geological disasters. In the meanwhile, with China's urbanization and growing urban population, a number of large industrial plants, civil construction, tunnels, highways and bridges have to be built on top of the mined-out areas. The western cities, which are rich of coal, are mainly located in the hills and mountainous areas. Because of bad plan of coal areas caused by different forecast of surface movement subsidence and angles, some mined-out areas, which are caused by coalfaces directly or indirectly influence the stability of the side slopes, are easily formed the geological disaster such as landslide, collapse, subsidence, which greatly affect the seriously affects personal and property safety and the stability of buildings. Thus, study on the side slope stability of mined-out areas becomes quite important. The thesis is adopting Haoyu and BeiYa mined-out area around Hou ma expressway which ranges from Yang cheng to Guang meng(the following paper calls it Yang Guan for short). It formed mathematical model by employing field investigation, similar material simulation experiment and 3D software, and systematically analyzed and investigated stability of side slope'overburden rock and laws of ground deformation and movement, fractures of distribution development in mined-out areas, as well as residual deformation of mined-out areas under the load functions, whose process is according to the mining width of coal face from. The main achievements made in my thesis are as follows:
1. According to the physical model test, the writer investigated the mining subsidence laws, influences of overburden rock movement and ground deformation in single seam conditions of room and pillar mining, in line with different mining width and thickness, burial depth, geomorphic factors.
2. The writer also investigated residual deformation laws in different level load, and confirmed the influence depth and influence scope of load.
3. The writer simulated the coal exploitation in FLAC 3D software, gained displacement, stress diagram and disruption field figure map, which is made after exploitation. I also analysed the stability of the overburden rock of side slope and the deformation and damage of terrain in different side slope angles, drew the different curve diagram of surface movement which is according to simulated data, discussing the general rules the overburden rock movement and subsidence in side slopes.
4. The writer simulated the coal exploitation in FLAC 3D software, gained displacement, stress diagram and disruption field figure map, which is made after exploitation. I also analyzed the stability of the overburden rock of side slope and the deformation and damage of terrain in different coal mining face of side slope (from small to large), drew different curve to discuss the general rules the overburden rock movement and subsidence in side slopes.
引文
[1]祈丽华,公路采空区地表稳定性评价一以北京宝水地区108国道为例,中国地质大学(北京)硕士论文,2007.5
[2]郭广礼,何国清,崔曙光,部分开采老采空区覆岩稳定性分析,矿山压力与顶板管理,2003.3
[3]前苏联C.r阿威尔辛著,煤矿地下开采的岩层移动,煤炭工业出版社,1959.12
[4]郝庆旺,马伟民,开采沉陷学的研究历史与发展趋势,矿山岩层与地表移动学术讨论会论文,苏州,1986
[5]赴波兰考察团,波兰采空区地面建筑,科学技术文献出版社,1979
[6][波]M.鲍莱茨基M.胡戴克著,于振海,刘天泉译,矿山岩体力学,煤炭工业出版社,1985.7
[7]Salamon, M.D.G, Elastic analysis of displacements and stresses induced by the mining of seam or roof deposis, J.S.Afr, Inst.Metall.1963, Vol.63
[8]M.D.G.沙拉蒙,地下工程的岩石力学,冶金工业出版社,1982
[9]Salamon, M.D.G, Yang, G., The seam element sethod:prediction of subsidence due to coal mining, Proceedings of Third Workshop on surface Subsidence due to Underground Mining. West Virginia University,1992
[10]Klatesch, H, Mining Subsidence Engineering Springer Verlag, Berlin,1983.
[11]Brauner, Subsidence due to underground mining, BureauofMines, USA,1973
[12]C. J. F. P. Jones and W. J. Spencer. The Implication of Mining Subsidence for Modern Highway Structure, Large Greunel Movements and Structures Proceedings, University of Wales Cardiff 1977:515～256
[13]C. J. F. P. Jones and T. D. Rourke. Mining Subsidence Effects on Transportation Facilities, MIS., 1988(7):107～126
[14]Shand M. Sergeant. Highway Damage, Due 70 Subsidence, MIS.,1988(2):18～32
[15]M. C. Wang. Settlement Behavior of Footing Above a Void, PCGGE, New Orleans,1982: 168～183
[16]刘宝深、廖国华,煤矿地表移动的基本规律,中国工业出版社,1965
[17]北京开采所,煤矿地表移动与覆岩破坏规律及其应用,煤炭工业出版社,1981
[18]何国清、马伟民、王金庄,威布尔型影响函数在地表移动的计算中的应用,中国矿业学院学报,1982.1
[19]张玉卓、仲惟林等,岩层移动的错位理论解与边界元法计算,煤炭学报,1987.2
[20]张玉卓、仲惟林等,断层影响下地表移动的统计和数值模拟研究,煤炭学报,1987.1
[21]周国拴、崔继等,建筑物下采煤,煤炭工业出版社,1983
[22]白矛、刘天泉,条带法开采中条带尺寸的研究,煤炭学报,1983.1
[23]李增琪,使用富氏积分变换计算开挖引起的地表移动,煤炭学报,1983.2
[24]谢和平、陈至达,非线性大变形有限元分析及在岩层移动中应用,中国矿业大学学报,1988.2
[25]何满潮,中国矿业大学北京研究生部博士后研究报告,1994
[26]杨伦、于广明,采矿下沉的再认识,第七届国际矿测学术会议文集,1987
[27]何万龙,山区地表移动规律及变形预计,山西矿业学院学报,1985.2
[28]Sirivardane and Amanda. Displacement Based Approach for Prediction of Subsidence Cause by Long wall Mining Using Numerical Method, Proc. Th, INT, conf on computer. Method,1991.
[29]X.L.Yao, D.J.Reddish and B.N.Whittaker. Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Surface Subsidence Using From Inclined Seam Extraction, Int. J. RODK, Mech.& Mining SCI.,1993.
[30]Yacoub M. Najjar. Constitutive Modeling and Finite Element Analysis of Ground Subsidence due to Mining[D]. University of Oklahoma,1990.
[31]郭广礼,邓喀中,汪汉玉,黄振安,陈绍杰。采空区上方地基失稳机理和处理措施研究[J],矿山压力与顶板管理,2000,(3),39-41
[32]邓喀中,郭广礼,谭志祥.采动区建筑物地基、基础协同作用特性研究[J].煤炭学报,2001,26(6)：601～605.
[33]郭广礼,缪协兴,张振南。老采空区破裂岩体变形性质研究[J],科学技术与工程,2002,2(5),44～46
[34]张永波老采空区建筑地基稳定性及其变形破坏规律研究[D].太原,太原理工大学,2005
[35]刘红元.采动影响下覆岩破坏过程的虚拟研究,东北大学,硕十学位论文.沈阳：2000.
[36]姜岩,田茂义.矿山开采地表下沉与变形预计新方法.矿山压力与顶板管理,2003.3
[37]戴华阳.地表移动预计的新设想一采空区矢量法,矿山测量,1995.4.pp：30-34
[38]傅鹤林.用模糊数学方法综合评价采场稳定性,有色矿山,1994.1.pp：53-57
[39]贾喜荣.矿山岩层力学.北京：煤炭工业出版社,1997
[40]赵静波,高谦等.地下采动岩层移动预测理论分析与研究.矿冶工程.2004.app.1-4
[41]Palchik V.Prediction of hollows in abandoned underground workings at shallow depth[J].Geological and Geological Engineering,2000,7(18):56-61.
[42]Yu Guangming, Xie Heping, Zhan Jianfeng, et al.Fractal evolution crack network in overburden rock[J].Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society.1998,35(8):1107-1111.
[43]陈龙,高速公路桥隧下伏采空区稳定性分析的相似模拟试验研究,太原理工大学硕士论文,2008.6
[44]张利民,多层采动覆岩移动及采空区残余变形规律的相似模拟实验研究,太原理工大学硕士论文,2009.6
[45]王鹏,复杂开采条件下覆岩移动和变形规律的模拟研究,太原理工大学硕士论文,2010.6
[2]郭广礼,何国清,崔曙光,部分开采老采空区覆岩稳定性分析,矿山压力与顶板管理,2003.3
[3]前苏联C.r阿威尔辛著,煤矿地下开采的岩层移动,煤炭工业出版社,1959.12
[4]郝庆旺,马伟民,开采沉陷学的研究历史与发展趋势,矿山岩层与地表移动学术讨论会论文,苏州,1986
[5]赴波兰考察团,波兰采空区地面建筑,科学技术文献出版社,1979
[6][波]M.鲍莱茨基M.胡戴克著,于振海,刘天泉译,矿山岩体力学,煤炭工业出版社,1985.7
[7]Salamon, M.D.G, Elastic analysis of displacements and stresses induced by the mining of seam or roof deposis, J.S.Afr, Inst.Metall.1963, Vol.63
[8]M.D.G.沙拉蒙,地下工程的岩石力学,冶金工业出版社,1982
[9]Salamon, M.D.G, Yang, G., The seam element sethod:prediction of subsidence due to coal mining, Proceedings of Third Workshop on surface Subsidence due to Underground Mining. West Virginia University,1992
[10]Klatesch, H, Mining Subsidence Engineering Springer Verlag, Berlin,1983.
[11]Brauner, Subsidence due to underground mining, BureauofMines, USA,1973
[12]C. J. F. P. Jones and W. J. Spencer. The Implication of Mining Subsidence for Modern Highway Structure, Large Greunel Movements and Structures Proceedings, University of Wales Cardiff 1977:515～256
[13]C. J. F. P. Jones and T. D. Rourke. Mining Subsidence Effects on Transportation Facilities, MIS., 1988(7):107～126
[14]Shand M. Sergeant. Highway Damage, Due 70 Subsidence, MIS.,1988(2):18～32
[15]M. C. Wang. Settlement Behavior of Footing Above a Void, PCGGE, New Orleans,1982: 168～183
[16]刘宝深、廖国华,煤矿地表移动的基本规律,中国工业出版社,1965
[17]北京开采所,煤矿地表移动与覆岩破坏规律及其应用,煤炭工业出版社,1981
[18]何国清、马伟民、王金庄,威布尔型影响函数在地表移动的计算中的应用,中国矿业学院学报,1982.1
[19]张玉卓、仲惟林等,岩层移动的错位理论解与边界元法计算,煤炭学报,1987.2
[20]张玉卓、仲惟林等,断层影响下地表移动的统计和数值模拟研究,煤炭学报,1987.1
[21]周国拴、崔继等,建筑物下采煤,煤炭工业出版社,1983
[22]白矛、刘天泉,条带法开采中条带尺寸的研究,煤炭学报,1983.1
[23]李增琪,使用富氏积分变换计算开挖引起的地表移动,煤炭学报,1983.2
[24]谢和平、陈至达,非线性大变形有限元分析及在岩层移动中应用,中国矿业大学学报,1988.2
[25]何满潮,中国矿业大学北京研究生部博士后研究报告,1994
[26]杨伦、于广明,采矿下沉的再认识,第七届国际矿测学术会议文集,1987
[27]何万龙,山区地表移动规律及变形预计,山西矿业学院学报,1985.2
[28]Sirivardane and Amanda. Displacement Based Approach for Prediction of Subsidence Cause by Long wall Mining Using Numerical Method, Proc. Th, INT, conf on computer. Method,1991.
[29]X.L.Yao, D.J.Reddish and B.N.Whittaker. Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Surface Subsidence Using From Inclined Seam Extraction, Int. J. RODK, Mech.& Mining SCI.,1993.
[30]Yacoub M. Najjar. Constitutive Modeling and Finite Element Analysis of Ground Subsidence due to Mining[D]. University of Oklahoma,1990.
[31]郭广礼,邓喀中,汪汉玉,黄振安,陈绍杰。采空区上方地基失稳机理和处理措施研究[J],矿山压力与顶板管理,2000,(3),39-41
[32]邓喀中,郭广礼,谭志祥.采动区建筑物地基、基础协同作用特性研究[J].煤炭学报,2001,26(6)：601～605.
[33]郭广礼,缪协兴,张振南。老采空区破裂岩体变形性质研究[J],科学技术与工程,2002,2(5),44～46
[34]张永波老采空区建筑地基稳定性及其变形破坏规律研究[D].太原,太原理工大学,2005
[35]刘红元.采动影响下覆岩破坏过程的虚拟研究,东北大学,硕十学位论文.沈阳：2000.
[36]姜岩,田茂义.矿山开采地表下沉与变形预计新方法.矿山压力与顶板管理,2003.3
[37]戴华阳.地表移动预计的新设想一采空区矢量法,矿山测量,1995.4.pp：30-34
[38]傅鹤林.用模糊数学方法综合评价采场稳定性,有色矿山,1994.1.pp：53-57
[39]贾喜荣.矿山岩层力学.北京：煤炭工业出版社,1997
[40]赵静波,高谦等.地下采动岩层移动预测理论分析与研究.矿冶工程.2004.app.1-4
[41]Palchik V.Prediction of hollows in abandoned underground workings at shallow depth[J].Geological and Geological Engineering,2000,7(18):56-61.
[42]Yu Guangming, Xie Heping, Zhan Jianfeng, et al.Fractal evolution crack network in overburden rock[J].Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society.1998,35(8):1107-1111.
[43]陈龙,高速公路桥隧下伏采空区稳定性分析的相似模拟试验研究,太原理工大学硕士论文,2008.6
[44]张利民,多层采动覆岩移动及采空区残余变形规律的相似模拟实验研究,太原理工大学硕士论文,2009.6
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