离子注入不锈钢/铝炉中钎焊研究
|
摘要
本文采用金属离子注入技术(MEVVA)在AISI201不锈钢表面制备铝层作为过渡层,在此基础上采用AlSi钎料对注铝后的不锈钢和工业纯铝(L2)进行了炉中钎焊。采用实验研究和理论相结合的方法,对钎焊连接工艺进行了优化,分别研究了工业纯铝与注铝不锈钢和不锈钢连接接头的界面结构及抗剪强度的变化。
通过金相显微镜观察、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等检测手段对改性层界面形态和元素的浓度-深度分布、钎料的铺展和润湿、焊缝的形貌及成分分别进行了分析。确定了本实验中钢/铝钎焊的最佳工艺参数,研究了不同等离子注入处理参数对焊缝界面金属间化合物生长、钎缝微观形貌及接头力学性能的影响,阐明了温度、保温时间对焊缝组织形貌和界面生长行为的影响规律。
注入改性后不锈钢表面钎料的润湿性得到明显改善,高的注入剂量和注入电压均可以显著提高钎料润湿性。当温度T=600℃、保温时间为t=5min时,Al/Al-Si/注铝不锈钢接头的界面结构为:Al/ Al-Si/Al_(13)Fe_4/FeAl_2/不锈钢。随着铝注入剂量和注入电压的增加,化合物层厚度越来越薄,剪切强度随之提高。而随着钎焊温度的升高和保温时间的延长,化合物层越来越厚,剪切强度随之降低。
拉剪试验结果表明:当钎焊温度为600℃、保温时间为5min、注入电压V=40kV、注入剂量D=9×10~(17)ions/cm~2时,注铝不锈钢/Al接头的最高剪切强度为61MPa;相同参数下的未注铝不锈钢/Al接头的最高剪切强度为29Mpa。
In this thesis, metal vapor vacuum arc (MEVVA) technique was utilized to implant aluminum into stainless steel substrate to fabricate a transition layer. AlSi solder was used to braze stainless steel and industrial pure aluminum (L2). The brazing process has been optimized and the effect of aluminum implantation on interface structure and shear strgngth of the joint has also been focused on
The microstructure of the joints was analyzed by means of SEM, EPMA, XPS and XRD. Based on the interface structures identified in the joint, formation mechanism and process of interface structure were discussed.The changes of microstrure formed at different parameters were also analyzed.
The wettability of solder has been markedly improved on the stainless steel implanted with aluminum, and high implantation dose and implantation voltage can both enhance significantly the solder wettability. By means of analyzing the interface reaction of alumina/Al-Si/implanted stainless steel joints, the optimal interface structure was determined to be Al(zoneⅠ), Al-Si(zoneⅡ), Al13Fe4, FeAl2(zoneⅢ), stainless steel (zoneⅣ) when the brazing temperature was 600℃and holding time was 5min. With increasing implantation dose and implantation voltage, the intermetallic compound layer became thin. However, with increasing the brazing temperature and prolonging holding time, the intermetallic compound layer became thick.
The shear strength was measured to evaluate the mechanical poperties of the joints. The results showed that the shear strengths of the joints increased with implantation dose increasing, implantation voltage increasing, proper brazing time or holding time. When implantation dose was 9×10~(17)ions/cm~2, implantation voltage was 40kV, the brazing temperature was 600℃and holding time was 5 min, the maximum shear strengths of the aluminum/Al-Si/aluminum-implanted steel joint could reach 61MPa in contrast the shear strength of brazed joint without implantion was only 29.1MPa.
通过金相显微镜观察、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等检测手段对改性层界面形态和元素的浓度-深度分布、钎料的铺展和润湿、焊缝的形貌及成分分别进行了分析。确定了本实验中钢/铝钎焊的最佳工艺参数,研究了不同等离子注入处理参数对焊缝界面金属间化合物生长、钎缝微观形貌及接头力学性能的影响,阐明了温度、保温时间对焊缝组织形貌和界面生长行为的影响规律。
注入改性后不锈钢表面钎料的润湿性得到明显改善,高的注入剂量和注入电压均可以显著提高钎料润湿性。当温度T=600℃、保温时间为t=5min时,Al/Al-Si/注铝不锈钢接头的界面结构为:Al/ Al-Si/Al_(13)Fe_4/FeAl_2/不锈钢。随着铝注入剂量和注入电压的增加,化合物层厚度越来越薄,剪切强度随之提高。而随着钎焊温度的升高和保温时间的延长,化合物层越来越厚,剪切强度随之降低。
拉剪试验结果表明:当钎焊温度为600℃、保温时间为5min、注入电压V=40kV、注入剂量D=9×10~(17)ions/cm~2时,注铝不锈钢/Al接头的最高剪切强度为61MPa;相同参数下的未注铝不锈钢/Al接头的最高剪切强度为29Mpa。
In this thesis, metal vapor vacuum arc (MEVVA) technique was utilized to implant aluminum into stainless steel substrate to fabricate a transition layer. AlSi solder was used to braze stainless steel and industrial pure aluminum (L2). The brazing process has been optimized and the effect of aluminum implantation on interface structure and shear strgngth of the joint has also been focused on
The microstructure of the joints was analyzed by means of SEM, EPMA, XPS and XRD. Based on the interface structures identified in the joint, formation mechanism and process of interface structure were discussed.The changes of microstrure formed at different parameters were also analyzed.
The wettability of solder has been markedly improved on the stainless steel implanted with aluminum, and high implantation dose and implantation voltage can both enhance significantly the solder wettability. By means of analyzing the interface reaction of alumina/Al-Si/implanted stainless steel joints, the optimal interface structure was determined to be Al(zoneⅠ), Al-Si(zoneⅡ), Al13Fe4, FeAl2(zoneⅢ), stainless steel (zoneⅣ) when the brazing temperature was 600℃and holding time was 5min. With increasing implantation dose and implantation voltage, the intermetallic compound layer became thin. However, with increasing the brazing temperature and prolonging holding time, the intermetallic compound layer became thick.
The shear strength was measured to evaluate the mechanical poperties of the joints. The results showed that the shear strengths of the joints increased with implantation dose increasing, implantation voltage increasing, proper brazing time or holding time. When implantation dose was 9×10~(17)ions/cm~2, implantation voltage was 40kV, the brazing temperature was 600℃and holding time was 5 min, the maximum shear strengths of the aluminum/Al-Si/aluminum-implanted steel joint could reach 61MPa in contrast the shear strength of brazed joint without implantion was only 29.1MPa.
引文
1刘凯.异种金属焊接技术指南.机械工业出版社. 1997:332~340
2 J. Hhwang, E. F. Horny, S. J. Lin, K. S. Liu. Interface Study for Stainless Steel Fibre-Reinforecd Alumimum Matrixcomposite. Journal of Materials Scence. 1997,32(3):719~725
3 T. Kawano, Y. Inoue, M. Matsui. Properties of Aluminum Alloy/Stainless Steel Clad Material Produced Vice Vacuum Roll Bonding. Welding in the World. 1998,41(2):88~96
4何康生,曹雄夫.异种金属的焊接.北京:机械工业出版社, 1986:309~322
5刘中青.异种材料的焊接.科学技术出版社. 1990:342~343
6张启运,庄鸿寿.钎焊手册.机械工业出版社. 1998:461~482
7李亚江,王娟,刘鹏.异种难焊材料的焊接及应用.化学工业出版社. 2004:170~175
8李亚江,王娟,刘鹏.异种难焊材料的焊接及应用.化学工业出版社. 2004:251~257
9王奇娟,曲文卿.铝合金和不锈钢导管高频感应钎焊研究.宇航材料工艺. 2008,2:49~52
10刘鹏,李亚江,郭继石. Al/18-8异种材料真空钎焊工艺的研究.山东交通大学学报. 2003,11(2):18~21
11董义.铝/不锈钢接触反应钎焊试验研究.哈尔滨工业大学硕士论文. 2002:43
12 M. Roulin, J. W. Luster, G. Karadenz. Strength and structure of furnace-brazed joints between aluminum and stainless steel. Welding Journal. 1999,78(5):151~155
13何鹏,冯吉才,钱乙余.接触反应法解决铝-不锈钢钎焊的缺陷及脆性.材料科学与工艺. 2005,13(1):82~85
14孟庆森,王文先,吴志生.金属材料焊接基础.化学工业出版社. 2006:232~235
15赵祖林,浦娟.铝合金与不锈钢接触反应钎焊接头微观组织分析.金属铸锻焊技术. 2008:80~82
16吕学勤,吴毅雄,张庆云. Al-不锈钢连接中的Ni层阻碍机理.上海交通大学学报. 2003,37(2):164~166
17赵振清,王春青,杜淼. LD31铝合金电刷镀SnPb钎料合金软钎焊.焊接学报. 2005,26(7):67~72
18张永清,任家烈,赵彭生.陶瓷表面加弧辉光离子镀钛改性及其钎焊性.中国机械工程. 2004,15(9):835~837
19张济忠,陶琨等.离子束表面改性氮化硅与钢的焊接研究.真空科学与技术. 1994,14(6):446~448
20 S. Zhu, W. Wlosinski. Joining of AlN ceramic to metal using sputtered Al or Ti film. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2001,109(3):277~282
21 W. P. Liu, G. Elssner, M. Ruhle. Effect of thin film Nb interlayer in Cu/sapphire bonds. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2001,317(1-2):153~162
22刘亮知,邹一心,薛崇貌.离子注入Ni对硬质合金扩散焊接接头强度的影响.西安工业学院学报. 1990,10(3-4):99~105
23高平,赵宝荣等.镍离子注入剂量对氧化铝陶瓷焊接性能的影响研究.兵器材料科学与工程. 2000,6:16~18
24高平,赵宝荣等.离子注入对结构陶瓷焊接性能影响的研究.西部大开发科教先行与可持续发展——中国科协2000年学术年会文集[C]. 2000
25李国斌,赵宝荣等.离子注入改进陶瓷表面可焊性机理分析.兵器材料科学与工程. 2001,24(4):34~37
26张玮,高平,杨海龙.镍离子注入Al2O3/1Cr18Ni9Ti钎焊界面成分分析.包头钢铁学院学报. 2000,19(3):219~221
27 B. R. Zhao, G. B. Li, et al. Influence of nickel ion implantation on the inactive braze joining abilities of Al2O3 ceramics. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B. 2005,239:147~151
28张秉刚. LF2铝合金与Q235钢加入中间Cu层电子束焊接接头组织及形成机理.焊接学报. 2007,28(6):37~40
29冯吉才,何鹏,钱乙余等.钛铝基合金与钢的一种活性复合梯度阻隔扩散焊接方法.公开号:CN1413792A
30张超,左剑波.表面改性硬质合金钎焊性能的研究.西安石油学院学报. 1992,7(2):40~45
31 G.Thorwarth, S. Mandl, B. Rauschenbach. Plasma immersion ion implantation of cold-work steel. Surf. Coat. Technol. 2000,125:94~99
32 GB/T 11364-2008.钎料润湿性试验方法.中华人民共和国国家标准. 1~8
33常海威.金属离子高温注入金属表面合金化机制研究.大连理工大学博士学位论文. 2005:10
34赵明.不锈钢_铝高频感应钎焊膏状钎料的研制.天津大学硕士学位论文. 2003:13~16
35邹家生,许如强,赵其章.铝基钎料在SiC及SiCp/6061复合材料上的润湿性研究.材料开发与应用. 2003,18(4):5~9
36夏云玲,李树杰,闫联生. Co-Ti/SiC、Co-Ti/石墨体系的润湿性研究.粉末冶金技术. 2005,23(6):414~417
37张启运.无铅钎焊的困惑、出路和前景.焊接专家论坛. 2007,2:6~11
38张洪涛.铝/镀锌钢板CMT熔-钎焊机理研究.哈尔滨工业大学博士学位论文. 2008:34
39 S. Kobyashi, T. Yakou. Control of intermetallic compound layes at interface between steel and aluminum by diffusion-treatment. Materials Science and Engineering. 2002, A338:44~53.
40 S. L. Hong. The study of hot dipping commercial pure aluminum onto low carbon steel [D]. Taibei: Taiwan Institute of Technology, 1985.
41 P. C. Tortorici, M. A. Dayananda. Phase formation and interdiffusion in Al-clad 430 stainless steels. Materials Science & Engineering. 1998,A244:207~215
42 G. Eggeler, H. Vogel, J. Friddrieh. Target Preparation for the transmission electron microscopic identification of the FeA13 phase in hot-dip aluminized low-alloy steel. Parket Metallogr. 1985,22:162~170
43张丽霞. TiC/Ni金属陶瓷与45钢的钎焊连接机理及界面层生长行为.哈尔滨工业大学博士学位论文. 2005:72
44 J. Wang, Y. J. Li, Y. S. Yin. Interface characteristics in diffusion bonding of Fe3Al with Cr18-Ni8 stainless steel. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2005, 285(1):201~205
45 R. K. Shiue, S. K. Wu, Y. L. Lee. Transient microstructural evolution of infrared brazed Fe3Al intermetallics using aluminum foil. Intermetallics. 2005,13:818~826
46 G. Brüggemann, A. Mahrle and Th. Benziger. Comparison of experimental and numerical simulated temperature fields for quality assurance at laser beam welding of steels and aluminium alloyings. NDT&E. 2000,33:453~463
47 R. S. Sundar, S. C. Deevi. High-temperature strength and creep resistance of Fe-Al. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2003,357:124~133.
48 Y. D. Huang, L. Froyen. Recovery, recrystallization and grain growth in Fe3Al- based alloys. Intermetallics. 2002, 10:473~484
49 A. Bahadur, O. N. Mohanty. Structural studies of hot dip aluminized coatings on mild steel. Materials Transactions JIM. 1991,32(11):1053~1061
50 S. Fukumoto, H. Tsubakino, K. Okita, et al. Amorphization by friction welding between 5052 aluminum alloy and 304 stainless steel. Scripta Materialia. 2000,42(8):807~812
51 M. Alexandre, V. Jean-claude, M. Simone and G. Dominique. Laser brazing of a steel/aluminium assembly with hot filler wire (88%Al, 12%Si). Materials Science and Engineering. 2006,435~436(5):19~28
52 M. Alexandre, M. Simone, et al. Temperature control in laser brazing of a steel/aluminum assembly using thermographic measurements. NDT & E International. 2006,39(4):272~276
53 K. Saida, W. Song, et al. Laser brazing of aluminum alloy to steels with aluminum filler metals. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining. 2005,10(2):226~234
2 J. Hhwang, E. F. Horny, S. J. Lin, K. S. Liu. Interface Study for Stainless Steel Fibre-Reinforecd Alumimum Matrixcomposite. Journal of Materials Scence. 1997,32(3):719~725
3 T. Kawano, Y. Inoue, M. Matsui. Properties of Aluminum Alloy/Stainless Steel Clad Material Produced Vice Vacuum Roll Bonding. Welding in the World. 1998,41(2):88~96
4何康生,曹雄夫.异种金属的焊接.北京:机械工业出版社, 1986:309~322
5刘中青.异种材料的焊接.科学技术出版社. 1990:342~343
6张启运,庄鸿寿.钎焊手册.机械工业出版社. 1998:461~482
7李亚江,王娟,刘鹏.异种难焊材料的焊接及应用.化学工业出版社. 2004:170~175
8李亚江,王娟,刘鹏.异种难焊材料的焊接及应用.化学工业出版社. 2004:251~257
9王奇娟,曲文卿.铝合金和不锈钢导管高频感应钎焊研究.宇航材料工艺. 2008,2:49~52
10刘鹏,李亚江,郭继石. Al/18-8异种材料真空钎焊工艺的研究.山东交通大学学报. 2003,11(2):18~21
11董义.铝/不锈钢接触反应钎焊试验研究.哈尔滨工业大学硕士论文. 2002:43
12 M. Roulin, J. W. Luster, G. Karadenz. Strength and structure of furnace-brazed joints between aluminum and stainless steel. Welding Journal. 1999,78(5):151~155
13何鹏,冯吉才,钱乙余.接触反应法解决铝-不锈钢钎焊的缺陷及脆性.材料科学与工艺. 2005,13(1):82~85
14孟庆森,王文先,吴志生.金属材料焊接基础.化学工业出版社. 2006:232~235
15赵祖林,浦娟.铝合金与不锈钢接触反应钎焊接头微观组织分析.金属铸锻焊技术. 2008:80~82
16吕学勤,吴毅雄,张庆云. Al-不锈钢连接中的Ni层阻碍机理.上海交通大学学报. 2003,37(2):164~166
17赵振清,王春青,杜淼. LD31铝合金电刷镀SnPb钎料合金软钎焊.焊接学报. 2005,26(7):67~72
18张永清,任家烈,赵彭生.陶瓷表面加弧辉光离子镀钛改性及其钎焊性.中国机械工程. 2004,15(9):835~837
19张济忠,陶琨等.离子束表面改性氮化硅与钢的焊接研究.真空科学与技术. 1994,14(6):446~448
20 S. Zhu, W. Wlosinski. Joining of AlN ceramic to metal using sputtered Al or Ti film. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2001,109(3):277~282
21 W. P. Liu, G. Elssner, M. Ruhle. Effect of thin film Nb interlayer in Cu/sapphire bonds. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2001,317(1-2):153~162
22刘亮知,邹一心,薛崇貌.离子注入Ni对硬质合金扩散焊接接头强度的影响.西安工业学院学报. 1990,10(3-4):99~105
23高平,赵宝荣等.镍离子注入剂量对氧化铝陶瓷焊接性能的影响研究.兵器材料科学与工程. 2000,6:16~18
24高平,赵宝荣等.离子注入对结构陶瓷焊接性能影响的研究.西部大开发科教先行与可持续发展——中国科协2000年学术年会文集[C]. 2000
25李国斌,赵宝荣等.离子注入改进陶瓷表面可焊性机理分析.兵器材料科学与工程. 2001,24(4):34~37
26张玮,高平,杨海龙.镍离子注入Al2O3/1Cr18Ni9Ti钎焊界面成分分析.包头钢铁学院学报. 2000,19(3):219~221
27 B. R. Zhao, G. B. Li, et al. Influence of nickel ion implantation on the inactive braze joining abilities of Al2O3 ceramics. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B. 2005,239:147~151
28张秉刚. LF2铝合金与Q235钢加入中间Cu层电子束焊接接头组织及形成机理.焊接学报. 2007,28(6):37~40
29冯吉才,何鹏,钱乙余等.钛铝基合金与钢的一种活性复合梯度阻隔扩散焊接方法.公开号:CN1413792A
30张超,左剑波.表面改性硬质合金钎焊性能的研究.西安石油学院学报. 1992,7(2):40~45
31 G.Thorwarth, S. Mandl, B. Rauschenbach. Plasma immersion ion implantation of cold-work steel. Surf. Coat. Technol. 2000,125:94~99
32 GB/T 11364-2008.钎料润湿性试验方法.中华人民共和国国家标准. 1~8
33常海威.金属离子高温注入金属表面合金化机制研究.大连理工大学博士学位论文. 2005:10
34赵明.不锈钢_铝高频感应钎焊膏状钎料的研制.天津大学硕士学位论文. 2003:13~16
35邹家生,许如强,赵其章.铝基钎料在SiC及SiCp/6061复合材料上的润湿性研究.材料开发与应用. 2003,18(4):5~9
36夏云玲,李树杰,闫联生. Co-Ti/SiC、Co-Ti/石墨体系的润湿性研究.粉末冶金技术. 2005,23(6):414~417
37张启运.无铅钎焊的困惑、出路和前景.焊接专家论坛. 2007,2:6~11
38张洪涛.铝/镀锌钢板CMT熔-钎焊机理研究.哈尔滨工业大学博士学位论文. 2008:34
39 S. Kobyashi, T. Yakou. Control of intermetallic compound layes at interface between steel and aluminum by diffusion-treatment. Materials Science and Engineering. 2002, A338:44~53.
40 S. L. Hong. The study of hot dipping commercial pure aluminum onto low carbon steel [D]. Taibei: Taiwan Institute of Technology, 1985.
41 P. C. Tortorici, M. A. Dayananda. Phase formation and interdiffusion in Al-clad 430 stainless steels. Materials Science & Engineering. 1998,A244:207~215
42 G. Eggeler, H. Vogel, J. Friddrieh. Target Preparation for the transmission electron microscopic identification of the FeA13 phase in hot-dip aluminized low-alloy steel. Parket Metallogr. 1985,22:162~170
43张丽霞. TiC/Ni金属陶瓷与45钢的钎焊连接机理及界面层生长行为.哈尔滨工业大学博士学位论文. 2005:72
44 J. Wang, Y. J. Li, Y. S. Yin. Interface characteristics in diffusion bonding of Fe3Al with Cr18-Ni8 stainless steel. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2005, 285(1):201~205
45 R. K. Shiue, S. K. Wu, Y. L. Lee. Transient microstructural evolution of infrared brazed Fe3Al intermetallics using aluminum foil. Intermetallics. 2005,13:818~826
46 G. Brüggemann, A. Mahrle and Th. Benziger. Comparison of experimental and numerical simulated temperature fields for quality assurance at laser beam welding of steels and aluminium alloyings. NDT&E. 2000,33:453~463
47 R. S. Sundar, S. C. Deevi. High-temperature strength and creep resistance of Fe-Al. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2003,357:124~133.
48 Y. D. Huang, L. Froyen. Recovery, recrystallization and grain growth in Fe3Al- based alloys. Intermetallics. 2002, 10:473~484
49 A. Bahadur, O. N. Mohanty. Structural studies of hot dip aluminized coatings on mild steel. Materials Transactions JIM. 1991,32(11):1053~1061
50 S. Fukumoto, H. Tsubakino, K. Okita, et al. Amorphization by friction welding between 5052 aluminum alloy and 304 stainless steel. Scripta Materialia. 2000,42(8):807~812
51 M. Alexandre, V. Jean-claude, M. Simone and G. Dominique. Laser brazing of a steel/aluminium assembly with hot filler wire (88%Al, 12%Si). Materials Science and Engineering. 2006,435~436(5):19~28
52 M. Alexandre, M. Simone, et al. Temperature control in laser brazing of a steel/aluminum assembly using thermographic measurements. NDT & E International. 2006,39(4):272~276
53 K. Saida, W. Song, et al. Laser brazing of aluminum alloy to steels with aluminum filler metals. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining. 2005,10(2):226~234