情绪启动对不同框架风险决策的影响
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摘要
在以往关于情绪对风险决策影响的大量研究中,大多采用情绪诱发方式产生不同的情绪,而产生情绪的方法除情绪诱发外,还有情绪启动。情绪启动又分为阈上和阈下情绪启动,这两种启动产生的情绪是不同的。另外,在许多风险决策研究中都证明存在框架效应,即由于语言描述的不同(获益和受损描述),决策者对同一问题具有不同的风险偏好。而关于情绪对不同框架风险决策的影响很少有人研究。
基于上述分析,本研究采用情绪启动方式,选用情绪启动中使用的最为广泛的图片作为刺激材料,分别以阈上和阈下方式启动不同的情绪,比较不同的启动方式、不同的情绪和不同框架对风险决策的影响是否存在差异。
实验结果发现：(1)在情绪启动效应的检验中,不同情绪图片的主效应显著,F(2,138)=8.119,P=.000<0.01；不同启动方式的主效应显著,F(1,138)=6.078,P=.015<0.05。(2)在风险决策的分析中,启动方式的主效应不显著,F(1,132)=0.069,P=0.793>0.05；描述框架的主效应显著,F(1,132)=35.162,P=0.000<0.01；情绪类型与描述框架的交互作用显著,F(2,132)=6.837，P=0.001<0.01。
由此得出结论：(1)不同图片的情绪启动效应显著,阈上、阈下情绪启动效应之间差异显著,但阈上、阈下情绪启动效应对风险决策的影响没有差异。(2)风险决策中存在框架效应。(3)情绪类型与描述框架对风险决策存在交互影响。
In many existent studies about the effect of emotion to the risk decision-making, mostly using the way of emotion-induced to produce different emotions. However the way to produce emotions besides emotion-induced, there are emotion-priming. The emotion-priming are divided into suprathreshold priming and subthreshold priming, the emotions they produced are different. In addition, in many studies about the risk decision-making have proved the existence of framing effects. The different describing ways can cause the decision makers to have the different risk preferences to the same Problem, the Phenomenon were called framing effect. However few people study the effect of emotion to different frames of risk decision-making. Based on the above analysis, this study used the way of emotion-priming and selected pictures which were most widely used in the emotion-priming studies as stimulus material, and used suprathreshold and subthreshold priming to produce different emotions, then compared the effect of different priming ways, different emotions and different frames to the risk decision-making. The experiment results showed that:(1)In the examination of emotion-priming effect, the main effect of different emotion pictures is significant, F(2,138)=8.119, P=.000<0.01. The main effect of different priming is significant, F(1,138)=6.078, P=.015<0.05. (2)In the analysis of risk decision-making, the main effect of different emotion pictures isn't significant, F(1,132)=0.069, P=0.793>0.05. The main effect of different frames is significant, F(1,132)=35.162, P=0.000<0.01. There is a significant interaction between emotion types and frames, F(2,132)=6.837, P=0.001<0.01.
Conclude:(1) The emotion-priming effect of different pictures is significant, and the difference between the suprathreshold and subthreshold priming is significant, but there is no difference between the effects of suprathreshold and subthreshold priming to the risk decision-making. (2) Framing effects exist in risk decision-making. (3) The effects of the emotions and the frames to risk decision-making have an interaction.
基于上述分析,本研究采用情绪启动方式,选用情绪启动中使用的最为广泛的图片作为刺激材料,分别以阈上和阈下方式启动不同的情绪,比较不同的启动方式、不同的情绪和不同框架对风险决策的影响是否存在差异。
实验结果发现：(1)在情绪启动效应的检验中,不同情绪图片的主效应显著,F(2,138)=8.119,P=.000<0.01；不同启动方式的主效应显著,F(1,138)=6.078,P=.015<0.05。(2)在风险决策的分析中,启动方式的主效应不显著,F(1,132)=0.069,P=0.793>0.05；描述框架的主效应显著,F(1,132)=35.162,P=0.000<0.01；情绪类型与描述框架的交互作用显著,F(2,132)=6.837，P=0.001<0.01。
由此得出结论：(1)不同图片的情绪启动效应显著,阈上、阈下情绪启动效应之间差异显著,但阈上、阈下情绪启动效应对风险决策的影响没有差异。(2)风险决策中存在框架效应。(3)情绪类型与描述框架对风险决策存在交互影响。
In many existent studies about the effect of emotion to the risk decision-making, mostly using the way of emotion-induced to produce different emotions. However the way to produce emotions besides emotion-induced, there are emotion-priming. The emotion-priming are divided into suprathreshold priming and subthreshold priming, the emotions they produced are different. In addition, in many studies about the risk decision-making have proved the existence of framing effects. The different describing ways can cause the decision makers to have the different risk preferences to the same Problem, the Phenomenon were called framing effect. However few people study the effect of emotion to different frames of risk decision-making. Based on the above analysis, this study used the way of emotion-priming and selected pictures which were most widely used in the emotion-priming studies as stimulus material, and used suprathreshold and subthreshold priming to produce different emotions, then compared the effect of different priming ways, different emotions and different frames to the risk decision-making. The experiment results showed that:(1)In the examination of emotion-priming effect, the main effect of different emotion pictures is significant, F(2,138)=8.119, P=.000<0.01. The main effect of different priming is significant, F(1,138)=6.078, P=.015<0.05. (2)In the analysis of risk decision-making, the main effect of different emotion pictures isn't significant, F(1,132)=0.069, P=0.793>0.05. The main effect of different frames is significant, F(1,132)=35.162, P=0.000<0.01. There is a significant interaction between emotion types and frames, F(2,132)=6.837, P=0.001<0.01.
Conclude:(1) The emotion-priming effect of different pictures is significant, and the difference between the suprathreshold and subthreshold priming is significant, but there is no difference between the effects of suprathreshold and subthreshold priming to the risk decision-making. (2) Framing effects exist in risk decision-making. (3) The effects of the emotions and the frames to risk decision-making have an interaction.
引文
[1]Feldman L A. Valence focus and arousal focus:individual differences in the structure of affective experience [J]. Journal of Personality And Social Psychology,1995,69:153-166.
[2]石林.情绪研究中的若干问题研究综述[J].心理学动态,2008,8(1)：63-68.
[3]Musch J. Affective Priming, www. Pschologie. Uni-bonn. de/sozial/forsch/thesis. Htm,2003,12,15.
[4]Murphy S T, Zajonc RB. Affect, cognition and awareness: affective priming with optimal and suboptimal stimulus exposures [J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1993,64:723-739.
[5]Bower GH, Forgas JP. Affect, Memory, and Social Cognition[M]. New York:Oxford University Press,2000:93-102.
[6]郑希付.不同情绪模式图片的和词语刺激启动的时间效应[J].心理学报,2004,36(5)：545-549.
[7]蒋重清.5-7岁儿童和成人的情绪易感性：行为和脑电研究[D].辽宁：辽宁师范大学,2005：25-26.
[8]Rainer westerman, etc. Relative effectiveness and validity or mood induction procedures:a meta-analysis [J]. European Journal of Social Psychology,1996,26:557-580.
[9]程九清,高湘萍.不同意识水平下的情绪启动[J].心理科学,2004,27(6)：1506-1508.
[10]Murphy S T, Zajonc RB. Affect, cognition and awareness: affective priming with optimal and suboptimal stimulus exposures [J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1993,34:123-139.
[11]蚁金瑶,罗英姿,钟明天等.述情障碍者的情绪启动效应特征[J].中国心理卫生,2007,21(5)：302-306.
[12]刘玲,周曙.阈上阈下情感启动的事件相关电位的时空模式[J].中国临床康复,2006,10(26)：1272-1273.
[13]周萍,李兰.情绪启动：一次阈上与阈下启动研究的实验报告[J].心理科学,2008,31(5)：19-22.
[14]Larsen R J, Diener E & Cropanzano R S. Cognitive operations associated with individual differences in affect intensity [J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1987,53: 161-171.
[15]Dunton B C, Fazio R H. An individual difference measure of motivation to control prejudiced reactions [J]. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,1997,23:316-326.
[16]Jan De Houwer, Dirk Hermans, Klaus Rothermund, Dirk Wentura. Affective priming of semantic categorization responses [J]. Cognition And Emotion,2002,16(5):643-666.
[17]Fazio R H, Sanbonmatsu D M, Powell M C & Kardes F R. On the automatic activation of attitudes [J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1986,50:229-238.
[18]Bargh J A, Chaiken S, Govender R & Pratto F. The generality of the automatic attitude activation effect [J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1992,62:893-912.
[19]De Houwer J.& Eelen P. An affective variant of the Siman paradigm [J]. Cognition and Emotion,1998,12:45-61.
[20]陈绮鹂.网络符号情绪效价的初步评定[D].长沙：湖南师范大学,2008.
[21]Hermans D, De Houwer J, Smeesters D, et al. Affective priming with associatively unrelated primes and targets. Fachgruppe Sozialpsychologie,1997,6:96-115.
[22]申雯.网络符号的情绪启动效应研究[D].长沙：湖南师范大学,2008.
[23]Yates J F, Stone E R. Risk-taking Behavior[M]. Chi Chester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd,1992:1-25.
[24]谢晓非,徐联仓.“风险”性质的探讨——一项联想测验[J].心理科学,1995,18(6)：331-333.
[25]毕玉芳.情绪对自我和他人风险决策影响的实验研究[D].上海：华东师范大学,2006：1-2.
[26]严霞.愤怒和恐惧情景对风险决策的影响研究[D].重庆：西南大学,2008.
[27]Simon H A. A Behavioral Model of Rational Choice. Quarterly Joumal of Eeonomics,1978,69:99-118.
[28]Gigerenzer G, Todd P & The ABC Research Group. Simple heuristic that make us smart[M]. New York:Oxford University Press,1999.
[29]Tversky A, Kahneman D. The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice[J]. Science,1981,211 (1):453-458.
[30]Reyna V F, Ellis S C. Foxy-Trace theory and framing effects in children's risky decision making [J]. Psychological Science,1994,5 (5):275-279.
[31]何贵兵.决策任务特征对风险态度的影响[J].人类工效学,1996,2(2)：12-16.
[32]何贵兵,梁社红.风险偏好预测中的性别差异和框架效应[J].应用心理学,2002,8(4)：19-23.
[33]黄涛.风险决策中框架效应及确定效应的实验研究[D].广州,暨南大学,2006：16-17.
[34]孙彦.风险决策中框架效应的实验研究[D].长沙,湖南师范大学,2004：25-26.
[35]Li S, Adams A S. Is there something more important behind framing? [J]. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,1995,62:216-219.
[36]McElroy T, Seta J. Framing effects:An analytic-holistic perspective [J]. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2003,39:610-617.
[37]Ellen P, Daniel V & Tommy G. Affeet and deeision making: a "hot" to Pic [J]. Journal of Behavioral Deeision Making, 2006,19:79-85.
[38]Johnson E J, Tversky A. Affeet, generalization, and the Perception of risk[J]. Journal of Personality and Social psychology,1983,45:20-31.
[39]Isen AM, Patrik R. The effects of Positive affecton risk-taking:when the chips are down [J]. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,1983,31:194-202.
[40]Schwarz N, Clore G L. Feelings and Phenomenal experiences. A Handbook of Basie PrineiPles [M]. Second Edition. NewYork: Guilford Press,2006:1-67.
[41]Mayer J D, Gasehke Y N, Braverman D L, et al. Mood-congruent judgement is a general effect [J]. Journal of Personality and social psyehology,1992,63(1):119-132.
[42]Slovic M, Cvetkovich G, Gutshcer H. Risk pereference perdietions and gender stereotypes [J]. Ogrnational Behavior and Human decision Porecsess,2002,87(1):91-102.
[43]Yuen K S L, Lee T M. Could mood state affect risk-taking decision [J]. Journal of A ffeetive Disorders,2003,75:11-18.
[44]徐辉.情绪对风险决策和判断的影响的实验研究[D].上海：华东师范大学,2005.
[45]胡琰.情绪启动对决策行为的影响研究[D].湖南：湖南师范大学,2007：19-26.
[46]Nygren T E. Reacting to perceived high and low-risk win-lose opportunities in a risk decision-making task:Is it framing or affect or both?[J]. Motivation and Emotion,1998,22(1):73.
[47]黄宇霞,罗跃嘉.国际情绪图片系统在中国的适用研究[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2004,18(9)：631-634.
[48]Fredickson B L. The value of positive emotions [J]. American Scientist,2003,91(4).
[49]王颖.论负性情绪的积极价值[J].前沿,2008,(1).
[50]M W.艾森克,M T.基恩.认知心理学[M].上海：华东师范大学出版社,2004：740-743.
[2]石林.情绪研究中的若干问题研究综述[J].心理学动态,2008,8(1)：63-68.
[3]Musch J. Affective Priming, www. Pschologie. Uni-bonn. de/sozial/forsch/thesis. Htm,2003,12,15.
[4]Murphy S T, Zajonc RB. Affect, cognition and awareness: affective priming with optimal and suboptimal stimulus exposures [J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1993,64:723-739.
[5]Bower GH, Forgas JP. Affect, Memory, and Social Cognition[M]. New York:Oxford University Press,2000:93-102.
[6]郑希付.不同情绪模式图片的和词语刺激启动的时间效应[J].心理学报,2004,36(5)：545-549.
[7]蒋重清.5-7岁儿童和成人的情绪易感性：行为和脑电研究[D].辽宁：辽宁师范大学,2005：25-26.
[8]Rainer westerman, etc. Relative effectiveness and validity or mood induction procedures:a meta-analysis [J]. European Journal of Social Psychology,1996,26:557-580.
[9]程九清,高湘萍.不同意识水平下的情绪启动[J].心理科学,2004,27(6)：1506-1508.
[10]Murphy S T, Zajonc RB. Affect, cognition and awareness: affective priming with optimal and suboptimal stimulus exposures [J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1993,34:123-139.
[11]蚁金瑶,罗英姿,钟明天等.述情障碍者的情绪启动效应特征[J].中国心理卫生,2007,21(5)：302-306.
[12]刘玲,周曙.阈上阈下情感启动的事件相关电位的时空模式[J].中国临床康复,2006,10(26)：1272-1273.
[13]周萍,李兰.情绪启动：一次阈上与阈下启动研究的实验报告[J].心理科学,2008,31(5)：19-22.
[14]Larsen R J, Diener E & Cropanzano R S. Cognitive operations associated with individual differences in affect intensity [J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1987,53: 161-171.
[15]Dunton B C, Fazio R H. An individual difference measure of motivation to control prejudiced reactions [J]. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,1997,23:316-326.
[16]Jan De Houwer, Dirk Hermans, Klaus Rothermund, Dirk Wentura. Affective priming of semantic categorization responses [J]. Cognition And Emotion,2002,16(5):643-666.
[17]Fazio R H, Sanbonmatsu D M, Powell M C & Kardes F R. On the automatic activation of attitudes [J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1986,50:229-238.
[18]Bargh J A, Chaiken S, Govender R & Pratto F. The generality of the automatic attitude activation effect [J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1992,62:893-912.
[19]De Houwer J.& Eelen P. An affective variant of the Siman paradigm [J]. Cognition and Emotion,1998,12:45-61.
[20]陈绮鹂.网络符号情绪效价的初步评定[D].长沙：湖南师范大学,2008.
[21]Hermans D, De Houwer J, Smeesters D, et al. Affective priming with associatively unrelated primes and targets. Fachgruppe Sozialpsychologie,1997,6:96-115.
[22]申雯.网络符号的情绪启动效应研究[D].长沙：湖南师范大学,2008.
[23]Yates J F, Stone E R. Risk-taking Behavior[M]. Chi Chester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd,1992:1-25.
[24]谢晓非,徐联仓.“风险”性质的探讨——一项联想测验[J].心理科学,1995,18(6)：331-333.
[25]毕玉芳.情绪对自我和他人风险决策影响的实验研究[D].上海：华东师范大学,2006：1-2.
[26]严霞.愤怒和恐惧情景对风险决策的影响研究[D].重庆：西南大学,2008.
[27]Simon H A. A Behavioral Model of Rational Choice. Quarterly Joumal of Eeonomics,1978,69:99-118.
[28]Gigerenzer G, Todd P & The ABC Research Group. Simple heuristic that make us smart[M]. New York:Oxford University Press,1999.
[29]Tversky A, Kahneman D. The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice[J]. Science,1981,211 (1):453-458.
[30]Reyna V F, Ellis S C. Foxy-Trace theory and framing effects in children's risky decision making [J]. Psychological Science,1994,5 (5):275-279.
[31]何贵兵.决策任务特征对风险态度的影响[J].人类工效学,1996,2(2)：12-16.
[32]何贵兵,梁社红.风险偏好预测中的性别差异和框架效应[J].应用心理学,2002,8(4)：19-23.
[33]黄涛.风险决策中框架效应及确定效应的实验研究[D].广州,暨南大学,2006：16-17.
[34]孙彦.风险决策中框架效应的实验研究[D].长沙,湖南师范大学,2004：25-26.
[35]Li S, Adams A S. Is there something more important behind framing? [J]. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,1995,62:216-219.
[36]McElroy T, Seta J. Framing effects:An analytic-holistic perspective [J]. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2003,39:610-617.
[37]Ellen P, Daniel V & Tommy G. Affeet and deeision making: a "hot" to Pic [J]. Journal of Behavioral Deeision Making, 2006,19:79-85.
[38]Johnson E J, Tversky A. Affeet, generalization, and the Perception of risk[J]. Journal of Personality and Social psychology,1983,45:20-31.
[39]Isen AM, Patrik R. The effects of Positive affecton risk-taking:when the chips are down [J]. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,1983,31:194-202.
[40]Schwarz N, Clore G L. Feelings and Phenomenal experiences. A Handbook of Basie PrineiPles [M]. Second Edition. NewYork: Guilford Press,2006:1-67.
[41]Mayer J D, Gasehke Y N, Braverman D L, et al. Mood-congruent judgement is a general effect [J]. Journal of Personality and social psyehology,1992,63(1):119-132.
[42]Slovic M, Cvetkovich G, Gutshcer H. Risk pereference perdietions and gender stereotypes [J]. Ogrnational Behavior and Human decision Porecsess,2002,87(1):91-102.
[43]Yuen K S L, Lee T M. Could mood state affect risk-taking decision [J]. Journal of A ffeetive Disorders,2003,75:11-18.
[44]徐辉.情绪对风险决策和判断的影响的实验研究[D].上海：华东师范大学,2005.
[45]胡琰.情绪启动对决策行为的影响研究[D].湖南：湖南师范大学,2007：19-26.
[46]Nygren T E. Reacting to perceived high and low-risk win-lose opportunities in a risk decision-making task:Is it framing or affect or both?[J]. Motivation and Emotion,1998,22(1):73.
[47]黄宇霞,罗跃嘉.国际情绪图片系统在中国的适用研究[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2004,18(9)：631-634.
[48]Fredickson B L. The value of positive emotions [J]. American Scientist,2003,91(4).
[49]王颖.论负性情绪的积极价值[J].前沿,2008,(1).
[50]M W.艾森克,M T.基恩.认知心理学[M].上海：华东师范大学出版社,2004：740-743.