软件过程能力评估框架的研究
摘要
自全面质量管理的思想引入软件界后。软件生产的质量保证发生了根本性的变化。质量的重点不再是对产品的测试上面，而是放在对过程的改进以及对于过程的遵守。软件生产中的英雄不再是那些“救火”人员，而是能够找到导致缺陷的过程原因或对过程遵守良好的人员。近几年，CMM在国际上已经逐渐成为软件过程能力的评价标准，在这一方面，国内起步比较晚，我国到目前为止，只有两家组织通过CMM的5级评估，他们分别是摩托罗拉在北京和在南京的组织。通过4级评估的组织到2002年10月本文收集资料结束时为止还没有，有一些组织通过2或3级评估，而大多数组织还刚刚起步。
目前，国内的CMM更是炒的“如火如荼”。但是，不幸的是有很多组织偏离了CMM的真正目的。本文以建立整套理论体系为长远目标，从理论和实践两个方面对软件CMM的体系结构进行了深入的研究，构建了软件过程能力评价的体系架构，并参加了浙大网新的CMM的实施。具体来说，本文主要包含以下的内容：● 分析和清晰的阐明软件过程在软件工程体系架构中所处的位置。● 从项目开发的角度考虑软件过程对软件生产质量的影响，引入过程能力的概念，并介绍作者在软件过程能力评价标准方面的研究工作。● 在这之后，将范围缩小到SEI的软件过程能力成熟度模型(CMM)上面，并介绍作者在CMM方面的研究工作，构架出CMM的体系架构。● 通过一个基于CMM的过程改进的例子，实施和验证CMM框架。● 最后，通过对软件估算过程的改进一个具体的例子，详细的说明基于CMM的软件过程改进的实施。
Since the concept of TQM (Total Quality Management) is introduced into software, it has brought great change to software quality assurance. The focus of quality is no longer on testing software product; instead, people focus on the process which is used to produce the software. The hero of software production is no longer the fireman who is component of fixing bugs but the person who find the causes of the defects or who obey the process well. In recent years, CMM has become a standard for software process appraisal. In our country, it is just beginning. Only two organizations have passed the level 5 assessments. These two Motorola's organizations are located in Beijing and Nanjing. There is no organization which has passed level 4 assessment. And a few organizations have passed level 2 or 3 assessments. Most are just beginning.
Now, CMM is just in fashion in China. However, most of organizations have abandoned the original purpose of CMM. The establishment and improvement of a theory in this field is in urgent demand. Taking the establishment of a complete set of theory as the long-term target, with CMM as the main subject, the thesis has made an in-depth research in the architecture of software process capability appraisal. The architecture has been constructed and the framework for implementation has been designed and implemented. Specifically:
A classification and summary is made on the position of process in the software engineering architecture.
After an analysis of the architecture of software engineering, based on the software project management, an analysis of the effect of process on software productivity and research work on the standards of software process capability appraisal are made.
After this, we focus on the Capability Maturity Model for Software. Research work on CMM in introduced.
A software process improvement based on CMM is made, validating and verifying the framework of CMM.
An example of improvement projects details the implementation of software process improvement based on CMM.
目前，国内的CMM更是炒的“如火如荼”。但是，不幸的是有很多组织偏离了CMM的真正目的。本文以建立整套理论体系为长远目标，从理论和实践两个方面对软件CMM的体系结构进行了深入的研究，构建了软件过程能力评价的体系架构，并参加了浙大网新的CMM的实施。具体来说，本文主要包含以下的内容：● 分析和清晰的阐明软件过程在软件工程体系架构中所处的位置。● 从项目开发的角度考虑软件过程对软件生产质量的影响，引入过程能力的概念，并介绍作者在软件过程能力评价标准方面的研究工作。● 在这之后，将范围缩小到SEI的软件过程能力成熟度模型(CMM)上面，并介绍作者在CMM方面的研究工作，构架出CMM的体系架构。● 通过一个基于CMM的过程改进的例子，实施和验证CMM框架。● 最后，通过对软件估算过程的改进一个具体的例子，详细的说明基于CMM的软件过程改进的实施。
Since the concept of TQM (Total Quality Management) is introduced into software, it has brought great change to software quality assurance. The focus of quality is no longer on testing software product; instead, people focus on the process which is used to produce the software. The hero of software production is no longer the fireman who is component of fixing bugs but the person who find the causes of the defects or who obey the process well. In recent years, CMM has become a standard for software process appraisal. In our country, it is just beginning. Only two organizations have passed the level 5 assessments. These two Motorola's organizations are located in Beijing and Nanjing. There is no organization which has passed level 4 assessment. And a few organizations have passed level 2 or 3 assessments. Most are just beginning.
Now, CMM is just in fashion in China. However, most of organizations have abandoned the original purpose of CMM. The establishment and improvement of a theory in this field is in urgent demand. Taking the establishment of a complete set of theory as the long-term target, with CMM as the main subject, the thesis has made an in-depth research in the architecture of software process capability appraisal. The architecture has been constructed and the framework for implementation has been designed and implemented. Specifically:
A classification and summary is made on the position of process in the software engineering architecture.
After an analysis of the architecture of software engineering, based on the software project management, an analysis of the effect of process on software productivity and research work on the standards of software process capability appraisal are made.
After this, we focus on the Capability Maturity Model for Software. Research work on CMM in introduced.
A software process improvement based on CMM is made, validating and verifying the framework of CMM.
An example of improvement projects details the implementation of software process improvement based on CMM.
引文
1 (美) Roger S. Pressman Software Engineering _A Practitioner's Approach R.S.Pressman & Associates Corporation., 1999.3.
2 Manley, J.H., CASE: Foundation for Software Factories COMPCON Proceeding , IEEE, September 1984,PP.84-91.
3 Tajima, D., and T. Matsubara, Inside the Japanese Software Factory Computer, Vol.17, no.3, March 1984, pp. 34-43.
4 Begley, S., Software au Naturel Newsweek, May 8, 1995, pp. 70-71.
5 Paulk, M.et al., Capability Maturity Model for Software, Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 1993.
6 Donald Marquardt, et al. Vision 2000: The Strategy for the ISO 9000 Series Standards in the 90s ASQC Quality Progress Vol.24, No.5, May 1991, pp.25-31.
7 Mark C. Paulk A Comparison of ISO9001 and the Capability Maturity Model for Software Software Engineering Institute Carnegie Mellon University CMU/SEI-94-TR-12 ESC-TR-94-12 July 1994.
8 Watts S. Humphrey The Personal Software Process_SM(PSP_SM) Software Engineering Institute Carnegie Mellon University CMU/SEI-2000-TR-022 ESC-TR-20000-022 November 2000.
9 Humphrey, W. A Discipline for Software Engineering. Reading MA: Addison-Wesley, 1995.
10 Deming, W.E. Out of the Crisis. MIT Center for Advanced Engineering Study, Cambridge, MA, 1982.
11 Juran, J. and Gryna, F. Juran's Quality Control Handbook, Fourth Edition. New York; McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1998.
12 Watts S. Humphrey The Team Software Process_SM(TSP_SM) Software Engineering Institute Carnegie Mellon University CMU/SEI-2000-TR-023 ESC-TR-20000-023 November 2000.
13 Mark C. Paulk, Charles V. Weber, Suzanne M. Garcia, Mary Beth Chrissis, Marilyn Bush, Key Practices of the Capability Maturity Model_SM, Version1.1 Software Engineering Institute Carnegie Mellon University CMU/SEI-93-TR-025 ESC-TR-93-178.
14 Kaplan, C., R. Clark, and V. Tang, Secrets of Software Quality: 40 Innovations from IBM, McGraw-Hill 1995.
15 J.M.Juran, Juran on Planning For Quality, Macmillan ,New York, NY 1988.
16 J.M.Juran, Juran on Leadership for Quality, The Free Press, New York, NY, 1989.
17 P.B. Crosby, Quality is Free, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY 1979.
18 The Capability Maturity Model, Version 1.1, Software Engineering Institute, CMU/SEI-93-TR-25, February 1993.
19 W.S.Humphrey, Characterizing the Software Process: A Maturity Framework, Software Engineering Institute, CMU/SEI-87-TR-11, ADA 182895, June 1987.
20 W.S.Humphrey and W.L.Sweet, A Method for Assessing the software Engineering Capability of Contractors, Software Engineering Institute, CMU/SEI-87-TR-23, ADA 187320, September 1987.
21 W.S.Humphrey, Characterizing the Software Process, IEEE Software Vol.5, No.2, March, 1988,pp.73-79.
22 W.S.Humphrey, Managing the Software Processs, Addision-Wesley, Reading MA, 1989.
23 C.V. Weber, M.C.Paulk, C.J.Wise, and J.V. Withey, Key Practices of the Capability Maturity Model, Software Engineering Institute CMU/SEI-91-TR-25, ADA240604, August 1991.
24 List of High Maturity Organizations SEI report, October 2002.
25 Steve Masters, Carol Bothwell, CMM Appraisal Framework Version 1.0, CMU/SEI-95-TR-001,
ESC-TR-95-001, February 1995.
26 (英)B．伦迪克斯著 软件开发成本估算 中央民族出版社 许寿椿等译。
27 周苏 陈敏玲 陈根才 王文等编著 软件工程及其应用 天津科学技术出版社 1992。
28 (美)Barry. W. Boehm 软件工程经济学 中国铁道出版社 1990。
2 Manley, J.H., CASE: Foundation for Software Factories COMPCON Proceeding , IEEE, September 1984,PP.84-91.
3 Tajima, D., and T. Matsubara, Inside the Japanese Software Factory Computer, Vol.17, no.3, March 1984, pp. 34-43.
4 Begley, S., Software au Naturel Newsweek, May 8, 1995, pp. 70-71.
5 Paulk, M.et al., Capability Maturity Model for Software, Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 1993.
6 Donald Marquardt, et al. Vision 2000: The Strategy for the ISO 9000 Series Standards in the 90s ASQC Quality Progress Vol.24, No.5, May 1991, pp.25-31.
7 Mark C. Paulk A Comparison of ISO9001 and the Capability Maturity Model for Software Software Engineering Institute Carnegie Mellon University CMU/SEI-94-TR-12 ESC-TR-94-12 July 1994.
8 Watts S. Humphrey The Personal Software Process_SM(PSP_SM) Software Engineering Institute Carnegie Mellon University CMU/SEI-2000-TR-022 ESC-TR-20000-022 November 2000.
9 Humphrey, W. A Discipline for Software Engineering. Reading MA: Addison-Wesley, 1995.
10 Deming, W.E. Out of the Crisis. MIT Center for Advanced Engineering Study, Cambridge, MA, 1982.
11 Juran, J. and Gryna, F. Juran's Quality Control Handbook, Fourth Edition. New York; McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1998.
12 Watts S. Humphrey The Team Software Process_SM(TSP_SM) Software Engineering Institute Carnegie Mellon University CMU/SEI-2000-TR-023 ESC-TR-20000-023 November 2000.
13 Mark C. Paulk, Charles V. Weber, Suzanne M. Garcia, Mary Beth Chrissis, Marilyn Bush, Key Practices of the Capability Maturity Model_SM, Version1.1 Software Engineering Institute Carnegie Mellon University CMU/SEI-93-TR-025 ESC-TR-93-178.
14 Kaplan, C., R. Clark, and V. Tang, Secrets of Software Quality: 40 Innovations from IBM, McGraw-Hill 1995.
15 J.M.Juran, Juran on Planning For Quality, Macmillan ,New York, NY 1988.
16 J.M.Juran, Juran on Leadership for Quality, The Free Press, New York, NY, 1989.
17 P.B. Crosby, Quality is Free, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY 1979.
18 The Capability Maturity Model, Version 1.1, Software Engineering Institute, CMU/SEI-93-TR-25, February 1993.
19 W.S.Humphrey, Characterizing the Software Process: A Maturity Framework, Software Engineering Institute, CMU/SEI-87-TR-11, ADA 182895, June 1987.
20 W.S.Humphrey and W.L.Sweet, A Method for Assessing the software Engineering Capability of Contractors, Software Engineering Institute, CMU/SEI-87-TR-23, ADA 187320, September 1987.
21 W.S.Humphrey, Characterizing the Software Process, IEEE Software Vol.5, No.2, March, 1988,pp.73-79.
22 W.S.Humphrey, Managing the Software Processs, Addision-Wesley, Reading MA, 1989.
23 C.V. Weber, M.C.Paulk, C.J.Wise, and J.V. Withey, Key Practices of the Capability Maturity Model, Software Engineering Institute CMU/SEI-91-TR-25, ADA240604, August 1991.
24 List of High Maturity Organizations SEI report, October 2002.
25 Steve Masters, Carol Bothwell, CMM Appraisal Framework Version 1.0, CMU/SEI-95-TR-001,
ESC-TR-95-001, February 1995.
26 (英)B．伦迪克斯著 软件开发成本估算 中央民族出版社 许寿椿等译。
27 周苏 陈敏玲 陈根才 王文等编著 软件工程及其应用 天津科学技术出版社 1992。
28 (美)Barry. W. Boehm 软件工程经济学 中国铁道出版社 1990。