基于物权理论的森林资源产权制度研究
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摘要
森林资源产权是一种财产权利，属于物权，其核心是森林、林木和林地的占有权、使用权、收益权和处分权。森林资源产权制度是一般物权制度的衍生制度，但目前关于森林资源产权制度的研究大多忽视了森林资源产权的物权本质，从物权角度对森林资源产权进行研究的很少，而失去了物权基础的森林资源产权制度创新无疑也是没有根基的。
基于物权理论的森林资源产权制度研究是从物权角度出发分析并完善我国森林资源产权制度，其理论意义在于将物权理论引入到森林资源产权制度研究中来，在一定程度上创新了森林资源产权制度领域的研究；其实践意义在于可维护产权主体的财产权益和加强对个人财产的保障力度，规范市场秩序，纠正计划经济体制基础上的物权权利制度，对森林资源经济效益和生态效益的实现均有重要意义。
本文是以一般物权理论为研究基础，以系统论观点和方法为主要研究方法，层层展开，步步深入，并辅之以对比分析、历史分析、理论综述和实证分析结合、演绎和归纳并举的研究方法，借鉴国内外林业发展的先进经验和森林法规，理清我国现有林业产权制度现状，明确其中存在的问题，并在此基础上设计我国森林资源产权制度创新方案。
本文从所有权、用益物权、担保权、产权流转、综合配套服务五个方面明确森林资源产权制度存在的问题，在每个方面又分为若干小项，以期准确地得到目前我国森林资源产权制度全貌。笔者认为，目前我国森林资源产权制度存在的问题包括：复杂的委托代理关系造成的所有权主体缺位、采伐限额制度造成的处分权缺失、税负过重导致的收益权被侵犯、经营权主体缺位、经营权残缺、抵押权缺失、综合配套设施不健全等。
对于国有林和集体林，本文首先从权利的法律关系、法律规定、权利的取得、行使、保护、变更等方面对国有林、集体林的所有权和使用权制度进行分析，此间引用了大量森林资源相关法律法规，因为法律法规是制度的最好体现。在明确国有林和集体林现有产权制度的基础上，吸取国外先进产权制度经验，分别设计国有林和集体林产权制度创新方案。笔者认为我国应从所有权、经营权、处分权、收益权、抵押权、权利流转等多个方面对国有林和集体林产权制度进行改革。对于私有林，笔者在借鉴美国和瑞典私有林产权运营经验的基础上，提出承包模式、折价定股模式、合作化模式、租用模式、风险经营模式、分片经营模式等私有林产权模式，并概括各种产权模式特征和适用领域，比较各种产权模式的优劣，最后提出私有林产权改革的政策建议，以期为决策者提供可资借鉴的参考。
最后本文对我国现有森林资源物权变动制度进行了分析。该部分在立足已有研究的基础上，广泛总结国外森林资源物权变动制度的先进成果，结合我国现有森林资源物权变动制度，通过国内外对比研究，从森林资源物权变动监管制度、森林资源物权变动模式两个方面对我国现有森林资源物权变动制度进行了分析，并提出要从确定森林资源物权变动客体、确定森林资源物权变动主体、完善流转审核制度、完善森林资源评估制度、完善流转合同制度、完善登记发证制度、完善森林资源档案管理等7个方面进一步健全和完善我国森林资源物权变动制度。
The property-rights of forest resource, as a right of property, belong to real-rights, the foci of which are respectively the right of possession, usufruct, the right of interest and right of disposing. The property-rights system of forest resource derives from general system of real-rights, whose nature has been ignored by most of the present research on this topic. Few carries on the research from the perspective of property right and as a result the innovation of property-rights system of forest resource lacks the foundation of property-rights.
The research on property-rights of forest resource based on property-rights theory sets out to analyze and perfect the national property-rights system of forest resource from the perspective of the real-rights. The theoretical implications of the study lie in the innovation in the research of property-rights system of forest resource to some degree and the practical implications exist in the maintaining the property-rights of the subjects and the enforcing the protection of personal properties. It is also with great practical implications in standardization of market regulation, correcting the property-rights system on the basis of Planned Economy System and the realization of economical and zoological profits of forest resources.
On the foundation of general real-rights theory, with the systematic methodology and viewpoint, this paper outspreads its discussion step by step accompanied by comparative analysis, comprehensive theoretical summary combined with empirical analysis, deductive and conclusive analysis and borrowing advanced experience and regulation in forest development abroad which helps to clarify our present national property-rights system and the existing problems, in hopes to design an innovative scenario of property-rights system of forest resources.
The dissertation clarifies several problems from the following five perspectives: the ownership, right of usufructs, security right, property-rights circulation, integrated supporting services and with detailed items respectively, in purpose of getting a panorama of our national property-rights system of forest resources. It is believed in this paper that the problems lie in present national property-rights system of forest resources includes main body vacancy in property-rights deriving from complicated principal-agent theory, shortage of right of disposing aroused by system of forest cutting quota, impingements of the right of interest led by overloaded taxes, main body vacancy and deformity in management right, vacancy in mortgage right and incompatible integrated supporting facilities.
With respect to state-owned forest and collective forest, this dissertation starts the analysis of the property-rights and usufruct systems of state-owned and collective forest firstly from the legal relations of right, legal regulations and the acquisition, exertion, protection and alternation of rights, making great number of quotations of forest resources relevant rule of laws since legal regulations are the suitable reflections of system. Based on the classification of present property-rights system of state-owned and collective forest and the assimilation of advanced experiences of property-rights system abroad, the paper designs respectively the innovative scheme of state-owned forest and collective forest and points out the reform of property-rights system should be taken from the aspects of ownership, management right, right of disposing, the right of interest, mortgage right and right alternation. With respect to personal forest, it is suggested in the paper that borrowing the successful experiences of property management from USA and Sweden and propose the property-rights patterns of contract mode, discounts and joint-stock mode, cooperative mode, lease mode, risk mode, etc. It concludes the characteristics of various property-rights patterns and suitable fields, compares the advantages and disadvantages of various patterns, and finally proposes the ways and measures of reform on personal forestry policy in hopes that it could provide a few references for policy decision makers.
At the end of the dissertation, it makes the analysis on the real-rights alternation system of forest resources in China. On the foundation of the existed research, the final part of the paper concludes exclusively the achievements in real-rights alternation system of forest resources abroad combined with our national one in existence. Through the comparative study on the domestic and foreign real-rights alternation system of forest resources, it analyzes the real-rights alternation system of forest resources in existence from the respective of supervising and managing system of real-rights of forest resources and the modes of real-rights alternation, and point out that real-rights alternation system of forest resources should be improved from the seven aspects, which are respectively clarifying the subject and the object of forest resources circulation, improving the auditing system of real-rights alternation of forest resource, the evaluation system of forest resources, the contract system of real-rights alternation of forest resources, the registration and certification awarding system and the archives administration system of forest resources.
基于物权理论的森林资源产权制度研究是从物权角度出发分析并完善我国森林资源产权制度，其理论意义在于将物权理论引入到森林资源产权制度研究中来，在一定程度上创新了森林资源产权制度领域的研究；其实践意义在于可维护产权主体的财产权益和加强对个人财产的保障力度，规范市场秩序，纠正计划经济体制基础上的物权权利制度，对森林资源经济效益和生态效益的实现均有重要意义。
本文是以一般物权理论为研究基础，以系统论观点和方法为主要研究方法，层层展开，步步深入，并辅之以对比分析、历史分析、理论综述和实证分析结合、演绎和归纳并举的研究方法，借鉴国内外林业发展的先进经验和森林法规，理清我国现有林业产权制度现状，明确其中存在的问题，并在此基础上设计我国森林资源产权制度创新方案。
本文从所有权、用益物权、担保权、产权流转、综合配套服务五个方面明确森林资源产权制度存在的问题，在每个方面又分为若干小项，以期准确地得到目前我国森林资源产权制度全貌。笔者认为，目前我国森林资源产权制度存在的问题包括：复杂的委托代理关系造成的所有权主体缺位、采伐限额制度造成的处分权缺失、税负过重导致的收益权被侵犯、经营权主体缺位、经营权残缺、抵押权缺失、综合配套设施不健全等。
对于国有林和集体林，本文首先从权利的法律关系、法律规定、权利的取得、行使、保护、变更等方面对国有林、集体林的所有权和使用权制度进行分析，此间引用了大量森林资源相关法律法规，因为法律法规是制度的最好体现。在明确国有林和集体林现有产权制度的基础上，吸取国外先进产权制度经验，分别设计国有林和集体林产权制度创新方案。笔者认为我国应从所有权、经营权、处分权、收益权、抵押权、权利流转等多个方面对国有林和集体林产权制度进行改革。对于私有林，笔者在借鉴美国和瑞典私有林产权运营经验的基础上，提出承包模式、折价定股模式、合作化模式、租用模式、风险经营模式、分片经营模式等私有林产权模式，并概括各种产权模式特征和适用领域，比较各种产权模式的优劣，最后提出私有林产权改革的政策建议，以期为决策者提供可资借鉴的参考。
最后本文对我国现有森林资源物权变动制度进行了分析。该部分在立足已有研究的基础上，广泛总结国外森林资源物权变动制度的先进成果，结合我国现有森林资源物权变动制度，通过国内外对比研究，从森林资源物权变动监管制度、森林资源物权变动模式两个方面对我国现有森林资源物权变动制度进行了分析，并提出要从确定森林资源物权变动客体、确定森林资源物权变动主体、完善流转审核制度、完善森林资源评估制度、完善流转合同制度、完善登记发证制度、完善森林资源档案管理等7个方面进一步健全和完善我国森林资源物权变动制度。
The property-rights of forest resource, as a right of property, belong to real-rights, the foci of which are respectively the right of possession, usufruct, the right of interest and right of disposing. The property-rights system of forest resource derives from general system of real-rights, whose nature has been ignored by most of the present research on this topic. Few carries on the research from the perspective of property right and as a result the innovation of property-rights system of forest resource lacks the foundation of property-rights.
The research on property-rights of forest resource based on property-rights theory sets out to analyze and perfect the national property-rights system of forest resource from the perspective of the real-rights. The theoretical implications of the study lie in the innovation in the research of property-rights system of forest resource to some degree and the practical implications exist in the maintaining the property-rights of the subjects and the enforcing the protection of personal properties. It is also with great practical implications in standardization of market regulation, correcting the property-rights system on the basis of Planned Economy System and the realization of economical and zoological profits of forest resources.
On the foundation of general real-rights theory, with the systematic methodology and viewpoint, this paper outspreads its discussion step by step accompanied by comparative analysis, comprehensive theoretical summary combined with empirical analysis, deductive and conclusive analysis and borrowing advanced experience and regulation in forest development abroad which helps to clarify our present national property-rights system and the existing problems, in hopes to design an innovative scenario of property-rights system of forest resources.
The dissertation clarifies several problems from the following five perspectives: the ownership, right of usufructs, security right, property-rights circulation, integrated supporting services and with detailed items respectively, in purpose of getting a panorama of our national property-rights system of forest resources. It is believed in this paper that the problems lie in present national property-rights system of forest resources includes main body vacancy in property-rights deriving from complicated principal-agent theory, shortage of right of disposing aroused by system of forest cutting quota, impingements of the right of interest led by overloaded taxes, main body vacancy and deformity in management right, vacancy in mortgage right and incompatible integrated supporting facilities.
With respect to state-owned forest and collective forest, this dissertation starts the analysis of the property-rights and usufruct systems of state-owned and collective forest firstly from the legal relations of right, legal regulations and the acquisition, exertion, protection and alternation of rights, making great number of quotations of forest resources relevant rule of laws since legal regulations are the suitable reflections of system. Based on the classification of present property-rights system of state-owned and collective forest and the assimilation of advanced experiences of property-rights system abroad, the paper designs respectively the innovative scheme of state-owned forest and collective forest and points out the reform of property-rights system should be taken from the aspects of ownership, management right, right of disposing, the right of interest, mortgage right and right alternation. With respect to personal forest, it is suggested in the paper that borrowing the successful experiences of property management from USA and Sweden and propose the property-rights patterns of contract mode, discounts and joint-stock mode, cooperative mode, lease mode, risk mode, etc. It concludes the characteristics of various property-rights patterns and suitable fields, compares the advantages and disadvantages of various patterns, and finally proposes the ways and measures of reform on personal forestry policy in hopes that it could provide a few references for policy decision makers.
At the end of the dissertation, it makes the analysis on the real-rights alternation system of forest resources in China. On the foundation of the existed research, the final part of the paper concludes exclusively the achievements in real-rights alternation system of forest resources abroad combined with our national one in existence. Through the comparative study on the domestic and foreign real-rights alternation system of forest resources, it analyzes the real-rights alternation system of forest resources in existence from the respective of supervising and managing system of real-rights of forest resources and the modes of real-rights alternation, and point out that real-rights alternation system of forest resources should be improved from the seven aspects, which are respectively clarifying the subject and the object of forest resources circulation, improving the auditing system of real-rights alternation of forest resource, the evaluation system of forest resources, the contract system of real-rights alternation of forest resources, the registration and certification awarding system and the archives administration system of forest resources.
引文
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