大连高校外专外教的跨文化适应问题研究
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摘要
现代社会,随着全球化范围的日益增加,跨文化适应问题的研究渐渐成为社会科学的一个重要分支。此外,全球范围内越来越多的学者和专家专注于跨文化适应这个课题并花费大量时间致力于此。
国际化教育趋势日益明显,中国的各大高校对外专外教的需求量在不断增长,一方面是需要满足各高校的教学需要；另一方面,中国学生渴望从外教那里学到更多国外的最新技术和知识。长期以来,外专外教的外在生活条件层面的需求往往得到满足,并且生活习俗、宗教信仰等也常常被考虑在内。但是中国高校的管理者却忽略了他们想要融入中国文化的想法。事实上,外教们想要在中国顺利地工作和生活,就必须要面对的一个问题：跨文化的适应性。
这篇论文借鉴了社会学、心理学以及传播学的一些研究成果和结论,着手于跨文化适应问题,运用了定性和定量分析的方法。此外,本文提出了两个关于跨文化适应性的问题并进行了讨论,这两个问题是：
(1)外教们来到中国,是否能够真正,或者说从多大程度上适应在中国的生活?
(2)哪些原因影响了他们的跨文化适应以及我们应该采取哪些措施来帮助他们适应在中国的生活?
本文应用了Colleen Ward有关跨文化适应的两分理论,作者从两方面：即跨文化适应性和心理适应性,来分析外专外教们在中国的适应性问题。根据上述提出的两个问题,作者也相应地提出了几种假设并通过问卷的形式调查了在大连从教的38名外国专家、教学以及学者。这38位外教来自于辽宁省大连市的13所高等院校。在调查之后,由SPSS统计学软件所做出的各项分析结果显示：作者的部分假设得到了论证。
尽管来自本文的一些研究成果仍然有待于进行进一步的论证,但是我们大致可以得出一些外教们在跨文化适应中的一些基本规律和过程。此外,这篇论文同样为中国高校外事机构在选拔和培训外教的过程中提供了宝贵且有意义的参考。
With the increasing development of the globalization in modern society, the research of the cross-culture has gradually become a significant branch of the social science. In addition, more and more scholars and professors throughout the world focus on the issue of the cross-cultural adaptation and devote themselves to this subject.
In the process of international education, the number of the foreign professors and teachers which Chinese universities need has been increasing gradually these years. On one hand, we need them for teaching. On the other hand, Chinese students are eager to communicate with them because most of the students don't have chance to go abroad. The young would like to know and learn more from them.
In a long period, Chinese universities'administrators lay emphasis on providing them for comfortable life conditions as much as possible, taking their living habits and religious customs into consideration. Nevertheless, the fact that the foreign specialists would like to adjust themselves into the Chinese culture is neglected. Actually, if the foreign professors or experts want to work and live a comfortable life smoothly and successfully, they must confront with the challenge of the cross-cultural adaptation.
Based on the perspective of the cross-cultural subject, this thesis manipulates the methods of quantitative and qualitative study and makes use of the achievements of sociology, psychology and communication. The paper puts forward two questions in regard to cross-cultural adaptation and makes a discussion. These two questions are:
1. What's the condition of their cross-cultural adaptation in China?
2. What factors influence their adaptation and what measures should we take to help them adapt to the daily life in China?
This thesis applies the theory of Colleen Ward's adaptation, i.e. the author analyzes the cross-cultural adaptation of the foreign professors and experts from two aspects:sociocultural adaptation and psychological adaptation. According to the two questions mentioned above, the author suggests correlative assumptions and investigates the conditions of the 38 foreign experts or professors'cross-cultural adaptation by questionnaire. These 38 foreigners are from 13 universities of Dalian district, Liaoning Province. After investigating, the author uses SPSS to analyze the data from the view of reliability, correlation and T-test. The result indicates that a part of the author's assumptions are partially proved.
Although further demonstration is still needed for the research achievements from this paper, the regular pattern and process of foreign experts'cross-cultural adaptation in China are revealed essentially. Meanwhile, this paper also provides valuable and meaningful reference for the college's Foreign Affairs Office (FAO) to select and train foreign professors or experts.
国际化教育趋势日益明显,中国的各大高校对外专外教的需求量在不断增长,一方面是需要满足各高校的教学需要；另一方面,中国学生渴望从外教那里学到更多国外的最新技术和知识。长期以来,外专外教的外在生活条件层面的需求往往得到满足,并且生活习俗、宗教信仰等也常常被考虑在内。但是中国高校的管理者却忽略了他们想要融入中国文化的想法。事实上,外教们想要在中国顺利地工作和生活,就必须要面对的一个问题：跨文化的适应性。
这篇论文借鉴了社会学、心理学以及传播学的一些研究成果和结论,着手于跨文化适应问题,运用了定性和定量分析的方法。此外,本文提出了两个关于跨文化适应性的问题并进行了讨论,这两个问题是：
(1)外教们来到中国,是否能够真正,或者说从多大程度上适应在中国的生活?
(2)哪些原因影响了他们的跨文化适应以及我们应该采取哪些措施来帮助他们适应在中国的生活?
本文应用了Colleen Ward有关跨文化适应的两分理论,作者从两方面：即跨文化适应性和心理适应性,来分析外专外教们在中国的适应性问题。根据上述提出的两个问题,作者也相应地提出了几种假设并通过问卷的形式调查了在大连从教的38名外国专家、教学以及学者。这38位外教来自于辽宁省大连市的13所高等院校。在调查之后,由SPSS统计学软件所做出的各项分析结果显示：作者的部分假设得到了论证。
尽管来自本文的一些研究成果仍然有待于进行进一步的论证,但是我们大致可以得出一些外教们在跨文化适应中的一些基本规律和过程。此外,这篇论文同样为中国高校外事机构在选拔和培训外教的过程中提供了宝贵且有意义的参考。
With the increasing development of the globalization in modern society, the research of the cross-culture has gradually become a significant branch of the social science. In addition, more and more scholars and professors throughout the world focus on the issue of the cross-cultural adaptation and devote themselves to this subject.
In the process of international education, the number of the foreign professors and teachers which Chinese universities need has been increasing gradually these years. On one hand, we need them for teaching. On the other hand, Chinese students are eager to communicate with them because most of the students don't have chance to go abroad. The young would like to know and learn more from them.
In a long period, Chinese universities'administrators lay emphasis on providing them for comfortable life conditions as much as possible, taking their living habits and religious customs into consideration. Nevertheless, the fact that the foreign specialists would like to adjust themselves into the Chinese culture is neglected. Actually, if the foreign professors or experts want to work and live a comfortable life smoothly and successfully, they must confront with the challenge of the cross-cultural adaptation.
Based on the perspective of the cross-cultural subject, this thesis manipulates the methods of quantitative and qualitative study and makes use of the achievements of sociology, psychology and communication. The paper puts forward two questions in regard to cross-cultural adaptation and makes a discussion. These two questions are:
1. What's the condition of their cross-cultural adaptation in China?
2. What factors influence their adaptation and what measures should we take to help them adapt to the daily life in China?
This thesis applies the theory of Colleen Ward's adaptation, i.e. the author analyzes the cross-cultural adaptation of the foreign professors and experts from two aspects:sociocultural adaptation and psychological adaptation. According to the two questions mentioned above, the author suggests correlative assumptions and investigates the conditions of the 38 foreign experts or professors'cross-cultural adaptation by questionnaire. These 38 foreigners are from 13 universities of Dalian district, Liaoning Province. After investigating, the author uses SPSS to analyze the data from the view of reliability, correlation and T-test. The result indicates that a part of the author's assumptions are partially proved.
Although further demonstration is still needed for the research achievements from this paper, the regular pattern and process of foreign experts'cross-cultural adaptation in China are revealed essentially. Meanwhile, this paper also provides valuable and meaningful reference for the college's Foreign Affairs Office (FAO) to select and train foreign professors or experts.
引文
Allwright, D.& K.M.Bailey.1991.Focus on the language Classroom [M]. Cambridge University Press.
Basso, K. H.1972.'To give up on words':Silence in western Apache culture [J]. In Language And Social Context:Selected Readings. Ed, Giglioli, Middlesex:Penguin Books Ltd.
Bonvillain, N.2003. Language, Culture, and Communication:The Meaning of Messages [M].4th edition, London:Pearson Education.
Byram M.1989. Cultural Studies in Foreign Language Education [M]. Clevedon, Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
Chaudron, C.1988. Second Language Classroom:Research on teaching and learning [M].Cambridge University Press.
Condon, Y.1975. An Introduction to Intercultural Communication [M]. New York:Macmillan Publishing Co.
Cortazzi,M.1991. Cultural and Educational Expectations [A]. In the Language Classroom in Culture and the Language Classroom edited by Brian Harrison.
Davis, L.1999. Doing Culture [M]. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Davis, L.2000. My Sense of Silence [M]. Chicago:University of Illinois Press.
Dick Allwright.1991. Focus on the Language Classroom:An Introduction to Classroom Research for Language Teachers [M]. Cambridge University Press.
Gebhard, J. G.1996. Teaching English as a Foreign or Second Language [M].The University of Michigan Press.
Hall, E. T.1973. The Silent Language [M]. New York:Doubleday and Company.
Harmer, J.1983. The Practice of English Language Teaching [M] Longman.
Hofstede, G.1991. Cultures & Organizations [M]. London:McGraw-Hill.
Leech, G N.1983. Principles of Pragmatics [M]. London:Longman.
Mey, Jacob L.2001. Pragmatcs:An Introduction (Second Edition) [M]. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Samovar,L. A., Porter, R. E. and Stefani, L. A.2000. Communication Between Cultures [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Samovar, L.A.&Porter. R. E.1991. Intercultural Communication:A Reader [C]. Belmont, CA:Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Schlant, E.1999. The Language of Silence:West German Literature and the Holocaust [M]. New York:Routledge.
Scollon, S.2001. Not to Waste Words or Students in Cultural [A]. in Second Language Teaching and Learning, edited by Eli Hinkel, Sharghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Press.
Walker, A. G.1985. The two facts of silence:the effect of witness hesitancy on lawyers' impressions [A]. In Perspectives on silence [C]. Ed. Tannen & Troike, Norwood, New Jersey:Ablex Publishing Corporation.
Wenzhong, Hu Grove, C. L.1991. Encountering the Chinese [M]. Yarmouth, Maine:Intercultural Press, Inc.
Wright, T.1987. Roles of Teachers & Learners [M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
毕继万.1999.跨文化非语言交际[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社.
范志燕.2001.沉默言语交际[J].《山东师大外国语学院学报》.
贺宗元.1999.谈跨文化交际中的文化适应性[J].阿坝师范高等专科学校学报.
胡亮才,刘萍萍.外籍教师在中国的英语教学透视[J].湖南城市学院学报,2004(1)：102-104.
胡晓琼.英语专业精读课中外教师课堂教学情况调查[J].三峡大学学报,2001,(1).
胡文仲.1994.文化与交际[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社.
贾玉新.1997.跨文化交际学[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社.
金一超.论外籍教师聘请和管理工作的重新定位[J].黑龙江高教研究,2006(1)：114-116.
拉里瓦·萨默瓦&理查德E·波特.2003.文化模式与传播方式[M](麻争旗译),北京：北京广播学院出版社.
李敏.外语课堂教学中的文化因素探讨[J].高等农业教育,2005,(2)：65-67.
林大津.1996.跨文化交际研究：与英美人交往指南[M].福州：福建人民出版社.
林耀华.2003.民族学通论[M].北京：中央民族大学出版社.
刘晓民.论外籍教师教学中的文化障碍[J].中山大学学报(社会科学版),1998,(3).
刘勇.高校高层次人才流失的根源及对策[J]1黑龙江高教研究,2000,(3)：172181
娄玉英,冯凡立.高校外籍教师管理工作探析[J].沈阳工程学院学报,2006(2)：235-236.
廖剑.外籍教师的课堂教学活动对学生外语习得的影响[J].湖南税务高等专科学校学报,2003(3)：51-52.
邵明翔,杨华盛.2005.谈谈外籍教师的聘用与管理[J].重庆石油高等专科学校.
沈银珍.2006.多元文化与当代英语教学[M]杭州：浙江大学出版社.
束定芳,王惠东.外语课堂教学功能的重新思考与定位[J].外语与外语教学,2004,(8).
余卫华.2006.跨文化研究读本[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社.
王敏丽.中外合作办学与外籍教师管理问题刍议[J].黑龙江高教研究,2004,(9).
王来武.中英大学教学模式比较研究[J].大学教学科学,2004,(1).
王维忠.高校聘请外籍教师的效益思考[J].枣庄学院学报,2005(4)：68-69.
温晋方.外籍教师对实现i+1的影响[J].外语教学与研究,1994,[1].
吴玉新,邵建强,王力.高校外籍教师聘请与管理存在的问题与对策[J].河北科技师范学院学报,2005(3)：9-11.
吴雁.英籍教师在ESL课堂教学的教学原则与方法——来自对学生的问卷调查[J].西安外国语学院学报,2004,(2).
邢沛玲.外籍教师英语教学的特点、优势、问题及解决办法[J].浙江万里学院学报,2002,(3).
闫建华,刘建刚.外籍教师在中国的英语教学透视[J].四川外语学院学报,2001,(3).
张奕,王健.高等院校外籍教师教学现状分析[J].西北工业大学学报(社会科学版),2005(3)：68-71.
Basso, K. H.1972.'To give up on words':Silence in western Apache culture [J]. In Language And Social Context:Selected Readings. Ed, Giglioli, Middlesex:Penguin Books Ltd.
Bonvillain, N.2003. Language, Culture, and Communication:The Meaning of Messages [M].4th edition, London:Pearson Education.
Byram M.1989. Cultural Studies in Foreign Language Education [M]. Clevedon, Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
Chaudron, C.1988. Second Language Classroom:Research on teaching and learning [M].Cambridge University Press.
Condon, Y.1975. An Introduction to Intercultural Communication [M]. New York:Macmillan Publishing Co.
Cortazzi,M.1991. Cultural and Educational Expectations [A]. In the Language Classroom in Culture and the Language Classroom edited by Brian Harrison.
Davis, L.1999. Doing Culture [M]. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Davis, L.2000. My Sense of Silence [M]. Chicago:University of Illinois Press.
Dick Allwright.1991. Focus on the Language Classroom:An Introduction to Classroom Research for Language Teachers [M]. Cambridge University Press.
Gebhard, J. G.1996. Teaching English as a Foreign or Second Language [M].The University of Michigan Press.
Hall, E. T.1973. The Silent Language [M]. New York:Doubleday and Company.
Harmer, J.1983. The Practice of English Language Teaching [M] Longman.
Hofstede, G.1991. Cultures & Organizations [M]. London:McGraw-Hill.
Leech, G N.1983. Principles of Pragmatics [M]. London:Longman.
Mey, Jacob L.2001. Pragmatcs:An Introduction (Second Edition) [M]. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Samovar,L. A., Porter, R. E. and Stefani, L. A.2000. Communication Between Cultures [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Samovar, L.A.&Porter. R. E.1991. Intercultural Communication:A Reader [C]. Belmont, CA:Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Schlant, E.1999. The Language of Silence:West German Literature and the Holocaust [M]. New York:Routledge.
Scollon, S.2001. Not to Waste Words or Students in Cultural [A]. in Second Language Teaching and Learning, edited by Eli Hinkel, Sharghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Press.
Walker, A. G.1985. The two facts of silence:the effect of witness hesitancy on lawyers' impressions [A]. In Perspectives on silence [C]. Ed. Tannen & Troike, Norwood, New Jersey:Ablex Publishing Corporation.
Wenzhong, Hu Grove, C. L.1991. Encountering the Chinese [M]. Yarmouth, Maine:Intercultural Press, Inc.
Wright, T.1987. Roles of Teachers & Learners [M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
毕继万.1999.跨文化非语言交际[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社.
范志燕.2001.沉默言语交际[J].《山东师大外国语学院学报》.
贺宗元.1999.谈跨文化交际中的文化适应性[J].阿坝师范高等专科学校学报.
胡亮才,刘萍萍.外籍教师在中国的英语教学透视[J].湖南城市学院学报,2004(1)：102-104.
胡晓琼.英语专业精读课中外教师课堂教学情况调查[J].三峡大学学报,2001,(1).
胡文仲.1994.文化与交际[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社.
贾玉新.1997.跨文化交际学[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社.
金一超.论外籍教师聘请和管理工作的重新定位[J].黑龙江高教研究,2006(1)：114-116.
拉里瓦·萨默瓦&理查德E·波特.2003.文化模式与传播方式[M](麻争旗译),北京：北京广播学院出版社.
李敏.外语课堂教学中的文化因素探讨[J].高等农业教育,2005,(2)：65-67.
林大津.1996.跨文化交际研究：与英美人交往指南[M].福州：福建人民出版社.
林耀华.2003.民族学通论[M].北京：中央民族大学出版社.
刘晓民.论外籍教师教学中的文化障碍[J].中山大学学报(社会科学版),1998,(3).
刘勇.高校高层次人才流失的根源及对策[J]1黑龙江高教研究,2000,(3)：172181
娄玉英,冯凡立.高校外籍教师管理工作探析[J].沈阳工程学院学报,2006(2)：235-236.
廖剑.外籍教师的课堂教学活动对学生外语习得的影响[J].湖南税务高等专科学校学报,2003(3)：51-52.
邵明翔,杨华盛.2005.谈谈外籍教师的聘用与管理[J].重庆石油高等专科学校.
沈银珍.2006.多元文化与当代英语教学[M]杭州：浙江大学出版社.
束定芳,王惠东.外语课堂教学功能的重新思考与定位[J].外语与外语教学,2004,(8).
余卫华.2006.跨文化研究读本[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社.
王敏丽.中外合作办学与外籍教师管理问题刍议[J].黑龙江高教研究,2004,(9).
王来武.中英大学教学模式比较研究[J].大学教学科学,2004,(1).
王维忠.高校聘请外籍教师的效益思考[J].枣庄学院学报,2005(4)：68-69.
温晋方.外籍教师对实现i+1的影响[J].外语教学与研究,1994,[1].
吴玉新,邵建强,王力.高校外籍教师聘请与管理存在的问题与对策[J].河北科技师范学院学报,2005(3)：9-11.
吴雁.英籍教师在ESL课堂教学的教学原则与方法——来自对学生的问卷调查[J].西安外国语学院学报,2004,(2).
邢沛玲.外籍教师英语教学的特点、优势、问题及解决办法[J].浙江万里学院学报,2002,(3).
闫建华,刘建刚.外籍教师在中国的英语教学透视[J].四川外语学院学报,2001,(3).
张奕,王健.高等院校外籍教师教学现状分析[J].西北工业大学学报(社会科学版),2005(3)：68-71.